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Aljuhani A, Ahmed HEA, Ihmaid SK, Omar AM, Althagfan SS, Alahmadi YM, Ahmad I, Patel H, Ahmed S, Almikhlafi MA, El-Agrody AM, Zayed MF, Turkistani SA, Abulkhair SH, Almaghrabi M, Salama SA, Al-Karmalawy AA, Abulkhair HS. In vitro and computational investigations of novel synthetic carboxamide-linked pyridopyrrolopyrimidines with potent activity as SARS-CoV-2-M Pro inhibitors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26895-26907. [PMID: 36320844 PMCID: PMC9494209 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential target for COVID-19 is the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro). With the objective of targeting this receptor, a novel set of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines with terminal carboxamide fragments was designed, synthesized, and considered as an initial motif for the creation of effective pan-coronavirus inhibitors. Accordingly, nine derivatives (21–29) have been introduced for in vitro assay to evaluate their antiviral activity and cytotoxicity effect against COVID-19 virus using Vero cells. The obtained data revealed that the majority of these derivatives showed potent cellular anti-COVID-19 activity and prevent viral growth by more than 90% at two different concentrations with weak or even no detectable cytotoxic effect on Vero cells. Extensive molecular docking simulations highlighted proper non-covalent interaction of new compounds within the binding pocket of Mpro as a potential target for their antiviral activity. In vitro assay for all the synthesized derivatives against the viral Mpro target indicated that compounds 25 and 29 have promising inhibitory activity with IC50 values at low micromolar concentrations. The molecular dynamic simulation results predicted the stability of compound 29 in the binding cavity of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and hence supported the high inhibitory activity shown by the In vitro assay. These results suggested that compounds 25 and 29 merit further investigations as promising drug candidates for the management of SARS-CoV-2. An essential target for COVID-19 is the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateyatallah Aljuhani
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany E. A. Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saleh K. Ihmaid
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sultan S. Althagfan
- Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser M. Alahmadi
- Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harun Patel
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sahar Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Mohannad A. Almikhlafi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. El-Agrody
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Zayed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah 21461, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shorouk H. Abulkhair
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University (Girls), Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Almaghrabi
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir A. Salama
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University – Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Hamada S. Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University – Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
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Abstract
The development of effective antiviral therapy for COVID-19 is critical for those awaiting vaccination, as well as for those who do not respond robustly to vaccination. This review summarizes 1 year of progress in the race to develop antiviral therapies for COVID-19, including research spanning preclinical and clinical drug development efforts, with an emphasis on antiviral compounds that are in clinical development or that are high priorities for clinical development. The review is divided into sections on compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 enzymes, including its polymerase and proteases; compounds that inhibit virus entry, including monoclonal antibodies; interferons; and repurposed drugs that inhibit host processes required for SARS-CoV-2 replication. The review concludes with a summary of the lessons to be learned from SARS-CoV-2 drug development efforts and the challenges to continued progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Tao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Philip L. Tzou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Janin Nouhin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hector Bonilla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Robert W. Shafer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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53
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The (Still Unknown) Hypothetical Protective Role of COVID-19 Therapy in Bladder Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10235473. [PMID: 34884178 PMCID: PMC8658423 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to put a strain on the entire world population. The common features of bladder cancer (BCa) and COVID infection have been widely reported and discussion may continue regarding treatment as well. We have highlighted how COVID-19 therapy has many implications with BCa therapy, in particular with potential protective role.
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54
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Al-Karmalawy AA, Soltane R, Abo Elmaaty A, Tantawy MA, Antar SA, Yahya G, Chrouda A, Pashameah RA, Mustafa M, Abu Mraheil M, Mostafa A. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Control between Drug Repurposing and Vaccination: A Comprehensive Overview. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1317. [PMID: 34835248 PMCID: PMC8622998 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses represent a major public health concern, as they are highly mutated, resulting in new strains emerging with high pathogenicity. Currently, the world is suffering from the newly evolving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a mild-to-severe respiratory tract infection with frequent ability to give rise to fatal pneumonia in humans. The overwhelming outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 continues to unfold all over the world, urging scientists to put an end to this global pandemic through biological and pharmaceutical interventions. Currently, there is no specific treatment option that is capable of COVID-19 pandemic eradication, so several repurposed drugs and newly conditionally approved vaccines are in use and heavily applied to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of new variants of the virus that partially or totally escape from the immune response elicited by the approved vaccines requires continuous monitoring of the emerging variants to update the content of the developed vaccines or modify them totally to match the new variants. Herein, we discuss the potential therapeutic and prophylactic interventions including repurposed drugs and the newly developed/approved vaccines, highlighting the impact of virus evolution on the immune evasion of the virus from currently licensed vaccines for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Raya Soltane
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Tantawy
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt
- Stem Cells Laboratory, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt
| | - Samar A Antar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Galal Yahya
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Amani Chrouda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11932, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Sciences, Monastir University, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR CNRS-UCBL-ENS 5280, 5 Rue la Doua, CEDEX, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rami Adel Pashameah
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhamad Mustafa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt
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55
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Kleinehr J, Wilden JJ, Boergeling Y, Ludwig S, Hrincius ER. Metabolic Modifications by Common Respiratory Viruses and Their Potential as New Antiviral Targets. Viruses 2021; 13:2068. [PMID: 34696497 PMCID: PMC8540840 DOI: 10.3390/v13102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses are known to be the most frequent causative mediators of lung infections in humans, bearing significant impact on the host cell signaling machinery due to their host-dependency for efficient replication. Certain cellular functions are actively induced by respiratory viruses for their own benefit. This includes metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, among others, which are modified during viral infections. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of metabolic pathway modifications mediated by the acute respiratory viruses respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), influenza virus (IV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), coronavirus (CoV) and adenovirus (AdV), and highlight potential targets and compounds for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Kleinehr
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.K.); (J.J.W.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Janine J. Wilden
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.K.); (J.J.W.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.K.); (J.J.W.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.K.); (J.J.W.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiMIC), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Eike R. Hrincius
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (J.K.); (J.J.W.); (Y.B.); (S.L.)
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56
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Seifert M, Bera SC, van Nies P, Kirchdoerfer RN, Shannon A, Le TTN, Meng X, Xia H, Wood JM, Harris LD, Papini FS, Arnold JJ, Almo S, Grove TL, Shi PY, Xiang Y, Canard B, Depken M, Cameron CE, Dulin D. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase by nucleotide analogs from a single-molecule perspective. eLife 2021; 10:e70968. [PMID: 34617885 PMCID: PMC8497053 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of 'shovel-ready' anti-coronavirus drugs during vaccine development has exceedingly worsened the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Furthermore, new vaccine-resistant variants and coronavirus outbreaks may occur in the near future, and we must be ready to face this possibility. However, efficient antiviral drugs are still lacking to this day, due to our poor understanding of the mode of incorporation and mechanism of action of nucleotides analogs that target the coronavirus polymerase to impair its essential activity. Here, we characterize the impact of remdesivir (RDV, the only FDA-approved anti-coronavirus drug) and other nucleotide analogs (NAs) on RNA synthesis by the coronavirus polymerase using a high-throughput, single-molecule, magnetic-tweezers platform. We reveal that the location of the modification in the ribose or in the base dictates the catalytic pathway(s) used for its incorporation. We show that RDV incorporation does not terminate viral RNA synthesis, but leads the polymerase into backtrack as far as 30 nt, which may appear as termination in traditional ensemble assays. SARS-CoV-2 is able to evade the endogenously synthesized product of the viperin antiviral protein, ddhCTP, though the polymerase incorporates this NA well. This experimental paradigm is essential to the discovery and development of therapeutics targeting viral polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Seifert
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - Subhas C Bera
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - Pauline van Nies
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - Robert N Kirchdoerfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Ashleigh Shannon
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS and Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Thi-Tuyet-Nhung Le
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS and Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Hongjie Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonUnited States
| | - James M Wood
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Lawrence D Harris
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Flavia S Papini
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
| | - Jamie J Arnold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillUnited States
| | - Steven Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, Institute for Protein InnovationBostonUnited States
| | - Tyler L Grove
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, Institute for Protein InnovationBostonUnited States
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonUnited States
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Bruno Canard
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS and Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Martin Depken
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of TechnologyDelftNetherlands
| | - Craig E Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillUnited States
| | - David Dulin
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)ErlangenGermany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
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57
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Reina J. [Plitidepsin, an inhibitor of the cell elongation factor eEF1a, and molnupiravir an analogue of the ribonucleoside cytidine, two new chemical compounds with intense activity against SARS-CoV-2]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE QUIMIOTERAPIA 2021; 34:402-407. [PMID: 33902254 PMCID: PMC8638831 DOI: 10.37201/req/042.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of the replicative cycle of SARS-CoV-2 and its interactions with cellular proteins has opened a new therapeutic possibility based on blocking those essential for the virus. The cellular protein elongation factor eEF1A could be a good target. Among its natural inhibitors are didemnins and their related chemical compounds such as plitidepsin. In human cell culture, this compound is capable of inhibiting the virus with a potency 27,5 times that of remdesivir. It must be administered intravenously. Of the ribonucleoside analogues, molnupiravir (MK-4483/EIDD-2801) (hydroxy-cytidine) determines a lethal mutagenesis on SARS-CoV-2. In animals, after oral administration, the pulmonary viral load decreases 25,000 times and when administered as prophylaxis, approximately 100,000 times. It prevents the transmission of the virus and eliminates its presence in the oropharynx. Both chemicals have started Phase I / II human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reina
- Jordi Reina, Unidad de Virología, Hospital Universitario Son Espases. Facultad de Medicina UIB. Carretera de Valldemossa 79, 07120 Palma de Mallorca. Spain.
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58
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KOCABAŞ F, USLU M. The current state of validated small molecules inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural proteins. Turk J Biol 2021; 45:469-483. [PMID: 34803448 PMCID: PMC8573838 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2106-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 outbreak has had a profound influence on public health and daily life. Despite all restrictions and vaccination programs, COVID-19 still can lead to fatality due to a lack of COVID-19-specific treatments. A number of studies have demonstrated the feasibility to develop therapeutics by targeting underlying components of the viral proteome. Here we reviewed recently developed and validated small molecule inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2's nonstructural proteins. We described the validation level of identified compounds specific for SARS-CoV-2 in the presence of in vitro and in vivo supporting data. The mechanisms of pharmacological activity, as well as approaches for developing improved SARS-CoV-2 NSP inhibitors have been emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih KOCABAŞ
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, İstanbulTurkey
| | - Merve USLU
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, İstanbulTurkey
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59
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Model-Informed Repurposing of Medicines for SARS-CoV-2: Extrapolation of Antiviral Activity and Dose Rationale for Paediatric Patients. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081299. [PMID: 34452260 PMCID: PMC8399437 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Repurposing of remdesivir and other drugs with potential antiviral activity has been the basis of numerous clinical trials aimed at SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults. However, expeditiously designed trials without careful consideration of dose rationale have often resulted in treatment failure and toxicity in the target patient population, which includes not only adults but also children. Here we show how paediatric regimens can be identified using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) principles to establish the target exposure and evaluate the implications of dose selection for early and late intervention. Using in vitro data describing the antiviral activity and published pharmacokinetic data for the agents of interest, we apply a model-based approach to assess the exposure range required for adequate viral clearance and eradication. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were subsequently used with clinical trial simulations to characterise the probability target attainment (PTA) associated with enhanced antiviral activity in the lungs. Our analysis shows that neither remdesivir, nor anti-malarial drugs can achieve the desirable target exposure range based on a mg/kg dosing regimen, due to a limited safety margin and high concentrations needed to ensure the required PTA. To date, there has been limited focus on suitable interventions for children affected by COVID-19. Most clinical trials have defined doses selection criteria empirically, without thorough evaluation of the PTA. The current results illustrate how model-based approaches can be used for the integration of clinical and nonclinical data, providing a robust framework for assessing the probability of pharmacological success and consequently the dose rationale for antiviral drugs for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children.
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60
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Mohanty SS, Sahoo CR, Padhy RN. Targeting Some Enzymes with Repurposing Approved Pharmaceutical Drugs for Expeditious Antiviral Approaches Against Newer Strains of COVID-19. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:214. [PMID: 34378108 PMCID: PMC8354522 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, global vaccination for the SARS-CoV2 virus 2019 (COVID-19) is 95% effective. Generally, viral infections are arduous to cure due to the mutating nature of viral genomes, with the consequent quick development of resistance, posing significant fatalities or hazards. The novel corona viral strains are increasingly lethal than earlier variants, as those evolve faster than imagined. Despite the emergence of several present innovative treatment options, the vaccines, and available drugs, the latter still are the needs of the time. Therefore, repurposing the approved pharmaceutical drugs of a well-known safety profile would be ascertained to provide faster antiviral approaches for the newer strains of COVID-19. Recently, a combination of remdesivir, which has a competitively inhibitory effect on the nucleotide uptake in the virus, and the merimepodibs, an inhibitor of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, which has a role in the synthesis of nucleotides of guanine bases, is in use in phase 2 clinical trials. However, new investigations suggest that using remdesivir, there is no statistically significant difference with uncertain clinical importance for moderate COVID-19 patients. Herein, an intellectual selection of approved drugs based on the safety profile is described, to target any essential enzymes that are required for the virus-receptor contact, fusion, and/or different stages of the life cycle of this virus, should help to screen drugs against newer strains of COVID-19. Graphical abstract
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61
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Kim YS, Aigerim A, Park U, Kim Y, Park H, Rhee JY, Choi JP, Park WB, Park SW, Kim Y, Lim DG, Choi JY, Jeon YK, Yang JS, Lee JY, Shin HS, Cho NH. Sustained Responses of Neutralizing Antibodies Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Recovered Patients and Their Therapeutic Applicability. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e550-e558. [PMID: 32898238 PMCID: PMC7499518 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zoonotic coronaviruses have emerged as a global threat by causing fatal respiratory infections. Given the lack of specific antiviral therapies, application of human convalescent plasma retaining neutralizing activity could be a viable therapeutic option that can bridges this gap. Methods We traced antibody responses and memory B cells in peripheral blood collected from 70 recovered Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) patients for 3 years after the 2015 outbreak in South Korea. We also used a mouse infection model to examine whether the neutralizing activity of collected sera could provide therapeutic benefit in vivo upon lethal MERS-CoV challenge. Results Anti-spike-specific IgG responses, including neutralizing activity and antibody-secreting memory B cells, persisted for up to 3 years, especially in MERS patients who suffered from severe pneumonia. Mean antibody titers gradually decreased annually by less than 2-fold. Levels of antibody responses were significantly correlated with fever duration, viral shedding periods, and maximum viral loads observed during infection periods. In a transgenic mice model challenged with lethal doses of MERS-CoV, a significant reduction in viral loads and enhanced survival was observed when therapeutically treated with human plasma retaining a high neutralizing titer (> 1/5000). However, this failed to reduce pulmonary pathogenesis, as revealed by pathological changes in lungs and initial weight loss. Conclusions High titers of neutralizing activity are required for suppressive effect on the viral replication but may not be sufficient to reduce inflammatory lesions upon fatal infection. Therefore, immune sera with high neutralizing activity must be carefully selected for plasma therapy of zoonotic coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Sook Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdimadiyeva Aigerim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Uni Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoree Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Phil Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjae Kim
- Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Lim
- Center for Chronic Diseases, Research Institute, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yeob Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Yang
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Shik Shin
- Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center and Bundang Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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62
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Nile SH, Nile A, Jalde S, Kai G. Recent advances in potential drug therapies combating COVID-19 and related coronaviruses-A perspective. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 154:112333. [PMID: 34118347 PMCID: PMC8189744 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of viruses responsible for the severe pathophysiological effects on human health. The most severe outbreak includes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The COVID-19 poses major challenges to clinical management because no specific FDA-approved therapy yet to be available. Thus, the existing therapies are being used for the treatment of COVID-19, which are under clinical trials and compassionate use, based on in vitro and in silico studies. In this review, we summarize the potential therapies utilizing small molecules, bioactive compounds, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs, peptides, antibodies, natural products, and synthetic compounds targeting the complex molecular signaling network involved in COVID-19. In this review>230 natural and chemically synthesized drug therapies are described with their recent advances in research and development being done in terms of their chemical, structural and functional properties. This review focuses on possible targets for viral cells, viral proteins, viral replication, and different molecular pathways for the discovery of novel viral- and host-based therapeutic targets against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Arti Nile
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Shivkumar Jalde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jungwon University, Goesan, 28420, South Korea
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China.
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63
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[SARS-CoV-2 transmission routes and implications for self- and non-self-protection]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2021; 64:1050-1057. [PMID: 34324023 PMCID: PMC8319698 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-021-03389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Die weltweite Ausbreitung des Coronavirus SARS-CoV‑2 hat Gesundheits‑, Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftssysteme massiv in Mitleidenschaft gezogen. Obwohl mittlerweile effektive Impfstoffe zur Verfügung stehen, ist es wahrscheinlich, dass der Erreger endemisch wird und uns noch über Jahre begleitet. Um andere und sich selbst möglichst effektiv vor einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion zu schützen, ist ein Verständnis der Übertragungswege von größter Wichtigkeit. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit erläutern wir Übertragungswege im Hinblick auf den Fremd- und Eigenschutz. Darüber hinaus gehen wir auf die Charakteristika der SARS-CoV-2-Übertragung auf Populationsebene ein. Diese Arbeit soll helfen, folgende Fragen anhand der verfügbaren Literatur zu beantworten: Wann und wie lange ist eine infizierte Person kontagiös (ansteckungsfähig)? Wie wird das Virus ausgeschieden? Wie wird das Virus aufgenommen? Wie verbreitet sich das Virus in der Gesellschaft? Die Mensch-zu-Mensch-Übertragung von SARS-CoV‑2 wird in starkem Maße durch die biologischen Erregereigenschaften, einschließlich der Infektions‑, Replikations- und Ausscheidungskinetik, bestimmt. SARS-CoV‑2 wird hauptsächlich über humane Aerosole übertragen, die von infizierten Personen ausgeschieden werden, auch wenn Erkrankungssymptome (noch) nicht vorliegen. Hieraus resultiert ein relevanter Anteil prä- bzw. asymptomatischer Transmissionen. In geschlossenen Räumen erfolgen Übertragungen besonders effektiv. Die meisten infizierten Personen rufen eine geringe Zahl von Sekundärfällen hervor, während wenige Fälle (sog. Superspreader) zu vielen Folgeinfektionen führen – auf Populationsebene spricht man hier von einer „Überdispersion“. Die besonderen Merkmale von SARS-CoV‑2 (asymptomatische Aerosolübertragung und Überdispersion) machen die Pandemie schwer kontrollierbar.
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64
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Khater S, Kumar P, Dasgupta N, Das G, Ray S, Prakash A. Combining SARS-CoV-2 Proofreading Exonuclease and RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitors as a Strategy to Combat COVID-19: A High-Throughput in silico Screening. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:647693. [PMID: 34354677 PMCID: PMC8329495 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.647693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of people worldwide. Currently, many clinical trials in search of effective COVID-19 drugs are underway. Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) remains the target of choice for prophylactic or curative treatment of COVID-19. Nucleoside analogs are the most promising RdRp inhibitors and have shown effectiveness in vitro, as well as in clinical settings. One limitation of such RdRp inhibitors is the removal of incorporated nucleoside analogs by SARS-CoV-2 exonuclease (ExoN). Thus, ExoN proofreading activity accomplishes resistance to many of the RdRp inhibitors. We hypothesize that in the absence of highly efficient antivirals to treat COVID-19, combinatorial drug therapy with RdRp and ExoN inhibitors will be a promising strategy to combat the disease. To repurpose drugs for COVID-19 treatment, 10,397 conformers of 2,240 approved drugs were screened against the ExoN domain of nsp14 using AutoDock VINA. The molecular docking approach and detailed study of interactions helped us to identify dexamethasone metasulfobenzoate, conivaptan, hesperidin, and glycyrrhizic acid as potential inhibitors of ExoN activity. The results were further confirmed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and molecular mechanics combined with generalized Born model and solvent accessibility method (MM-GBSA) calculations. Furthermore, the binding free energy of conivaptan and hesperidin, estimated using MM-GBSA, was -85.86 ± 0.68 and 119.07 ± 0.69 kcal/mol, respectively. Based on docking, MD simulations and known antiviral activities, and conivaptan and hesperidin were identified as potential SARS-CoV-2 ExoN inhibitors. We recommend further investigation of this combinational therapy using RdRp inhibitors with a repurposed ExoN inhibitor as a potential COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Khater
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
- miBiome Therapeutics LLP, Mumbai, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Shashikant Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, India
| | - Amresh Prakash
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
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65
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Mathematical Modelling of the Molecular Mechanisms of Interaction of Tenofovir with Emtricitabine against HIV. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071354. [PMID: 34372560 PMCID: PMC8310192 DOI: 10.3390/v13071354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of the two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) is used in most highly active antiretroviral therapies for treatment of HIV-1 infection, as well as in pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV acquisition. Administered as prodrugs, these drugs are taken up by HIV-infected target cells, undergo intracellular phosphorylation and compete with natural deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTP) for incorporation into nascent viral DNA during reverse transcription. Once incorporated, they halt reverse transcription. In vitro studies have proposed that TDF and FTC act synergistically within an HIV-infected cell. However, it is unclear whether, and which, direct drug–drug interactions mediate the apparent synergy. The goal of this work was to refine a mechanistic model for the molecular mechanism of action (MMOA) of nucleoside analogues in order to analyse whether putative direct interactions may account for the in vitro observed synergistic effects. Our analysis suggests that depletion of dNTP pools can explain apparent synergy between TDF and FTC in HIV-infected cells at clinically relevant concentrations. Dead-end complex (DEC) formation does not seem to significantly contribute to the synergistic effect. However, in the presence of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), its role might be more relevant, as previously reported in experimental in vitro studies.
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66
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Abu-Zaied M, Elgemeie GH, Mahmoud NM. Anti-Covid-19 Drug Analogues: Synthesis of Novel Pyrimidine Thioglycosides as Antiviral Agents Against SARS-COV-2 and Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16890-16904. [PMID: 34250348 PMCID: PMC8247785 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A class of pyrimidine thioglycoside analogs (6a-h) were synthesized from a reaction of 2-cyano-3,3-dimercapto-N-arylacrylamide (2a-d) and thiourea to produce the corresponding 4-amino-2-mercapto-N-arylpyrimidine-5-carboxamide derivatives (3a-d), and stirring of compounds (3a-d) with peracylated α-d-gluco- and galacto-pyranosyl bromides (4a,b) in DMF-sodium hydride gave the corresponding pyrimidine thioglycosides (5a-h). Deacetylation of the pyrimidine thioglycosides via a reaction with dry NH3/MeOH gave the corresponding free pyrimidine thioglycosides (6a-h). The compounds have been characterized by 13C NMR, 1H NMR, and IR. Pharmacological evaluation of compounds 3a-d, 5a-h, and 6a-h in vitro against SARS-COV-2 and Avian Influenza H5N1 virus strains revealed that some compounds possess interesting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdouh
A. Abu-Zaied
- Green
Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Galal H. Elgemeie
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Nashwa M. Mahmoud
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez 43533, Egypt
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67
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Muftakhov M, Shchukin P, Khatymov R. Thymidine and stavudine molecules in reactions with low-energy electrons. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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68
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Khan S, Attar F, Bloukh SH, Sharifi M, Nabi F, Bai Q, Khan RH, Falahati M. A review on the interaction of nucleoside analogues with SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:605-611. [PMID: 33766591 PMCID: PMC7982646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019, have highlighted the concerns about the lack of potential vaccines or antivirals approved for inhibition of CoVs infection. SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) which is almost preserved across different viral species can be a potential target for development of antiviral drugs, including nucleoside analogues (NA). However, ExoN proofreading activity of CoVs leads to their protection from several NAs. Therefore, potential platforms based on the development of efficient NAs with broad-spectrum efficacy against human CoVs should be explored. This study was then aimed to present an overview on the development of NAs-based drug repurposing for targeting SARS-CoV-2 RdRp by computational analysis. Afterwards, the clinical development of some NAs including Favipiravir, Sofosbuvir, Ribavirin, Tenofovir, and Remdesivir as potential inhibitors of RdRp, were surveyed. Overall, exploring broad-spectrum NAs as promising inhibitors of RdRp may provide useful information about the identification of potential antiviral repurposed drugs against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Khan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Farnoosh Attar
- Department of Food Toxicology, Research Center of Food Technology and Agricultural Products, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Samir Haj Bloukh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, PO Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Majid Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Faisal Nabi
- Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, India
| | - Qian Bai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.
| | | | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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69
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Ngwe Tun MM, Morita K, Ishikawa T, Urata S. The Antiviral Effect of the Chemical Compounds Targeting DED/EDh Motifs of the Viral Proteins on Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus and SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021; 13:1220. [PMID: 34202565 PMCID: PMC8310078 DOI: 10.3390/v13071220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses and coronaviruses include several human pathogenic viruses, such as Lassa virus, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Although these viruses belong to different virus families, they possess a common motif, the DED/EDh motif, known as an exonuclease (ExoN) motif. In this study, proof-of-concept studies, in which the DED/EDh motif in these viral proteins, NP for arenaviruses, and nsp14 for coronaviruses, could be a drug target, were performed. Docking simulation studies between two structurally different chemical compounds, ATA and PV6R, and the DED/EDh motifs in these viral proteins indicated that these compounds target DED/EDh motifs. The concentration which exhibited modest cell toxicity was used with these compounds to treat LCMV and SARS-CoV-2 infections in two different cell lines, A549 and Vero 76 cells. Both ATA and PV6R inhibited the post-entry step of LCMV and SARS-CoV-2 infection. These studies strongly suggest that DED/EDh motifs in these viral proteins could be a drug target to combat two distinct viral families, arenaviruses and coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Myat Ngwe Tun
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; (M.M.N.T.); (K.M.)
| | - Takeshi Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shuzo Urata
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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70
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Remdesivir MD Simulations Suggest a More Favourable Binding to SARS-CoV-2 RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase Mutant P323L Than Wild-Type. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070919. [PMID: 34206274 PMCID: PMC8301449 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) protein is the target for the antiviral drug Remdesivir (RDV). With RDV clinical trials on COVID-19 patients showing a reduced hospitalisation time. During the spread of the virus, the RdRp has developed several mutations, with the most frequent being A97V and P323L. The current study sought to investigate whether A97V and P323L mutations influence the binding of RDV to the RdRp of SARS-CoV-2 compared to wild-type (WT). The interaction of RDV with WT-, A97V-, and P323L-RdRp were measured using molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, and the free binding energies were extracted. Results showed that RDV that bound to WT- and A97V-RdRp had a similar dynamic motion and internal residue fluctuations, whereas RDV interaction with P323L-RdRp exhibited a tighter molecular conformation, with a high internal motion near the active site. This was further corroborated with RDV showing a higher binding affinity to P323L-RdRp (-24.1 kcal/mol) in comparison to WT-RdRp (-17.3 kcal/mol). This study provides insight into the potential significance of administering RDV to patients carrying the SARS-CoV-2 P323L-RdRp mutation, which may have a more favourable chance of alleviating the SARS-CoV-2 illness in comparison to WT-RdRp carriers, thereby suggesting further scientific consensus for the usage of Remdesivir as clinical candidate against COVID-19.
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71
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Overcoming Culture Restriction for SARS-CoV-2 in Human Cells Facilitates the Screening of Compounds Inhibiting Viral Replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0009721. [PMID: 33903110 PMCID: PMC8406809 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00097-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to mitigate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic include the screening of existing antiviral molecules that could be repurposed to treat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Although SARS-CoV-2 replicates and propagates efficiently in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells, antivirals such as nucleos(t)ide analogs (NUCs) often show decreased activity in these cells due to inefficient metabolization. SARS-CoV-2 exhibits low viability in human cells in culture. Here, serial passages of a SARS-CoV-2 isolate (original-SARS2) in the human hepatoma cell clone Huh7.5 led to the selection of a variant (adapted-SARS2) with significantly improved infectivity in human liver (Huh7 and Huh7.5) and lung cancer (unmodified Calu-1 and A549) cells. The adapted virus exhibited mutations in the spike protein, including a 9-amino-acid deletion and 3 amino acid changes (E484D, P812R, and Q954H). E484D also emerged in Vero E6-cultured viruses that became viable in A549 cells. Original and adapted viruses were susceptible to scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) receptor blocking, and adapted-SARS2 exhibited significantly less dependence on ACE2. Both variants were similarly neutralized by COVID-19 convalescent-phase plasma, but adapted-SARS2 exhibited increased susceptibility to exogenous type I interferon. Remdesivir inhibited original- and adapted-SARS2 similarly, demonstrating the utility of the system for the screening of NUCs. Among the tested NUCs, only remdesivir, molnupiravir, and, to a limited extent, galidesivir showed antiviral effects across human cell lines, whereas sofosbuvir, ribavirin, and favipiravir had no apparent activity. Analogously to the emergence of spike mutations in vivo, the spike protein is under intense adaptive selection pressure in cell culture. Our results indicate that the emergence of spike mutations will most likely not affect the activity of remdesivir.
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72
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has generated an unprecedented response within the scientific community. Extraordinary efforts have been undertaken to identify potential new therapeutics to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection spanning traditional medicinal chemistry, repurposing, and computational approaches. The breadth of the effort and rapid progression of many small molecules to clinical testing provide an opportunity to determine what chemical and testing approaches have been the most efficient in identifying potential treatments and how this may inform preparation for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N. Namchuk
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular
Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 25
Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United
States
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73
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Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase with New Nucleoside Analogues. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113461. [PMID: 34200204 PMCID: PMC8201013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that COVID-19 vaccines are already available on the market, there have not been any effective FDA-approved drugs to treat this disease. There are several already known drugs that through drug repositioning have shown an inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. These drugs are included in the family of nucleoside analogues. In our efforts, we synthesized a group of new nucleoside analogues, which are modified at the sugar moiety that is replaced by a quinazoline entity. Different nucleobase derivatives are used in order to increase the inhibition. Five new nucleoside analogues were evaluated with in vitro assays for targeting polymerase of SARS-CoV-2.
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74
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Kataev VE, Garifullin BF. Antiviral nucleoside analogs. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021; 57:326-341. [PMID: 34007086 PMCID: PMC8118684 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The minireview surveys the modification of native nucleosides as a result of which huge libraries of nucleoside analogs of various structures were synthesized. Particular attention is paid to the synthesis of the so-called prodrug forms of nucleoside analogs which ensure their penetration into the cell and metabolism to active 5'-triphosphate derivatives. All the best known antiviral cyclic nucleoside analogs approved for the treatment of HIV infections, hepatitis B, C, and influenza since the 1960s, as well as those in various stages of clinical trials in recent years, are listed. Nucleoside analogs that have shown the ability to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are discussed, including remdesivir, approved by the FDA for emergency use in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E. Kataev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St., Kazan, 420088 Tatarstan Russia
| | - Bulat F. Garifullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St., Kazan, 420088 Tatarstan Russia
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75
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Hamoda AM, Fayed B, Ashmawy NS, El-Shorbagi ANA, Hamdy R, Soliman SSM. Marine Sponge is a Promising Natural Source of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Scaffold. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:666664. [PMID: 34079462 PMCID: PMC8165660 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.666664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current pandemic caused by SARS-CoV2 and named COVID-19 urgent the need for novel lead antiviral drugs. Recently, United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of remdesivir as anti-SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir is a natural product-inspired nucleoside analogue with significant broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Nucleosides analogues from marine sponge including spongouridine and spongothymidine have been used as lead for the evolutionary synthesis of various antiviral drugs such as vidarabine and cytarabine. Furthermore, the marine sponge is a rich source of compounds with unique activities. Marine sponge produces classes of compounds that can inhibit the viral cysteine protease (Mpro) such as esculetin and ilimaquinone and human serine protease (TMPRSS2) such as pseudotheonamide C and D and aeruginosin 98B. Additionally, sponge-derived compounds such as dihydrogracilin A and avarol showed immunomodulatory activity that can target the cytokines storm. Here, we reviewed the potential use of sponge-derived compounds as promising therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. Despite the reported antiviral activity of isolated marine metabolites, structural modifications showed the importance in targeting and efficacy. On that basis, we are proposing a novel structure with bifunctional scaffolds and dual pharmacophores that can be superiorly employed in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshaimaa M. Hamoda
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Bahgat Fayed
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Product Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naglaa S. Ashmawy
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Nasser A. El-Shorbagi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rania Hamdy
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sameh S. M. Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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76
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Götte M. Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19: the value of biochemical studies. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 49:81-85. [PMID: 34052732 PMCID: PMC8114811 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide analogue prodrug remdesivir remains the only FDA-approved antiviral small molecule for the treatment of infection with SARS-CoV-2. Biochemical studies revealed that the active form of the drug targets the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and causes delayed chain-termination. Delayed chain-termination is incomplete, but the continuation of RNA synthesis enables a partial escape from viral proofreading. Remdesivir becomes embedded in the copy of the RNA genome that later serves as a template. Incorporation of an incoming nucleotide triphosphate is now inhibited by the modified template. Knowledge on the mechanism of action matters. Enzymatic inhibition links to antiviral effects in cell cultures, animal models and viral load reduction in patients, which provides the logical chain that is expected for a direct acting antiviral. Hence, remdesivir also serves as a benchmark in current drug development efforts that will hopefully lead to orally available treatments to the benefit of a broader population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Götte
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology at University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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77
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Mohamed-Ezzat RA, Elgemeie GH, Jones PG. Crystal structures of ( E)-2-amino-4-methyl-sulfanyl-6-oxo-1-(1-phenyl-ethyl-idene-amino)-1,6-di-hydro-pyrimidine-5-carbo-nitrile and ( E)-2-amino-4-methyl-sulfanyl-6-oxo-1-[1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl-idene-amino]-1,6-di-hydro-pyrimidine-5-carbo-nitrile. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:547-550. [PMID: 34026262 PMCID: PMC8100259 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021004126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The title compounds 3a, C14H13N5OS, and 3b, C13H12N6OS, both show an E configuration about the N=C bond and a planar NH2 group. The mol-ecules, which only differ in the presence of a phenyl (in 3a) or pyridyl (in 3b) substituent, are closely similar except for the different orientations of these groups. The amino hydrogen atoms form classical hydrogen bonds; in 3a the acceptors are the oxygen atom and the cyano nitro-gen atom, leading to ribbons of mol-ecules parallel to the b axis, whereas in 3b the acceptors are the oxygen atom and the pyridyl nitro-gen, leading to a layer structure perpendicular to (01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham A. Mohamed-Ezzat
- Chemistry of Natural & Microbial Products Department, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Galal H. Elgemeie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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78
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Rossi G, Galosi L, Gavazza A, Cerquetella M, Mangiaterra S. Therapeutic approaches to coronavirus infection according to "One Health" concept. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:81-88. [PMID: 33588098 PMCID: PMC7871813 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviridae constantly infect human and animals causing respiratory, gastroenteric or systemic diseases. Over time, these viruses have shown a marked ability to mutate, jumping over the human-animal barrier, thus becoming from enzootic to zoonotic. In the last years, numerous therapeutic protocols have been developed, mainly for severe acute respiratory syndromes in humans. The aim of this review is to summarize drugs or other approaches used in coronavirus infections focusing on different roles of these molecules or bacterial products on viral adhesion and replication or in modulating the host's immune system. Within the "One Health" concept, the study of viral pathogenic role and possible therapeutic approaches in both humans and animals is essential to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rossi
- Corresponding author at: School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95 – 62024, Matelica (MC), Italy
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79
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Chen T, Fei CY, Chen YP, Sargsyan K, Chang CP, Yuan HS, Lim C. Synergistic Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Replication Using Disulfiram/Ebselen and Remdesivir. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:898-907. [PMID: 33855277 PMCID: PMC8009100 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 replication and transcription complex (RTC) comprising nonstructural protein (nsp) 2-16 plays crucial roles in viral replication, reducing the efficacy of broad-spectrum nucleoside analog drugs such as remdesivir and evading innate immune responses. Most studies target a specific viral component of the RTC such as the main protease or the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. In contrast, our strategy is to target multiple conserved domains of the RTC to prevent SARS-CoV-2 genome replication and to create a high barrier to viral resistance and/or evasion of antiviral drugs. We show that the clinically safe Zn-ejector drugs disulfiram and ebselen can target conserved Zn2+ sites in SARS-CoV-2 nsp13 and nsp14 and inhibit nsp13 ATPase and nsp14 exoribonuclease activities. As the SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 domain targeted by disulfiram/ebselen is involved in RNA fidelity control, our strategy allows coupling of the Zn-ejector drug with a broad-spectrum nucleoside analog that would otherwise be excised by the nsp14 proofreading domain. As proof-of-concept, we show that disulfiram/ebselen, when combined with remdesivir, can synergistically inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero E6 cells. We present a mechanism of action and the advantages of our multitargeting strategy, which can be applied to any type of coronavirus with conserved Zn2+ sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yin Fei
- Institute
of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Chen
- Institute
of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Karen Sargsyan
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ping Chang
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Hanna S. Yuan
- Institute
of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Carmay Lim
- Institute
of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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80
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Seifert M, Bera SC, van Nies P, Kirchdoerfer RN, Shannon A, Le TTN, Meng X, Xia H, Wood JM, Harris LD, Papini FS, Arnold JJ, Almo SC, Grove TL, Shi PY, Xiang Y, Canard B, Depken M, Cameron CE, Dulin D. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase by nucleotide analogs: a single molecule perspective. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2020.08.06.240325. [PMID: 33851161 PMCID: PMC8043451 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.06.240325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide analog Remdesivir (RDV) is the only FDA-approved antiviral therapy to treat infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The physical basis for efficient utilization of RDV by SARS-CoV-2 polymerase is unknown. Here, we characterize the impact of RDV and other nucleotide analogs on RNA synthesis by the polymerase using a high-throughput, single-molecule, magnetic-tweezers platform. The location of the modification in the ribose or in the base dictates the catalytic pathway(s) used for its incorporation. We reveal that RDV incorporation does not terminate viral RNA synthesis, but leads the polymerase into deep backtrack, which may appear as termination in traditional ensemble assays. SARS-CoV-2 is able to evade the endogenously synthesized product of the viperin antiviral protein, ddhCTP, though the polymerase incorporates this nucleotide analog well. This experimental paradigm is essential to the discovery and development of therapeutics targeting viral polymerases. TEASER We revise Remdesivir's mechanism of action and reveal SARS-CoV-2 ability to evade interferon-induced antiviral ddhCTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Seifert
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Subhas Chandra Bera
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pauline van Nies
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert N. Kirchdoerfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ashleigh Shannon
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, Polytech Case 925, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Thi-Tuyet-Nhung Le
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, Polytech Case 925, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Hongjie Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - James M. Wood
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence D. Harris
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Flávia S. Papini
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jamie J. Arnold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler L. Grove
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA Institute for Protein Innovation, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Bruno Canard
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7257, Polytech Case 925, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Martin Depken
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - David Dulin
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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81
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Maggi F, Rosellini A, Spezia PG, Focosi D, Macera L, Lai M, Pistello M, de Iure A, Tomino C, Bonassi S, Russo P. Nicotine upregulates ACE2 expression and increases competence for SARS-CoV-2 in human pneumocytes. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00713-2020. [PMID: 33850935 PMCID: PMC7942220 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00713-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has a variable degree of severity according to underlying comorbidities and life-style. Several research groups have reported an association between cigarette smoking and increased severity of COVID-19. The exact mechanism of action is largely unclear. We exposed low angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-expressing human pulmonary adenocarcinoma A549 epithelial cells to nicotine and assessed ACE2 expression at different times. We further used the nicotine-exposed cells in a virus neutralisation assay. Nicotine exposure induces rapid and long-lasting increases in gene and protein expression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor ACE2, which in turn translates into increased competence for SARS-CoV-2 replication and cytopathic effect. These findings show that nicotine worsens SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary infection and have implications for public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Maggi
- Dept of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lisa Macera
- Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
- Dept of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Lai
- Dept of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Virology Division, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
- Dept of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio de Iure
- Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Tomino
- Scientific Direction, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Dept of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Russo
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- Dept of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
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82
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Prussia AJ, Chennamadhavuni S. Biostructural Models for the Binding of Nucleoside Analogs to SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:1402-1411. [PMID: 33655751 PMCID: PMC7945588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense RNA virus that requires an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) for replication of its viral genome. Nucleoside analogs such as Remdesivir and β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine are antiviral candidates and may function as chain terminators or induce viral mutations, thus impairing RdRp function. Recently disclosed Cryo-EM structures of apo, RNA-bound, and inhibitor-bound SARS-CoV-2 RdRp provided insight into the inhibitor-bound structure by capturing the enzyme with its reaction product: Remdesivir covalently bound to the RNA primer strand. To gain a structural understanding of the binding of this and several other nucleoside analogs in the precatalytic state, molecular models were developed that predict the noncovalent interactions to a complex of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp, RNA, and catalytic metal cations. MM-GBSA evaluation of these interactions is consistent with resistance-conferring mutations and existing structure-activity relationship (SAR) data. Therefore, this approach may yield insights into antiviral mechanisms and guide the development of experimental drugs for COVID-19 treatment.
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83
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Mallory JD, Mallory XF, Kolomeisky AB, Igoshin OA. Theoretical Analysis Reveals the Cost and Benefit of Proofreading in Coronavirus Genome Replication. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2691-2698. [PMID: 33689357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses have unusually large RNA genomes replicated by a multiprotein complex containing an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Exonuclease activity enables the RdRp complex to remove wrongly incorporated bases via proofreading, a process not utilized by other RNA viruses. However, it is unclear why the RdRp complex needs proofreading and what the associated trade-offs are. Here we investigate the interplay among the accuracy, speed, and energetic cost of proofreading in the RdRp complex using a kinetic model and bioinformatics analysis. We find that proofreading nearly optimizes the rate of functional virus production. However, we find that further optimization would lead to a significant increase in the proofreading cost. Unexpected importance of the cost minimization is further supported by other global analyses. We speculate that cost optimization could help avoid cell defense responses. Thus, proofreading is essential for the production of functional viruses, but its rate is limited by energy costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel D Mallory
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Xian F Mallory
- Department of Computer Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Anatoly B Kolomeisky
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Oleg A Igoshin
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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84
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Xiao D, John Ling KH, Tarnowski T, Humeniuk R, German P, Mathias A, Chu J, Chen YS, van Ingen E. Validation of LC-MS/MS methods for determination of remdesivir and its metabolites GS-441524 and GS-704277 in acidified human plasma and their application in COVID-19 related clinical studies. Anal Biochem 2021; 617:114118. [PMID: 33508271 PMCID: PMC7835612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Remdesivir (RDV) is a phosphoramidate prodrug designed to have activity against a broad spectrum of viruses. Following IV administration, RDV is rapidly distributed into cells and tissues and simultaneously metabolized into GS-441524 and GS-704277 in plasma. LC-MS/MS methods were validated for determination of the 3 analytes in human plasma that involved two key aspects to guarantee their precision, accuracy and robustness. First, instability issues of the analytes were overcome by diluted formic acid (FA) treatment of the plasma samples. Secondly, a separate injection for each analyte was performed with different ESI modes and organic gradients to achieve sensitivity and minimize carryover. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.8 μm) with a run time of 3.4 min. The calibration ranges were 4-4000, 2-2000, and 2-2000 ng/mL, respectively for RDV, GS-441524 and GS-704277. The intraday and interday precision (%CV) across validation runs at 3 QC levels for all 3 analytes was less than 6.6%, and the accuracy was within ±11.5%. The long-term storage stability in FA-treated plasma was established to be 392, 392 and 257 days at -70 °C, respectively for RDV, GS-441524 and GS-704277. The validated method was successfully applied in COVID-19 related clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqing Xiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA.
| | | | - Thomas Tarnowski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Rita Humeniuk
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Polina German
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Anita Mathias
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Jasper Chu
- QPS, LLC, Delaware Technology Park, 3 Innovation Way, Suite 240, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Yuan-Shek Chen
- QPS, LLC, Delaware Technology Park, 3 Innovation Way, Suite 240, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Eric van Ingen
- QPS, LLC, Delaware Technology Park, 3 Innovation Way, Suite 240, Newark, DE, USA
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85
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Yin Y, Li T, Wang C, Liu X, Ouyang H, Ji W, Liu J, Liao X, Li J, Hu C. A retrospective study of clinical and laboratory features and treatment on cats highly suspected of feline infectious peritonitis in Wuhan, China. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5208. [PMID: 33664426 PMCID: PMC7970852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a systemic, potentially fatal viral disease. The objectives of this study were to review clinical and laboratory features and treatment of cats highly suspected of FIP in Wuhan, China. The clinical records of 127 cats highly suspected of FIP were reviewed for history, clinical signs, physical findings, and diagnostic test results. Sex, neutering status, breed, age, and month of onset of disease were compared with the characteristics of the clinic population. Age and neutering status were significantly correlated with FIP-suspicion. Sex, breed and onset month were not associated with FIP. There were many more FIP-suspected cases in cats in young cats or male intact cats. Effusion was observed in 85.8% of the FIP-suspected cats. Increased serum amyloid A (SAA) and lymphopenia were common laboratory abnormalities in the FIP cases. Furthermore, 91.7% of the cats highly suspected of FIP had an albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio < 0.6, while 85.3% had an A/G ratio < 0.5. The mortality rate for FIP-suspected cats was 67%, and six submitted cases were confirmed by FIP-specific immunohistochemistry. Of the 30 cats treated with GS-441524 and/or GC376, 29 were clinically cured. The study highlights the diverse range of clinical manifestations by clinicians in diagnosing this potentially fatal disease. A/G ratio and SAA were of higher diagnostic value. GS-441524 and GC376 were efficient for the treatment of FIP-suspected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiya Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Rm 321 Vet. Teaching Hospital BLDG, No.1 Shizishan St., Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Rm 321 Vet. Teaching Hospital BLDG, No.1 Shizishan St., Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chaohao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Rm 321 Vet. Teaching Hospital BLDG, No.1 Shizishan St., Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Rm 321 Vet. Teaching Hospital BLDG, No.1 Shizishan St., Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hehao Ouyang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Rm 321 Vet. Teaching Hospital BLDG, No.1 Shizishan St., Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wanfeng Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Rm 321 Vet. Teaching Hospital BLDG, No.1 Shizishan St., Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiahao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Rm 321 Vet. Teaching Hospital BLDG, No.1 Shizishan St., Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xueyu Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Rm 321 Vet. Teaching Hospital BLDG, No.1 Shizishan St., Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Junyi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Rm 321 Vet. Teaching Hospital BLDG, No.1 Shizishan St., Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430070, Hubei Province, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Rm 321 Vet. Teaching Hospital BLDG, No.1 Shizishan St., Hongshan District, Wuhan City, 430070, Hubei Province, China.
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86
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Almasi F, Mohammadipanah F. Hypothetical targets and plausible drugs of coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:318-332. [PMID: 32662203 PMCID: PMC7405402 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The world is confronting a dire situation due to the recent pandemic of the novel coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2) with the mortality rate passed over 470,000. Attaining efficient drugs evolve in parallel to the understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. The current drugs in the pipeline and some plausible drugs are overviewed in this paper. Although different types of anti-viral targets are applicable for SARS-CoV-2 drug screenings, the more promising targets can be considered as 3C-like main protease (3Cl protease) and RNA polymerase. The remdesivir could be considered the closest bifunctional drug to the provisional clinical administration for SARS-CoV-2. The known molecular targets of the SARS-CoV-2 include fourteen targets, while four molecules of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), cathepsin L, 3Cl protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) are suggested as more promising potential targets. Accordingly, dual-acting drugs as an encouraging solution in drug discovery are suggested. Emphasizing the potential route of SARS-CoV-2 infection and virus entry-related factors like integrins, cathepsin and ACE2 seems valuable. The potential molecular targets of each phase of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle are discussed and highlighted in this paper. Much progress in understanding the SARS-CoV-2 and molecular details of its life cycle followed by the identification of new therapeutic targets are needed to lead us to an efficient approach in anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology LabDepartment of Microbial BiotechnologySchool of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living OrganismsCollege of ScienceUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology LabDepartment of Microbial BiotechnologySchool of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living OrganismsCollege of ScienceUniversity of TehranTehranIran
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87
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Ma Y, Frutos-Beltrán E, Kang D, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Menéndez-Arias L, Liu X, Zhan P. Medicinal chemistry strategies for discovering antivirals effective against drug-resistant viruses. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4514-4540. [PMID: 33595031 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01084g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last forty years we have witnessed impressive advances in the field of antiviral drug discovery culminating with the introduction of therapies able to stop human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication, or cure hepatitis C virus infections in people suffering from liver disease. However, there are important viral diseases without effective treatments, and the emergence of drug resistance threatens the efficacy of successful therapies used today. In this review, we discuss strategies to discover antiviral compounds specifically designed to combat drug resistance. Currently, efforts in this field are focused on targeted proteins (e.g. multi-target drug design strategies), but also on drug conformation (either improving drug positioning in the binding pocket or introducing conformational constraints), in the introduction or exploitation of new binding sites, or in strengthening interaction forces through the introduction of multiple hydrogen bonds, covalent binding, halogen bonds, additional van der Waals forces or multivalent binding. Among the new developments, proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) have emerged as a valid approach taking advantage of intracellular mechanisms involving protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Finally, several molecules targeting host factors (e.g. human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and DEAD-box polypeptide 3) have been identified as broad-spectrum antiviral compounds. Implementation of herein described medicinal chemistry strategies are expected to contribute to the discovery of new drugs effective against current and future threats due to emerging and re-emerging viral pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, 250012, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
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88
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Borbone N, Piccialli G, Roviello GN, Oliviero G. Nucleoside Analogs and Nucleoside Precursors as Drugs in the Fight against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses. Molecules 2021; 26:986. [PMID: 33668428 PMCID: PMC7918729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are positive-sense RNA enveloped viruses, members of the family Coronaviridae, that cause infections in a broad range of mammals including humans. Several CoV species lead to mild upper respiratory infections typically associated with common colds. However, three human CoV (HCoV) species: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV-1, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, are responsible for severe respiratory diseases at the origin of two recent epidemics (SARS and MERS), and of the current COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19), respectively. The easily transmissible SARS-CoV-2, emerging at the end of 2019 in China, spread rapidly worldwide, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare COVID-19 a pandemic. While the world waits for mass vaccination, there is an urgent need for effective drugs as short-term weapons to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this context, the drug repurposing approach is a strategy able to guarantee positive results rapidly. In this regard, it is well known that several nucleoside-mimicking analogs and nucleoside precursors may inhibit the growth of viruses providing effective therapies for several viral diseases, including HCoV infections. Therefore, this review will focus on synthetic nucleosides and nucleoside precursors active against different HCoV species, paying great attention to SARS-CoV-2. This work covers progress made in anti-CoV therapy with nucleoside derivatives and provides insight into their main mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Borbone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Gennaro Piccialli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.B.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Giorgia Oliviero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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89
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Takano T, Satoh K, Doki T. Possible Antiviral Activity of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid in Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus (Feline Coronavirus) Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:647189. [PMID: 33644160 PMCID: PMC7903937 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.647189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a life-threatening infectious disease of cats caused by virulent feline coronavirus (FIP virus: FIPV). For the treatment of FIP, several effective antivirals were recently reported, but many of these are not available for practical use. 5-amino levulinic acid (5-ALA) is a low-molecular-weight amino acid synthesized in plant and animal cells. 5-ALA can be synthesized in a large amount, and it is widely applied in the medical and agricultural fields. We hypothesized that 5-ALA inhibits FIPV infection. Therefore, we evaluated its antiviral activity against FIPV in felis catus whole fetus-4 cells and feline primary macrophages. FIPV infection was significantly inhibited by 250 μM 5-ALA. Our study suggested that 5-ALA is applicable for the treatment and prevention of FIPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Takano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Kumi Satoh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Doki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Japan
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90
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Munaweera R, Hu YS. Computational Characterizations of the Interactions Between the Pontacyl Violet 6R and Exoribonuclease as a Potential Drug Target Against SARS-CoV-2. Front Chem 2021; 8:627340. [PMID: 33553109 PMCID: PMC7858249 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.627340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a molecular-docking and virtual-screening-based identification and characterization of interactions of lead molecules with exoribonuclease (ExoN) enzyme in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). From previously identified DEDDh/DEEDh subfamily nuclease inhibitors, our results revealed strong binding of pontacyl violet 6R (PV6R) at the catalytic active site of ExoN. The binding was found to be stabilized via two hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Molecular dynamics simulations further confirmed the stability of PV6R at the active site showing a shift in ligand to reach a more stabilized binding. Using PV6R as the lead molecule, we employed virtual screening to identify potential molecular candidates that form strong interactions at the ExoN active site. Our study paves ways for evaluating the ExoN as a novel drug target for antiviral treatment against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangika Munaweera
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ying S Hu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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91
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Huang T, Sun L, Kang D, Poongavanam V, Liu X, Zhan P, Menéndez-Arias L. Search, Identification, and Design of Effective Antiviral Drugs Against Pandemic Human Coronaviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:219-260. [PMID: 34258743 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent coronavirus outbreaks of SARS-CoV-1 (2002-2003), MERS-CoV (since 2012), and SARS-CoV-2 (since the end of 2019) are examples of how viruses can damage health care and generate havoc all over the world. Coronavirus can spread quickly from person to person causing high morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, the antiviral armamentarium is insufficient to fight these infections. In this chapter, we provide a detailed summary of the current situation in the development of drugs directed against pandemic human coronaviruses. Apart from the recently licensed remdesivir, other antiviral agents discussed in this review include molecules targeting viral components (e.g., RNA polymerase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, or protease inhibitors), compounds interfering with virus-host interactions, and drugs identified in large screening assays, effective against coronavirus replication, but with an uncertain mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianguang Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | | | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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92
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Dadinaboyina SB, Yerra NV, Adimoolam BM, Parsa S, Bathini NB, Thota JR. Identification and characterization of degradation products of Remdesivir using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00160d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A total of nine degradation products were identified under different stress conditions by using LC-MS for RDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Babu Dadinaboyina
- Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500 007
- India
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals
| | - Naga Veera Yerra
- Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500 007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Bala Manikantha Adimoolam
- Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500 007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | | | - Nagendra Babu Bathini
- Department of Fluoro-Agrochemicals
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Jagadeshwar Reddy Thota
- Department of Analytical and Structural Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500 007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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93
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Carro B. SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of action and impact on human organism, risk factors and potential treatments. An exhaustive survey. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1977186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Carro
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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94
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Lupacchini L, Maggi F, Tomino C, De Dominicis C, Mollinari C, Fini M, Bonassi S, Merlo D, Russo P. Nicotine Changes Airway Epithelial Phenotype and May Increase the SARS-COV-2 Infection Severity. Molecules 2020; 26:E101. [PMID: 33379366 PMCID: PMC7794754 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Nicotine is implicated in the SARS-COV-2 infection through activation of the α7-nAChR and over-expression of ACE2. Our objective was to clarify the role of nicotine in SARS-CoV-2 infection exploring its molecular and cellular activity. (2) Methods: HBEpC or si-mRNA-α7-HBEpC were treated for 1 h, 48 h or continuously with 10-7 M nicotine, a concentration mimicking human exposure to a cigarette. Cell viability and proliferation were evaluated by trypan blue dye exclusion and cell counting, migration by cell migration assay, senescence by SA-β-Gal activity, and anchorage-independent growth by cloning in soft agar. Expression of Ki67, p53/phospho-p53, VEGF, EGFR/pEGFR, phospho-p38, intracellular Ca2+, ATP and EMT were evaluated by ELISA and/or Western blotting. (3) Results: nicotine induced through α7-nAChR (i) increase in cell viability, (ii) cell proliferation, (iii) Ki67 over-expression, (iv) phospho-p38 up-regulation, (v) EGFR/pEGFR over-expression, (vi) increase in basal Ca2+ concentration, (vii) reduction of ATP production, (viii) decreased level of p53/phospho-p53, (ix) delayed senescence, (x) VEGF increase, (xi) EMT and consequent (xii) enhanced migration, and (xiii) ability to grow independently of the substrate. (4) Conclusions: Based on our results and on evidence showing that nicotine potentiates viral infection, it is likely that nicotine is involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lupacchini
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy; (L.L.); (C.D.D.)
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, viale Luigi Borri 57, I-21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Carlo Tomino
- Scientific Direction, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Chiara De Dominicis
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy; (L.L.); (C.D.D.)
| | - Cristiana Mollinari
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Fini
- Scientific Direction, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Merlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Russo
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, I-00166 Rome, Italy
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95
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Singh AK, Kushwaha PP, Prajapati KS, Shuaib M, Gupta S, Kumar S. Identification of FDA approved drugs and nucleoside analogues as potential SARS-CoV-2 A1pp domain inhibitor: An in silico study. Comput Biol Med 2020; 130:104185. [PMID: 33352458 PMCID: PMC7749648 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are known to infect respiratory tract and intestine. These viruses possess highly conserved viral macro domain A1pp having adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose binding and phosphatase activity sites. A1pp inhibits adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation in the host and promotes viral infection and pathogenesis. We performed in silico screening of FDA approved drugs and nucleoside analogue library against the recently reported crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 A1pp domain. Docking scores and interaction profile analyses exhibited strong binding affinity of eleven FDA approved drugs and five nucleoside analogues NA1 (−13.84), nadide (−13.65), citicholine (−13.54), NA2 (−12.42), and NA3 (−12.27). The lead compound NA1 exhibited significant hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction at the natural substrate binding site. The root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), radius of gyration (Rg), solvent accessible surface (SASA), hydrogen bond formation, principle component analysis, and free energy landscape calculations for NA1 bound protein displayed stable complex formation in 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation, compared to unbound macro domain and natural substrate adenosine-5-diphosphoribose bound macro domain that served as a positive control. The molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area analysis of NA1 demonstrated binding free energy of −175.978 ± 0.401 kJ/mol in comparison to natural substrate which had binding free energy of −133.403 ± 14.103 kJ/mol. In silico analysis by modelling tool ADMET and prediction of biological activity of these compounds further validated them as putative therapeutic molecules against SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, this study offers NA1 as a lead SARS-CoV-2 A1pp domain inhibitor for future testing and development as therapeutics against human coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar Singh
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Prem Prakash Kushwaha
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Kumari Sunita Prajapati
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Mohd Shuaib
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Shashank Kumar
- Molecular Signaling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India.
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96
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Huchting J. Targeting viral genome synthesis as broad-spectrum approach against RNA virus infections. Antivir Chem Chemother 2020; 28:2040206620976786. [PMID: 33297724 PMCID: PMC7734526 DOI: 10.1177/2040206620976786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic spillover, i.e. pathogen transmission from animal to human, has repeatedly introduced RNA viruses into the human population. In some cases, where these viruses were then efficiently transmitted between humans, they caused large disease outbreaks such as the 1918 flu pandemic or, more recently, outbreaks of Ebola and Coronavirus disease. These examples demonstrate that RNA viruses pose an immense burden on individual and public health with outbreaks threatening the economy and social cohesion within and across borders. And while emerging RNA viruses are introduced more frequently as human activities increasingly disrupt wild-life eco-systems, therapeutic or preventative medicines satisfying the “one drug-multiple bugs”-aim are unavailable. As one central aspect of preparedness efforts, this review digs into the development of broadly acting antivirals via targeting viral genome synthesis with host- or virus-directed drugs centering around nucleotides, the genomes’ universal building blocks. Following the first strategy, selected examples of host de novo nucleotide synthesis inhibitors are presented that ultimately interfere with viral nucleic acid synthesis, with ribavirin being the most prominent and widely used example. For directly targeting the viral polymerase, nucleoside and nucleotide analogues (NNAs) have long been at the core of antiviral drug development and this review illustrates different molecular strategies by which NNAs inhibit viral infection. Highlighting well-known as well as recent, clinically promising compounds, structural features and mechanistic details that may confer broad-spectrum activity are discussed. The final part addresses limitations of NNAs for clinical development such as low efficacy or mitochondrial toxicity and illustrates strategies to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Huchting
- Chemistry Department, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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97
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Lu G, Zhang X, Zheng W, Sun J, Hua L, Xu L, Chu XJ, Ding S, Xiong W. Development of a Simple In Vitro Assay To Identify and Evaluate Nucleotide Analogs against SARS-CoV-2 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:e01508-20. [PMID: 33122171 PMCID: PMC7927875 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01508-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide analogs targeting viral RNA polymerase have been proved to be an effective strategy for antiviral treatment and are promising antiviral drugs to combat the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. In this study, we developed a robust in vitro nonradioactive primer extension assay to quantitatively evaluate the efficiency of incorporation of nucleotide analogs by SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Our results show that many nucleotide analogs can be incorporated into RNA by SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and that the incorporation of some of them leads to chain termination. The discrimination values of nucleotide analogs over those of natural nucleotides were measured to evaluate the incorporation efficiency of nucleotide analog by SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. In agreement with the data published in the literature, we found that the incorporation efficiency of remdesivir-TP is higher than that of ATP and incorporation of remdesivir-TP caused delayed chain termination, which can be overcome by higher concentrations of the next nucleotide to be incorporated. Our data also showed that the delayed chain termination pattern caused by remdesivir-TP incorporation is different for different template sequences. Multiple incorporations of remdesivir-TP caused chain termination under our assay conditions. Incorporation of sofosbuvir-TP is very low, suggesting that sofosbuvir may not be very effective in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a comparison, 2'-C-methyl-GTP can be incorporated into RNA efficiently, and the derivative of 2'-C-methyl-GTP may have therapeutic application in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. This report provides a simple screening method that should be useful for evaluating nucleotide-based drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and for studying the mechanism of action of selected nucleotide analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofei Lu
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Weinan Zheng
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jialei Sun
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Hua
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Xu
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Jie Chu
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Ding
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Xiong
- Global Health Drug Discovery Institute, Beijing, China
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98
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Repurposing Nucleoside Analogs for Human Coronaviruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:AAC.01652-20. [PMID: 33122172 PMCID: PMC7927863 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01652-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or CoV-2). Some reports claimed certain nucleoside analogs to be active against CoV-2 and thus needed confirmation. Here, we evaluated a panel of compounds and identified novel nucleoside analogs with antiviral activity against CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 while ruling out others. Of significance, sofosbuvir demonstrated no antiviral effect against CoV-2, and its triphosphate did not inhibit CoV-2 RNA polymerase.
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99
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Maani AA, Al-Jardani A, Karrar H, Petersen E, Abri SA. COVID-19 in a case previously infected with MERS-CoV: No cross immunity. J Infect 2020; 82:e28-e29. [PMID: 33271173 PMCID: PMC7833190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Al Maani
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control (DGDSC), Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman.
| | - Amina Al-Jardani
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control (DGDSC), Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hassan Karrar
- Department of Medicine, Sur Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Eskild Petersen
- European Society for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark; European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, ESCMID Emerging Infections Task Force, ESCMID, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Seif Al Abri
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control (DGDSC), Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
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Dubey AK, Singh A, Prakash S, Kumar M, Singh AK. Race to arsenal COVID-19 therapeutics: Current alarming status and future directions. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 332:109298. [PMID: 33121920 PMCID: PMC7588316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The on-going pandemic of COVID-19 wreaked by a viral infection of SARS-CoV-2, has generated a catastrophic plight across the globe. Interestingly, one of the hallmarks of COVID-19 is the so-called 'cytokine storm' due to attack of SARS-Cov-2 in the lungs. Considering, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy could contribute against SARS-CoV-2 viruses attack because of their immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory ability linked to their stemness, to the arsenal of treatments for COVID-19. Another novel therapeutic strategies include the blockade of rampant generation of pro-inflammatory mediators like acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), degradation of viral protein capsids by PROTACs, composed of Ubiquitin-proteasome framework, and ubiquitination-independent pathway directing the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (nCoV N) and proteasome activator (PA28γ), etc. This review is consequently an endeavour to highlight the several aspects of COVID-19 with incorporation of important treatment strategies discovered to date and putting the real effort on the future directions to put them into the perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - Aakansha Singh
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Shardendu Prakash
- Department of Pharmacy, Sardar Patel College of Pharmacy, Gorakhpur, 273013, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, 226014, India
| | - Ashok K Singh
- Pennsylvania State University, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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