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Abstract
The generation of organismal form - morphogenesis - arises from forces produced at the cellular level. In animal cells, much of this force is produced by the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we review how mechanisms of actin-based force generation are deployed during animal morphogenesis to sculpt organs and organisms. Furthermore, we consider how cytoskeletal forces are coupled through cell adhesions to propagate across tissues, and discuss cases where cytoskeletal force or adhesion is patterned across a tissue to direct shape changes. Together, our review provides a conceptual framework that reflects our current understanding of animal morphogenesis and gives perspectives on future opportunities for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nathaniel Clarke
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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52
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P120 catenin potentiates constitutive E-cadherin dimerization at the plasma membrane and regulates trans binding. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3017-3027.e7. [PMID: 34019823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins are essential adhesion proteins that regulate tissue cohesion and paracellular permeability by assembling dense adhesion plaques at cell-to-cell contacts. Adherens junctions are central to a wide range of tissue functions; identifying protein interactions that potentiate their assembly and regulation has been the focus of research for over 2 decades. Here, we present evidence for a new, unexpected mechanism of cadherin oligomerization on cells. Fully quantified spectral imaging fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FSI-FRET) and fluorescence intensity fluctuation (FIF) measurements directly demonstrate that E-cadherin forms constitutive lateral (cis) dimers at the plasma membrane. Results further show that binding of the cytosolic protein p120ctn binding to the intracellular region is required for constitutive E-cadherin dimerization. This finding differs from a model that attributes lateral (cis) cadherin oligomerization solely to extracellular domain interactions. The present, novel findings are further supported by studies of E-cadherin mutants that uncouple p120ctn binding or with cells in which p120ctn was knocked out using CRISPR-Cas9. Quantitative affinity measurements further demonstrate that uncoupling p120ctn binding reduces the cadherin trans binding affinity and cell adhesion. These findings transform the current model of cadherin assembly at cell surfaces and identify the core building blocks of cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesions. They also identify a new role for p120ctn and reconcile findings that implicate both the extracellular and intracellular cadherin domains in cadherin clustering and intercellular cohesion.
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53
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Thompson CJ, Vu VH, Leckband DE, Schwartz DK. Cadherin cis and trans interactions are mutually cooperative. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019845118. [PMID: 33658369 PMCID: PMC7958404 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019845118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin transmembrane proteins are responsible for intercellular adhesion in all biological tissues and modulate tissue morphogenesis, cell motility, force transduction, and macromolecular transport. The protein-mediated adhesions consist of adhesive trans interactions and lateral cis interactions. Although theory suggests cooperativity between cis and trans bonds, direct experimental evidence of such cooperativity has not been demonstrated. Here, the use of superresolution microscopy, in conjunction with intermolecular single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer, demonstrated the mutual cooperativity of cis and trans interactions. Results further demonstrate the consequent assembly of large intermembrane junctions, using a biomimetic lipid bilayer cell adhesion model. Notably, the presence of cis interactions resulted in a nearly 30-fold increase in trans-binding lifetimes between epithelial-cadherin extracellular domains. In turn, the presence of trans interactions increased the lifetime of cis bonds. Importantly, comparison of trans-binding lifetimes of small and large cadherin clusters suggests that this cooperativity is primarily due to allostery. The direct quantitative demonstration of strong mutual cooperativity between cis and trans interactions at intermembrane adhesions provides insights into the long-standing controversy of how weak cis and trans interactions act in concert to create strong macroscopic cell adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Vinh H Vu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309;
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54
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Chandran R, Kale G, Philippe JM, Lecuit T, Mayor S. Distinct actin-dependent nanoscale assemblies underlie the dynamic and hierarchical organization of E-cadherin. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1726-1736.e4. [PMID: 33607036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadherins are transmembrane adhesion proteins required for the formation of cohesive tissues.1-4 Intracellular interactions of E-cadherin with the Catenin family proteins, α- and β-catenin, facilitate connections with the cortical actomyosin network. This is necessary for maintaining the integrity of cell-cell adhesion in epithelial tissues.5-11 The supra-molecular architecture of E-cadherin is an important feature of its adhesion function; cis and trans interactions of E-cadherin are deployed12-15 to form clusters, both in cis and trans.11,16-21 Studies in Drosophila embryo have also shown that Drosophila E-cadherin (dE-cad) is organized as finite-sized dynamic clusters that localize with actin patches at cell-cell junctions, in continuous exchange with the extra-junctional pool of dE-cad surrounding the clusters.11,19 Here, we use the ectopic expression of dE-cad in larval hemocytes, which lack endogenous dE-cad to recapitulate functional cell-cell junctions in a convenient model system. We find that, while dE-cad at cell-cell junctions in hemocytes exhibits a clustered trans-paired organization similar to that reported previously in embryonic epithelial tissue, extra-junctional dE-cad is also organized as relatively immobile nanoclusters as well as more loosely packed diffusive oligomers. Oligomers are promoted by cis interactions of the ectodomain, and their growth is counteracted by the activity of cortical actomyosin. Oligomers in turn promote assembly of dense nanoclusters that require cortical actomyosin activity. Thus, cortical actin activity remodels oligomers and generates nanoclusters. The requirement for dynamic actin in the organization of dE-cad at the nanoscale may provide a mechanism to dynamically tune junctional strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumamol Chandran
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Girish Kale
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Jean-Marc Philippe
- Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France; Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India.
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55
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Role of Actin Cytoskeleton in E-cadherin-Based Cell–Cell Adhesion Assembly and Maintenance. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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56
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Kong D, Großhans J. Planar Cell Polarity and E-Cadherin in Tissue-Scale Shape Changes in Drosophila Embryos. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:619958. [PMID: 33425927 PMCID: PMC7785826 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.619958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity and anisotropic cell behavior play critical roles in large-scale epithelial morphogenesis, homeostasis, wound repair, and regeneration. Cell-Cell communication and mechano-transduction in the second to minute scale mediated by E-cadherin complexes play a central role in the coordination and self-organization of cellular activities, such as junction dynamics, cell shape changes, and cell rearrangement. Here we review the current understanding in the interplay of cell polarity and cell dynamics during body axis elongation and dorsal closure in Drosophila embryos with a focus on E-cadherin dynamics in linking cell and tissue polarization and tissue-scale shape changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqing Kong
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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57
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Padmanabhan K, Grobe H, Cohen J, Soffer A, Mahly A, Adir O, Zaidel-Bar R, Luxenburg C. Thymosin β4 is essential for adherens junction stability and epidermal planar cell polarity. Development 2020; 147:dev.193425. [PMID: 33310787 PMCID: PMC7758630 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is essential for tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis; however, the mechanisms that orchestrate the cell shape and packing dynamics required to establish PCP are poorly understood. Here, we identified a major role for the globular (G)-actin-binding protein thymosin-β4 (TMSB4X) in PCP establishment and cell adhesion in the developing epidermis. Depletion of Tmsb4x in mouse embryos hindered eyelid closure and hair-follicle angling owing to PCP defects. Tmsb4x depletion did not preclude epidermal cell adhesion in vivo or in vitro; however, it resulted in abnormal structural organization and stability of adherens junction (AJ) due to defects in filamentous (F)-actin and G-actin distribution. In cultured keratinocytes, TMSB4X depletion increased the perijunctional G/F-actin ratio and decreased G-actin incorporation into junctional actin networks, but it did not change the overall actin expression level or cellular F-actin content. A pharmacological treatment that increased the G/F-actin ratio and decreased actin polymerization mimicked the effects of Tmsb4x depletion on both AJs and PCP. Our results provide insights into the regulation of the actin pool and its involvement in AJ function and PCP establishment. Highlighted Article: By regulating actin pool distribution and incorporation into junctional actin networks, thymosin β4 regulates cell–cell adhesion, planar cell polarity and epidermal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnanand Padmanabhan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Hanna Grobe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Arad Soffer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Adnan Mahly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Orit Adir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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58
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Maynard SA, Winter CW, Cunnane EM, Stevens MM. Advancing Cell-Instructive Biomaterials Through Increased Understanding of Cell Receptor Spacing and Material Surface Functionalization. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 7:553-547. [PMID: 34805482 PMCID: PMC8594271 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-020-00180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Regenerative medicine is aimed at restoring normal tissue function and can benefit from the application of tissue engineering and nano-therapeutics. In order for regenerative therapies to be effective, the spatiotemporal integration of tissue-engineered scaffolds by the native tissue, and the binding/release of therapeutic payloads by nano-materials, must be tightly controlled at the nanoscale in order to direct cell fate. However, due to a lack of insight regarding cell–material interactions at the nanoscale and subsequent downstream signaling, the clinical translation of regenerative therapies is limited due to poor material integration, rapid clearance, and complications such as graft-versus-host disease. This review paper is intended to outline our current understanding of cell–material interactions with the aim of highlighting potential areas for knowledge advancement or application in the field of regenerative medicine. This is achieved by reviewing the nanoscale organization of key cell surface receptors, the current techniques used to control the presentation of cell-interactive molecules on material surfaces, and the most advanced techniques for characterizing the interactions that occur between cell surface receptors and materials intended for use in regenerative medicine. Lay Summary The combination of biology, chemistry, materials science, and imaging technology affords exciting opportunities to better diagnose and treat a wide range of diseases. Recent advances in imaging technologies have enabled better understanding of the specific interactions that occur between human cells and their immediate surroundings in both health and disease. This biological understanding can be used to design smart therapies and tissue replacements that better mimic native tissue. Here, we discuss the advances in molecular biology and technologies that can be employed to functionalize materials and characterize their interaction with biological entities to facilitate the design of more sophisticated medical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Maynard
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Charles W. Winter
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Eoghan M. Cunnane
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
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59
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Grimaldi C, Schumacher I, Boquet-Pujadas A, Tarbashevich K, Vos BE, Bandemer J, Schick J, Aalto A, Olivo-Marin JC, Betz T, Raz E. E-cadherin focuses protrusion formation at the front of migrating cells by impeding actin flow. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5397. [PMID: 33106478 PMCID: PMC7588466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of many cell types relies on the formation of actomyosin-dependent protrusions called blebs, but the mechanisms responsible for focusing this kind of protrusive activity to the cell front are largely unknown. Here, we employ zebrafish primordial germ cells (PGCs) as a model to study the role of cell-cell adhesion in bleb-driven single-cell migration in vivo. Utilizing a range of genetic, reverse genetic and mathematical tools, we define a previously unknown role for E-cadherin in confining bleb-type protrusions to the leading edge of the cell. We show that E-cadherin-mediated frictional forces impede the backwards flow of actomyosin-rich structures that define the domain where protrusions are preferentially generated. In this way, E-cadherin confines the bleb-forming region to a restricted area at the cell front and reinforces the front-rear axis of migrating cells. Accordingly, when E-cadherin activity is reduced, the bleb-forming area expands, thus compromising the directional persistence of the cells. The arrival of migratory cells at their targets relies on following precise routes within tissues. Here the authors demonstrate that the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin can control the path of cell migration by confining the site where bleb-type protrusions form within the cell front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Grimaldi
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Isabel Schumacher
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Aleix Boquet-Pujadas
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, 75105, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 3691, 75105, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Katsiaryna Tarbashevich
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Eduard Vos
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Bandemer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Schick
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Anne Aalto
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Timo Betz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Physics - Biophysics, Georg August Universität, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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60
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Hiermaier M, Kliewe F, Schinner C, Stüdle C, Maly IP, Wanuske MT, Rötzer V, Endlich N, Vielmuth F, Waschke J, Spindler V. The Actin-Binding Protein α-Adducin Modulates Desmosomal Turnover and Plasticity. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1219-1229.e11. [PMID: 33098828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion is essential for tissue integrity and homeostasis. Desmosomes are abundant in the epidermis and the myocardium-tissues, which are under constantly changing mechanical stresses. Yet, it is largely unclear whether desmosomal adhesion can be rapidly adapted to changing demands, and the mechanisms underlying desmosome turnover are only partially understood. In this study we show that the loss of the actin-binding protein α-adducin resulted in reduced desmosome numbers and prevented the ability of cultured keratinocytes or murine epidermis to withstand mechanical stress. This effect was not primarily caused by decreased levels or impaired adhesive properties of desmosomal molecules but rather by altered desmosome turnover. Mechanistically, reduced cortical actin density in α-adducin knockout keratinocytes resulted in increased mobility of the desmosomal adhesion molecule desmoglein 3 and impaired interactions with E-cadherin, a crucial step in desmosome formation. Accordingly, the loss of α-adducin prevented increased membrane localization of desmoglein 3 in response to cyclic stretch or shear stress. Our data demonstrate the plasticity of desmosomal molecules in response to mechanical stimuli and unravel a mechanism of how the actin cytoskeleton indirectly shapes intercellular adhesion by restricting the membrane mobility of desmosomal molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hiermaier
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Kliewe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Camilla Schinner
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Stüdle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - I Piotr Maly
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Therès Wanuske
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Rötzer
- Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.
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61
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Thompson CJ, Su Z, Vu VH, Wu Y, Leckband DE, Schwartz DK. Cadherin clusters stabilized by a combination of specific and nonspecific cis-interactions. eLife 2020; 9:e59035. [PMID: 32876051 PMCID: PMC7505656 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a combined experimental and computational approach for the quantitative characterization of lateral interactions between membrane-associated proteins. In particular, weak, lateral (cis) interactions between E-cadherin extracellular domains tethered to supported lipid bilayers, were studied using a combination of dynamic single-molecule Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) and kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations. Cadherins are intercellular adhesion proteins that assemble into clusters at cell-cell contacts through cis- and trans- (adhesive) interactions. A detailed and quantitative understanding of cis-clustering has been hindered by a lack of experimental approaches capable of detecting and quantifying lateral interactions between proteins on membranes. Here single-molecule intermolecular FRET measurements of wild-type E-cadherin and cis-interaction mutants combined with simulations demonstrate that both nonspecific and specific cis-interactions contribute to lateral clustering on lipid bilayers. Moreover, the intermolecular binding and dissociation rate constants are quantitatively and independently determined, demonstrating an approach that is generalizable for other interacting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
| | - Zhaoqian Su
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Vinh H Vu
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Yinghao Wu
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronxUnited States
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado BoulderBoulderUnited States
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62
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Xia S, Lim YB, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zhang S, Lim CT, Yim EKF, Kanchanawong P. Nanoscale Architecture of the Cortical Actin Cytoskeleton in Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1251-1267.e7. [PMID: 31365868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cues influence pluripotent stem cell differentiation, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) exhibit unusual cytomechanical properties, including low cell stiffness and attenuated responses to substrate rigidity, but the underlying structural basis remains obscure. Using super-resolution microscopy to investigate the actin cytoskeleton in mESCs, we observed that the actin cortex consists of a distinctively sparse and isotropic network. Surprisingly, the architecture and mechanics of the mESC actin cortex appear to be largely myosin II-independent. The network density can be modulated by perturbing Arp2/3 and formin, whereas capping protein (CP) negatively regulates cell stiffness. Transient Arp2/3-containing aster-like structures are implicated in the organization and mechanical homeostasis of the cortical network. By generating a low-density network that physically excludes myosin II, the interplay between Arp2/3, formin, and CP governs the nanoscale architecture of the actin cortex and prescribes the cytomechanical properties of mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Xia
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Ying Bena Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore; Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Evelyn K F Yim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Pakorn Kanchanawong
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore.
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63
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Kim H, Witt H, Oswald TA, Tarantola M. Adhesion of Epithelial Cells to PNIPAm Treated Surfaces for Temperature-Controlled Cell-Sheet Harvesting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:33516-33529. [PMID: 32631046 PMCID: PMC7467562 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli responsive polymer coatings are a common motive for designing surfaces for cell biological applications. In the present study, we have characterized temperature dependent adhesive properties of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) microgel coated surfaces (PMS) using various atomic force microscopy based approaches. We imaged and quantified the material properties of PMS upon a temperature switch using quantitative AFM imaging but also employed single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) before and after decreasing the temperature to assess the forces and work of initial adhesion between cells and PMS. We performed a detailed analysis of steps in the force-distance curves. Finally, we applied colloid probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) to analyze the adhesive properties of two major components of the extracellular matrix to PMS under temperature control, namely collagen I and fibronectin. In combination with confocal imaging, we could show that these two ECM components differ in their detachment properties from PNIPAm microgel films upon cell harvesting, and thus gained a deeper understanding of cell-sheet maturation and harvesting process and the involved partial ECM dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejeong Kim
- Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics and Self Organization (MPIDS), Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannes Witt
- Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics and Self Organization (MPIDS), Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tabea A. Oswald
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco Tarantola
- Max Planck Institute
for Dynamics and Self Organization (MPIDS), Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund Platz 1, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- E-mail: . Phone: +49-551-5176-316
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64
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Comparative effects of N-cadherin protein and peptide fragments on mesenchymal stem cell mechanotransduction and paracrine function. Biomaterials 2020; 239:119846. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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65
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Abstract
Epithelial cells form highly organized polarized sheets with characteristic cell morphologies and tissue architecture. Cell–cell adhesion and intercellular communication are prerequisites of such cohesive sheets of cells, and cell connectivity is mediated through several junctional assemblies, namely desmosomes, adherens, tight and gap junctions. These cell–cell junctions form signalling hubs that not only mediate cell–cell adhesion but impact on multiple aspects of cell behaviour, helping to coordinate epithelial cell shape, polarity and function. This review will focus on the tight and adherens junctions, constituents of the apical junctional complex, and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the complex signalling that underlies junction assembly, integrity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D Rusu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Marios Georgiou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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66
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Gonschior H, Haucke V, Lehmann M. Super-Resolution Imaging of Tight and Adherens Junctions: Challenges and Open Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030744. [PMID: 31979366 PMCID: PMC7037929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight junction (TJ) and the adherens junction (AJ) bridge the paracellular cleft of epithelial and endothelial cells. In addition to their role as protective barriers against bacteria and their toxins they maintain ion homeostasis, cell polarity, and mechano-sensing. Their functional loss leads to pathological changes such as tissue inflammation, ion imbalance, and cancer. To better understand the consequences of such malfunctions, the junctional nanoarchitecture is of great importance since it remains so far largely unresolved, mainly because of major difficulties in dynamically imaging these structures at sufficient resolution and with molecular precision. The rapid development of super-resolution imaging techniques ranging from structured illumination microscopy (SIM), stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, and single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) has now enabled molecular imaging of biological specimens from cells to tissues with nanometer resolution. Here we summarize these techniques and their application to the dissection of the nanoscale molecular architecture of TJs and AJs. We propose that super-resolution imaging together with advances in genome engineering and functional analyses approaches will create a leap in our understanding of the composition, assembly, and function of TJs and AJs at the nanoscale and, thereby, enable a mechanistic understanding of their dysfunction in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Gonschior
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.G.); (V.H.)
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.G.); (V.H.)
- Faculty of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany; (H.G.); (V.H.)
- Correspondence:
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67
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Glass NR, Takasako M, Er PX, Titmarsh DM, Hidalgo A, Wolvetang EJ, Little MH, Cooper-White JJ. Multivariate patterning of human pluripotent cells under perfusion reveals critical roles of induced paracrine factors in kidney organoid development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaw2746. [PMID: 31934619 PMCID: PMC6949035 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Creating complex multicellular kidney organoids from pluripotent stem cells shows great promise. Further improvements in differentiation outcomes, patterning, and maturation of specific cell types are, however, intrinsically limited by standard tissue culture approaches. We describe a novel full factorial microbioreactor array-based methodology to achieve rapid interrogation and optimization of this complex multicellular differentiation process in a facile manner. We successfully recapitulate early kidney tissue patterning events, exploring more than 1000 unique conditions in an unbiased and quantitative manner, and define new media combinations that achieve near-pure renal cell type specification. Single-cell resolution identification of distinct renal cell types within multilayered kidney organoids, coupled with multivariate analysis, defined the definitive roles of Wnt, fibroblast growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein signaling in their specification, exposed retinoic acid as a minimal effector of nephron patterning, and highlighted critical contributions of induced paracrine factors on cell specification and patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick R. Glass
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Minoru Takasako
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Pei Xuan Er
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Drew M. Titmarsh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alejandro Hidalgo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ernst J. Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- UQ Centre in Stem Cell and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Melissa H. Little
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Flemington Rd., Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Justin J. Cooper-White
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- UQ Centre in Stem Cell and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Manufacturing Flagship, CSIRO, Clayton, VIC 3169, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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68
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Actin protrusions push at apical junctions to maintain E-cadherin adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:432-438. [PMID: 31871203 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908654117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion is actin-dependent, but the precise role of actin in maintaining cell-cell adhesion is not fully understood. Actin polymerization-dependent protrusive activity is required to push distally separated cells close enough to initiate contact. Whether protrusive activity is required to maintain adhesion in confluent sheets of epithelial cells is not known. By electron microscopy as well as live cell imaging, we have identified a population of protruding actin microspikes that operate continuously near apical junctions of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Live imaging shows that microspikes containing E-cadherin extend into gaps between E-cadherin clusters on neighboring cells, while reformation of cadherin clusters across the cell-cell boundary correlates with microspike withdrawal. We identify Arp2/3, EVL, and CRMP-1 as 3 actin assembly factors necessary for microspike formation. Depleting these factors from cells using RNA interference (RNAi) results in myosin II-dependent unzipping of cadherin adhesive bonds. Therefore, actin polymerization-dependent protrusive activity operates continuously at cadherin cell-cell junctions to keep them shut and to prevent myosin II-dependent contractility from tearing cadherin adhesive contacts apart.
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69
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Shah J, Rouaud F, Guerrera D, Vasileva E, Popov LM, Kelley WL, Rubinstein E, Carette JE, Amieva MR, Citi S. A Dock-and-Lock Mechanism Clusters ADAM10 at Cell-Cell Junctions to Promote α-Toxin Cytotoxicity. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2132-2147.e7. [PMID: 30463011 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously identified PLEKHA7 and other junctional proteins as host factors mediating death by S. aureus α-toxin, but the mechanism through which junctions promote toxicity was unclear. Using cell biological and biochemical methods, we now show that ADAM10 is docked to junctions by its transmembrane partner Tspan33, whose cytoplasmic C terminus binds to the WW domain of PLEKHA7 in the presence of PDZD11. ADAM10 is locked at junctions through binding of its cytoplasmic C terminus to afadin. Junctionally clustered ADAM10 supports the efficient formation of stable toxin pores. Instead, disruption of the PLEKHA7-PDZD11 complex inhibits ADAM10 and toxin junctional clustering. This promotes toxin pore removal from the cell surface through an actin- and macropinocytosis-dependent process, resulting in cell recovery from initial injury and survival. These results uncover a dock-and-lock molecular mechanism to target ADAM10 to junctions and provide a paradigm for how junctions regulate transmembrane receptors through their clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimit Shah
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211-4 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211-4 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florian Rouaud
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211-4 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211-4 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Diego Guerrera
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211-4 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211-4 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Vasileva
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211-4 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211-4 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lauren M Popov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William L Kelley
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211-4 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Rubinstein
- INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, UMRS_935, 94807 Villejuif Cedex, France
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Manuel R Amieva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sandra Citi
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211-4 Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211-4 Geneva, Switzerland.
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70
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Biswas KH. Molecular Mobility-Mediated Regulation of E-Cadherin Adhesion. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 45:163-173. [PMID: 31810601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells in epithelial tissues utilize homotypic E-cadherin interaction-mediated adhesions to both physically adhere to each other and sense the physical properties of their microenvironment, such as the presence of other cells in close vicinity or an alteration in the mechanical tension of the tissue. These position E-cadherin centrally in organogenesis and other processes, and its function is therefore tightly regulated through a variety of means including endocytosis and gene expression. How does membrane molecular mobility of E-cadherin, and thus membrane physical properties and associated actin cytoskeleton, impinges on the assembly of adhesive clusters and signaling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir H Biswas
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar.
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71
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Monemian Esfahani A, Rosenbohm J, Reddy K, Jin X, Bouzid T, Riehl B, Kim E, Lim JY, Yang R. Tissue Regeneration from Mechanical Stretching of Cell-Cell Adhesion. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2019; 25:631-640. [PMID: 31407627 PMCID: PMC6859692 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2019.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesion complexes are macromolecular adhesive organelles that integrate cells into tissues. This mechanochemical coupling in cell-cell adhesion is required for a large number of cell behaviors, and perturbations of the cell-cell adhesion structure or related mechanotransduction pathways can lead to critical pathological conditions such as skin and heart diseases, arthritis, and cancer. Mechanical stretching has been a widely used method to stimulate the mechanotransduction process originating from the cell-cell adhesion and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) complexes. These studies aimed to reveal the biophysical processes governing cell proliferation, wound healing, gene expression regulation, and cell differentiation in various tissues, including cardiac, muscle, vascular, and bone. This review explores techniques in mechanical stretching in two-dimensional settings with different stretching regimens on different cell types. The mechanotransduction responses from these different cell types will be discussed with an emphasis on their biophysical transformations during mechanical stretching and the cross talk between the cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion complexes. Therapeutic aspects of mechanical stretching are reviewed considering these cellular responses after the application of mechanical forces, with a focus on wound healing and tissue regeneration. Impact Statement Mechanical stretching has been proposed as a therapeutic option for tissue regeneration and wound healing. It has been accepted that mechanotransduction processes elicited by mechanical stretching govern cellular response and behavior, and these studies have predominantly focused on the cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) sites. This review serves the mechanobiology community by shifting the focus of mechanical stretching effects from cell-ECM adhesions to the less examined cell-cell adhesions, which we believe play an equally important role in orchestrating the response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Monemian Esfahani
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Jordan Rosenbohm
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Keerthana Reddy
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Tasneem Bouzid
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Brandon Riehl
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Eunju Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Jung Yul Lim
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
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72
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Siamantouras E, Price GW, Potter JA, Hills CE, Squires PE. Purinergic receptor (P2X7) activation reduces cell-cell adhesion between tubular epithelial cells of the proximal kidney. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 22:102108. [PMID: 31655201 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss of epithelial (E)-cadherin mediated cell-cell adhesion impairs gap junction formation and facilitates hemichannel-mediated ATP release in the diabetic kidney. Linked to inflammation and fibrosis, we hypothesized that local increases in inter-cellular ATP activate P2X7 receptors on neighboring epithelial cells of the proximal tubule, to further impair cell-cell adhesion and ultimately exacerbate tubular injury. Immunoblotting confirmed changes in E-cadherin expression in human kidney cells treated with non-hydrolysable ATPγS ± the P2X7 antagonist, A438079. Atomic force microscopy based single-cell force spectroscopy quantified maximum unbinding force, tether rupture events, and work of detachment. Confocal microscopy assessed cytoskeletal reorganization. Our studies confirmed that ATPγS downregulated E-cadherin expression in proximal kidney cells, loss of which was paralleled by a reduction in intercellular ligation forces, decreased tether rupture events and cytoskeletal remodeling. Co-incubation with A438079 restored loss of adhesion, suggesting that elevated extracellular ATP mediates tubular injury through P2X7 induced loss of E-cadherin mediated adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gareth W Price
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, Green Lane, University of Lincoln, UK
| | - Joe A Potter
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, Green Lane, University of Lincoln, UK
| | - Claire E Hills
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, Green Lane, University of Lincoln, UK
| | - Paul E Squires
- Joseph Banks Laboratories, School of Life Sciences, Green Lane, University of Lincoln, UK.
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73
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Abstract
Cell-cell junctions are specializations of the plasma membrane responsible for physically integrating cells into tissues. We are now beginning to appreciate the diverse impacts that mechanical forces exert upon the integrity and function of these junctions. Currently, this is best understood for cadherin-based adherens junctions in epithelia and endothelia, where cell-cell adhesion couples the contractile cytoskeletons of cells together to generate tissue-scale tension. Junctional tension participates in morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Changes in tension can also be detected by mechanotransduction pathways that allow cells to communicate with each other. In this review, we discuss progress in characterising the forces present at junctions in physiological conditions; the cellular mechanisms that generate intrinsic tension and detect changes in tension; and, finally, we consider how tissue integrity is maintained in the face of junctional stresses.
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74
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Fuchs M, Foresti M, Radeva MY, Kugelmann D, Keil R, Hatzfeld M, Spindler V, Waschke J, Vielmuth F. Plakophilin 1 but not plakophilin 3 regulates desmoglein clustering. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3465-3476. [PMID: 30949721 PMCID: PMC11105395 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plakophilins (Pkp) are desmosomal plaque proteins crucial for desmosomal adhesion and participate in the regulation of desmosomal turnover and signaling. However, direct evidence that Pkps regulate clustering and molecular binding properties of desmosomal cadherins is missing. Here, keratinocytes lacking either Pkp1 or 3 in comparison to wild type (wt) keratinocytes were characterized with regard to their desmoglein (Dsg) 1- and 3-binding properties and their capability to induce Dsg3 clustering. As revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), both Pkp-deficient keratinocyte cell lines showed reduced membrane availability and binding frequency of Dsg1 and 3 at cell borders. Extracellular crosslinking and AFM cluster mapping demonstrated that Pkp1 but not Pkp3 is required for Dsg3 clustering. Accordingly, Dsg3 overexpression reconstituted cluster formation in Pkp3- but not Pkp1-deficient keratinocytes as shown by AFM and STED experiments. Taken together, these data demonstrate that both Pkp1 and 3 regulate Dsg membrane availability, whereas Pkp1 but not Pkp3 is required for Dsg3 clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fuchs
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Foresti
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Kugelmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Rene Keil
- Division of Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mechthild Hatzfeld
- Division of Pathobiochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Volker Spindler
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Waschke
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Franziska Vielmuth
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 11, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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75
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Thompson CJ, Vu VH, Leckband DE, Schwartz DK. Cadherin Extracellular Domain Clustering in the Absence of Trans-Interactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:4528-4534. [PMID: 31335147 PMCID: PMC6815682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While both cis and trans (adhesive)-interactions cooperate in the assembly of intercellular adhesions, computational simulations have predicted that two-dimensional confinement may promote cis-oligomerization, in the absence of trans-interactions. Here, single-molecule tracking of cadherin extracellular domains on supported lipid bilayers revealed the density-dependent formation of oligomers and cis-clusters in the absence of trans-interactions. Lateral oligomers were virtually eliminated by mutating a putative cis (lateral) binding interface. At low cadherin surface coverage, wild-type and mutant cadherin diffused rapidly, consistent with the motion of a lipid molecule within a cadherin-free supported bilayer and with cadherins diffusing as monomers. Although the diffusion of mutant cadherin did not change appreciably with increasing surface coverage, the average short-time diffusion coefficient of wild-type cadherin slowed significantly above a fractional surface coverage of ∼0.01 (∼1100 molecules/μm2). A detailed analysis of molecular trajectories suggested the presence of a broad size distribution of cis-cadherin oligomers. These findings verify predictions that two-dimensional confinement promotes cis-oligomerization, in the absence of trans-interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J. Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
| | - Vinh H. Vu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
| | - Deborah E. Leckband
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois, United States
| | - Daniel K. Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, Colorado, United States
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76
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Xu G, Yang M, Wu Q. Sparse subspace clustering with low-rank transformation. Neural Comput Appl 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-017-3259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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77
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Abstract
A wide range of cell–microenvironmental interactions are mediated by membrane-localized receptors that bind ligands present on another cell or the extracellular matrix. This situation introduces a number of physical effects including spatial organization of receptor–ligand complexes and development of mechanical forces in cells. Unlike traditional experimental approaches, hybrid live cell–supported lipid bilayer (SLB) systems, wherein a live cell interacts with a synthetic substrate supported membrane, allow interrogation of these aspects of receptor signaling. The SLB system directly offers facile control over the identity, density, and mobility of ligands used for engaging cellular receptors. Further, application of various nano- and micropatterning techniques allows for spatial patterning of ligands. In this review, we describe the hybrid live cell–SLB system and its application in uncovering a range of spatial and mechanical aspects of receptor signaling. We highlight the T cell immunological synapse, junctions formed between EphA2- and ephrinA1-expressing cells, and adhesions formed by cadherin and integrin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir H. Biswas
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553
| | - Jay T. Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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78
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Abstract
In various physiological processes, the cell collective is organized in a monolayer, such as seen in a simple epithelium. The advances in the understanding of mechanical behavior of the monolayer and its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms will help to elucidate the properties of cell collectives. In this Review, we discuss recent in vitro studies on monolayer mechanics and their implications on collective dynamics, regulation of monolayer mechanics by physical confinement and geometrical cues and the effect of tissue mechanics on biological processes, such as cell division and extrusion. In particular, we focus on the active nematic property of cell monolayers and the emerging approach to view biological systems in the light of liquid crystal theory. We also highlight the mechanosensing and mechanotransduction mechanisms at the sub-cellular and molecular level that are mediated by the contractile actomyosin cytoskeleton and cell-cell adhesion proteins, such as E-cadherin and α-catenin. To conclude, we argue that, in order to have a holistic understanding of the cellular response to biophysical environments, interdisciplinary approaches and multiple techniques - from large-scale traction force measurements to molecular force protein sensors - must be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Chen
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Thuan Beng Saw
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411.,National University of Singapore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Engineering Block 4, #04-08, Singapore 117583
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & Université Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & Université Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
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79
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Kale GR, Yang X, Philippe JM, Mani M, Lenne PF, Lecuit T. Distinct contributions of tensile and shear stress on E-cadherin levels during morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5021. [PMID: 30479400 PMCID: PMC6258672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During epithelial morphogenesis, cell contacts (junctions) are constantly remodeled by mechanical forces that work against adhesive forces. E-cadherin complexes play a pivotal role in this process by providing persistent cell adhesion and by transmitting mechanical tension. In this context, it is unclear how mechanical forces affect E-cadherin adhesion and junction dynamics. During Drosophila embryo axis elongation, Myosin-II activity in the apico-medial and junctional cortex generates mechanical forces to drive junction remodeling. Here we report that the ratio between Vinculin and E-cadherin intensities acts as a ratiometric readout for these mechanical forces (load) at E-cadherin complexes. Medial Myosin-II loads E-cadherin complexes on all junctions, exerts tensile forces, and increases levels of E-cadherin. Junctional Myosin-II, on the other hand, biases the distribution of load between junctions of the same cell, exerts shear forces, and decreases the levels of E-cadherin. This work suggests distinct effects of tensile versus shear stresses on E-cadherin adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish R Kale
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13009, Marseille, France
- National Center for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Xingbo Yang
- Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Philippe
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Madhav Mani
- Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005, Paris, France.
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80
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Abstract
It is increasingly clear that mechanotransduction pathways play important roles in regulating fundamental cellular functions. Of the basic mechanical functions, the determination of cellular morphology is critical. Cells typically use many mechanosensitive steps and different cell states to achieve a polarized shape through repeated testing of the microenvironment. Indeed, morphology is determined by the microenvironment through periodic activation of motility, mechanotesting, and mechanoresponse functions by hormones, internal clocks, and receptor tyrosine kinases. Patterned substrates and controlled environments with defined rigidities limit the range of cell behavior and influence cell state decisions and are thus very useful for studying these steps. The recently defined rigidity sensing process provides a good example of how cells repeatedly test their microenvironment and is also linked to cancer. In general, aberrant extracellular matrix mechanosensing is associated with numerous conditions, including cardiovascular disease, aging, and fibrosis, that correlate with changes in tissue morphology and matrix composition. Hence, detailed descriptions of the steps involved in sensing and responding to the microenvironment are needed to better understand both the mechanisms of tissue homeostasis and the pathomechanisms of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haguy Wolfenson
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 31096;
| | - Bo Yang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore;
| | - Michael P Sheetz
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; .,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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81
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Amschler K, Beyazpinar I, Erpenbeck L, Kruss S, Spatz JP, Schön MP. Morphological Plasticity of Human Melanoma Cells Is Determined by Nanoscopic Patterns of E- and N-Cadherin Interactions. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:562-572. [PMID: 30393081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Loss of E-cadherin and concomitant upregulation of N-cadherin is known as the cadherin switch, and has been implicated in melanoma progression. Mechanistically, homophilic ligation of N-cadherin-expressing melanoma cells with N-cadherin presented within the microenvironment is thought to facilitate invasion. However, the biophysical aspects governing molecular specificity and function of such interactions remain unclear. By using precisely defined nano-patterns of N- or E-cadherin (with densities tunable by more than one order of magnitude from 78 to 1,128 ligands/μm2), we analyzed adhesion and spreading of six different human melanoma cell lines with distinct constitutive cadherin expression patterns. Cadherin-mediated homophilic cell interactions (N/N and E/E) with cadherin-functionalized nano-matrices revealed an unexpected functional dichotomy inasmuch as melanoma cell adhesion was cadherin density-dependent, while spreading and lamellipodia formation were independent of cadherin density. Surprisingly, E-cadherin-expressing melanoma cells also interacted with N-cadherin-presenting nano-matrices, suggesting heterophilic (N/E) interactions. However, cellular spreading in these cases occurred only at high densities of N-cadherin (i.e., >285 ligands/μm2). Overall, our approach using nano-patterned biomimetic surfaces provides a platform to further refine the roles of cadherins in tumor cell behavior and it revealed an intriguing flexibility of mutually compensating N- and E-cadherin interactions relevant for melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Amschler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ilkay Beyazpinar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luise Erpenbeck
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Biointerface Science and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany; Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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82
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Sakamoto S, Thumkeo D, Ohta H, Zhang Z, Huang S, Kanchanawong P, Fuu T, Watanabe S, Shimada K, Fujihara Y, Yoshida S, Ikawa M, Watanabe N, Saitou M, Narumiya S. mDia1/3 generate cortical F-actin meshwork in Sertoli cells that is continuous with contractile F-actin bundles and indispensable for spermatogenesis and male fertility. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004874. [PMID: 30256801 PMCID: PMC6175529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Formin is one of the two major classes of actin binding proteins (ABPs) with nucleation and polymerization activity. However, despite advances in our understanding of its biochemical activity, whether and how formins generate specific architecture of the actin cytoskeleton and function in a physiological context in vivo remain largely obscure. It is also unknown how actin filaments generated by formins interact with other ABPs in the cell. Here, we combine genetic manipulation of formins mammalian diaphanous homolog1 (mDia1) and 3 (mDia3) with superresolution microscopy and single-molecule imaging, and show that the formins mDia1 and mDia3 are dominantly expressed in Sertoli cells of mouse seminiferous tubule and together generate a highly dynamic cortical filamentous actin (F-actin) meshwork that is continuous with the contractile actomyosin bundles. Loss of mDia1/3 impaired these F-actin architectures, induced ectopic noncontractile espin1-containing F-actin bundles, and disrupted Sertoli cell-germ cell interaction, resulting in impaired spermatogenesis. These results together demonstrate the previously unsuspected mDia-dependent regulatory mechanism of cortical F-actin that is indispensable for mammalian sperm development and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Sakamoto
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Dean Thumkeo
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (DT); (SN)
| | - Hiroshi Ohta
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuangru Huang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pakorn Kanchanawong
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Takayoshi Fuu
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sadanori Watanabe
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shimada
- Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Fujihara
- Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Single-Molecule Cell Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitinori Saitou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (DT); (SN)
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83
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Spatial and temporal organization of cadherin in punctate adherens junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4406-E4415. [PMID: 29691319 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720826115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) play a fundamental role in tissue integrity; however, the organization and dynamics of the key AJ transmembrane protein, E-cadherin, both inside and outside of AJs, remain controversial. Here we have studied the distribution and motility of E-cadherin in punctate AJs (pAJs) of A431 cells. Using single-molecule localization microscopy, we show that pAJs in these cells reach more than 1 μm in length and consist of several cadherin clusters with crystal-like density interspersed within sparser cadherin regions. Notably, extrajunctional cadherin appears to be monomeric, and its density is almost four orders of magnitude less than observed in the pAJ regions. Two alternative strategies of tracking cadherin motion within individual junctions show that pAJs undergo actin-dependent rapid-on the order of seconds-internal reorganizations, during which dense clusters disassemble and their cadherins are immediately reused for new clusters. Our results thus modify the classical view of AJs by depicting them as mosaics of cadherin clusters, the short lifetimes of which enable stable overall morphology combined with rapid internal rearrangements.
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84
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Efimova N, Svitkina TM. Branched actin networks push against each other at adherens junctions to maintain cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1827-1845. [PMID: 29507127 PMCID: PMC5940301 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) are mechanosensitive cadherin-based intercellular adhesions that interact with the actin cytoskeleton and carry most of the mechanical load at cell-cell junctions. Both Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin polymerization generating pushing force and nonmuscle myosin II (NMII)-dependent contraction producing pulling force are necessary for AJ morphogenesis. Which actin system directly interacts with AJs is unknown. Using platinum replica electron microscopy of endothelial cells, we show that vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin colocalizes with Arp2/3 complex-positive actin networks at different AJ types and is positioned at the interface between two oppositely oriented branched networks from adjacent cells. In contrast, actin-NMII bundles are located more distally from the VE-cadherin-rich zone. After Arp2/3 complex inhibition, linear AJs split, leaving gaps between cells with detergent-insoluble VE-cadherin transiently associated with the gap edges. After NMII inhibition, VE-cadherin is lost from gap edges. We propose that the actin cytoskeleton at AJs acts as a dynamic push-pull system, wherein pushing forces maintain extracellular VE-cadherin transinteraction and pulling forces stabilize intracellular adhesion complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Efimova
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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85
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Vuong-Brender TTK, Boutillon A, Rodriguez D, Lavilley V, Labouesse M. HMP-1/α-catenin promotes junctional mechanical integrity during morphogenesis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193279. [PMID: 29466456 PMCID: PMC5821396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) are key structures regulating tissue integrity and maintaining adhesion between cells. During morphogenesis, junctional proteins cooperate closely with the actomyosin network to drive cell movement and shape changes. How the junctions integrate the mechanical forces in space and in time during an in vivo morphogenetic event is still largely unknown, due to a lack of quantitative data. To address this issue, we inserted a functional Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based force biosensor within HMP-1/α-catenin of Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that the tension exerted on HMP-1 has a cell-specific distribution, is actomyosin-dependent, but is regulated differently from the tension on the actin cortex during embryonic elongation. By using time-lapse analysis of mutants and tissue-specific rescue experiments, we confirm the role of VAB-9/Claudin as an actin bundle anchor. Nevertheless, the tension exerted on HMP-1 did not increase in the absence of VAB-9/Claudin, suggesting that HMP-1 activity is not upregulated to compensate for loss of VAB-9. Our data indicate that HMP-1 does not modulate HMR-1/E-cadherin turnover, is required to recruit junctional actin but not stress fiber-like actin bundles. Altogether, our data suggest that HMP-1/α-catenin acts to promote the mechanical integrity of adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Thi Kim Vuong-Brender
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement—Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD—IBPS), Paris, France
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, llkirch, France
| | - Arthur Boutillon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement—Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD—IBPS), Paris, France
| | - David Rodriguez
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, llkirch, France
| | - Vincent Lavilley
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, llkirch, France
| | - Michel Labouesse
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement—Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (LBD—IBPS), Paris, France
- Development and Stem Cells Program, IGBMC, CNRS (UMR7104), INSERM (U964), Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, llkirch, France
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86
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Walshe J, Richardson NA, Al Abdulsalam NK, Stephenson SA, Harkin DG. A potential role for Eph receptor signalling during migration of corneal endothelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2018; 170:92-100. [PMID: 29476773 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The corneal endothelium is a monolayer of epithelial cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and is essential for maintenance of corneal transparency. Wound healing within the corneal endothelium typically occurs through cell spreading and migration rather than through proliferation. The mechanisms that control corneal endothelial cell migration are unclear. In this study we demonstrate that cultures of corneal endothelial cells display reduced migration in scratch wound assays, and reduced levels of E-cadherin mRNA, following suppression of ligand-activated Eph receptor signalling by treatment with lithocholic acid. Two Eph receptors, EphA1 and EphA2, were subsequently detected in corneal endothelial cells, and their potential involvement during migration was explored through gene silencing using siRNAs. EphA2 siRNA reduced levels of mRNA for both EphA2 and N-cadherin, but increased levels of mRNA for both EphA1 and E-cadherin. No effect, however, was observed for EphA2 siRNA on migration. Our results indicate a potential role for Eph receptor signalling during corneal endothelial cell migration via changes in cadherin expression. Nevertheless, defining a precise role for select Eph receptors is likely to be complicated by crosstalk between Eph-mediated signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Walshe
- Queensland Eye Institute, 140 Melbourne Street, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia.
| | - Neil A Richardson
- Queensland Eye Institute, 140 Melbourne Street, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Najla Khaled Al Abdulsalam
- Queensland Eye Institute, 140 Melbourne Street, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia; King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sally-Anne Stephenson
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Damien G Harkin
- Queensland Eye Institute, 140 Melbourne Street, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia; School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4059, Australia
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87
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Sakakibara S, Maruo T, Miyata M, Mizutani K, Takai Y. Requirement of the F-actin-binding activity of l-afadin for enhancing the formation of adherens and tight junctions. Genes Cells 2018; 23:185-199. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Sakakibara
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maruo
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Kiyohito Mizutani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
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88
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Bartle EI, Rao TC, Urner TM, Mattheyses AL. Bridging the gap: Super-resolution microscopy of epithelial cell junctions. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:e1404189. [PMID: 29420122 PMCID: PMC5823550 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1404189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell junctions are critical for cell adhesion and communication in epithelial tissues. It is evident that the cellular distribution, size, and architecture of cell junctions play a vital role in regulating function. These details of junction architecture have been challenging to elucidate in part due to the complexity and size of cell junctions. A major challenge in understanding these features is attaining high resolution spatial information with molecular specificity. Fluorescence microscopy allows localization of specific proteins to junctions, but with a resolution on the same scale as junction size, rendering internal protein organization unobtainable. Super-resolution microscopy provides a bridge between fluorescence microscopy and nanoscale approaches, utilizing fluorescent tags to reveal protein organization below the resolution limit. Here we provide a brief introduction to super-resolution microscopy and discuss novel findings into the organization, structure and function of epithelial cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily I. Bartle
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tejeshwar C. Rao
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tara M. Urner
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexa L. Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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89
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Higashi T, Miller AL. Tricellular junctions: how to build junctions at the TRICkiest points of epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2023-2034. [PMID: 28705832 PMCID: PMC5509417 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-10-0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tricellular contacts are the places where three cells meet. In vertebrate epithelial cells, specialized structures called tricellular tight junctions (tTJs) and tricellular adherens junctions (tAJs) have been identified. tTJs are important for the maintenance of barrier function, and disruption of tTJ proteins contributes to familial deafness. tAJs have recently been attracting the attention of mechanobiologists because these sites are hot spots of epithelial tension. Although the molecular components, regulation, and function of tTJs and tAJs, as well as of invertebrate tricellular junctions, are beginning to be characterized, many questions remain. Here we broadly cover what is known about tricellular junctions, propose a new model for tension transmission at tAJs, and discuss key open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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90
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91
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Zilberman Y, Abrams J, Anderson DC, Nance J. Cdc42 regulates junctional actin but not cell polarization in the Caenorhabditis elegans epidermis. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3729-3744. [PMID: 28903999 PMCID: PMC5674880 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During morphogenesis, adherens junctions (AJs) remodel to allow changes in cell shape and position while preserving adhesion. Here, we examine the function of Rho guanosine triphosphatase CDC-42 in AJ formation and regulation during Caenorhabditis elegans embryo elongation, a process driven by asymmetric epidermal cell shape changes. cdc-42 mutant embryos arrest during elongation with epidermal ruptures. Unexpectedly, we find using time-lapse fluorescence imaging that cdc-42 is not required for epidermal cell polarization or junction assembly, but rather is needed for proper junctional actin regulation during elongation. We show that the RhoGAP PAC-1/ARHGAP21 inhibits CDC-42 activity at AJs, and loss of PAC-1 or the interacting linker protein PICC-1/CCDC85A-C blocks elongation in embryos with compromised AJ function. pac-1 embryos exhibit dynamic accumulations of junctional F-actin and an increase in AJ protein levels. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized molecular mechanism for inhibiting junctional CDC-42 to control actin organization and AJ protein levels during epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Zilberman
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Joshua Abrams
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Dorian C Anderson
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jeremy Nance
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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92
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Nanoscale mechanobiology of cell adhesions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 71:53-67. [PMID: 28754443 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proper physiological functions of cells and tissues depend upon their abilities to sense, transduce, integrate, and generate mechanical and biochemical signals. Although such mechanobiological phenomena are widely observed, the molecular mechanisms driving these outcomes are still not fully understood. Cell adhesions formed by integrins and cadherins receptors are key structures that process diverse sources of signals to elicit complex mechanobiological responses. Since the nanoscale is the length scale at which molecules interact to relay force and information, the understanding of cell adhesions at the nanoscale level is important for grasping the inner logics of cellular decision making. Until recently, the study of the biological nanoscale has been restricted by available molecular and imaging tools. Fortunately, rapid technological advances have increasingly opened up the nanoscale realm to systematic investigations. In this review, we discuss current insights and key open questions regarding the nanoscale structure and function relationship of cell adhesions, focusing on recent progresses in characterizing their composition, spatial organization, and cytomechanical operation.
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93
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Collins C, Denisin AK, Pruitt BL, Nelson WJ. Changes in E-cadherin rigidity sensing regulate cell adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E5835-E5844. [PMID: 28674019 PMCID: PMC5530647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618676114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cues are sensed and transduced by cell adhesion complexes to regulate diverse cell behaviors. Extracellular matrix (ECM) rigidity sensing by integrin adhesions has been well studied, but rigidity sensing by cadherins during cell adhesion is largely unexplored. Using mechanically tunable polyacrylamide (PA) gels functionalized with the extracellular domain of E-cadherin (Ecad-Fc), we showed that E-cadherin-dependent epithelial cell adhesion was sensitive to changes in PA gel elastic modulus that produced striking differences in cell morphology, actin organization, and membrane dynamics. Traction force microscopy (TFM) revealed that cells produced the greatest tractions at the cell periphery, where distinct types of actin-based membrane protrusions formed. Cells responded to substrate rigidity by reorganizing the distribution and size of high-traction-stress regions at the cell periphery. Differences in adhesion and protrusion dynamics were mediated by balancing the activities of specific signaling molecules. Cell adhesion to a 30-kPa Ecad-Fc PA gel required Cdc42- and formin-dependent filopodia formation, whereas adhesion to a 60-kPa Ecad-Fc PA gel induced Arp2/3-dependent lamellipodial protrusions. A quantitative 3D cell-cell adhesion assay and live cell imaging of cell-cell contact formation revealed that inhibition of Cdc42, formin, and Arp2/3 activities blocked the initiation, but not the maintenance of established cell-cell adhesions. These results indicate that the same signaling molecules activated by E-cadherin rigidity sensing on PA gels contribute to actin organization and membrane dynamics during cell-cell adhesion. We hypothesize that a transition in the stiffness of E-cadherin homotypic interactions regulates actin and membrane dynamics during initial stages of cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Collins
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Aleksandra K Denisin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Beth L Pruitt
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
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94
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Bachir AI, Horwitz AR, Nelson WJ, Bianchini JM. Actin-Based Adhesion Modules Mediate Cell Interactions with the Extracellular Matrix and Neighboring Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:9/7/a023234. [PMID: 28679638 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesions link cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to each other and depend on interactions with the actin cytoskeleton. Both cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion sites contain discrete, yet overlapping, functional modules. These modules establish physical associations with the actin cytoskeleton, locally modulate actin organization and dynamics, and trigger intracellular signaling pathways. Interplay between these modules generates distinct actin architectures that underlie different stages, types, and functions of cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesions. Actomyosin contractility is required to generate mature, stable adhesions, as well as to sense and translate the mechanical properties of the cellular environment into changes in cell organization and behavior. Here, we review the organization and function of different adhesion modules and how they interact with the actin cytoskeleton. We highlight the molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction in adhesions and how adhesion molecules mediate cross talk between cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia I Bachir
- Protein and Cell Analysis, Biosciences Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eugene, Oregon 97402
| | - Alan Rick Horwitz
- Protein and Cell Analysis, Biosciences Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eugene, Oregon 97402
| | - W James Nelson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
| | - Julie M Bianchini
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903
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95
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Sustained α-catenin Activation at E-cadherin Junctions in the Absence of Mechanical Force. Biophys J 2017; 111:1044-52. [PMID: 27602732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanotransduction at E-cadherin junctions has been postulated to be mediated in part by a force-dependent conformational activation of α-catenin. Activation of α-catenin allows it to interact with vinculin in addition to F-actin, resulting in a strengthening of junctions. Here, using E-cadherin adhesions reconstituted on synthetic, nanopatterned membranes, we show that activation of α-catenin is dependent on E-cadherin clustering, and is sustained in the absence of mechanical force or association with F-actin or vinculin. Adhesions were formed by filopodia-mediated nucleation and micron-scale assembly of E-cadherin clusters, which could be distinguished as either peripheral or central assemblies depending on their relative location at the cell-bilayer adhesion. Whereas F-actin, vinculin, and phosphorylated myosin light chain associated only with the peripheral assemblies, activated α-catenin was present in both peripheral and central assemblies, and persisted in the central assemblies in the absence of actomyosin tension. Impeding filopodia-mediated nucleation and micron-scale assembly of E-cadherin adhesion complexes by confining the movement of bilayer-bound E-cadherin on nanopatterned substrates reduced the levels of activated α-catenin. Taken together, these results indicate that although the initial activation of α-catenin requires micron-scale clustering that may allow the development of mechanical forces, sustained force is not required for maintaining α-catenin in the active state.
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96
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Fontenete S, Peña-Jimenez D, Perez-Moreno M. Heterocellular cadherin connections: coordinating adhesive cues in homeostasis and cancer. F1000Res 2017; 6:1010. [PMID: 28721207 PMCID: PMC5497824 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11357.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This short insight covers some of the recent topics relevant to the field of cadherin-catenin adhesion in mediating connections between different cell types, so-called heterotypic or heterocellular connections, in both homeostasis and cancer. These scientific discoveries are increasing our understanding of how multiple cells residing in complex tissues can be instructed by cadherin adhesion receptors to regulate tissue architecture and function and how these cadherin-mediated heterocellular connections spur tumor growth and the acquisition of malignant characteristics in tumor cells. Overall, the findings that have emerged over the past few years are elucidating the complexity of the functional roles of the cadherin-catenin complexes. Future exciting research lies ahead in order to understand the physical basis of these heterotypic interactions and their influence on the behavior of heterogeneous cellular populations as well as their roles in mediating phenotypic and genetic changes as cells evolve through complex environments during morphogenesis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fontenete
- Epithelial Cell Biology Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Peña-Jimenez
- Epithelial Cell Biology Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mirna Perez-Moreno
- Epithelial Cell Biology Group, Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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97
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Nectin spot: a novel type of nectin-mediated cell adhesion apparatus. Biochem J 2017; 473:2691-715. [PMID: 27621480 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nectins are Ca(2+)-independent immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily cell adhesion molecules constituting a family with four members, all of which have three Ig-like loops at their extracellular regions. Nectins play roles in the formation of a variety of cell-cell adhesion apparatuses. There are at least three types of nectin-mediated cell adhesions: afadin- and cadherin-dependent, afadin-dependent and cadherin-independent, and afadin- and cadherin-independent. In addition, nectins trans-interact with nectin-like molecules (Necls) with three Ig-like loops and other Ig-like molecules with one to three Ig-like loops. Furthermore, nectins and Necls cis-interact with membrane receptors and integrins, some of which are associated with the nectin-mediated cell adhesions, and play roles in the regulation of many cellular functions, such as cell polarization, movement, proliferation, differentiation, and survival, co-operatively with these cell surface proteins. The nectin-mediated cell adhesions are implicated in a variety of diseases, including genetic disorders, neural disorders, and cancers. Of the three types of nectin-mediated cell adhesions, the afadin- and cadherin-dependent apparatus has been most extensively investigated, but the examples of the third type of apparatus independent of afadin and cadherin are recently increasing and its morphological and functional properties have been well characterized. We review here recent advances in research on this type of nectin-mediated cell adhesion apparatus, which is named nectin spot.
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98
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Sai K, Wang S, Kaito A, Fujiwara T, Maruo T, Itoh Y, Miyata M, Sakakibara S, Miyazaki N, Murata K, Yamaguchi Y, Haruta T, Nishioka H, Motojima Y, Komura M, Kimura K, Mandai K, Takai Y, Mizoguchi A. Multiple roles of afadin in the ultrastructural morphogenesis of mouse hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2719-2734. [PMID: 28498492 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A hippocampal mossy fiber synapse, which is implicated in learning and memory, has a complex structure in which mossy fiber boutons attach to the dendritic shaft by puncta adherentia junctions (PAJs) and wrap around a multiply-branched spine, forming synaptic junctions. Here, we electron microscopically analyzed the ultrastructure of this synapse in afadin-deficient mice. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that typical PAJs with prominent symmetrical plasma membrane darkening undercoated with the thick filamentous cytoskeleton were observed in the control synapse, whereas in the afadin-deficient synapse, atypical PAJs with the symmetrical plasma membrane darkening, which was much less in thickness and darkness than those of the control typical PAJs, were observed. Immunoelectron microscopy analysis revealed that nectin-1, nectin-3, and N-cadherin were localized at the control typical PAJs, whereas nectin-1 and nectin-3 were localized at the afadin-deficient atypical PAJs to extents lower than those in the control synapse and N-cadherin was localized at their nonjunctional flanking regions. These results indicate that the atypical PAJs are formed by nectin-1 and nectin-3 independently of afadin and N-cadherin and that the typical PAJs are formed by afadin and N-cadherin cooperatively with nectin-1 and nectin-3. Serial block face-scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the complexity of postsynaptic spines and mossy fiber boutons, the number of spine heads, the area of postsynaptic densities, and the density of synaptic vesicles docked to active zones were decreased in the afadin-deficient synapse. These results indicate that afadin plays multiple roles in the complex ultrastructural morphogenesis of hippocampal mossy fiber synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousyoku Sai
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Aika Kaito
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujiwara
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maruo
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yu Itoh
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakakibara
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miyazaki
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuuki Yamaguchi
- SM Application Department, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8556, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Haruta
- EM Application Department, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8556, Japan
| | - Hideo Nishioka
- EM Application Department, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8556, Japan
| | - Yuki Motojima
- Scientific Solutions Department, Olympus Corp., Tokyo, 163-0914, Japan
| | - Miyuki Komura
- Scientific Solutions Department, Olympus Corp., Tokyo, 163-0914, Japan
| | - Kazushi Kimura
- Faculty of Human Science, Department of Physical Therapy, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, Eniwa, Hokkaido, 061-1449, Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
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99
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Mège RM, Ishiyama N. Integration of Cadherin Adhesion and Cytoskeleton at Adherens Junctions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a028738. [PMID: 28096263 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cadherin-catenin adhesion complex is the key component of the intercellular adherens junction (AJ) that contributes both to tissue stability and dynamic cell movements in epithelial and nonepithelial tissues. The cadherin adhesion complex bridges neighboring cells and the actin-myosin cytoskeleton, and thereby contributes to mechanical coupling between cells which drives many morphogenetic events and tissue repair. Mechanotransduction at cadherin adhesions enables cells to sense, signal, and respond to physical changes in their environment. Central to this process is the dynamic link of the complex to actin filaments (F-actin), themselves structurally dynamic and subject to tension generated by myosin II motors. We discuss in this review recent breakthroughs in understanding molecular and cellular aspects of the organization of the core cadherin-catenin complex in adherens junctions, its association to F-actin, its mechanosensitive regulation, and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Noboru Ishiyama
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, TMDT 4-902, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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100
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Tehrani M, Sarvestani AS. Force-driven growth of intercellular junctions. J Theor Biol 2017; 421:101-111. [PMID: 28377302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force regulates the formation and growth of cell-cell junctions. Cadherin is a prominent homotypic cell adhesion molecule that plays a crucial role in establishment of intercellular adhesion. It is known that the transmitted force through the cadherin-mediated junctions directly correlates with the growth and enlargement of the junctions. In this paper, we propose a physical model for the structural evolution of cell-cell junctions subjected to pulling tractions, using the Bell-Dembo-Bongard thermodynamic model. Cadherins have multiple adhesive states and may establish slip or catch bonds depending on the Ca2+ concentration. We conducted a comparative study between the force-dependent behavior of clusters of slip and catch bonds. The results show that the clusters of catch bonds feature some hallmarks of cell mechanotransduction in response to the pulling traction. This is a passive thermodynamic response and is entirely controlled by the effect of mechanical work of the pulling force on the free energy landscape of the junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tehrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Alireza S Sarvestani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
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