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Fowler CH, Lin LC, Rudolph KD, Telzer EH. Like me Back: Neural Correlates of Low Perceived Relational Value in Peer Victimized Youth. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2021; 31:435-450. [PMID: 33754422 PMCID: PMC8344568 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perceived relational value describes the extent to which individuals consider themselves to be liked and valued. Given the salience of peer opinions in adolescence, perceived relational value is an important part of adolescents' developing self-concept. Here, we examined the neural correlates of youth's perceptions of their relational value in two independent samples (N = 33, Mage = 13.71, SD = 2.71; N = 26, Mage = 15.43, SD = 0.33). In both studies, peer victimization was associated with lower perceived relational value behaviorally and with altered frontostriatal connectivity when perceiving low relational value during fMRI. Our results suggest that peer victimization may lead youth to become biased about how they will be perceived socially and may disrupt connectivity between brain regions involved in responding to appetitive social stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina H. Fowler
- Duke University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 417 Chapel Dr, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lynda C. Lin
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Psychology, 603 E. Daniel St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Karen D. Rudolph
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Psychology, 603 E. Daniel St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Eva H. Telzer
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 235 E Cameron Ave, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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52
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Sakaki K, Nozawa T, Ikeda S, Kawashima R. Neural correlates of cognitive bias modification for interpretation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:247-260. [PMID: 32322880 PMCID: PMC7304515 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I), a treatment method employed to reduce social anxiety (SA), has been examined. However, the neural correlates of CBM-I remain unclear, and we aimed to elucidate brain activities during intervention and activity changes associated with CBM-I effectiveness in a pre–post intervention comparison. Healthy participants divided into two groups (CBM, control) were scanned before, during and after intervention using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Ambiguous social situations followed by positive outcomes were repeatedly imagined by the CBM group during intervention, while half of the outcomes in the control group were negative. Whole-brain analysis revealed that activation of the somatomotor and somatosensory areas, occipital lobe, fusiform gyrus and thalamus during intervention was significantly greater in the CBM than in the control group. Furthermore, altered activities in the somatomotor and somatosensory areas, occipital lobe and posterior cingulate gyrus during interpreting ambiguous social situations showed a significant group × change in SA interaction. Our result suggests that when facing ambiguous social situations, positive imagery instilled by CBM-I is recalled, and interpretations are modified to contain social reward. These findings may help to suggest an alternative manner of enhancing CBM-I effectiveness from a cognitive-neuroscience perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Sakaki
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,Division for Interdisciplinary Advanced Research and Education, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nozawa
- Research Institute for the Earth Inclusive Sensing Empathizing with Silent Voices, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Ikeda
- Department of Ubiquitous Sensing, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Department of Ubiquitous Sensing, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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53
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Park G, Ryu C, Kim S, Jeong SJ, Koo JW, Lee YS, Kim SJ. Social isolation impairs the prefrontal-nucleus accumbens circuit subserving social recognition in mice. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109104. [PMID: 33979617 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is known to play important roles in social behaviors, how early social experiences affect the mPFC and its subcortical circuit remains unclear. We report that mice singly housed (SH) for 8 weeks after weaning show a social recognition deficit, even after 4 weeks of resocialization. In SH mice, prefrontal infralimbic (IL) neurons projecting to the shell region of nucleus accumbens (NAcSh) show decreased excitability compared with group-housed (GH) mice. NAcSh-projecting IL neurons are activated when GH mice encounter a familiar conspecific, which is not observed in SH mice. Chemogenetic inhibition of NAcSh-projecting IL neurons in normal mice impairs social recognition without affecting social preference, whereas activation of these neurons reverses social recognition deficit in SH mice. Our findings demonstrate that early social experience critically affects mPFC IL-NAcSh projection, the activation of which is required for social recognition by encoding information for social familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaeun Park
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Changhyeon Ryu
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Soobin Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeong
- Emotion, Cognition & Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Ja Wook Koo
- Emotion, Cognition & Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Korea; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea; Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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54
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Bos DJ, Barnes ED, Silver BM, Ajodan EL, Clark-Whitney E, Scult MA, Power JD, Jones RM. An effort-based social feedback paradigm reveals aversion to popularity in socially anxious participants and increased motivation in adolescents. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249326. [PMID: 33905429 PMCID: PMC8078767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We created a novel social feedback paradigm to study how motivation for potential social links is influenced in adolescents and adults. 88 participants (42F/46M) created online posts and then expended physical effort to show their posts to other users, who varied in number of followers and probability of positive feedback. We focused on two populations of particular interest from a social feedback perspective: adolescents relative to young adults (13-17 vs 18-24 years of age), and participants with social anxiety symptoms. Individuals with higher self-reported symptoms of social anxiety did not follow the typical pattern of increased effort to obtain social feedback from high status peers. Adolescents were more willing to exert physical effort on the task than young adults. Overall, participants were more likely to exert physical effort for high social status users and for users likely to yield positive feedback, and men were more likely to exert effort than women, findings that parallel prior results in effort-based tasks with financial rather than social rewards. Together the findings suggest social motivation is malleable, driven by factors of social status and the likelihood of a positive social outcome, and that age, sex, and social anxiety significantly impact patterns of socially motivated decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dienke J. Bos
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Emily D. Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Silver
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Eliana L. Ajodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Elysha Clark-Whitney
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Scult
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Power
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
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55
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Abnormal negative feedback processing in individuals with autistic traits in the Iowa gambling task: Evidence from behavior and event-related potentials. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 165:36-46. [PMID: 33647381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Value-based decision making plays an important role in social interaction. Previous studies have reported that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit deficits in terms of decision making. However, it is still unknown clearly whether individuals with high autistic traits within nonclinical populations employ abnormal neural substrates in value-based decision-making. To explore this issue, we investigated value-based decision making and its neural substrates in individuals with high and low autistic traits within a typically developing population who completed the revised Iowa gambling task (IGT) based on measurements of event-related potentials (ERPs). The IGT net scores were significantly lower in the group with high autistic traits than the group with low autistic traits in the fifth and sixth blocks. The ERP results showed that the feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitude in individuals with high autistic traits allowed slight discrimination between positive and negative feedback in the low-risk option. The event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) and inter-trial coherence (ITC) of the theta-band frequency were also lower in the group with high autistic traits than the group with low autistic traits in the loss low-risk option. The results obtained in this study indicate that individuals with high autistic traits exhibit an unusual negative feedback process and relevant neural substrate. The FRN amplitude and theta-band oscillation may comprise a neural index of abnormal decision-making processes in individuals with high autistic traits. This study of a small sample may be considered an important step toward a more comprehensive understanding of the autism "spectrum" within a nonclinical population based on cognitive neuroscience.
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56
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Weiss EO, Kruppa JA, Fink GR, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K, Schulte-Rüther M. Developmental Differences in Probabilistic Reversal Learning: A Computational Modeling Approach. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:536596. [PMID: 33536865 PMCID: PMC7848134 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.536596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility helps us to navigate through our ever-changing environment and has often been examined by reversal learning paradigms. Performance in reversal learning can be modeled using computational modeling which allows for the specification of biologically plausible models to infer psychological mechanisms. Although such models are increasingly used in cognitive neuroscience, developmental approaches are still scarce. Additionally, though most reversal learning paradigms have a comparable design regarding timing and feedback contingencies, the type of feedback differs substantially between studies. The present study used hierarchical Gaussian filter modeling to investigate cognitive flexibility in reversal learning in children and adolescents and the effect of various feedback types. The results demonstrate that children make more overall errors and regressive errors (when a previously learned response rule is chosen instead of the new correct response after the initial shift to the new correct target), but less perseverative errors (when a previously learned response set continues to be used despite a reversal) adolescents. Analyses of the extracted model parameters of the winning model revealed that children seem to use new and conflicting information less readily than adolescents to update their stimulus-reward associations. Furthermore, more subclinical rigidity in everyday life (parent-ratings) is related to less explorative choice behavior during the probabilistic reversal learning task. Taken together, this study provides first-time data on the development of the underlying processes of cognitive flexibility using computational modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Oberwelland Weiss
- Translational Brain Research in Psychiatry and Neurology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-11), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jana A Kruppa
- Translational Brain Research in Psychiatry and Neurology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-11), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-11), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Schulte-Rüther
- Translational Brain Research in Psychiatry and Neurology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-11), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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57
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Qiu Z, Wang J. A voxel-wise meta-analysis of task-based functional MRI studies on impaired gain and loss processing in adults with addiction. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E128-E146. [PMID: 33185525 PMCID: PMC7955844 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbances in gain and loss processing have been extensively reported in adults with addiction, a brain disorder characterized by obsession with addictive substances or behaviours. Previous studies have provided conflicting results with respect to neural abnormalities in gain processing in addiction, and few investigations into loss processing. METHODS We conducted voxel-wise meta-analyses of abnormal task-evoked regional activities in adults with substance dependence and gambling addiction during the processing of gains and losses not related to their addiction (mainly monetary). We identified 24 studies, including 465 participants with substance dependence, 81 with gambling addiction and 490 healthy controls. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, all participants with addictions showed hypoactivations in the prefrontal cortex, striatum and insula and hyperactivations in the default mode network during gain anticipation; hyperactivations in the prefrontal cortex and both hyper- and hypoactivations in the striatum during loss anticipation; and hyperactivations in the occipital lobe during gain outcome. In the substance dependence subgroup, activity in the occipital lobe was increased during gain anticipation but decreased during loss anticipation. LIMITATIONS We were unable to conduct meta-analyses in the gambling addiction subgroup because of a limited data set. We did not investigate the effects of clinical variables because of limited information. CONCLUSION The current study identified altered brain activity associated with higher- and lower-level function during gain and loss processing for non-addiction (mainly monetary) stimuli in adults with substance dependence and gambling addiction. Adults with addiction were more sensitive to anticipatory gains than losses at higher- and lower-level brain areas. These results may help us to better understand the pathology of gain and loss processing in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeguo Qiu
- From the Department of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510006, China (Qiu, Wang); and the School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia (Qiu)
| | - Junjing Wang
- From the Department of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510006, China (Qiu, Wang); and the School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia (Qiu)
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58
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Feldmann L, Landes I, Kohls G, Bakos S, Bartling J, Schulte-Körne G, Greimel E. Neural processes of reward and punishment processing in childhood and adolescence: An event-related potential study on age differences. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 47:100896. [PMID: 33341535 PMCID: PMC7750689 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Children and adolescents performed the Monetary Incentive Delay Task. We examined anticipatory and outcome ERPs of reward and punishment processing. SPN amplitudes for anticipating loss or no gain decreased with increasing age. Sensitivity to negative outcomes decreases from childhood to adolescence.
Reward and punishment processing are subject to substantial developmental changes during youth. However, little is known about the neurophysiological correlates that are associated with these developmental changes, particularly with regard to both anticipatory and outcome processing stages. Thus, the aim of this study was to address this research gap in a sample of typically developing children and adolescents. Fifty-four children and adolescents (8–18 years) performed a Monetary Incentive Delay Task comprising a monetary reward and punishment condition. Using event-related brain potential recordings, the cue-P3 and the stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN) were analyzed during the anticipation phase, while the Reward Positivity and the feedback-P3 were analyzed during the outcome phase. When anticipating monetary loss or no gain, SPN amplitude in the right hemisphere decreased with age. Moreover, exploratory analyses revealed a decrease in feedback-P3 amplitudes in response to monetary loss with increasing age. No other group differences were observed. Age-related changes in the SPN and fP3 component suggest that sensitivity to negative outcomes decreases from childhood to late adolescence, supporting the notion that adolescence is associated with reduced harm-avoidance. Longitudinal research including young adults is needed to substantiate our findings and its clinical implications regarding disturbed developmental trajectories in psychiatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Feldmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Iris Landes
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregor Kohls
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarolta Bakos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bartling
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ellen Greimel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
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59
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Chahal R, Delevich K, Kirshenbaum JS, Borchers LR, Ho TC, Gotlib IH. Sex differences in pubertal associations with fronto-accumbal white matter morphometry: Implications for understanding sensitivity to reward and punishment. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117598. [PMID: 33249215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have reported sex-differentiated maturation of white matter (WM) during puberty. It is not clear, however, whether such distinctions contribute to documented sex differences in sensitivity to reward and punishment during adolescence. Given the role of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in reward and punishment-related behaviors, we tested in a cross-sectional study whether males and females (N = 156, 89 females; ages 9-14 years) differ in the association between pubertal stage and fixel-based morphometry of WM fibers connecting the OFC and NAcc (i.e., the fronto-accumbal tract). Further, we examined whether males and females differ in associations between fronto-accumbal WM measures and self-reported sensitivity to reward and punishment. Pubertal stage was positively associated with fronto-accumbal fiber density and cross-section (FDC) in males, but not in females. Consistent with previous reports, males reported higher reward sensitivity than did females, although fronto-accumbal combined FDC was not related to reward sensitivity in either sex. Meanwhile, only males showed a negative association between fronto-accumbal tract FDC and sensitivity to punishment. Follow-up analyses revealed that fiber cross-section, but not density, was related to pubertal stage and punishment sensitivity in males, as well as to reward sensitivity in all participants. Our findings suggest there are sex differences in puberty-related maturation of the fronto-accumbal tract, and this tract is related to lower punishment sensitivity in adolescent males compared to females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajpreet Chahal
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
| | - Kristen Delevich
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jaclyn S Kirshenbaum
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Lauren R Borchers
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Tiffany C Ho
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Weil Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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60
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Williams EH, Bilbao-Broch L, Downing PE, Cross ES. Examining the value of body gestures in social reward contexts. Neuroimage 2020; 222:117276. [PMID: 32818616 PMCID: PMC7779365 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain regions associated with the processing of tangible rewards (such as money, food, or sex) are also involved in anticipating social rewards and avoiding social punishment. To date, studies investigating the neural underpinnings of social reward have presented feedback via static or dynamic displays of faces to participants. However, research demonstrates that participants find another type of social stimulus, namely, biological motion, rewarding as well, and exert effort to engage with this type of stimulus. Here we examine whether feedback presented via body gestures in the absence of facial cues also acts as a rewarding stimulus and recruits reward-related brain regions. To achieve this, we investigated the neural underpinnings of anticipating social reward and avoiding social disapproval presented via gestures alone, using a social incentive delay task. As predicted, the anticipation of social reward and avoidance of social disapproval engaged reward-related brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens, in a manner similar to previous studies' reports of feedback presented via faces and money. This study provides the first evidence that human body motion alone engages brain regions associated with reward processing in a similar manner to other social (i.e. faces) and non-social (i.e. money) rewards. The findings advance our understanding of social motivation in human perception and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin H Williams
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, England
| | - Laura Bilbao-Broch
- Korea Institute for Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Paul E Downing
- Wales Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales
| | - Emily S Cross
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland; Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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61
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Telzer EH, Jorgensen NA, Prinstein MJ, Lindquist KA. Neurobiological Sensitivity to Social Rewards and Punishments Moderates Link Between Peer Norms and Adolescent Risk Taking. Child Dev 2020; 92:731-745. [PMID: 33030267 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although peer influence is a strong predictor of adolescents' risk-taking behaviors, not all adolescents are susceptible to their peer group. One hundred and thirty-six adolescents (Mage = 12.79 years) completed an fMRI scan, measures of perceived peer group norms, and engagement in risky behavior. Ventral striatum (VS) sensitivity when anticipating social rewards and avoiding social punishments significantly moderated the association between perceived peer norms and adolescents' own risk behaviors. Perceptions of more deviant peer norms were associated with increased risky behavior, but only for adolescents with high VS sensitivity; adolescents with low VS sensitivity were resilient to deviant peer norms, showing low risk taking regardless of peer context. Findings provide a novel contribution to the study of peer influence susceptibility.
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62
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Gellner AK, Voelter J, Schmidt U, Beins EC, Stein V, Philipsen A, Hurlemann R. Molecular and neurocircuitry mechanisms of social avoidance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:1163-1189. [PMID: 32997200 PMCID: PMC7904739 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Humans and animals live in social relationships shaped by actions of approach and avoidance. Both are crucial for normal physical and mental development, survival, and well-being. Active withdrawal from social interaction is often induced by the perception of threat or unpleasant social experience and relies on adaptive mechanisms within neuronal networks associated with social behavior. In case of confrontation with overly strong or persistent stressors and/or dispositions of the affected individual, maladaptive processes in the neuronal circuitries and its associated transmitters and modulators lead to pathological social avoidance. This review focuses on active, fear-driven social avoidance, affected circuits within the mesocorticolimbic system and associated regions and a selection of molecular modulators that promise translational potential. A comprehensive review of human research in this field is followed by a reflection on animal studies that offer a broader and often more detailed range of analytical methodologies. Finally, we take a critical look at challenges that could be addressed in future translational research on fear-driven social avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Gellner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jella Voelter
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 7, 26160, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry Und Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Carolina Beins
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Valentin Stein
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - René Hurlemann
- Division of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 7, 26160, Bad Zwischenahn, Germany. .,Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
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63
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Delfin C, Reckless GE, Bolstad I, Groote I, Andreassen OA, Jensen J. Exploring the Effects of an Acute Dose of Antipsychotic Medication on Motivation-mediated BOLD Activity Using fMRI and a Perceptual Decision-making Task. Neuroscience 2020; 440:146-159. [PMID: 32473275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The left inferior frontal gyrus and the bilateral ventral striatum are thought to be involved in motivation-mediated decision-making. Antipsychotics may influence this relationship, and atypical antipsychotics improve secondary negative symptoms in schizophrenia, such as loss of motivation, although the acute effects of pharmacological medication on motivation are not fully understood. In this single-blinded, randomized controlled trial, 49 healthy volunteers were randomized into three groups to receive a single dose of haloperidol, aripiprazole or placebo. Between 4.0 and 5.6 h later, participant's brain blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activity was recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while completing a perceptual decision-making fMRI task consisting of one neutral and one motivated condition. Response bias, reflecting the participant's willingness to say that the target stimulus is present, was calculated using signal detection theory. Concurrent with widespread changes in BOLD signal in the motivated vs. neutral condition, a less conservative, mathematically optimal response bias was observed in the motivated condition across the whole sample. Within-group differences in BOLD signal in the left inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral ventral striatum were observed between conditions in the aripiprazole and haloperidol groups, but not in the placebo group. No robust between-group differences in brain activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus or the bilateral ventral striatum were found. Overall, we found no robust evidence for an effect of either aripiprazole or haloperidol on motivationally mediated behavior. An interesting pattern of correlations possibly related to pharmacologically induced alterations in the dopamine system was observed, although findings remain inconclusive and must be replicated in larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Delfin
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Research Department, Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic Växjö, Sweden.
| | - Greg E Reckless
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingeborg Bolstad
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Inge Groote
- Computational Radiology & Artificial Intelligence, Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jimmy Jensen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Centre for Psychology, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
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64
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Yaple ZA, Yu R, Arsalidou M. Spatial migration of human reward processing with functional development: Evidence from quantitative meta-analyses. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3993-4009. [PMID: 32638450 PMCID: PMC7469823 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown notable age‐dependent differences in reward processing. We analyzed data from a total of 554 children, 1,059 adolescents, and 1,831 adults from 70 articles. Quantitative meta‐analyses results show that adults engage an extended set of regions that include anterior and posterior cingulate gyri, insula, basal ganglia, and thalamus. Adolescents engage the posterior cingulate and middle frontal gyri as well as the insula and amygdala, whereas children show concordance in right insula and striatal regions almost exclusively. Our data support the notion of reorganization of function over childhood and adolescence and may inform current hypotheses relating to decision‐making across age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Yaple
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marie Arsalidou
- Department of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Canada
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65
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Valiyamattam GJ, Katti H, Chaganti VK, O’Haire ME, Sachdeva V. Do Animals Engage Greater Social Attention in Autism? An Eye Tracking Analysis. Front Psychol 2020; 11:727. [PMID: 32612549 PMCID: PMC7309441 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual atypicalities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are a well documented phenomenon, beginning as early as 2-6 months of age and manifesting in a significantly decreased attention to the eyes, direct gaze and socially salient information. Early emerging neurobiological deficits in perceiving social stimuli as rewarding or its active avoidance due to the anxiety it entails have been widely purported as potential reasons for this atypicality. Parallel research evidence also points to the significant benefits of animal presence for reducing social anxiety and enhancing social interaction in children with autism. While atypicality in social attention in ASD has been widely substantiated, whether this atypicality persists equally across species types or is confined to humans has not been a key focus of research insofar. METHODS We attempted a comprehensive examination of the differences in visual attention to static images of human and animal faces (40 images; 20 human faces and 20 animal faces) among children with ASD using an eye tracking paradigm. 44 children (ASD n = 21; TD n = 23) participated in the study (10,362 valid observations) across five regions of interest (left eye, right eye, eye region, face and screen). RESULTS Results obtained revealed significantly greater social attention across human and animal stimuli in typical controls when compared to children with ASD. However in children with ASD, a significantly greater attention allocation was seen to animal faces and eye region and lesser attention to the animal mouth when compared to human faces, indicative of a clear attentional preference to socially salient regions of animal stimuli. The positive attentional bias toward animals was also seen in terms of a significantly greater visual attention to direct gaze in animal images. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the possibility that atypicalities in social attention in ASD may not be uniform across species. It adds to the current neural and biomarker evidence base of the potentially greater social reward processing and lesser social anxiety underlying animal stimuli as compared to human stimuli in children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harish Katti
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Marguerite E. O’Haire
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Virender Sachdeva
- Child Sight Institute, Nimmagadda Prasad Children’s Eye Care Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, GMRV Campus, Visakhapatnam, India
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66
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Cromwell HC, Abe N, Barrett KC, Caldwell-Harris C, Gendolla GH, Koncz R, Sachdev PS. Mapping the interconnected neural systems underlying motivation and emotion: A key step toward understanding the human affectome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:204-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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67
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Simone JJ, Baumbach JL, McPherson J, McCormick CM. Adolescent CB1 receptor antagonism influences subsequent social interactions and neural activity in female rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:319-333. [PMID: 32220094 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that repeated exposure to the CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist AM251 in adolescence (PND 30-44) increased social interactions in female rats when tested 48 h after the final exposure to the antagonist. Here, we investigated whether the increased sociality would be present after a longer drug washout period (5 days) in both male and female rats (experiment 1), and sought to identify candidate brain regions that may explain the observed differences in social behaviours between AM251 and vehicle-treated female rats (experiment 2). While drug-free, adolescent AM251 treatment increased social interactions in females and not in males. AM251 female rats had increased neural activity (as measured by the expression of early growth response protein-1; EGR-1) in the nucleus accumbens shell and cingulate gyrus of the medial prefrontal cortex, with no observed differences in EGR-1 expression in the dorsal hippocampus, nucleus accumbens core, or prelimbic and infralimbic subdivisions of the medial prefrontal cortex relative to vehicle rats. Together, these results demonstrate a sex-specific role of adolescent endocannabinoid signalling in the normative development of social behaviours and provide further support for adolescence as a vulnerable period for the effects of altered endocannabinoid signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Simone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Jennet L Baumbach
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | | | - Cheryl M McCormick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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68
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He Z, Zhang D, Muhlert N, Elliott R. Neural substrates for anticipation and consumption of social and monetary incentives in depression. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 14:815-826. [PMID: 31506680 PMCID: PMC6847340 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression has been reliably associated with abnormalities in the neural representation of reward and loss. However, most studies have focused on monetary incentives; fewer studies have considered neural representation of social incentives. A direct comparison of non-social and social incentives within the same study would establish whether responses to the different incentives are differentially affected in depression. The functional magnetic resonance imaging study presented here investigated the neural activity of individuals with subthreshold depression (SD) and healthy controls (HCs) while they participated in an incentive delay task offering two types of reward (monetary gain vs social approval) and loss (monetary loss vs social disapproval). Compared to HCs, individuals with SD showed increased subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) activity during anticipation of social loss, whereas the response in the putamen was decreased during consumption of social gain. Individuals with SD also exhibited diminished insula responses in consuming social loss. Furthermore, positive connectivity between the insula and ventral lateral pre-frontal cortex (VLPFC) was observed in individuals with SD while negative connectivity was found in HCs when consuming social loss. These results demonstrate neural alterations in individuals with depression, specific to the processing of social incentives, mainly characterised by dysfunction within the ‘social pain network’ (sgACC, insula and VLPFC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong He
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China.,Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK and
| | - Dandan Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Nils Muhlert
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK and
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK and
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69
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Courtney AL, Casey BJ, Rapuano KM. A Neurobiological Model of Alcohol Marketing Effects on Underage Drinking. J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl 2020:68-80. [PMID: 32079563 PMCID: PMC7064001 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although an association between exposure to alcohol advertising and underage drinking is well documented, the underlying neurobiological contributions to this association remain largely unexplored. From an epidemiological perspective, identifying the neurobiological plausibility of this exposure-outcome association is a crucial step toward establishing marketing as a contributor to youth drinking and informing public policy interventions to decrease this influence. METHOD We conducted a critical review of the literature on neurobiological risk factors and adolescent brain development, social influences on drinking, and neural contributions to reward sensitization and risk taking. By drawing from these separate areas of research, we propose a unified, neurobiological model of alcohol marketing effects on underage drinking. RESULTS We discuss and extend the literature to suggest that responses in prefrontal-reward circuitry help establish alcohol advertisements as reward-predictive cues that may reinforce consumption upon exposure. We focus on adolescence as a sensitive window of development during which youth are particularly susceptible to social and reward cues, which are defining characteristics of many alcohol advertisements. As a result, alcohol marketing may promote positive associations early in life that motivate social drinking, and corresponding neurobiological changes may contribute to later patterns of alcohol abuse. CONCLUSIONS The neurobiological model proposed here, which considers neurodevelopmental risk factors, social influences, and reward sensitization to alcohol cues, suggests that exposure to alcohol marketing could plausibly influence underage drinking by sensitizing prefrontal-reward circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B. J. Casey
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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70
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Abstract
Many studies suggest that social punishment is beneficial for cooperation and consequently maintaining the social norms in society. Neuroimaging and brain stimulation studies show that the brain regions which respond to violations of social norms, the understanding of the mind of others and the executive functions, are involved during social punishment. Despite the rising number of studies on social punishment, the concordant map of activations - the set of key regions responsible for the general brain response to social punishment - is still unknown. By using coordinate-based fMRI meta-analysis, the present study examined the concordant map of neural activations associated with various social punishment tasks. A total of 17 articles with 18 contrasts including 383 participants, equalling 191 foci were included in activation likelihood estimation (ALE) analysis. The majority of the studies (61%) employed the widely used neuroeconomic paradigms, such as fairness-related norm tasks (Ultimatum Game, third-party punishment game), while the remaining tasks reported criminal scenarios evaluation and social rejection tasks. The analysis revealed concordant activation in the bilateral claustrum, right interior frontal and left superior frontal gyri. This study provides an integrative view on brain responses to social punishment.
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71
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Shi X, Barr JL, von Weltin E, Wolsh C, Unterwald EM. Differential Roles of Accumbal GSK3 β in Cocaine versus Morphine-Induced Place Preference, U50,488H-Induced Place Aversion, and Object Memory. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:339-347. [PMID: 31420527 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.259283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is necessary for the rewarding effects of cocaine. In the present study, a conditional GSK3β gene knockdown model was used to determine if GSK3β activity specifically in the nucleus accumbens is important for cocaine conditioned reward. The roles of accumbal GSK3β in morphine conditioned reward, trans-(±)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide methanesulfonate salt (U50,488H)-induced conditioned place aversion, and cognitive function were also studied. Adult male and female GSK3β-floxed or wild-type mice were injected with adeno-associated virus/Cre into the nucleus accumbens to reduce expression of GSK3β and underwent behavioral testing 4 weeks later. The development of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference was significantly attenuated in mice with reduced levels of GSK3β in the nucleus accumbens, whereas the development of morphine-induced place preference remained intact. Conditional knockdown of GSK3β in the accumbens prevented the development of conditioned aversion produced by U50,488H, a κ-opioid receptor agonist. Cognitive memory tests revealed deficits in object location memory, but not novel object recognition in mice with accumbal GSK3β knockdown. These data demonstrate that GSK3β in the nucleus accumbens is required for cocaine conditioned place preference and U50,488H conditioned place aversion, as well as spatial memory in object location task, indicating differential roles of GSK3β in the psychostimulant and opiate reward process, as well as in memory for spatial locations and object identity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Knockdown of GSK3β in the nucleus accumbens attenuated the development of cocaine-induced place preference, as well as conditioned place aversion to U50,488H, a κ-opioid receptor agonist. In contrast, the development of morphine place preference was not altered by GSK3β knockdown. GSK3β knockdown in nucleus accumbens impaired performance in the object location task, but not the novel object recognition task. These results elucidate different physiological roles of accumbal GSKβ in conditioned reward, aversion, and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdang Shi
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey L Barr
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eva von Weltin
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cassandra Wolsh
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ellen M Unterwald
- Center for Substance Abuse Research and Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Kruppa JA, Gossen A, Oberwelland Weiß E, Kohls G, Großheinrich N, Cholemkery H, Freitag CM, Karges W, Wölfle E, Sinzig J, Fink GR, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K, Schulte-Rüther M. Neural modulation of social reinforcement learning by intranasal oxytocin in male adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: a randomized trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:749-756. [PMID: 30390065 PMCID: PMC6372686 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reduced social motivation is a hallmark of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Although the exact neural mechanisms are unclear, oxytocin has been shown to enhance motivation and attention to social stimuli, suggesting a potential to augment social reinforcement learning as the central mechanism of behavioral interventions in ASD. We tested how reinforcement learning in social contexts and associated reward prediction error (RPE) signals in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) were modulated by intranasal oxytocin. Male adults with a childhood diagnosis of ASD (n = 15) and healthy controls (n = 24; aged 18-26 years) performed a probabilistic reinforcement learning task during functional magnetic resonance imaging in a single-center (research center in Germany), randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. The interventions were intranasal oxytocin (Syntocinon®, Novartis; 10 puffs = 20 international units (IUs) per treatment) and placebo spray. Using computational modeling of behavioral data, trial-by-trial RPE signals were assessed and related to brain activation in NAcc during reinforcing feedback in social and non-social contexts. The order of oxytocin/placebo was randomized for 60 participants. Twenty-one participants were excluded from analyses, leaving 39 for the final analysis. Behaviorally, individuals with ASD showed enhanced learning under oxytocin when the learning target as well as feedback was social as compared to non-social (social vs. non-social target: 87.09% vs. 71.29%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.28-24.33, p = .003; social vs. non-social feedback: 81.00% vs. 71.29%, 95% CI: 2.81-16.61, p = .027). Correspondingly, oxytocin enhanced the correlation of the RPE signal with NAcc activation during social (vs. non-social) feedback in ASD (3.48 vs. -1.12, respectively, 95% CI: 2.98-6.22, p = .000), whereas in controls, this effect was found in the placebo condition (2.90 vs. -1.14, respectively, 95% CI: 1.07-7.01, p = .010). In ASD, a similar pattern emerged when the learning target was social (3.00 vs. -0.64, respectively, 95% CI: -0.13 to 7.41, p = .057), whereas controls showed a reduced correlation for social learning targets under oxytocin (-0.70 vs. 2.72, respectively, 95% CI: -5.86 to 0.98, p = .008). The current data suggest that intranasal oxytocin has the potential to enhance social reinforcement learning in ASD. Future studies are warranted that investigate whether oxytocin can potentiate social learning when combined with behavioral therapies, resulting in greater treatment benefits than traditional behavior-only approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana A. Kruppa
- 0000 0000 8653 1507grid.412301.5Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany ,grid.494742.8JARA-Brain Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), RWTH Aachen and Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany ,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany
| | - Anna Gossen
- 0000 0000 8653 1507grid.412301.5Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany ,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany
| | - Eileen Oberwelland Weiß
- 0000 0000 8653 1507grid.412301.5Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany ,grid.494742.8JARA-Brain Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), RWTH Aachen and Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany ,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gregor Kohls
- 0000 0000 8653 1507grid.412301.5Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicola Großheinrich
- 0000 0000 8653 1507grid.412301.5Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany ,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hannah Cholemkery
- 0000 0004 0578 8220grid.411088.4Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine M. Freitag
- 0000 0004 0578 8220grid.411088.4Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolfram Karges
- 0000 0000 8653 1507grid.412301.5Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elke Wölfle
- 0000 0000 8653 1507grid.412301.5Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith Sinzig
- 0000 0000 9702 9846grid.491992.eDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Klinik Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gereon R. Fink
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany ,0000 0000 8852 305Xgrid.411097.aDepartment of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- 0000 0000 8653 1507grid.412301.5Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- 0000 0000 8653 1507grid.412301.5Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany ,grid.494742.8JARA-Brain Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), RWTH Aachen and Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Schulte-Rüther
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. .,JARA-Brain Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), RWTH Aachen and Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany. .,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany.
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73
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Intranasal oxytocin and OXTR genotype effects on resting state functional connectivity: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:17-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Do Religious Practices and Foraging Behavior Have a Common Motivational Basis? EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-018-0182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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75
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Lutz P, Courtet P, Calati R. The opioid system and the social brain: implications for depression and suicide. J Neurosci Res 2018; 98:588-600. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre‐Eric Lutz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, 67000Strasbourg France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)Strasbourg France
- Twitter: @PE_Lutz
| | - Philippe Courtet
- INSERM, University of Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry, Epidemiological and Clinical ResearchMontpellier France
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post‐Acute CareLapeyronie Hospital, CHU MontpellierMontpellier France
- FondaMental FoundationCréteil France
| | - Raffaella Calati
- INSERM, University of Montpellier, Neuropsychiatry, Epidemiological and Clinical ResearchMontpellier France
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post‐Acute CareLapeyronie Hospital, CHU MontpellierMontpellier France
- FondaMental FoundationCréteil France
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76
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Ludmer JA, Gonzalez A, Kennedy J, Masellis M, Meinz P, Atkinson L. Association between maternal childhood maltreatment and mother-infant attachment disorganization: Moderation by maternal oxytocin receptor gene and cortisol secretion. Horm Behav 2018; 102:23-33. [PMID: 29673618 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined maternal oxytocin receptor (OXTR, rs53576) genotype and cortisol secretion as moderators of the relation between maternal childhood maltreatment history and disorganized mother-infant attachment in the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP). A community sample of 314 mother-infant dyads completed the SSP at infant age 17 months. Self-reported maltreatment history more strongly predicted mother-infant attachment disorganization score and disorganized classification for mothers with more plasticity alleles of OXTR (G), relative to mothers with fewer plasticity alleles. Maltreatment history also more strongly predicted mother-infant attachment disorganization score and classification for mothers with higher SSP cortisol secretion, relative to mothers with lower SSP cortisol secretion. Findings indicate that maltreatment history is related to disorganization in the next generation, but that this relation depends on maternal genetic characteristics and cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Ludmer
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, M5B 2K3 Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Offord Centre for Child Studies, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - James Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Psychiatric Neurogenetics Section, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Mario Masellis
- Department of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, M4N 3M5 Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Paul Meinz
- Cosumnes River College, 8401 Center Parkway, Sacramento, CA 95823-5704, USA
| | - Leslie Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, M5B 2K3 Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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77
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Social motivation in schizophrenia: How research on basic reward processes informs and limits our understanding. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 63:12-24. [PMID: 29870953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Limited quantity and quality of interpersonal exchanges and relationships predict worse symptomatic and hospitalization outcomes and limit functional recovery in people with schizophrenia. While deficits in social skills and social cognition contribute to much of the impairment in social functioning in schizophrenia, our focus on the current review is social motivation-the drive to connect with others and form meaningful, lasting relationships. We pay particular attention to how recent research on reward informs, and limits, our understanding of the construct. Recent findings that parse out key components of human motivation, especially the temporal nature of reward and effort, are informative for understanding some aspects of social motivation. This approach, however, fails to fully integrate the critical influence of uncertainty and punishment (e.g., avoidance, threat) in social motivation. In the current review, we argue for the importance of experimental paradigms and real-time measurement to capture the interaction between social approach and avoidance in characterizing social affiliation in schizophrenia. We end with suggestions for how researchers might move the field forward by emphasizing the ecological validity of social motivation paradigms, including dynamic, momentary assessment of social reward and punishment using mobile technology and other innovative tools.
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78
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Ruissen MI, Overgaauw S, de Bruijn ERA. Being right, but losing money: the role of striatum in joint decision making. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6711. [PMID: 29712917 PMCID: PMC5928107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Joint decision-making entails that you sometimes have to go along with the other's choice even though you disagree. In this situation, a resulting negative outcome may, however, elicit a feeling of satisfaction and an impulse to say "I told you so". Using fMRI, we investigated the neural correlates of this complex process comprised of both positive and negative outcomes. During a social visual search task, 19 participants gave their advice to a co-actor who then made the decision resulting in a mutual loss or gain. This design allowed direct comparisons of situations that resulted in the same monetary outcome but that differed with respect to the correctness of the initial advice of the participant. Increased striatal activations were found for gains compared to losses and for correct compared to incorrect advice. Importantly, ROI analyses also showed enhanced striatum activation for monetary losses that were preceded by correct compared to incorrect advices. The current study therefore suggests that reward-related neural mechanisms may be involved when being right even in situations that end in monetary losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Ruissen
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S Overgaauw
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - E R A de Bruijn
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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79
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Oldham S, Murawski C, Fornito A, Youssef G, Yücel M, Lorenzetti V. The anticipation and outcome phases of reward and loss processing: A neuroimaging meta-analysis of the monetary incentive delay task. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3398-3418. [PMID: 29696725 PMCID: PMC6055646 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing of rewards and losses are crucial to everyday functioning. Considerable interest has been attached to investigating the anticipation and outcome phases of reward and loss processing, but results to date have been inconsistent. It is unclear if anticipation and outcome of a reward or loss recruit similar or distinct brain regions. In particular, while the striatum has widely been found to be active when anticipating a reward, whether it activates in response to the anticipation of losses as well remains ambiguous. Furthermore, concerning the orbitofrontal/ventromedial prefrontal regions, activation is often observed during reward receipt. However, it is unclear if this area is active during reward anticipation as well. We ran an Activation Likelihood Estimation meta‐analysis of 50 fMRI studies, which used the Monetary Incentive Delay Task (MIDT), to identify which brain regions are implicated in the anticipation of rewards, anticipation of losses, and the receipt of reward. Anticipating rewards and losses recruits overlapping areas including the striatum, insula, amygdala and thalamus, suggesting that a generalised neural system initiates motivational processes independent of valence. The orbitofrontal/ventromedial prefrontal regions were recruited only during the reward outcome, likely representing the value of the reward received. Our findings help to clarify the neural substrates of the different phases of reward and loss processing, and advance neurobiological models of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Oldham
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, School of Psychological Sciences and the Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carsten Murawski
- Department of Finance, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Fornito
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, School of Psychological Sciences and the Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Youssef
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, School of Psychological Sciences and the Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Valentina Lorenzetti
- Brain and Mental Health Research Hub, School of Psychological Sciences and the Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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80
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Li J, Zhu L, Chen Z. The association between punishment and cooperation in children with high-functioning autism. J Exp Child Psychol 2018; 171:1-13. [PMID: 29494824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined judgment about punishment and whether punishment promoted cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma game (PDG) in children with high-functioning autism (HFA) and typically developing (TD) children. In total, 66 6- to 12-year-olds participated in this study. Children were first asked about judgments regarding rewards and punishment in stories, and then they were asked to play the PDG with a partner in conditions with and without punishment. Results showed that children with HFA believed that hitting others should deserve punishment to a greater extent than TD children did. It indicated that children with HFA understood that bad acts should be punished, suggesting that these children have already acquired the general concept of "punishment." Children displayed higher levels of cooperation in the condition with punishment than in the condition without punishment in the PDG, suggesting that punishment promoted cooperation in the PDG in both children with HFA and TD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Liqi Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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81
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Sex differences in the neural underpinnings of social and monetary incentive processing during adolescence. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:296-312. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0570-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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82
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Günther V, Ihme K, Kersting A, Hoffmann KT, Lobsien D, Suslow T. Volumetric Associations Between Amygdala, Nucleus Accumbens, and Socially Anxious Tendencies in Healthy Women. Neuroscience 2018; 374:25-32. [PMID: 29378282 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Socially anxious individuals report higher social fears and feelings of distress in interpersonal interactions. Structural neuroimaging studies indicate brain morphological abnormalities in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD), but findings are heterogeneous and partially discrepant. Studies on structural correlates of socially anxious tendencies in participants without clinical diagnoses are scarce. Using structural magnetic resonance imaging, the present study examined the relationship between social interaction anxiety and gray matter (GM) volume in 38 healthy women. The amygdala and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) were defined as a priori regions of interest. Moreover, exploratory whole-brain analyses were conducted. Higher levels of social anxiety significantly predicted increased GM volume in the right amygdala [k = 262 voxels, voxel-level threshold at p < .05 (uncorrected), with a cluster-corrected significance level of p = 0.05 calculated by Monte Carlo Simulations] and bilateral NAcc [left: k = 52 voxels, right: k = 49 voxels; at p < .05 (corrected for search volume)]. These relationships remained significant when controlling for a potential influence of trait anxiety. Additionally, socially anxious tendencies were associated with an enlarged striatum [i.e., putamen and caudate; left: k = 567 voxels, right: k = 539 voxels; at p < .001 (uncorrected)]. Our findings indicate that higher social interaction anxiety in healthy individuals is related to amygdalar and striatal volumetric increases. These brain regions are known to be involved in social perception, anxiety, and the avoidance of harm. Future studies may clarify whether the observed morphological alterations constitute a structural vulnerability factor for SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Günther
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klas Ihme
- Institute of Transportation Systems, German Aerospace Center, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anette Kersting
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Donald Lobsien
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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83
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Kohls G, Antezana L, Mosner MG, Schultz RT, Yerys BE. Altered reward system reactivity for personalized circumscribed interests in autism. Mol Autism 2018; 9:9. [PMID: 29423135 PMCID: PMC5791309 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurobiological research in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has paid little attention on brain mechanisms that cause and maintain restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests (RRBIs). Evidence indicates an imbalance in the brain’s reward system responsiveness to social and non-social stimuli may contribute to both social deficits and RRBIs. Thus, this study’s central aim was to compare brain responsiveness to individual RRBI (i.e., circumscribed interests), with social rewards (i.e., social approval), in youth with ASD relative to typically developing controls (TDCs). Methods We conducted a 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to investigate the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent effect of personalized circumscribed interest rewards versus social rewards in 39 youth with ASD relative to 22 TDC. To probe the reward system, we employed short video clips as reinforcement in an instrumental incentive delay task. This optimization increased the task’s ecological validity compared to still pictures that are often used in this line of research. Results Compared to TDCs, youth with ASD had stronger reward system responses for CIs mostly within the non-social realm (e.g., video games) than social rewards (e.g., approval). Additionally, this imbalance within the caudate nucleus’ responsiveness was related to greater social impairment. Conclusions The current data support the idea of reward system dysfunction that may contribute to enhanced motivation for RRBIs in ASD, accompanied by diminished motivation for social engagement. If a dysregulated reward system indeed supports the emergence and maintenance of social and non-social symptoms of ASD, then strategically targeting the reward system in future treatment endeavors may allow for more efficacious treatment practices that help improve outcomes for individuals with ASD and their families. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13229-018-0195-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Kohls
- 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ligia Antezana
- 2Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Maya G Mosner
- 3Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Robert T Schultz
- 4Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Ste 860, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.,5Pediatrics Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.,6Psychiatry Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Benjamin E Yerys
- 4Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Ste 860, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.,6Psychiatry Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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84
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Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Modulates Risky Decision Making in a Frequency-Controlled Experiment. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0136-17. [PMID: 29379865 PMCID: PMC5779115 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0136-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on voluntary risky decision making and executive control in humans. Stimulation was delivered online at 5 Hz (θ), 10 Hz (α), 20 Hz (β), and 40 Hz (γ) on the left and right frontal area while participants performed a modified risky decision-making task. This task allowed participants to voluntarily select between risky and certain decisions associated with potential gains or losses, while simultaneously measuring the cognitive control component (voluntary switching) of decision making. The purpose of this experimental design was to test whether voluntary risky decision making and executive control can be modulated with tACS in a frequency-specific manner. Our results revealed a robust effect of a 20-Hz stimulation over the left prefrontal area that significantly increased voluntary risky decision making, which may suggest a possible link between risky decision making and reward processing, underlined by β-oscillatory activity.
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85
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Fareri DS, Gabard-Durnam L, Goff B, Flannery J, Gee DG, Lumian DS, Caldera C, Tottenham N. Altered ventral striatal-medial prefrontal cortex resting-state connectivity mediates adolescent social problems after early institutional care. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 29:1865-1876. [PMID: 29162189 PMCID: PMC5957481 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579417001456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early caregiving adversity is associated with increased risk for social difficulties. The ventral striatum and associated corticostriatal circuitry, which have demonstrated vulnerability to early exposures to adversity, are implicated in many aspects of social behavior, including social play, aggression, and valuation of social stimuli across development. Here, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the degree to which early caregiving adversity was associated with altered coritocostriatal resting connectivity in previously institutionalized youth (n = 41) relative to youth who were raised with their biological families from birth (n = 47), and the degree to which this connectivity was associated with parent-reported social problems. Using a seed-based approach, we observed increased positive coupling between the ventral striatum and anterior regions of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in previously institutionalized youth. Stronger ventral striatum-mPFC coupling was associated with parent reports of social problems. A moderated-mediation analysis showed that ventral striatal-mPFC connectivity mediated group differences in social problems, and more so with increasing age. These findings show that early institutional care is associated with differences in resting-state connectivity between the ventral striatum and the mPFC, and this connectivity seems to play an increasingly important role in social behaviors as youth enter adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic S. Fareri
- Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530
| | | | - Bonnie Goff
- Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jessica Flannery
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Dylan G. Gee
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Daniel S. Lumian
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208
| | - Christina Caldera
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Nim Tottenham
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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86
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Yan C, Liu F, Li Y, Zhang Q, Cui L. Mutual Influence of Reward Anticipation and Emotion on Brain Activity during Memory Retrieval. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1873. [PMID: 29118728 PMCID: PMC5661006 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the joint effect of reward motivation and emotion on memory retrieval have obtained inconsistent results. Furthermore, whether and how any such joint effect might vary over time remains unclear too. Accordingly, using the event-related potential (ERP) measurement of high temporal resolution, our study investigates the cognitive and brain mechanisms of monetary reward and emotion affecting the retrieval processes of episodic memory. Twenty undergraduate and graduate students participated in the research, and our study’s behavioral results indicated that reward (relative to no reward) and negative emotion (relative to positive and neutral emotion) significantly improved recognition performance. The ERP results showed that there were significant interactions between monetary reward and emotion on memory retrieval, and the reward effects of positive, neutral, and negative memory occurred at varied intervals in mean amplitude. The reward effect of positive memory appeared relatively early, at 260–330 ms after the stimulus onset in the frontal-frontocentral area, at 260–500 ms in the centroparietal-parietal area and at 500–700 ms in the frontocentral area. However, the reward effects of neutral and negative memory occurred relatively later, and that of negative memory appeared at 500–700 ms in the frontocentral and centroparietal area and that of neutral memory was at 500–700 ms in the frontocentral and centroparietal-parietal area. Meanwhile, significant FN400 old/new effects were observed in the negative and rewarded positive items, and the old/new effects of negative items appeared earlier at FN400 than positive items. Also, significant late positive component (LPC) old/new effects were found in the positive, negative, and rewarded neutral items. These results suggest that, monetary reward and negative emotion significantly improved recognition performance, and there was a mutual influence between reward and emotion on brain activity during memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Yan
- Learning and Cognition Key Laboratory of Beijing, College of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,College of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Learning and Cognition Key Laboratory of Beijing, College of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Li
- Learning and Cognition Key Laboratory of Beijing, College of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Learning and Cognition Key Laboratory of Beijing, College of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Cui
- Learning and Cognition Key Laboratory of Beijing, College of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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87
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How individual needs influence motivation effects: a neuroscientific study on McClelland’s need theory. REVIEW OF MANAGERIAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11846-017-0252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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88
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Dubey I, Ropar D, Hamilton AFDC. Social seeking declines in young adolescents. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170029. [PMID: 28878965 PMCID: PMC5579080 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The desire to engage with others is an important motivational force throughout our lifespan. It is known that social behaviour and preferences change from childhood to adulthood, but whether this change is linked with any changes in social motivation is not known. We evaluated 255 typically developing participants from ages 4-20 years on a behavioural paradigm 'Choose a Movie' (CAM). On every trial, participants had a choice between viewing social or non-social movies presented with different levels of effort (key presses/screen touch required). Hence, participants chose not only the movie they would watch but also how much effort they would make. The difference between the effort levels of the chosen and not chosen stimuli helps in quantifying the motivation to seek it. This task could be used with all the age groups with minimal adaptations, allowing comparison between the groups. Results showed that children (4-8 years), older adolescents (12-16 years) and young adults (17-20 years) made more effort to look at social movies. Counterintuitively, this preference was not seen in young adolescents (around 9-12 years), giving a U-shaped developmental trajectory over the population. We present the first evidence for non-monotonic developmental change in social motivation in typical participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Dubey
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Danielle Ropar
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Antonia F de C. Hamilton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
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89
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Fernández M, Mollinedo-Gajate I, Peñagarikano O. Neural Circuits for Social Cognition: Implications for Autism. Neuroscience 2017; 370:148-162. [PMID: 28729065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Social neuroscience, the study of the neurobiological basis of social behavior, has become a major area of current research in behavioral neuroscience and psychiatry, since many psychiatric disorders are characterized by social deficits. Social behavior refers to the behavioral response with regard to socially relevant information, and requires the perception and integration of social cues through a complex cognition process (i.e. social cognition) that involves attention, memory, motivation and emotion. Neurobiological and molecular mechanisms underlying social behavior are highly conserved across species, and inter- and intra-specific variability observed in social behavior can be explained to large extent by differential activity of this conserved neural network. Human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have greatly informed about the brain structures and their connectivity networks that are important for social cognition. Animal research has been crucial for identifying specific circuits and molecular mechanisms that modulate this structural network. From a molecular neurobiology perspective, activity in these brain structures is coordinated by neuronal circuits modulated by several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Thus, quantitative variation in the levels, release and/or receptor density of these molecules could affect the observed behavioral response. The present review presents an overall framework of the components of the social brain circuitry and its modulation. By integrating multiple research approaches, from human fMRI studies to animal models we can start shedding light into how dysfunction in these circuits could lead to disorders of social-functioning such as Autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fernández
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Irene Mollinedo-Gajate
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Olga Peñagarikano
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain.
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90
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Chevallier C, Tonge N, Safra L, Kahn D, Kohls G, Miller J, Schultz RT. Measuring Social Motivation Using Signal Detection and Reward Responsiveness. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167024. [PMID: 27907025 PMCID: PMC5132309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent trends in psychiatry have emphasized the need for a shift from categorical to dimensional approaches. Of critical importance to this transformation is the availability of tools to objectively quantify behaviors dimensionally. The present study focuses on social motivation, a dimension of behavior that is central to a range of psychiatric conditions but for which a particularly small number of assays currently exist. Methods In Study 1 (N = 48), healthy adults completed a monetary reward task and a social reward task, followed by completion of the Chapman Physical and Social Anhedonia Scales. In Study 2 (N = 26), an independent sample was recruited to assess the robustness of Study 1’s findings. Results The reward tasks were analyzed using signal detection theory to quantify how much reward cues bias participants’ responses. In both Study 1 and Study 2, social anhedonia scores were negatively correlated with change in response bias in the social reward task but not in the monetary reward task. A median split on social anhedonia scores confirmed that participants with high social anhedonia showed less change in response bias in the social reward task compared to participants with low social anhedonia. Conclusions This study confirms that social anhedonia selectively affects how much an individual changes their behavior based on the presence of socially rewarding cues and establishes a tool to quantify social reward responsiveness dimensionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Chevallier
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), INSERM U960, ENS-PSL, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Natasha Tonge
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Lou Safra
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), INSERM U960, ENS-PSL, Paris, France
| | - David Kahn
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Gregor Kohls
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith Miller
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Robert T. Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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91
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Angelakos CC, Watson AJ, O'Brien WT, Krainock KS, Nickl-Jockschat T, Abel T. Hyperactivity and male-specific sleep deficits in the 16p11.2 deletion mouse model of autism. Autism Res 2016; 10:572-584. [PMID: 27739237 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances and hyperactivity are prevalent in several neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Evidence from genome-wide association studies indicates that chromosomal copy number variations (CNVs) are associated with increased prevalence of these neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, CNVs in chromosomal region 16p11.2 profoundly increase the risk for ASD and ADHD, disorders that are more common in males than females. We hypothesized that mice hemizygous for the 16p11.2 deletion (16p11.2 del/+) would exhibit sex-specific sleep and activity alterations. To test this hypothesis, we recorded activity patterns using infrared beam breaks in the home-cage of adult male and female 16p11.2 del/+ and wildtype (WT) littermates. In comparison to controls, we found that both male and female 16p11.2 del/+ mice exhibited robust home-cage hyperactivity. In additional experiments, sleep was assessed by polysomnography over a 24-hr period. 16p11.2 del/+ male, but not female mice, exhibited significantly more time awake and significantly less time in non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep during the 24-hr period than wildtype littermates. Analysis of bouts of sleep and wakefulness revealed that 16p11.2 del/+ males, but not females, spent a significantly greater proportion of wake time in long bouts of consolidated wakefulness (greater than 42 min in duration) compared to controls. These changes in hyperactivity, wake time, and wake time distribution in the males resemble sleep disturbances observed in human ASD and ADHD patients, suggesting that the 16p11.2 del/+ mouse model may be a useful genetic model for studying sleep and activity problems in human neurodevelopmental disorders. Autism Res 2016. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 572-584. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Angelakos
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Adam J Watson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - W Timothy O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Kyle S Krainock
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Thomas Nickl-Jockschat
- Department of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Germany Germany and Aachen
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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92
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Autism, attachment, and social learning: Three challenges and a way forward. Behav Brain Res 2016; 325:251-259. [PMID: 27751811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We explore three challenges that Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) poses to our understanding of the processes underlying early attachment. First, while caregiver-infant attachment and later social-affiliative behavior share common biobehavioral mechanisms, individuals with ASD are able to form secure attachment relationships, despite reduced social-emotional reciprocity and motivation for social interaction. Therefore, disruptions in social affiliation mechanisms can co-exist with secure caregiver-infant bonding. Second, while early attachment quality is associated with later social outcomes in typical development, interventions targeting caregiver-child interaction in ASD often show positive effects on parental responsivity and attachment quality, but not on child social behavior. Therefore, improvements in parent-child bonding do not necessarily result in improvements in social functioning in ASD. Third, individuals with ASD show normative brain activity and selective social affiliative behaviors in response to people that they know but not to unfamiliar people. We propose a conceptual framework to reformulate and address these three theoretical impasses posed by ASD, arguing that the dissociable pathways of child-parent bonding and social development in ASD are shaped by (1) a dissociation between externally-driven and internally-driven attachment responses and (2) atypical learning dynamics occurring during child-caregiver bonding episodes, which are governed by and influence social-affiliation motives and other operant contingencies.
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93
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Rincón-Cortés M, Sullivan RM. Emergence of social behavior deficit, blunted corticolimbic activity and adult depression-like behavior in a rodent model of maternal maltreatment. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e930. [PMID: 27779623 PMCID: PMC5290349 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted social behavior is a core symptom of multiple psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Many of these disorders are exacerbated by adverse infant experiences, including maltreatment and abuse, which negatively affect amygdala development. Although a link between impaired social behavior, abnormal amygdala function and depressive-like behavior following early adversity has been demonstrated in humans and animal models, the developmental emergence of maltreatment-related social deficits and associated amygdala neural activity are unknown. We used a naturalistic rodent model of maternal maltreatment during a sensitive period, postnatal days 8-12 (PN8-12), which produces social behavior deficits that precede adolescent depressive-like behavior and amygdala dysfunction, to examine social behavior in infancy, periweaning and adolescence. Neural activity in response to the social behavior test was assessed via c-Fos immunohistochemistry at these ages. A separate group of animals was tested for adult depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test. Maltreatment spared infant (PN16-18) social behavior but disrupted periweaning (PN20-22) and adolescent (PN42-48) social behavior. Maltreated rats exhibited blunted neural activation in the amygdala and other areas implicated in social functioning, including the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens, at these ages and increased adult depressive-like behavior. These findings may suggest corticolimbic involvement in the emergence of maltreatment-induced social deficits that are linked to adult depressive-like behavior, thereby highlighting potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Understanding how infant experiences influence social behavior and age-specific expression across development may provide insights into basic neural mechanisms of social behaviors and disease-relevant social dysfunction exacerbated by early-life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rincón-Cortés
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Neuroscience and Physiology, Sackler Institute for Graduate Biomedical Studies, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, 8th Floor, Room 8-431, New York, NY 10016, USA. E-mail:
| | - R M Sullivan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Study Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Neuroscience and Physiology, Sackler Institute for Graduate Biomedical Studies, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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94
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Is there heightened sensitivity to social reward in adolescence? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 40:81-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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95
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Studer B, Knecht S. A benefit-cost framework of motivation for a specific activity. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 229:25-47. [PMID: 27926441 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
How can an individual be motivated to perform a target exercise or activity? This question arises in training, therapeutic, and education settings alike, yet despite-or even because of-the large range of extant motivation theories, finding a clear answer to this question can be challenging. Here we propose an application-friendly framework of motivation for a specific activity or exercise that incorporates core concepts from several well-regarded psychological and economic theories of motivation. The key assumption of this framework is that motivation for performing a given activity is determined by the expected benefits and the expected costs of (performance of) the activity. Benefits comprise positive feelings, gains, and rewards experienced during performance of the activity (intrinsic benefits) or achieved through the activity (extrinsic benefits). Costs entail effort requirements, time demands, and other expenditure (intrinsic costs) as well as unwanted associated outcomes and missing out on alternative activities (extrinsic costs). The expected benefits and costs of a given exercise are subjective and state dependent. We discuss convergence of the proposed framework with a selection of extant motivation theories and briefly outline neurobiological correlates of its main components and assumptions. One particular strength of our framework is that it allows to specify five pathways to increasing motivation for a target exercise, which we illustrate and discuss with reference to previous empirical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Studer
- Mauritius Hospital, Meerbusch, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - S Knecht
- Mauritius Hospital, Meerbusch, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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96
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Nawijn L, van Zuiden M, Koch SBJ, Frijling JL, Veltman DJ, Olff M. Intranasal oxytocin enhances neural processing of monetary reward and loss in post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatized controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 66:228-37. [PMID: 26851698 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anhedonia is a significant clinical problem in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD patients show reduced motivational approach behavior, which may underlie anhedonic symptoms. Oxytocin administration is known to increase reward sensitivity and approach behavior. We therefore investigated whether oxytocin administration affected neural responses during motivational processing in PTSD patients and trauma-exposed controls. METHODS 35 police officers with PTSD (21 males) and 37 trauma-exposed police officers without PTSD (19 males) were included in a within-subjects, randomized, placebo-controlled fMRI study. Neural responses during anticipation of monetary reward and loss were investigated with a monetary incentive delay task (MID) after placebo and oxytocin (40 IU) administration. RESULTS Oxytocin increased neural responses during reward and loss anticipation in PTSD patients and controls in the striatum, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and insula, key regions in the reward pathway. Although PTSD patients did not differ from controls in motivational processing under placebo, anhedonia severity in PTSD patients was negatively related to reward responsiveness in the ventral striatum. Furthermore, oxytocin effects on reward processing in the ventral striatum were positively associated with anhedonia. CONCLUSIONS Oxytocin administration increased reward pathway sensitivity during reward and loss anticipation in PTSD patients and trauma-exposed controls. Thus, oxytocin administration may increase motivation for goal-directed approach behavior in PTSD patients and controls, providing evidence for a neurobiological pathway through which oxytocin could potentially increase motivation and reward sensitivity in PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nawijn
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Mirjam van Zuiden
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia B J Koch
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessie L Frijling
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Olff
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Nienoord 5, 1112 XE Diemen, The Netherlands
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97
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Herisson FM, Waas JR, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB, Levine AS, Olszewski PK. Oxytocin Acting in the Nucleus Accumbens Core Decreases Food Intake. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27114001 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Central oxytocin (OT) promotes feeding termination in response to homeostatic challenges, such as excessive stomach distension, salt loading and toxicity. OT has also been proposed to affect feeding reward by decreasing the consumption of palatable carbohydrates and sweet tastants. Because the OT receptor (OTR) is expressed in the nucleus accumbens core (AcbC) and shell (AcbSh), a site regulating diverse aspects of eating behaviour, we investigated whether OT acts there to affect appetite in rats. First, we examined whether direct AcbC and AcbSh OT injections affect hunger- and palatability-driven consumption. We found that only AcbC OT infusions decrease deprivation-induced chow intake and reduce the consumption of palatable sucrose and saccharin solutions in nondeprived animals. These effects were abolished by pretreatment with an OTR antagonist, L-368,899, injected in the same site. AcbC OT at an anorexigenic dose did not induce a conditioned taste aversion, which indicates that AcbC OT-driven anorexia is not caused by sickness/malaise. The appetite-specific effect of AcbC OT is supported by the real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of OTR mRNA in the AcbC, which revealed that food deprivation elevates OTR mRNA expression, whereas saccharin solution intake decreases OTR transcript levels. We also used c-Fos immunohistochemistry as a marker of neuronal activation and found that AcbC OT injection increases activation of the AcbC itself, as well as of two feeding-related sites: the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Finally, considering the fact that OT plays a significant role in social behaviour, we examined whether offering animals a meal in a social setting would modify their hypophagic response to AcbC OT injections. We found that a social context abolishes the anorexigenic effects of AcbC OT. We conclude that OT acting via the AcbC decreases food intake driven by hunger and reward in rats offered a meal in a nonsocial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Herisson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - J R Waas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - R Fredriksson
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A S Levine
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - P K Olszewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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98
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Tunç B, Solmaz B, Parker D, Satterthwaite TD, Elliott MA, Calkins ME, Ruparel K, Gur RE, Gur RC, Verma R. Establishing a link between sex-related differences in the structural connectome and behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150111. [PMID: 26833832 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an increased attention to studies of sex differences, partly because such differences offer important considerations for personalized medicine. While the presence of sex differences in human behaviour is well documented, our knowledge of their anatomical foundations in the brain is still relatively limited. As a natural gateway to fathom the human mind and behaviour, studies concentrating on the human brain network constitute an important segment of the research effort to investigate sex differences. Using a large sample of healthy young individuals, each assessed with diffusion MRI and a computerized neurocognitive battery, we conducted a comprehensive set of experiments examining sex-related differences in the meso-scale structures of the human connectome and elucidated how these differences may relate to sex differences at the level of behaviour. Our results suggest that behavioural sex differences, which indicate complementarity of males and females, are accompanied by related differences in brain structure across development. When using subnetworks that are defined over functional and behavioural domains, we observed increased structural connectivity related to the motor, sensory and executive function subnetworks in males. In females, subnetworks associated with social motivation, attention and memory tasks had higher connectivity. Males showed higher modularity compared to females, with females having higher inter-modular connectivity. Applying multivariate analysis, we showed an increasing separation between males and females in the course of development, not only in behavioural patterns but also in brain structure. We also showed that these behavioural and structural patterns correlate with each other, establishing a reliable link between brain and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birkan Tunç
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Department of Radiology
| | - Berkan Solmaz
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Department of Radiology
| | - Drew Parker
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Department of Radiology
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark A Elliott
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Monica E Calkins
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ragini Verma
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Department of Radiology,
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99
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Yang L, Shi LJ, Yu J, Zhang YQ. Activation of protein kinase A in the amygdala modulates anxiety-like behaviors in social defeat exposed mice. Mol Brain 2016; 9:3. [PMID: 26747511 PMCID: PMC4706664 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Social defeat (SD) stress induces social avoidance and anxiety-like phenotypes. Amygdala is recognized as an emotion-related brain region such as fear, aversion and anxiety. It is conceivable to hypothesize that activation of amygdala is involved in SD-dependent behavioral defects. Results SD model was established using C57BL/6J mice that were physically defeated by different CD-1 mice for 10 days. Stressed mice exhibited decreased social interaction level in social interaction test and significant anxiety-like behaviors in elevated plus maze and open field tests. Meanwhile, a higher phosphorylation of PKA and CREB with a mutually linear correlation, and increased Fos labeled cells in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) were observed. Activation of PKA in the BLA by 8-Br-cAMP, a PKA activitor, significantly upregulated pCREB and Fos expression. To address the role of PKA activation on SD stress-induced social avoidance and anxiety-like behaviors, 8-Br-cAMP or H-89, a PKA inhibitor, was continuously administered into the bilateral BLA by a micro-osmotic pump system during the 10-day SD period. Neither H-89 nor 8-Br-cAMP affected the social behavior. Differently, 8-Br-cAMP significantly relieved anxiety-like behaviors in both general and moderate SD protocols. H-89 per se did not have anxiogenic effect in naïve mice, but aggravated moderate SD stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors. The antidepressant clomipramine reduced SD-induced anxiety and up-regulated pPKA level in the BLA. Conclusions These results suggest that SD-driven PKA activation in the basolateral amygdala is actually a compensatory rather than pathogenic response in the homeostasis, and modulating amygdaloid PKA may exhibit potency in the therapy of social derived disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13041-015-0181-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 1202 Mingdao Building, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Li-Jun Shi
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 1202 Mingdao Building, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 1202 Mingdao Building, 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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100
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A Possible Role of Anhedonia as Common Substrate for Depression and Anxiety. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2016; 2016:1598130. [PMID: 27042346 PMCID: PMC4793100 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1598130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are often comorbid, in up to 70% of cases, and the level of one or the other may fluctuate, leading now to a diagnosis of depression, now to a diagnosis of anxiety. For these reasons, and for the presence of many other common factors, it has been suggested that both are part of the same continuum of problems and that they have a common substrate. This paper proposes the possibility that anhedonia may be an important component of this possible common substrate, and it tries to identify the mechanism with which anhedonia could contribute to causing both depression and anxiety. It also proposes an explanation why an intense pleasure could improve both depression and anxiety.
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