51
|
Abstract
The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has the potential to identify unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms in intercellular communication and in organ homeostasis and disease. Exosomes, with an average diameter of ~100 nanometers, are a subset of EVs. The biogenesis of exosomes involves their origin in endosomes, and subsequent interactions with other intracellular vesicles and organelles generate the final content of the exosomes. Their diverse constituents include nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and metabolites, which can reflect their cell of origin. In various diseases, exosomes offer a window into altered cellular or tissue states, and their detection in biological fluids potentially offers a multicomponent diagnostic readout. The efficient exchange of cellular components through exosomes can inform their applied use in designing exosome-based therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- School of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Kaddour H, Lyu Y, Welch JL, Paromov V, Mandape SN, Sakhare SS, Pandhare J, Stapleton JT, Pratap S, Dash C, Okeoma CM. Proteomics Profiling of Autologous Blood and Semen Exosomes from HIV-infected and Uninfected Individuals Reveals Compositional and Functional Variabilities. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:78-100. [PMID: 31676584 PMCID: PMC6944229 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood and semen are important body-fluids that carry exosomes for bioinformation transmission. Therefore, characterization of their proteomes is necessary for understanding body-fluid-specific physiologic and pathophysiologic functions. Using systematic multifactorial proteomic profiling, we characterized the proteomes of exosomes and exosome-free fractions from autologous blood and semen from three HIV-uninfected and three HIV-infected participants (total of 24 samples). We identified exosome-based protein signatures specific to blood and semen along with HIV-induced tissue-dependent proteomic perturbations. We validated our findings with samples from 16 additional donors and showed that unlike blood exosomes (BE), semen exosomes (SE) are enriched in clusterin. SE but not BE promote Protein·Nucleic acid binding and increase cell adhesion irrespective of HIV infection. This is the first comparative study of the proteome of autologous BE and SE. The proteins identified may be developed as biomarkers applicable to different fields of medicine, including reproduction and infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Kaddour
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Yuan Lyu
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Jennifer L Welch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109
| | - Victor Paromov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Sammed N Mandape
- College of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Shruti S Sakhare
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107
| | - Jui Pandhare
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109
| | - Siddharth Pratap
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Welch JL, Kaufman TM, Stapleton JT, Okeoma CM. Semen exosomes inhibit HIV infection and HIV-induced proinflammatory cytokine production independent of the activation state of primary lymphocytes. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:695-709. [PMID: 31665815 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Semen exosomes (SE) inhibit HIV infection. However, the effect of SE on cell activation and inflammation remains unknown. We characterized the response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-uninfected and antiretroviral therapy-suppressed HIV-infected (HIV+) subjects to SE. Quiescent PBMCs or T-cell receptor (TCR)-activated PBMCs from HIV- and HIV+ donors were stimulated with SE in the presence/absence of ex vivo HIV infection. In HIV-infected PBMCs, SE did not reactivate HIV, did not induce lymphoblast development, nor increase CD69+/CD25+ numbers. Furthermore, SE inhibited de novo HIV infection without altering cell activation. SE also asynchronously downregulated HIV-inducible IL1β, IL8, and TNFα and upregulated CXCL10. These data suggest that SE inhibits HIV infection and production of HIV-induced proinflammatory cytokines while preserving lymphocyte activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Welch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, IA, USA
| | - Thomas M Kaufman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, IA, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, IA, USA
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Pérez PS, Romaniuk MA, Duette GA, Zhao Z, Huang Y, Martin-Jaular L, Witwer KW, Théry C, Ostrowski M. Extracellular vesicles and chronic inflammation during HIV infection. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1687275. [PMID: 31998449 PMCID: PMC6963413 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1687275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of HIV infection. Among the multiple stimuli that can induce inflammation in untreated infection, ongoing viral replication is a primary driver. After initiation of effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV replication is drastically reduced or halted. However, even virologically controlled patients may continue to have abnormal levels of inflammation. A number of factors have been proposed to cause inflammation in HIV infection: among others, residual (low-level) HIV replication, production of HIV protein or RNA in the absence of replication, microbial translocation from the gut to the circulation, co-infections, and loss of immunoregulatory responses. Importantly, chronic inflammation in HIV-infected individuals increases the risk for a number of non-infectious co-morbidities, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. Thus, achieving a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of HIV-associated inflammation in the presence of cART is of utmost importance. Extracellular vesicles have emerged as novel actors in intercellular communication, involved in a myriad of physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the role of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of HIV infection, with particular emphasis on their role as inducers of chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Soledad Pérez
- Instituto INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriel A. Duette
- Instituto INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zezhou Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiyao Huang
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lorena Martin-Jaular
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clotilde Théry
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Matías Ostrowski
- Instituto INBIRS, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Vojtech L, Zhang M, Davé V, Levy C, Hughes SM, Wang R, Calienes F, Prlic M, Nance E, Hladik F. Extracellular vesicles in human semen modulate antigen-presenting cell function and decrease downstream antiviral T cell responses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223901. [PMID: 31622420 PMCID: PMC6797208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human semen contains trillions of extracellular vesicles (SEV) similar in size to sexually transmitted viruses and loaded with potentially bioactive miRNAs, proteins and lipids. SEV were shown to inhibit HIV and Zika virus infectivity, but whether SEV are able also to affect subsequent immune responses is unknown. We found that SEV efficiently bound to and entered antigen-presenting cells (APC) and thus we set out to further dissect the impact of SEV on APC function and the impact on downstream T cell responses. In an APC–T cell co-culture system, SEV exposure to APC alone markedly reduced antigen-specific cytokine production, degranulation and cytotoxicity by antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells. In contrast, inhibition of CD4+ T cell responses required both APC and T cell exposure to SEV. Surprisingly, SEV did not alter MHC or co-stimulatory receptor expression on APCs, but caused APCs to upregulate indoleamine 2,3 deoxygenase, an enzyme known to indirectly inhibit T cells. Thus, SEV reduce the ability of APCs to activate T cells. We propose here that these immune-inhibitory properties of SEV may be intended to prevent immune responses against semen-derived antigens, but can be hi-jacked by genitally acquired viral infections to compromise adaptive cellular immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Vojtech
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LV); (FH)
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Veronica Davé
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Claire Levy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Hughes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ruofan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fernanda Calienes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LV); (FH)
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Use of Illicit Substances Promote Secretion of Semen Exosomes that Enhance Monocyte Adhesion and Induce Actin Reorganization and Chemotactic Migration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091027. [PMID: 31484431 PMCID: PMC6770851 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Semen exosomes (SE) from HIV-uninfected (HIV−) individuals potently inhibit HIV infection in vitro. However, morphological changes in target cells in response to SE have not been characterized or have the effect of HIV infection or the use of illicit substances, specifically psychostimulants, on the function of SE been elucidated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HIV infection, psychostimulant use, and both together on SE-mediated regulation of monocyte function. SE were isolated from semen of HIV− and HIV-infected (HIV+) antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants who reported either using or not using psychostimulants. The SE samples were thus designated as HIV−Drug−, HIV−Drug+, HIV+Drug−, and HIV+Drug+. U937 monocytes were treated with different SEs and analyzed for changes in transcriptome, morphometrics, actin reorganization, adhesion, and chemotaxis. HIV infection and/or use of psychostimulants had minimal effects on the physical characteristics of SE. However, different SEs had diverse effects on the messenger RNA signature of monocytes and rapidly induced monocyte adhesion and spreading. SE from HIV infected or psychostimulants users but not HIV−Drug− SE, stimulated actin reorganization, leading to the formation of filopodia-like structures and membrane ruffles containing F-actin and vinculin that in some cases were colocalized. All SE stimulated monocyte chemotaxis to HIV secretome and activated the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases, a phenotype exacerbated by HIV infection and psychostimulant use. SE-directed regulation of cellular morphometrics and chemotaxis depended on the donor clinical status because HIV infection and psychostimulant use altered SE function. Although our inclusion criteria specified the use of cocaine, humans are poly-drug and alcohol users and our study participants used psychostimulants, marijuana, opiates, and alcohol. Thus, it is possible that the effects observed in this study may be due to one of these other substances or due to an interaction between different substances.
Collapse
|
57
|
Barranco I, Padilla L, Parrilla I, Álvarez-Barrientos A, Pérez-Patiño C, Peña FJ, Martínez EA, Rodriguez-Martínez H, Roca J. Extracellular vesicles isolated from porcine seminal plasma exhibit different tetraspanin expression profiles. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11584. [PMID: 31399634 PMCID: PMC6689046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Seminal extracellular vesicles (EVs) include exosomes (ø 40–120 nm) and microvesicles (MVs, ø 120–1000 nm), which would be involved in multiple functional reproductive roles. The study aimed to establish which EV subtypes are present in pig semen, using a high-resolution flow cytometer to explore differences in their tetraspanin expression profile. The EVs were isolated from 12 pig ejaculates using serial ultracentrifugation and characterized by dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy for size and morphology as well as for tetraspanin expression using flow cytometry with Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and antibodies against CD9, CD63 and CD81. Pig semen contained a heterogeneous EV-population regarding size and morphology. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the proportion of EVs expressing CD63 and CD9 was higher in MVs (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) than in exosomes, while the opposite was true for CD81; higher (P < 0.001) in exosomes than in MVs. In conclusion, (1) the new generation of flow cytometers are able to accurately identify EVs and to gate them in two size-different populations named exosomes and MVs. (2) Tetraspanins CD9, CD63 and CD81 are present in both seminal EVs, albeit with exosomes and MVs differing in expression profiles, suggesting dissimilar cargo and binding affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Barranco
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Lorena Padilla
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Parrilla
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Pérez-Patiño
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Fernando J Peña
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, University of Extremadura, Caceres, 10003, Spain
| | - Emilio A Martínez
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Roca
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Macrophages exposed to HIV viral protein disrupt lung epithelial cell integrity and mitochondrial bioenergetics via exosomal microRNA shuttling. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:580. [PMID: 31371699 PMCID: PMC6675785 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1803-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy extends survival but does not eliminate HIV from its cellular reservoirs. Between immune and stromal cells in the tissue microenvironment, a dynamic intercellular communication might influence host viral immune responses via intercellular transfer of extracellular vehicles (EVs) (microvesicles, exosome, or apoptotic bodies). It is increasingly recognized that HIV-infected macrophage-secreted nucleotide-rich exosomes might play a critical role in mediating communication between macrophages and other structural cells; however, molecular mechanisms underlying cell–cell crosstalk remain unknown. Here we show that HIV-1-infected macrophages and HIV-1 proteins Tat or gp120-treated macrophages express high levels of microRNAs, including miR-23a and miR-27a. Identical miRNAs expression patterns were detected in macrophage-secreted exosomes isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of HIV transgenic rats. Tat-treated macrophage-derived exosomal miR-23a attenuated posttranscriptional modulation of key tight junction protein zonula occludens (ZO-1) 3′-UTR in epithelial cells. In parallel, exosomal miR-27a released from Tat-treated macrophages altered the mitochondrial bioenergetics of recipient lung epithelial cells by targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), while simultaneously stimulating glycolysis. Together, exosomal miRNAs shuttle from macrophages to epithelial cells and thereby explain in part HIV-mediated lung epithelial barrier dysfunction. These studies suggest that targeting miRNAs may be of therapeutic value to enhance lung health in HIV.
Collapse
|
59
|
Ouattara LA, Anderson SM, Doncel GF. Seminal exosomes and HIV-1 transmission. Andrologia 2019; 50:e13220. [PMID: 30569645 PMCID: PMC6378409 DOI: 10.1111/and.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are endosomal‐derived membrane‐confined nanovesicles secreted by many (if not all) cell types and isolated from every human bodily fluid examined up to now including plasma, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk. Exosomes are thought to represent a new player in cell‐to‐cell communication pathways and immune regulation, and be involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Susceptibility to HIV‐1 infection can be impacted by exosomes, while HIV‐1 pathogenesis can alter exosomal function and composition. Exosomes isolated from semen and vaginal fluid of healthy individuals can inhibit HIV‐1 infection and/or potently block viral transfer in vitro. However, the role of exosomes in HIV‐1 transmission and progression is not fully understood yet and some studies show conflicting results, mainly for exosomes isolated from plasma and breast milk. Determining the composition of exosomes from infected donors and studying their interaction with HIV‐1 in vitro compared to exosomes isolated from uninfected donors will provide insights into the role exosomes play in HIV‐1 transmission during sexual intercourse and breastfeeding.
Collapse
|
60
|
Paktinat S, Hashemi SM, Ghaffari Novin M, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S, Salehpour S, Karamian A, Nazarian H. Seminal exosomes induce interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 secretion by human endometrial stromal cells. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 235:71-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
61
|
Extracellular vesicles: Vehicles of en bloc viral transmission. Virus Res 2019; 265:143-149. [PMID: 30928427 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
En Bloc transmission of viruses allow multiple genomes to collectivelly penetrate and initiate infection in the same cell, often resulting in enhanced infectivity. Given the quasispecies (mutant cloud) nature of RNA viruses and many DNA viruses, en bloc transmission of multiple genomes provides different starting points in sequence space to initiate adaptive walks, and has implications for modulation of viral fitness and for the response of viral populations to lethal mutagenesis. Mechanisms that can enable multiple viral genomes to be transported en bloc among hosts has only recently been gaining attention. A growing body of research suggests that extracellular vesicles (EV) are highly prevalent and robust vehicles for en bloc delivery of viral particles and naked infectious genomes among organisms. Both RNA and DNA viruses appear to exploit these vesicles to increase their multiplicity of infection and enhance virulence.
Collapse
|
62
|
Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Tang WH. Exosomes: biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:19. [PMID: 30815248 PMCID: PMC6377728 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0282-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1046] [Impact Index Per Article: 209.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized biovesicles released into surrounding body fluids upon fusion of multivesicular bodies and the plasma membrane. They were shown to carry cell-specific cargos of proteins, lipids, and genetic materials, and can be selectively taken up by neighboring or distant cells far from their release, reprogramming the recipient cells upon their bioactive compounds. Therefore, the regulated formation of exosomes, specific makeup of their cargo, cell-targeting specificity are of immense biological interest considering extremely high potential of exosomes as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic nanocarriers. In present review, we outline and discuss recent progress in the elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of exosome biogenesis, the molecular composition of exosomes, and technologies used in exosome research. Furthermore, we focus on the potential use of exosomes as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for their cell-lineage and state-specific contents, and possibilities as therapeutic vehicles for drug and gene delivery. Exosome research is now in its infancy, in-depth understanding of subcellular components and mechanisms involved in exosome formation and specific cell-targeting will bring light on their physiological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- 1Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 Guangdong China
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- 2Clinical Laboratory Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 Guangdong China
| | - Haiying Liu
- 2Clinical Laboratory Department, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 Guangdong China
| | - Wai Ho Tang
- 1Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623 Guangdong China
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Abstract
The terms extracellular vesicles, microvesicles, oncosomes, or exosomes are often used interchangeably as descriptors of particles that are released from cells and comprise a lipid membrane that encapsulates nucleic acids and proteins. Although these entities are defined based on a specific size range and/or mechanism of release, the terminology is often ambiguous. Nevertheless, these vesicles are increasingly recognized as important modulators of intercellular communication. The generic characterization of extracellular vesicles could also be used as a descriptor of enveloped viruses, highlighting the fact that extracellular vesicles and enveloped viruses are similar in both composition and function. Their high degree of similarity makes differentiating between vesicles and enveloped viruses in biological specimens particularly difficult. Because viral particles and extracellular vesicles are produced simultaneously in infected cells, it is necessary to separate these populations to understand their independent functions. We summarize current understanding of the similarities and differences of extracellular vesicles, which henceforth we will refer to as exosomes, and the enveloped retrovirus, HIV-1. Here, we focus on the presence of these particles in semen, as these are of particular importance during HIV-1 sexual transmission. While there is overlap in the terminology and physical qualities between HIV-1 virions and exosomes, these two types of intercellular vehicles may differ depending on the bio-fluid source. Recent data have demonstrated that exosomes from human semen serve as regulators of HIV-1 infection that may contribute to the remarkably low risk of infection per sexual exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Welch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, 604 Highway 6, Iowa City, IA 52246-2208, USA
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, 604 Highway 6, Iowa City, IA 52246-2208, USA
- *Correspondence: Jack T. Stapleton,
| | - Chioma M. Okeoma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Pharmacologic Sciences, Basic Sciences Tower, Rm 8-142, Stony Brook, University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
- Chioma M. Okeoma,
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Bian EB, Chen EF, Xu YD, Yang ZH, Tang F, Ma CC, Wang HL, Zhao B. Exosomal lncRNA‑ATB activates astrocytes that promote glioma cell invasion. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:713-721. [PMID: 30483768 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma invasion is a main cause of a poor prognosis and relapse in patients suffering from the disease. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for glioma cell invasion remain poorly understood. In this study, the characteristics of exosomes were identified using electron microscope (TEM), and western blot analysis. The potential mechanism of long non‑coding RNA (lncRNA) activated by TGF‑β (lncRNA‑ATB) was demonstrated using luciferase reporter assays and RNA immunoprecipitation. We found that glioma cell‑derived exosomes promoted the activation of astrocytes and had the ability to shuttle long non‑coding RNA (lncRNA) activated by TGF‑β (lncRNA‑ATB) to astrocytes. More importantly, lncRNA‑ATB activated astrocytes through the suppression of microRNA (miRNA or miR)‑204‑3p in an Argonaute 2 (Ago2)‑dependent manner. Furthermore, astrocytes activated by lncRNA‑ATB in turn promoted the migration and invasion of glioma cells. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that lncRNA‑ATB may play an important role in modulating glioma microenvironment through exosomes. Thus, a better understanding of this process may provide implications for the prevention of highly invasive glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Er-Bao Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Er-Feng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Di Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Feng Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Chun Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Liang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Semen Exosomes Promote Transcriptional Silencing of HIV-1 by Disrupting NF-κB/Sp1/Tat Circuitry. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00731-18. [PMID: 30111566 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00731-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes play various roles in host responses to cancer and infective agents, and semen exosomes (SE) inhibit HIV-1 infection and transmission, although the mechanism(s) by which this occurs is unclear. Here, we show that SE block HIV-1 proviral transcription at multiple transcriptional checkpoints, including transcription factor recruitment to the long terminal repeat (LTR), transcription initiation, and elongation. Biochemical and functional studies show that SE inhibit HIV-1 LTR-driven viral gene expression and virus replication. Through partitioning of the HIV-1 RNA, we found that SE reduced the optimal expression of various viral RNA species. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-real-time quantitative PCR (ChIP-RT-qPCR) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) analysis of infected cells identified the human transcription factors NF-κB and Sp1, as well as RNA polymerase (Pol) II and the viral protein transcriptional activator (Tat), as targets of SE. Of interest, SE inhibited HIV-1 LTR activation mediated by HIV-1 or Tat, but not by the mitogen phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). SE inhibited the DNA binding activities of NF-κB and Sp1 and blocked the recruitment of these transcription factors and Pol II to the HIV-1 LTR promoter. Importantly, SE directly blocked NF-κB, Sp1, and Pol II binding to the LTR and inhibited the interactions of Tat/NF-κB and Tat/Sp1, suggesting that SE-mediated inhibition of the functional quadripartite complex NF-κB-Sp1-Pol II-Tat may be a novel mechanism of proviral transcription repression. These data provide a novel molecular basis for SE-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 and identify Tat as a potential target of SE.IMPORTANCE HIV is most commonly transmitted sexually, and semen is the primary vector. Despite progress in studies of HIV pathogenesis and the success of combination antiretroviral therapy in controlling viral replication, current therapy cannot completely control sexual transmission. Thus, there is a need to identify effective methods of controlling HIV replication and transmission. Recently, it was shown that human semen contains exosomes that protect against HIV infection in vitro In this study, we identified a mechanism by which semen exosomes inhibited HIV-1 RNA expression. We found that semen exosomes inhibit recruitment of transcription factors NF-κB and Sp1, as well as RNA Pol II, to the promoter region in the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) of HIV-1. The HIV-1 early protein transcriptional activator (Tat) was a target of semen exosomes, and semen exosomes inhibited the binding and recruitment of Tat to the HIV-1 LTR.
Collapse
|
66
|
Dias MVS, Costa CS, daSilva LLP. The Ambiguous Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in HIV Replication and Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2411. [PMID: 30364166 PMCID: PMC6191503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells from all kingdoms of life can release membrane-enclosed vesicles to the extracellular milieu. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) may function as mediators of intercellular communication, allowing the transfer of biologically active molecules between cells and organisms. It has become clear that HIV particles and certain types of EVs, such as exosomes, share many similarities regarding morphology, composition, and biogenesis. This review presents a summary of the literature describing the intricate relationship between HIV and EVs biogenesis. Also, we discuss the latest progress toward understanding the mechanisms by which EVs influence HIV pathogenesis, as well as, how HIV modulates EVs composition in infected cells to facilitate viral spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos V S Dias
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina S Costa
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luis L P daSilva
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Crenshaw BJ, Gu L, Sims B, Matthews QL. Exosome Biogenesis and Biological Function in Response to Viral Infections. Open Virol J 2018; 12:134-148. [PMID: 30416610 PMCID: PMC6187740 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate as intraluminal vesicles during the process of multivescular body formation. Exosomes mediate intercellular transfer of functional proteins, lipids, and RNAs. The investigation into the formation and role of exosomes in viral infections is still being elucidated. Exosomes and several viruses share similar structural and molecular characteristics. Explanation It has been documented that viral hijacking exploits the exosomal pathway and mimics cellular protein trafficking. Exosomes released from virus-infected cells contain a variety of viral and host cellular factors that are able to modify recipient host cell responses. Recent studies have demonstrated that exosomes are crucial components in the pathogenesis of virus infection. Exosomes also allow the host to produce effective immunity against pathogens by activating antiviral mechanisms and transporting antiviral factors between adjacent cells. Conclusion Given the ever-growing roles and importance of exosomes in both host and pathogen response, this review will address the impact role of exosome biogenesis and composition after DNA, RNA virus, on Retrovirus infections. This review also will also address how exosomes can be used as therapeutic agents as well as a vaccine vehicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brennetta J Crenshaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Linlin Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Brian Sims
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Qiana L Matthews
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Program, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
High-throughput screening identified selective inhibitors of exosome biogenesis and secretion: A drug repurposing strategy for advanced cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8161. [PMID: 29802284 PMCID: PMC5970137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting exosome biogenesis and release may have potential clinical implications for cancer therapy. Herein, we have optimized a quantitative high throughput screen (qHTS) assay to identify compounds that modulate exosome biogenesis and/or release by aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) CD63-GFP-expressing C4-2B cells. A total of 4,580 compounds were screened from the LOPAC library (a collection of 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds) and the NPC library (NCGC collection of 3,300 compounds approved for clinical use). Twenty-two compounds were found to be either potent activators or inhibitors of intracellular GFP signal in the CD63-GFP-expressing C4-2B cells. The activity of lead compounds in modulating the secretion of exosomes was validated by a tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) system (qNano-IZON) and flow cytometry. The mechanism of action of the lead compounds in modulating exosome biogenesis and/or secretion were delineated by immunoblot analysis of protein markers of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent and ESCRT-independent pathways. The lead compounds tipifarnib, neticonazole, climbazole, ketoconazole, and triademenol were validated as potent inhibitors and sitafloxacin, forskolin, SB218795, fenoterol, nitrefazole and pentetrazol as activators of exosome biogenesis and/or secretion in PC cells. Our findings implicate the potential utility of drug-repurposing as novel adjunct therapeutic strategies in advanced cancer.
Collapse
|
69
|
Osier N, Motamedi V, Edwards K, Puccio A, Diaz-Arrastia R, Kenney K, Gill J. Exosomes in Acquired Neurological Disorders: New Insights into Pathophysiology and Treatment. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:9280-9293. [PMID: 29663285 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are endogenous nanovesicles that play critical roles in intercellular signaling by conveying functional genetic information and proteins between cells. Exosomes readily cross the blood-brain barrier and have promise as therapeutic delivery vehicles that have the potential to specifically deliver molecules to the central nervous system (CNS). This unique feature also makes exosomes attractive as biomarkers in diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutics in the context of multiple significant public health conditions, including acquired neurological disorders. The purpose of this review is to summarize the state of the science surrounding the relevance of extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, to acquire neurological disorders, specifically traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal cord injury (SCI), and ischemic stroke. In total, ten research articles were identified that examined exosomes in the context of TBI, SCI, or stroke; these manuscripts were reviewed and synthesized to further understand the current role of exosomes in the context of acquired neurological disorders. Of the ten published studies, four focused exclusively on TBI, one on both TBI and SCI, and five on ischemic stroke; notably, eight of the ten studies were limited to pre-clinical samples. The present review is the first to discuss the current body of knowledge surrounding the role of exosomes in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prognosis, as well as promising therapeutic strategies in TBI, SCI, and stroke research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Osier
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, 1 Cloister Ct, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. .,University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Vida Motamedi
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, 1 Cloister Ct, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Katie Edwards
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, 1 Cloister Ct, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.,Healthcare Genetics Doctoral Program, Clemson University School of Nursing, 508 Edwards, Clemson, SC, 29631, USA
| | - Ava Puccio
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Suite B-400, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Suite 205 Medical Office Building, 51 N 39TH ST, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kimbra Kenney
- National Intrepid Center of Excellence, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Building 51, Room 2306, 4860 South Palmer Road, Bethesda, MD, 20889-5649, USA
| | - Jessica Gill
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Nursing Research, 1 Cloister Ct, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Barros FM, Carneiro F, Machado JC, Melo SA. Exosomes and Immune Response in Cancer: Friends or Foes? Front Immunol 2018; 9:730. [PMID: 29696022 PMCID: PMC5904196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicle whose study has grown exponentially in recent years. This led to the understanding that these structures, far from being inert waste by-products of cellular functioning, are active players in intercellular communication mechanisms, including in the interactions between cancer cells and the immune system. The deep comprehension of the crosstalk between tumors and the immune systems of their hosts has gained more and more importance, as immunotherapeutic techniques have emerged as viable options for several types of cancer. In this review, we present a comprehensive, updated, and elucidative review of the current knowledge on the functions played by the exosomes in this crosstalk. The roles of these vesicles in tumor antigen presentation, immune activation, and immunosuppression are approached as the relevant interactions between exosomes and the complement system. The last section of this review is reserved for the exploration of the results from the first phase I to II clinical trials of exosomes-based cell-free cancer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatima Carneiro
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
| | - Jose C Machado
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia A Melo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Zhang W, Jiang X, Bao J, Wang Y, Liu H, Tang L. Exosomes in Pathogen Infections: A Bridge to Deliver Molecules and Link Functions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:90. [PMID: 29483904 PMCID: PMC5816030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles derived from cell endocytosis which act as transmitters between cells. They are composed of proteins, lipids, and RNAs through which they participate in cellular crosstalk. Consequently, they play an important role in health and disease. Our view is that exosomes exert a bidirectional regulatory effect on pathogen infections by delivering their content. First, exosomes containing proteins and RNAs derived from pathogens can promote infections in three ways: (1) mediating further infection by transmitting pathogen-related molecules; (2) participating in the immune escape of pathogens; and (3) inhibiting immune responses by favoring immune cell apoptosis. Second, exosomes play anti-infection roles through: (1) inhibiting pathogen proliferation and infection directly; (2) inducing immune responses such as those related to the function of monocyte-macrophages, NK cells, T cells, and B cells. We believe that exosomes act as “bridges” during pathogen infections through the mechanisms mentioned above. The purpose of this review is to describe present findings regarding exosomes and pathogen infections, and highlight their enormous potential in clinical diagnosis and treatment. We discuss two opposite aspects: infection and anti-infection, and we hypothesize a balance between them. At the same time, we elaborate on the role of exosomes in immune regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhang
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinghui Bao
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huixing Liu
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijun Tang
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Sims B, Farrow AL, Williams SD, Bansal A, Krendelchtchikov A, Matthews QL. Tetraspanin blockage reduces exosome-mediated HIV-1 entry. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1683-1689. [PMID: 29429034 PMCID: PMC5958159 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 is one of the most studied retroviruses. The role of exosomes in HIV-1 entry and pathogenesis are beginning to be appreciated. Exosomes can incorporate host proteins that are also contained in viruses (e.g., tetraspanins).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Sims
- Division of Neonatology, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurobiology and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.,Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Anitra L Farrow
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Sparkle D Williams
- Division of Neonatology, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurobiology and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Anju Bansal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Alexandre Krendelchtchikov
- Division of Neonatology, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurobiology and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Qiana L Matthews
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA. .,Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Structural determinant of BST-2-mediated regulation of breast cancer cell motility: a role for cytoplasmic tail tyrosine residues. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110221-110233. [PMID: 29299143 PMCID: PMC5746378 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There is now irrefutable evidence that overexpression of the innate immunity protein―BST-2, in breast cancer cells is implicated in tumor growth and progression. The cellular mechanisms that control BST-2-mediated effect in tumor progression involve enhancement of cancer cell motility―migration/invasion. However, the distinct structural elements of BST-2 that mediate breast cancer cell motility remain unknown. Here, we used various motility assays and different variants of BST-2 to examine the cellular and structural mechanisms controlling BST-2-mediated cell motility. We show that BST-2 silencing in various cancer cell lines inhibits cell motility. Restoration of BST-2 expression using construct expressing wild type BST-2 rescues cell motility. Mutational analysis identifies the cytoplasmic tail of BST-2 as a novel regulator of cancer cell motility, because cell motility was significantly abrogated by substitution of the BST-2 cytoplasmic tail tyrosine residues to alanine residues. Furthermore, in a spheroid invasion model, BST-2-expressing tumor spheroids are highly invasive inside 3D Matrigel matrices. In this model, the spreading distance of BST-2-expressing spheroids was significantly higher than that of BST-2-suppressed spheroids. Collectively, our data reveal that i) BST-2-expressing breast cancer cells in spheroids are more motile than their BST-2-supressed counterparts; ii) BST-2 cytoplasmic tail regulates non-proteolytic (migration) and proteolytic (invasion) mechanisms of breast cancer cell motility; and iii) replacement of the tyrosine residues at positions 6 and 8 in the cytoplasmic tail of BST-2 with alanine residues inhibits cell motility.
Collapse
|
74
|
Jeyaram A, Jay SM. Preservation and Storage Stability of Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Applications. AAPS JOURNAL 2017; 20:1. [PMID: 29181730 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs)-including exosomes, microvesicles, and others-have attracted interest as cell-derived biotherapeutics and drug delivery vehicles for a variety of applications. This interest stems from favorable properties of EVs, including their status as mediators of cell-cell communication via transfer of biological cargo and their reported ability to cross biological barriers that impede many delivery systems. However, there are many challenges to translation and widespread application of EV-based therapeutics. One such challenge that has yet to be extensively studied involves EV preservation and storage, which must be addressed to enable use of therapeutic EVs beyond resource-intensive settings. Studies to date suggest that the most promising mode of storage is - 80°C; however, understanding of storage-mediated effects is still limited. Additionally, the effects of storage appear to vary with sample source. The lack of knowledge about and standardization of EV storage may ultimately hinder widespread clinical translation. This mini-review reports current knowledge in the field of EV preservation and storage stability and highlights future directions in the area that could be critical to eventual development of EV therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Jeyaram
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3234 Jeong Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3234 Jeong Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA. .,Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA. .,Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Liao Z, Muth DC, Eitan E, Travers M, Learman LN, Lehrmann E, Witwer KW. Serum extracellular vesicle depletion processes affect release and infectivity of HIV-1 in culture. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2558. [PMID: 28566772 PMCID: PMC5451420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in intercellular communication and affect processes including immune and antiviral responses. Blood serum, a common cell culture medium component, is replete with EVs and must be depleted prior to EV-related experiments. The extent to which depletion processes deplete non-EV particles is incompletely understood, but depleted serum is associated with reduced viability and growth in cell culture. Here, we examined whether serum depleted by two methods affected HIV-1 replication. In cell lines, including HIV-1 latency models, increased HIV-1 production was observed, along with changes in cell behavior and viability. Add-back of ultracentrifuge pellets (enriched in EVs but possibly other particles) rescued baseline HIV-1 production. Primary cells were less sensitive to serum depletion processes. Virus produced under processed serum conditions was more infectious. Finally, changes in cellular metabolism, surface markers, and gene expression, but not miRNA profiles, were associated with depleted serum culture. In conclusion, depleted serum conditions have a substantial effect on HIV-1 production and infectivity. Dependence of cell cultures on “whole serum” must be examined carefully along with other experimental variables, keeping in mind that the effects of EVs may be accompanied by or confused with those of closely associated or physically similar particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohao Liao
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dillon C Muth
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erez Eitan
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States
| | - Meghan Travers
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lisa N Learman
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Elin Lehrmann
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD, 21224, United States
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States. .,Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States. .,Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Ellwanger JH, Veit TD, Chies JAB. Exosomes in HIV infection: A review and critical look. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 53:146-154. [PMID: 28546080 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles released into the extracellular medium by different cell types. These vesicles carry a variety of protein and RNA cargos, and have a central role in cellular signaling and regulation. A PubMed search using the term "exosomes" finds 67 articles published in 2006. Ten years later, the same search returns approximately 1200 results for 2016 alone. The growing interest in exosomes within the scientific community reflects the different roles exerted by extracellular vesicles in biological systems and diseases. However, the increase in academic production addressing the biological function of exosomes causes much confusion, especially where the focus is on the role of exosomes in pathological situations. In this review, we critically interpret the current state of the research on exosomes and HIV infection. It is plausible to assume that exosomes influence the pathogenesis of HIV infection through their biological cargo (primarily membrane proteins and microRNAs). On the other hand, evidence for a usurpation of the exosomal budding and trafficking machinery by HIV during infection is limited, although such a mechanism cannot be ruled out. This review also discusses several biological aspects of exosomal function in the immune system. Finally, the limitations of current exosome research are pointed out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tiago Degani Veit
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Effect of prolonged freezing of semen on exosome recovery and biologic activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45034. [PMID: 28338013 PMCID: PMC5364471 DOI: 10.1038/srep45034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are important vehicles of intercellular communication that shape host responses to physiologic, tumorigenic, and pathogenic conditions. The composition and function of exosomes are dynamic and depends on the state and condition of the cellular source. In prior work, we found that semen exosomes (SE) from healthy donors who do not use illicit drugs potently inhibit HIV-1. Following semen donation, specimens are either used immediately or frozen for use at a later time. It has been shown that short-term freezing of semen has no effect on SE-mediated HIV-1 inhibition. However, the effect of illicit drugs and prolonged freezing on SE bioactivity is unknown. Here, we show preservation of SE physical properties, (morphology, concentration, intensity/size) irrespective of illicit drug use or duration of semen freezing. Interestingly, illicit drugs and prolonged freezing decreased the levels of SE-bound CD63/CD9 and acetylcholinesterase activity respectively. Furthermore, we show differential effects of illicit drug use and prolonged freezing on SE-mediated HIV-1 inhibition. Our results highlight the importance of the source of SE and condition of semen storage on SE content and function. In-depth evaluation of donor drug-use and duration of semen storage on SE cargo and bioactivity will advance our understanding of SE composition and function.
Collapse
|
78
|
Zhang Y, Hu YW, Zheng L, Wang Q. Characteristics and Roles of Exosomes in Cardiovascular Disease. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:202-211. [PMID: 28112546 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Wei Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Madison MN, Welch JL, Okeoma CM. Isolation of Exosomes from Semen for in vitro Uptake and HIV-1 Infection Assays. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2216. [PMID: 28660234 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous extracellular nanovesicles of endocytic origin. Exosomes are known to carry host and pathogen-derived genomic, proteomic, lipidomic cargos and other extraneous molecules. Exosomes are secreted by diverse cell types into the extracellular milieu and are subsequently internalized by recipient neighboring or distal cells. Upon internalization, exosomes condition recipient cells by donating their cargos and/or activating various signal transduction pathways, consequently regulating physiological and pathophysiological processes. Exosomes facilitate intercellular communication, modulate cellular phenotype, and regulate microbial pathogenesis. We have previously shown that semen exosomes (SE) inhibit HIV-1 replication in various cell types. Here, we describe detailed protocols for characterizing SE. This protocol can be adapted or modified and used for evaluation of other extracellular vesicles of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisa N Madison
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Miami Dade College, Homestead, USA
| | - Jennifer L Welch
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.,Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Human vaginal fluid contains exosomes that have an inhibitory effect on an early step of the HIV-1 life cycle. AIDS 2016; 30:2611-2616. [PMID: 27536982 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaginal transmission is crucial to the spread of HIV-1 around the world. It is not yet clear what type (s) of innate defenses against HIV-1 infection are present in the vagina. Here, we aimed to determine whether human vaginal fluid contains exosomes that may possess anti-HIV-1 activity. METHODS The exosomal fraction was isolated from samples of vaginal fluids. The presence of exosomes was confirmed by flow cytometry and western blotting. The newly discovered exosomes were tested for their ability to block early steps of HIV-1 infection in vitro using established cell culture systems and real time PCR-based methods. RESULTS Vaginal fluid contains exosomes expressing CD9, CD63, and CD81 exosomal markers. The exosomal fraction of the fluid-reduced transmission of HIV-1 vectors by 60%, the efficiency of reverse transcription step by 58.4%, and the efficiency of integration by 47%. Exosomes had no effect on the entry of HIV-1 vectors. CONCLUSION Human vaginal fluid exosomes are newly discovered female innate defenses that may protect women against HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
|
81
|
Qian X, Xu C, Fang S, Zhao P, Wang Y, Liu H, Yuan W, Qi Z. Exosomal MicroRNAs Derived From Umbilical Mesenchymal Stem Cells Inhibit Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1190-203. [PMID: 27496568 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant global public health problem, causing more than 350,000 deaths every year. Although the development of direct-acting antivirals has improved the sustained virological response rate in HCV patients, novel anti-HCV agents with higher efficacy as well as better tolerance and cheaper production costs are still urgently needed. Cell-based therapy, especially its unique and strong paracrine ability to transfer information to other cells via extracellular vesicles such as exosomes, has become one of the most popular therapeutic methods in recent years. In our study, exosomes secreted from umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (uMSCs), which are widely used in regenerative medicine, inhibited HCV infection in vitro, especially viral replication, with low cell toxicity. Our analysis revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) from uMSC-derived exosomes (uMSC-Exo) had their unique expression profiles, and these functional miRNAs, mainly represented by let-7f, miR-145, miR-199a, and miR-221 released from uMSC-Exo, largely contributed to the suppression of HCV RNA replication. These four miRNAs possessed binding sites in HCV RNA as demonstrated by the target prediction algorithm. In addition, uMSC-Exo therapy showed synergistic effect when combined with U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved interferon-α or telaprevir, enhancing their anti-HCV ability and thus improving the clinical significance of these regenerative substances for future application as optimal adjuvants of anti-HCV therapy. SIGNIFICANCE This work reported, for the first time, the identification of stem cell-derived exosomes of antiviral activity. Umbilical mesenchymal stem cell-secreted exosomes inhibited hepatitis C virus infection through transporting a mixture of microRNAs complementing the viral genomes to the host cells. This finding provides insights and prospects for physiologically secreted substances for antiviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xijing Qian
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Fang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Research Center of Developmental Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Houqi Liu
- Research Center of Developmental Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Coakley G, Buck AH, Maizels RM. Host parasite communications-Messages from helminths for the immune system: Parasite communication and cell-cell interactions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 208:33-40. [PMID: 27297184 PMCID: PMC5008435 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites release a spectrum of mediators to dampen host immunity. Secreted proteins can act on host receptors and intracellular signalling. Parasites also produce exosome-like extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs. Exosomes can enter host cells and modulate host gene expression. Extracellular vesicles may be a more general mode of host-parasite interaction.
Helminths are metazoan organisms many of which have evolved parasitic life styles dependent on sophisticated manipulation of the host environment. Most notably, they down-regulate host immune responses to ensure their own survival, by exporting a range of immuno-modulatory mediators that interact with host cells and tissues. While a number of secreted immunoregulatory parasite proteins have been defined, new work also points to the release of extracellular vesicles, or exosomes, that interact with and manipulate host gene expression. These recent results are discussed in the overall context of how helminths communicate effectively with the host organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Coakley
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amy H Buck
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Exosomes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Pathogenesis: Threat or Opportunity? Adv Virol 2016; 2016:9852494. [PMID: 26981123 PMCID: PMC4766318 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9852494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanometre-sized vesicles, also known as exosomes, are derived from endosomes of diverse cell types and present in multiple biological fluids. Depending on their cellular origins, the membrane-bound exosomes packed a variety of functional proteins and RNA species. These microvesicles are secreted into the extracellular space to facilitate intercellular communication. Collective findings demonstrated that exosomes from HIV-infected subjects share many commonalities with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (HIV-1) particles in terms of proteomics and lipid profiles. These observations postulated that HIV-resembled exosomes may contribute to HIV pathogenesis. Interestingly, recent reports illustrated that exosomes from body fluids could inhibit HIV infection, which then bring up a new paradigm for HIV/AIDS therapy. Accumulative findings suggested that the cellular origin of exosomes may define their effects towards HIV-1. This review summarizes the two distinctive roles of exosomes in regulating HIV pathogenesis. We also highlighted several additional factors that govern the exosomal functions. Deeper understanding on how exosomes promote or abate HIV infection can significantly contribute to the development of new and potent antiviral therapeutic strategy and vaccine designs.
Collapse
|
84
|
Affiliation(s)
- David Gurwitz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Assil S, Webster B, Dreux M. Regulation of the Host Antiviral State by Intercellular Communications. Viruses 2015; 7:4707-33. [PMID: 26295405 PMCID: PMC4576201 DOI: 10.3390/v7082840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses usually induce a profound remodeling of host cells, including the usurpation of host machinery to support their replication and production of virions to invade new cells. Nonetheless, recognition of viruses by the host often triggers innate immune signaling, preventing viral spread and modulating the function of immune cells. It conventionally occurs through production of antiviral factors and cytokines by infected cells. Virtually all viruses have evolved mechanisms to blunt such responses. Importantly, it is becoming increasingly recognized that infected cells also transmit signals to regulate innate immunity in uninfected neighboring cells. These alternative pathways are notably mediated by vesicular secretion of various virus- and host-derived products (miRNAs, RNAs, and proteins) and non-infectious viral particles. In this review, we focus on these newly-described modes of cell-to-cell communications and their impact on neighboring cell functions. The reception of these signals can have anti- and pro-viral impacts, as well as more complex effects in the host such as oncogenesis and inflammation. Therefore, these “broadcasting” functions, which might be tuned by an arms race involving selective evolution driven by either the host or the virus, constitute novel and original regulations of viral infection, either highly localized or systemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Assil
- CIRI, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France.
| | - Brian Webster
- CIRI, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France.
| | - Marlène Dreux
- CIRI, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon F-69007, France.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous nanovesicles of endocytic origin that carry host and pathogen derived genomic, proteomic, and lipid cargos. Exosomes are secreted by most cell types into the extracellular milieu and are subsequently internalized by recipient cells. Upon internalization, exosomes condition recipient cells by donating their cargos and/or activating various signal transduction pathways, consequently regulating physiological and pathophysiological processes. The role of exosomes in viral pathogenesis, especially human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1] is beginning to unravel. Recent research reports suggest that exosomes from various sources play important but different roles in the pathogenesis of HIV-1. From these reports, it appears that the source of exosomes is the defining factor for the exosomal effect on HIV-1. In this review, we will describe how HIV-1 infection is modulated by exosomes and in turn how exosomes are targeted by HIV-1 factors. Finally, we will discuss potentially emerging therapeutic options based on exosomal cargos that may have promise in preventing HIV-1 transmission.
Collapse
|