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Sun J, Najafzadeh MJ, Gerrits van den Ende AHG, Vicente VA, Feng P, Xi L, De Hoog GS. Molecular characterization of pathogenic members of the genus Fonsecaea using multilocus analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41512. [PMID: 22876287 PMCID: PMC3410912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the fungal genus Fonsecaea causing human chromoblastomycosis show substantial geographic structuring. Genetic identity of clinical and environmental strains suggests transmission from plant debris, while the evolutionary processes that have led to spatially separated populations have remained unexplained. Sequences of ITS, BT2, ACT1, Cdc42, Lac and HmgA were analyzed, either by direct sequencing or by cloning. Thirty-seven clinical and environmental Fonsecaea strains from Central and South America, Asia, Africa and Europe were sequenced and possible recombination events were calculated. Phylogenetic trees of Cdc42, Lac and HmgA were statistically supported, but ITS, BT2 and ACT1 trees were not. The Standardized Index of Association (IAS) did not detect recombination (IAS = 0.4778), neither did the Phi-test for separate genes. In Fonsecaea nubica non-synonymous mutations causing functional changes were observed in Lac gene, even though no selection pressures were detected with the neutrality test (Tajima D test, p>0.05). Genetic differentiation of populations for each gene showed separation of American, African and Asian populations. Strains of clinical vs. environmental origin showed genetic distances that were comparable or lower than found in geographic differentiation. In conclusion, here we demonstrated clonality of sibling species using multilocus data, geographic structuring of populations, and a low functional and structural selective constraint during evolution of the genus Fonsecaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiufeng Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammed J. Najafzadeh
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, and Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Vania A. Vicente
- Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Peiying Feng
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liyan Xi
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (LX); (GSDH)
| | - Gerrit S. De Hoog
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Peking University Health Science Center, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (LX); (GSDH)
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Kneipp LF, Magalhães AS, Abi-Chacra ÉA, Souza LOP, Alviano CS, Santos ALS, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Surface phosphatase inRhinocladiella aquaspersa: biochemical properties and its involvement with adhesion. Med Mycol 2012; 50:570-8. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2011.653835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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González GM, Rojas OC, Bocanegra-García V, González JG, Garza-González E. Molecular diversity of Cladophialophora carrionii in patients with chromoblastomycosis in Venezuela. Med Mycol 2012; 51:170-7. [PMID: 22734968 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.695457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified 29 Cladophialophora carrionii isolates recovered from Venezuelan patients with chromoblastomycosis using phenotypic and molecular characteristics. The genetic diversity of isolates was assessed by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) fingerprinting. We detected four electrophoretic patterns divided into two main clusters (I and II) comprising 10 and 17 isolates, respectively, and two minor clusters (III and IV) with one isolate each. An interesting cluster-age-lesion type association was detected. The median age of patients in cluster I was 37.5 years and in cluster II, 55 years of age (P = 0.04). The C. carrionii isolates found in cluster I were generally obtained from crusty lesions (60%) and isolates in cluster II were usually recovered from plaque type lesions (53%) even though the P values were only slightly less than significant (P = 0.08). No associations were found among the genetic features strains in the two clusters and gender, occupation, geographic origin, lesion size, severity, and duration of the disease. There was also no correlation between antifungal susceptibilities and strain clustering. In conclusion, molecular typing using ERIC-PCR revealed a genomic heterogeneity in the C. carrionii clinical isolates studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.
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Hsu LY, Wijaya L, Shu-Ting Ng E, Gotuzzo E. Tropical Fungal Infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2012; 26:497-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mouchalouat MDF, Gutierrez Galhardo MC, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Monteiro Fialho PC, de Oliveira Coelho JMC, Silva Tavares PM, Francesconi do Valle AC. Chromoblastomycosis: a clinical and molecular study of 18 cases in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Int J Dermatol 2011; 50:981-6. [PMID: 21781072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis caused by dematiaceous fungi. METHODS We described epidemiological data, clinical presentation, and treatment of 18 cases of CBM diagnosed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Diagnosis was obtained by mycological, histopathological findings demonstrating typical muriform cells with confirmation of isolated by DNA sequencing of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer. RESULTS The majority of patients were male (72.2%) ranging from 39 to 83 years old, farm laborers and construction workers. The duration of disease varied from four months to 32 years. The most common presentations were verrucous form in ten (55.6%) patients, followed by tumoral in three (16.7%) patients, primarily of moderate (55.6%) and severe (38.9%) intensity. Lower (44.4%) and upper limbs (33.3%) were the most affected sites. Fonsecaea pedrosoi isolated from 14 (77.8%), and Cladophialophora carrionii isolated from one case (5.6%). Fifteen patients (83.3%) were treated. Six patients (40%) received oral itraconazole 200-400 mg/day, five patients (33.3%) received oral itraconazole 200-400 mg/day combined with fluconazole 200 mg/day, and four (26.7%) patients were submitted to surgery. The duration of therapy varied from 12 to 48 months. Cure rate was 80% (12/15). No relapse was observed after two years of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Success was due to attending a center with specialized clinical care, laboratory support, and pharmaceutical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle de F Mouchalouat
- Laboratório de Dermatologia Laboratório de Micologia Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil.
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Kim DM, Hwang SM, Suh MK, Ha GY, Choi GS, Shin J, Han SH. Chromoblastomycosis Caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi. Ann Dermatol 2011; 23:369-74. [PMID: 21909211 PMCID: PMC3162270 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2011.23.3.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein a case of chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea (F.) pedrosoi in a 39-year-old male, who showed multiple, asymptomatic, scaly erythematous plaques on the left shin for 12 months. Histopathologically, chronic granulomatous inflammation and either sclerotic or muriform cells were observed. The fungal culture produced typical black colonies of F. pedrosoi. The DNA sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the clinical sample was 100% match to that of F. pedrosoi IFM 47061 (GenBank accession number AB240943). The patient was treated with 200 mg of itraconazole daily, for 3 months. Skin lesions were improved. In Korea, only 9 cases of chromoblastomycosis, including this case, have been reported until now. The etiologic agent was F. pedrosoi in the majority of cases (6/9;67%). The incidence of chromoblastomycosis was slightly higher in female, and the upper limbs were more affected than the lower limbs in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Min Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Korea
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Najafzadeh MJ, Sun J, Vicente VA, Klaassen CHW, Bonifaz A, Gerrits van den Ende AHG, Menken SBJ, de Hoog GS. Molecular epidemiology of Fonsecaea species. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:464-9. [PMID: 21392438 DOI: 10.3201/eid1703.100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess population diversities among 81 strains of fungi in the genus Fonsecaea that had been identified down to species level, we applied amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) technology and sequenced the internal transcribed spacer regions and the partial cell division cycle, beta-tubulin, and actin genes. Many species of the genus Fonsecaea cause human chromoblastomycosis. Strains originated from a global sampling of clinical and environmental sources in the Western Hemisphere, Asia, Africa, and Europe. According to AFLP fingerprinting, Fonsecaea isolates clustered in 5 groups corresponding with F. pedrosoi, F. monophora, and F. nubica: the latter 2 species each comprised 2 groups, and F. pedrosoi appeared to be of monophyletic origin. F. pedrosoi was found nearly exclusively in Central and South America. F. monophora and F. nubica were distributed worldwide, but both showed substantial geographic structuring. Clinical cases outside areas where Fonsecaea is endemic were probably distributed by human migration.
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Jain A, Jain S, Rawat S. Emerging fungal infections among children: A review on its clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2011; 2:314-20. [PMID: 21180463 PMCID: PMC2996076 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.72131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of fungal infections is increasing at an alarming rate, presenting an enormous challenge to healthcare professionals. This increase is directly related to the growing population of immunocompromised individuals especially children resulting from changes in medical practice such as the use of intensive chemotherapy and immunosuppressive drugs. Although healthy children have strong natural immunity against fungal infections, then also fungal infection among children are increasing very fast. Virtually not all fungi are pathogenic and their infection is opportunistic. Fungi can occur in the form of yeast, mould, and dimorph. In children fungi can cause superficial infection, i.e., on skin, nails, and hair like oral thrush, candida diaper rash, tinea infections, etc., are various types of superficial fungal infections, subcutaneous fungal infection in tissues under the skin and lastly it causes systemic infection in deeper tissues. Most superficial and subcutaneous fungal infections are easily diagnosed and readily amenable to treatment. Opportunistic fungal infections are those that cause diseases exclusively in immunocompromised individuals, e.g., aspergillosis, zygomycosis, etc. Systemic infections can be life-threatening and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Because diagnosis is difficult and the causative agent is often confirmed only at autopsy, the exact incidence of systemic infections is difficult to determine. The most frequently encountered pathogens are Candida albicans and Aspergillus spp. But other fungi such as non-albicans Candida spp. are increasingly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Jain
- SAFE Institute of Pharmacy, Gram Kanadiya, Indore, India
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Correia RTM, Valente NYS, Criado PR, Martins JEDC. Chromoblastomycosis: study of 27 cases and review of medical literature. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 85:448-54. [PMID: 20944904 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962010000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromoblastomycosis is a subcutaneous mycosis that occurs mainly in rural workers although is being more commonly found among people working in other sectors. The fungus penetrates the skin after its inoculation and the most frequently isolated agent is the Fonsecaea pedrosoi. OBJECTIVES This study aims at evaluating patients suffering from chromoblastomycosis admitted into the Department of Dermatology of the University Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of São Paulo State during the ten-year period from 1997 to 2007. METHODS It is a retrospective study and the medical report cards of 27 Brazilian patients diagnosed as suffering from Chromoblastomycosis from 1997 to 2007 at the Dermatology Department of the Medical School, University of Sao Paulo were reviewed. The following items were analyzed: previous therapeutic approaches; treatment implemented by the group; length of time between the appearing of the lesion and diagnosis; age; gender; profession; origin; site of lesions; isolated agents found in culture and histopathology. RESULTS Twenty two patients were from the state of Sao Paulo whereas the others came from the states of Bahia and Rondonia. 37% of them were rural workers. Men were more frequently infected (85%). Lesions were more commonly found on the lower limbs (59.2%). In 52% of the cases the isolated agent was the dematiaceous fungus Fonsecaea. pedrosoi. Biopsies showed sclerotic bodies in 92.5% of the cases. CONCLUSION Data found are in accordance with medical literature on the subject. The disease had been previously studied in our institution in 1983 by Cucé et al. This present study is the second retrospective one about the characteristics of patients suffering from chromoblastmycosis which has been published in indexed medical literature in the state of Sao Paulo.
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Queiroz-Telles F, Nucci M, Colombo AL, Tobón A, Restrepo A. Mycoses of implantation in Latin America: an overview of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Med Mycol 2011; 49:225-36. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.539631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Melanized or dematiaceous fungi are associated with a wide variety of infectious syndromes, including chromoblastomycosis, mycetoma, and phaeohyphomycosis. [corrected]. Many are soil organisms and are generally distributed worldwide, though certain species appear to have restricted geographic ranges. Though they are uncommon causes of disease, melanized fungi have been increasingly recognized as important pathogens, with most reports occurring in the past 20 years. The spectrum of diseases with which they are associated has also broadened and includes allergic disease, superficial and deep local infections, pneumonia, brain abscess, and disseminated infection. For some infections in immunocompetent individuals, such as allergic fungal sinusitis and brain abscess, they are among the most common etiologic fungi. Melanin is a likely virulence factor for these fungi. Diagnosis relies on careful microscopic and pathological examination, as well as clinical assessment of the patient, as these fungi are often considered contaminants. Therapy varies depending upon the clinical syndrome. Local infection may be cured with excision alone, while systemic disease is often refractory to therapy. Triazoles such as voriconazole, posaconazole, and itraconazole have the most consistent in vitro activity. Further studies are needed to better understand the pathogenesis and optimal treatment of these uncommon infections.
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Muñoz Estrada VF, Valenzuela Paz GA, Rochín Tolosa M. [Chromomycosis: report of a case with unusual topography]. Rev Iberoam Micol 2010; 28:50-2. [PMID: 21167297 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromomycosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by dematiaceous fungi. It is characterized by the presence of nodules, verrucous and atrophic lesions, and is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas. Mexico ranks third among the subcutaneous mycoses, mainly affecting the lower limbs. The verrucous lesions are the most common clinical presentation. AIMS We present a case of chromomycosis located in the helix and the left earlobe in a 29 year-old male, with unusual morphology and topography. METHOD Samples from the affected ear were taken for direct examination, and cultured in Sabouraud dextrose agar and mycobiotic agar. RESULTS Fumagoid cells were found when examining the lesion scrapings under direct microscopic examination. The Sabouraud dextrose agar and mycobiotic agar developed a colony of black fungus, which in the microscopic study was identified as Fonsecaea pedrosoi. The definitive diagnosis was chromomycosis, a pathology that was treated with itraconazole 200mg daily for 10 weeks, with a complete resolution of the dermatosis. CONCLUSIONS This is a case of chromomycosis with unusual clinical features, with an appropriate response to treatment with itraconazole.
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da Silva JP, da Silva MB, Campelo SR, Salgado UI, Diniz JAP, Esterre P, Rozental S, Salgado CG. TGF-beta plasma levels in chromoblastomycosis patients during itraconazole treatment. Cytokine 2010; 51:202-6. [PMID: 20621721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a dermal mycosis. The disease evolves to a chronic state, presenting a suppurative granulomatous dermatitis, combined with variable dermal fibrosis. Pathogenesis of the inflammation and tissue repair in CBM are poorly understood. AIM To quantify Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta) plasma levels of CBM patients during itraconazole (ITZ) treatment. METHODS Blood plasma of 12 CBM patients was subjected to TGF-beta titration with ELISA at 0, 3, 6 and 12months of 200mg per day of ITZ therapy, and correlated with the clinical aspects. Plasma of 12 healthy individuals were used for control. RESULTS CBM patients present high plasma levels of TGF-beta (7.016+/-1988pg/ml), decreasing after 03months (4.625+/-645pg/ml) of ITZ treatment, which correlates with a rapid clinical improvement. However, after 6 (6.566+/-777pg/ml) and 12months (6.908+/-776) of treatment, TGF-beta levels increase to almost the same levels observed before treatment, which is related to a slow clinical improvement, fungal persistence on the lesion, and fibrotic scars. CONCLUSION TGF-beta plasma levels are high in CBM patients. Fungal destruction by ITZ correlates with TGF-beta downregulation, but tissue remodeling and fungal persistence probably raises its levels again, interfering with cellular immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pereira da Silva
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Unidade de Referência em Dermatologia Sanitária do Estado do Pará Dr. Marcello Candia (MC), Brazil
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Cunha MML, Franzen AJ, Seabra SH, Herbst MH, Vugman NV, Borba LP, de Souza W, Rozental S. Melanin in Fonsecaea pedrosoi: a trap for oxidative radicals. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:80. [PMID: 20233438 PMCID: PMC2845570 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenic fungus Fonsecaea pedrosoi constitutively produces the pigment melanin, an important virulence factor in fungi. Melanin is incorporated in the cell wall structure and provides chemical and physical protection for the fungus. We evaluated the production of nitric oxide (NO) in macrophages, the oxidative burst and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS) activity in interactions between activated murine macrophages and F. pedrosoi. Experiments were carried out with or without tricyclazole (TC) treatment, a selective inhibitor of the dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis pathway in F. pedrosoi. The paramagnetisms of melanin and the TC-melanin were analysed by electron spin resonance. The fungal growth responses to H2O2 and to S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a nitric oxide donor, were also evaluated. Results Melanised F. pedrosoi cells were more resistant to both H2O2 and NO. Nitrite was not detected in the supernatant of macrophages incubated with melanised fungal cells. However, i-NOS expression was unaffected by the presence of either untreated control F. pedrosoi or TC-treated F. pedrosoi. In addition, the inhibition of the DHN-melanin pathway by TC improved the oxidative burst capability of the macrophages. Conclusion The NO-trapping ability of F. pedrosoi melanin is an important mechanism to escape the oxidative burst of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel M L Cunha
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Phospholipase and esterase production by clinical strains of Fonsecaea pedrosoi and their interactions with epithelial cells. Mycopathologia 2010; 170:31-7. [PMID: 20195904 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Fonsecaea pedrosoi is the major etiologic agent of chromoblastomycosis. The virulence of F. pedrosoi is a meagerly explored phenomenon. The ability to interact with host cells and the production of hydrolytic enzymes are thought to be important virulence mechanisms of fungal pathogens. Here, we measured the production of two distinct lipolytic enzymes, phospholipase and esterase, by three clinical strains of F. pedrosoi isolated from chromoblastomycosis lesions, as well as their capabilities to interact with epithelial cells. All the strains were excellent esterase producers, generating elevated hydrolytic halos after 5 days of growth. Conversely, phospholipase activity was detected only after 10 days, except for the most recent strain of F. pedrosoi (Magé) in which measurable phospholipase activity was detected on day 5. The ability to interact with epithelial cells was also investigated. Regarding the adhesion capability, an indirect connection was observed in relation to the adaptation time of each strain in axenic culture, in which Magé strain showed the best adhesion ability followed by LDI 11428 and 5VPL strains. Both 5VPL and Magé strains were also detected inside the epithelial cells, while the LDI 11428 strain was rarely detected in cytoplasmatic vacuolar compartments. Moreover, these F. pedrosoi strains were able to cause injury in epithelial cells.
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In vitro activities of eight antifungal drugs against 55 clinical isolates of Fonsecaea spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:1636-8. [PMID: 20086140 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01655-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro activities of eight antifungal drugs against clinical isolates of Fonsecaea pedrosoi (n = 21), Fonsecaea monophora (n = 25), and Fonsecaea nubica (n = 9) were tested. The resulting MIC(90)s for all strains (n = 55) were as follows, in increasing order: posaconazole, 0.063 microg/ml; itraconazole, 0.125 microg/ml; isavuconazole, 0.25 microg/ml; voriconazole, 0.5 microg/ml; amphotericin B, 2 microg/ml; caspofungin, 2 microg/ml; anidulafungin, 2 microg/ml; and fluconazole, 32 microg/ml.
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Mouchalouat MDF, Galhardo MCG, Fialho PCM, Coelho JMCDO, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Valle ACFD. Cladophialophora carrionii: a rare agent of chromoblastomycosis in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2009; 50:351-3. [PMID: 19082378 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652008000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 73 year-old male farm laborer from a rural area presented a 15 year history of extensive tumoral lesions over his left leg. Histological studies of skin biopsy showed pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia and granulomatous chronic inflammatory process with muriform cells, confirming chromoblastomycosis (CBM). Cladophialophora carrionii was isolated in culture. Treatment with itraconazole 400 mg/day for 12 months resulted in complete remission of lesions. As far we aware, this is the first case report of CBM caused by Cladophialophora carrionii in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.
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Queiroz-Telles F, Esterre P, Perez-Blanco M, Vitale RG, Salgado CG, Bonifaz A. Chromoblastomycosis: an overview of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Med Mycol 2009; 47:3-15. [DOI: 10.1080/13693780802538001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Campolina SS, Caligiorne RB, Rezende-Silva S, Hahn RC, Hoog GSD. A skin infection mimicking chromoblastomycosis by a Capnodialean fungus. Med Mycol 2009; 47:81-5. [DOI: 10.1080/13693780802546558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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71
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Souza TFD, Scroferneker ML, Costa JMD, Carissimi M, Corbellini VA. Secretion of five extracellular enzymes by strains of chromoblastomycosis agents. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2008; 50:269-72. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652008000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The gelatinase, urease, lipase, phospholipase and DNase activities of 11 chromoblastomycosis agents constituted by strains of Fonsecaea pedrosoi, F. compacta, Phialophora verrucosa, Cladosporium carrionii, Cladophialophora bantiana and Exophiala jeanselmei were analyzed and compared. All strains presented urease, gelatinase and lipase activity. Phospholipase activity was detected only on five of six strains of F. pedrosoi. DNase activity was not detected on the strains studied. Our results indicate that only phospholipase production, induced by egg yolk substrate, was useful for the differentiation of the taxonomically related species studied, based on their enzymatic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Lúcia Scroferneker
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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72
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Development of natural culture media for rapid induction of Fonsecaea pedrosoi sclerotic cells in vitro. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3839-41. [PMID: 18799695 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00482-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fonsecaea pedrosoi is the main agent of chromoblastomycosis, a skin disease presenting verrucous lesions, in which round, thick-walled sclerotic cells are found. In vitro induction of sclerotic cells is time-consuming (20 to 45 days) and temperature dependent. We present two new natural media that reduce the sclerotic-cell induction time to only 2 days.
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73
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Salgado CG, da Silva MB, Yamano SSP, Salgado UI, Diniz JAP, da Silva JP. Cutaneous localized annular chromoblastomycosis. J Cutan Pathol 2008; 36:257-61. [PMID: 18727664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a difficult-to-treat dermal mycosis characterized by the presence of round, pigmented, sclerotic bodies formed by black fungi found in polymorphic lesions. According to the morphology of a lesion, different clinical types of the disease have been described. We present three patients who each developed a single, 10-cm diameter, 8 to 15-year-old, well-circumscribed, slow-growing, annular, papulosquamous or papulosquamous-verrucous lesion, with no regression despite the use of topical antifungals. Skin scrapings and biopsies confirmed CBM and microculture defined the agent as Fonsecaea pedrosoi. The patients were treated with 200 mg/day of itraconazole for 6-9 months and were discharged after complete regression of the lesions. All were examined after the first and second year of the end of treatment and there were no signs of recurrence. A new clinical type of CBM is described, and itraconazole appears to be effective and safe in curing these patients after no more than 9 months of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio G Salgado
- Dermato-Immunology Laboratory UEPA/UFPA/Marcello Candia, Marituba, Pará, Brazil.
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74
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Garcia Marques S, Pedroso E Silva CDM, Aparecida Resende M, Moura Silva AA, Mendes Caldas ADJ, Lopes Costa JM. Detection of delayed hypersensitivity to Fonsecaea pedrosoi metabolic antigen (chromomycin). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 49:95-101. [PMID: 18451590 DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.49.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An experimental study was conducted between January 2002 and April 2003 for the detection of delayed hypersensitivity to Fonsecaea pedrosoi metabolic antigen (chromomycin) in skin tests. A total of 194 subjects were attended by spontaneous demand at the Infectious and Parasitic Diseases outpatient clinic of the Federal University of Maranhão-UFMA and at the Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais-UFMG and classified into three groups: patients with chromoblastomycosis caused by F. pedrosoi (n=20), healthy subjects (n=86) and patients with other diseases (n=88). For the skin test, 0.1 ml of the antigen was applied to the anterior side of the right forearm and 0.1 ml Smith medium was applied to the anterior side of the left forearm as control. The results were analyzed 48 h after inoculation of the antigen and an induration >/= 5 mm was considered to indicate a positive test. A cellular immune response to chromomycin was detected in 18 (90.0%) of the 20 patients with chromoblastomycosis caused by F. pedrosoi, and one of the patients with a negative test had reactional leprosy. Eighty-five (98.8%) of the 86 healthy subjects presented a negative reaction and only one reacted positively to the antigen. The skin test was negative in all 88 (100%) patients with other diseases, such as dermatophytosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, pulmonary aspergilloma, candidiasis, pityriasis versicolor, tuberculosis, leprosy, tegumentary leishmaniasis and syphilis, and one case of chromoblastomycosis caused by Rhinocladiella aquaspersa. Chromomycin was effective in detecting delayed hypersensitivity in patients with chromoblastomycosis caused by F. pedrosoi, with a sensitivity and specificity of 90.0% and 98.8%, respectively. These results suggest that this antigen can be used in the auxiliary diagnosis of the disease and also in epidemiological studies for determination of the prevalence of chromoblastomycosis infection in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirlei Garcia Marques
- Nucleus of Tropical Pathology and Social Medicine, Departament of Pathology, Federal University of Maranhão-UFMA, Maranhão, Brazil
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75
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Ultrastructural characterization of melanosomes of the human pathogenic fungus Fonsecaea pedrosoi. J Struct Biol 2008; 162:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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76
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Levang J, Muller P, Marreel A, Nicolas M, Puzenat E, Aubin F, Humbert P. [Chromomycosis in Guadeloupe]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2008; 135:111-5. [PMID: 18342091 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromomycosis is a widespread subcutaneous fungal infection seen essentially in tropical and subtropical regions and transmitted via skin injury caused by the prickles of plants or infected wood splinters. It is prevalent throughout the West Indies including Guadeloupe, where its incidence is not well known. PATIENTS AND METHODS This retrospective and descriptive study concerns five histologically established cases of chromomycosis in Guadeloupe between 1995 and 2005. The five patients were diagnosed and treated at Pointe-à-Pitre University Teaching Hospital. RESULTS The study concerned four male patients and one female patient with an average age of 78 years; four were from the Basse-Terre district and one was from the Grande-Terre district. The most frequent clinical aspect was nodular or verrucous. The most common initial topography was the upper limbs. Fonsecaea pedrosoi was the only species identified. Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology, which in all cases revealed sclerotic cells. Three patients underwent surgical treatment and two received medical treatment; only two patients were cured by 2005. DISCUSSION Our study confirms the presence of a source of chromomycosis in Guadeloupe, where Fonsecaea pedrosoi is clearly the best adapted species. It also highlights the difficulties of therapeutic care in tropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Levang
- Service de dermatologie, CHU St-Jacques, 25030 Besançon cedex, France.
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77
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Santos ALS, Palmeira VF, Rozental S, Kneipp LF, Nimrichter L, Alviano DS, Rodrigues ML, Alviano CS. Biology and pathogenesis of Fonsecaea pedrosoi, the major etiologic agent of chromoblastomycosis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007; 31:570-91. [PMID: 17645522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fonsecaea pedrosoi is the principal etiologic agent of chromoblastomycosis, a fungal disease whose pathogenic events are poorly understood. Treatment of the disease presents poor effectiveness and serious side effects. The disease is epidemiologically important in several regions, which has stimulated studies focused on the biology and pathogenic potential of its major causative agent. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the biological aspects of F. pedrosoi, including cell differentiation and pathogenic mechanisms during the interaction of fungi with different hosts' elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L S Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Bioquímica Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, IMPPG/Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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78
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de Andrade TS, Cury AE, de Castro LGM, Hirata MH, Hirata RDC. Rapid identification of Fonsecaea by duplex polymerase chain reaction in isolates from patients with chromoblastomycosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 57:267-72. [PMID: 17338941 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 08/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fonsecaea pedrosoi is the most common etiologic agent of chromoblastomycosis. F. pedrosoi and other dematiaceous fungi are usually identified by morphologic studies. We have developed a duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the ribosomal DNA for rapid and more specific identification of the genus Fonsecaea. DNA samples from 103 isolates of Fonsecaea species and other dematiaceous fungi were amplified by PCR using universal and specific primers targeting ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA. Universal primers were used for detection of non-Fonsecaea DNA. Fonsecaea-specific PCR product was found in 70 (68.0%) isolates including 4 strains that did not develop conidiogenesis. Thirty non-Fonsecaea and 3 Fonsecaea compacta isolates were negative by duplex PCR. These results were confirmed by DNA sequencing analysis indicating the high specificity of the duplex PCR assay. In conclusion, the duplex PCR is a rapid and specific assay for identification of Fonsecaea isolates mainly for the strains that are difficult to identify by morphologic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Sueli de Andrade
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
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79
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Abstract
Tropical mycoses vary from the commonplace to the rare and exotic but they are seen regularly even as imported conditions and it is important to consider the diagnosis, where possible, in individuals who have visited remote areas. Patients may present many years after they have left an endemic area with subcutaneous or endemic systemic mycoses. In establishing a diagnosis, it is always important to take an accurate travel history so that the movements of the individual can be correlated with the potential risk for exposure to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick J Hay
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
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80
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Franzen AJ, Cunha MML, Batista EJO, Seabra SH, De Souza W, Rozental S. Effects of tricyclazole (5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol[3,4] benzothiazole), a specific DHN-melanin inhibitor, on the morphology of Fonsecaea pedrosoi conidia and sclerotic cells. Microsc Res Tech 2006; 69:729-37. [PMID: 16850396 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The influence of tricyclazole (5-methyl-1,2,4-triazol[3,4]benzothiazole), a specific DHN-melanin inhibitor, on the cell walls and intracellular structures of Fonsecaea pedrosoi conidia and sclerotic cells was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), deep-etching, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The treatment of the fungus with 16 microg mL(-1) of tricyclazole (TC) did not significantly affect fungal viability, but electron microscopy observations showed several important morphological differences between TC-treated and non-TC treated cells. Control sclerotic cells presented patched granules, with an average diameter of 47 nm, on the cell surface, which were absent in TC-treated cells. Also, TC-treated sclerotic cells showed an undulated relief. TC treatment leads to an accumulation of electron lucent vacuoles in the fungal cytoplasm of both conidia and sclerotic cells, and treated conidia observed by deep etching showed a relevant thickening of the fungal cell wall. Together, these observations support the previous data of our group that F. pedrosoi synthesizes melanin in intracellular organelles. In addition, we suggest that melanin is not only an extracellular constituent but could also be dispersing all over the cell walls and could have an effective role in cross-linking different cell wall compounds that help maintain the regular shape of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson J Franzen
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21949-900, Brazil
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81
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Naranjo F, Márquez I, Gendzekhadze K, Zhang S, Fernández-Mestre M, Yegres F, Richard-Yegres N, Navas T, Montagnani S, Ogando V, Layrisse Z. Human leukocyte antigen class I and MICA haplotypes in a multicase family with Cladophialophora carrionii chromoblastomycosis. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2006; 68:287-92. [PMID: 17026462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies carried out in an endemic semiarid region northwest of Venezuela at Falcon State have shown a prevalence of 15.4/1000 of chromoblastomycosis following traumatisms with xenophile vegetation infected with Cladophialophora carrionii. We performed high-resolution DNA typing of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, -B and -C and major histocompatibility complex class I chain related gene A (MICA) alleles and segregation analysis in 49 members of one extended family with 12 affected individuals, who have lived for approximately 70 years in this endemic zone. None of the alleles, haplotypes or genotypes is shared by all the patients. No deviation from the expected HLA haplotype distribution or association of chromoblastomycosis with HLA-A, -B and -C haplotypes was observed. Further, a haplotype-sharing transmission/disequilibria testing of 11 nuclear families did not give enough evidence to claim linkage (P = 0.398), suggesting that genes located in the short arm of chromosome 6 may not be relevant in the immune response toward infection with C. carrionii in this Venezuelan endemic zone. Deleted MICA alleles on HLA-B*4802 haplotypes were present among several members of the extended family, but only two of them were affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Naranjo
- Postgrado de Medicina Interna, Hospital General del Oeste, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
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82
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Palmeira VF, Kneipp LF, Alviano CS, dos Santos ALS. Secretory aspartyl peptidase activity from mycelia of the human fungal pathogen Fonsecaea pedrosoi: effect of HIV aspartyl proteolytic inhibitors. Res Microbiol 2006; 157:819-26. [PMID: 16959473 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fonsecaea pedrosoi is the principal causative agent of chromoblastomycosis, which is a chronic, often debilitating, suppurative and granulomatous mycosis. Very little is known about the hydrolytic enzymes produced by this human fungal pathogen. In the present study, we have identified extracellular proteolytic activity from F. pedrosoi mycelial forms when grown in chemically defined conditions. Secretory aspartyl peptidase activity was measured during 15 days of fungal growth in vitro using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the soluble substrate and extreme acidic pH (2.0). This activity was totally inhibited by pepstatin A, a classic aspartyl peptidase inhibitor. Conversely, metallo (o-phenanthroline), cysteine (E-64) and serine (PMSF) proteolytic inhibitors failed to restrain proteolytic activity. We also evaluated the effect of four distinct HIV aspartyl peptidase inhibitors on the secretory proteolytic activity of F. pedrosoi mycelia. Indinavir, ritonavir and nelfinavir powerfully inhibited extracellular aspartyl proteolytic activity by approximately 97, 96 and 87%, respectively, whereas saquinavir did not significantly interfere with BSA hydrolysis. Mycelial-derived secretory aspartyl peptidase activity cleaved other proteinaceous substrates, including human albumin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin and type I collagen. As previously reported by our group, conidia also produce secretory aspartyl peptidase. In this sense, we investigated the effect of pepstatin A on F. pedrosoi development. Pepstatin A was able to inhibit the growth of conidium and its transformation into mycelium. Taken together, our results suggest a possible participation of aspartyl peptidases in the essential fungal processes, such as growth, differentiation, nutrition and cleavage of relevant host proteinaceous components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanila Faber Palmeira
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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83
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Lupi O, Tyring SK, McGinnis MR. Tropical dermatology: fungal tropical diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 53:931-51, quiz 952-4. [PMID: 16310053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.10.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fungal infections are common in tropical countries and can have an important impact on public health. Lobomycosis is a common fungal infection in the tropical rain forest of South America, and paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) is a widespread and sometimes severe illness. Penicilliosis marneffei is an opportunistic infection of AIDS patients in southeast Asia. Chromoblastomycosis and mycetomas are causes of morbidity around the world. Sporotrichosis is a worldwide subcutaneous mycosis with a high incidence in tropical countries and is an important illness in immunocompromised patients. Rhinosporidiosis was classed as a fungal infection but is now considered a protistan parasite that belongs to the class Mesomycetozoea. It is included in this review because of its historical classification. In the past, most of these mycoses were restricted to specific geographic areas and natural reservoirs. There are, however, situations in which people from other regions come in contact with the pathogen. A common situation involves an accidental contamination of a traveler or worker who has contact with a tropical mycosis. Even minor trauma to the skin surface or inhalation of the fungal conidia can infect the patient. Thus recognition of the clinical symptoms and the dermatologic findings of the diseases, as well as the geographic distribution of the pathogens, can be critical in diagnosis of the tropical mycoses. This review discusses some of the more common tropical subcutaneous and systemic mycoses, as well as their signs, symptoms, methods of diagnosis, and therapies. LEARNING OBJECTIVE At the completion of this learning activity, participants should be able to recognize the clinical and histologic presentations of tropical fungal diseases with cutaneous manifestations and be familiar with the appropriate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Lupi
- Department of Medical Clinics (Dermatology), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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84
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Collopy-Junior I, Kneipp LF, da Silva FC, Rodrigues ML, Alviano CS, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Characterization of an ecto-ATPase activity in Fonsecaea pedrosoi. Arch Microbiol 2006; 185:355-62. [PMID: 16528535 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-006-0100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we characterized an ecto-ATPase activity in intact mycelial forms of Fonsecaea pedrosoi, the primary causative agent of chromoblastomycosis. In the presence of 1 mM EDTA, fungal cells hydrolyzed adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) at a rate of 84.6 +/- 11.3 nmol Pi h(-1) mg(-1) mycelial dry weight. The ecto-ATPase activity was increased at about five times (498.3 +/- 27.6 nmol Pi h(-1) mg(-1)) in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2, with values of Vmax and apparent Km for Mg-ATP(2-) corresponding to 541.9 +/- 48.6 nmol Pi h(-1) mg(-1) cellular dry weight and 1.9 +/- 0.2 mM, respectively. The Mg2+-stimulated ecto-ATPase activity was insensitive to inhibitors of intracellular ATPases such as vanadate (P-ATPases), bafilomycin A1(V-ATPases), and oligomycin (F-ATPases). Inhibitors of acid phosphatases (molybdate, vanadate, and fluoride) or alkaline phosphatases (levamizole) had no effect on the ecto-ATPase activity. The surface of the Mg2+ -stimulated ATPase in F. pedrosoi was confirmed by assays in which 4,4'-diisothiocyanostylbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), a membrane impermeant inhibitor, and suramin, an inhibitor of ecto-ATPase and antagonist of P2 purinoreceptors. Based on the differential expression of ecto-ATPases in the different morphological stages of F. pedrosoi, the putative role of this enzyme in fungal biology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Collopy-Junior
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21541-590, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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85
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Pérez-Blanco M, Hernández Valles R, García-Humbría L, Yegres F. Chromoblastomycosis in children and adolescents in the endemic area of the Falcón State, Venezuela. Med Mycol 2006; 44:467-71. [PMID: 16882614 DOI: 10.1080/13693780500543238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper describes 22 cases of chromoblastomycosis (CBM) caused by Cladophialophora carrionii in children and adolescents (2-19 years old). The patients were seen between 1992 and 2004 and all resided in a CBM endemic area in the semi-arid zone of the Falcón state, Venezuela. Twelve of the 22 patients (54.55%) had close relatives who also had CBM and 19 (86.36%) were male. Lesions consisted of erythematous papules with desquamation or squamous plaques (0.12-14.19 cm in diameter), located primarily on the upper limbs (77.27% of patients). Thirteen of the patients were treated with topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; 1% cream), seven with topical ajoene (0.5% gel) and two had electrodesiccation and/or fulguration. Two patients who did not respond to 5-FU were treated with oral itraconazole (100 mg/day for 1 month). Complete clinical and mycological remission was achieved in 17/20 (85%) of the patients treated with 5-FC, ajoene and electrodesiccation and/or fulguration. In addition, similar results were obtained with the two patients who received itraconazole therapy. These cases emphasize the importance of early diagnosis in difficult-to-treat mycotic diseases such as CBM. By early intervention we were able to employ topical treatment with a minimum of adverse effects to achieve a high percentage of favorable therapeutic responses. The patients were thus able to avoid the evolution of the chronic, deforming and incapacitation clinical manifestations associated with CBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pérez-Blanco
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda, Coro, Estado Falcón, Venezuela.
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86
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Marques SG, Silva CDMP, Saldanha PC, Rezende MA, Vicente VA, Queiroz-Telles F, Costa JML. Isolation of Fonsecaea pedrosoi from the Shell of the Babassu Coconut (Orbignya phalerata Martius) in the Amazon Region of Maranhao Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 47:305-11. [PMID: 17086164 DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.47.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fonsecaea pedrosoi, a dematiaceous fungus and the main causative agent of chromoblastomycosis, has been isolated in worldwide from different natural sources in regions where the disease is endemic. In the Amazon region of Maranhão, Brazil, where the disease is prevalent, the breaking of the babassu coconut (Orbignya phalerata Martius) represents an important agricultural activity. In order to determine the presence of this fungus on this plant and on other natural substrates, material was collected in the Fortaleza Village Municipality of Pinheiro, Maranhão, in April and September 2002. A total of 68 samples, including 18 (26.5%) obtained from the shell of the babassu coconut, were analyzed. Samples were cultured using a standard method. Isolates were identified based on macromorphological aspects of the colonies on Sabouraud dextrose agar and based on the micromorphology of the conidia after growth on potato dextrose agar. Exophiala sp. was the most prevalent fungus isolated from the different natural substrates analyzed, while Cladophialophora sp. was only isolated from decomposing wood. Fonsecaea pedrosoi was isolated from one sample of babassu coconut shell suggesting that this coconut represents an important source of infection of chromoblastomycosis during extraction of the plant product in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirlei Garcia Marques
- Nucleus of Tropical Pathology and Social Medicine, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Maranhão, Maranhão, MA, Brazil
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87
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P274 - Aspects épidémio-cliniques de la chromomycose au centre hospitalier universitaire d’Antananarivo. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(05)80003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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88
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Cunha MML, Franzen AJ, Alviano DS, Zanardi E, Alviano CS, De Souza W, Rozental S. Inhibition of melanin synthesis pathway by tricyclazole increases susceptibility ofFonsecaea pedrosoi against mouse macrophages. Microsc Res Tech 2005; 68:377-84. [PMID: 16358282 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fonsecaea pedrosoi produces melanin, a pigment related to virulence in pathogenic fungi. To understand the involvement of melanin in the protection of fungi, the authors used tricyclazole to inhibit the melanin pathway in F. pedrosoi. Experiments of pigmentation suggested that F. pedrosoi uniquely produces dihydroxynaphthalene-melanin. Pigments produced on cultures modified or not with tricyclazole were extracted by an alkali-acid method and submitted to infrared and ion exchange chromatography analysis; also cytochemistry analysis for cationized ferritin of whole cells was carried out. This group of experiments showed that the tricyclazole treatment on F. pedrosoi produced a melanin-like pigment, but less negatively charged and with less affinity for iron ions than that without the tricyclazole treatment, and this in turn lead to a less negatively charge cell wall surface. Scanning electron microscopy of such pigments showed that the melanin from control cultures maintained their hyphae-like structures, which have been described as "melanin-ghosts," whereas the tricyclazole pigment showed an amorphous surface. Interaction of conidia from cultures of F. pedrosoi, modified by tricyclazole or not, with peritoneal activated macrophages suggested that tricyclazole causes higher association of fungus with macrophages, weakens the fungus capacity to destroy the macrophages, and diminishes the resistance to dry fracture procedures on samples prepared for high resolution scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel M L Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, Brazil
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89
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Andrade TS, Castro LGM, Nunes RS, Gimenes VMF, Cury AE. Susceptibility of sequential Fonsecaea pedrosoi isolates from chromoblastomycosis patients to antifungal agents. Antimykotika-Empfindlichkeit von sequenziellen Fonsecaea pedrosoi-Isolaten von Chromoblastomykose-Patienten. Mycoses 2004; 47:216-21. [PMID: 15189187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2004.00984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen Fonsecaea pedrosoi isolates from six chromoblastomycosis patients were submitted to susceptibility testing. Some patients were undergoing treatment with itraconazole (ITZ) and/or cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen. The antifungal agents amphotericin B (AMB), ITZ, fluconazole (FCZ), ketoconazole (KCZ), 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), and terbinafine (TBF) were tested. AMB and FCZ showed less activity for all isolates. The most active agents were KCZ and TBF. Sequentially isolates from four patients presented ITZ minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) higher than the previous ones; for two of these patients, response to therapy with this agent was not observed. These results suggest development of microbiologic resistance to ITZ in four instances, two of them coinciding with lack of clinical response to this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia S Andrade
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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90
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Bravo F, Sanchez MR. New and re-emerging cutaneous infectious diseases in Latin America and other geographic areas. Dermatol Clin 2004; 21:655-68, viii. [PMID: 14717406 DOI: 10.1016/s0733-8635(03)00090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to environmental factors and inadequate public health measures in many developing countries, new tropical infections, as well as infections that were previously isolated to remote locales, are becoming more prevalent in several areas of Latin America. This article discusses some tropical infections and infestations with predominantly cutaneous manifestations. Previously uncommon diseases such as gnathostomiasis, mycobacteria ulcerans infection, paederus dermatitis, Balamuthia mandrillaris infection, and human T-lymphotrophic virus 1 dermatitis are increasingly being reported. Well-known tropical infections such as bartonellosis, leishmaniasis, chromomycosis, larva migrans, and larva currens are also becoming more prevalent. On the other hand, the incidence of Hansen's disease, the quintessential tropical infection, is dwindling all over the globe thanks to a highly effective eradication campaign launched by the World Health Organization. Because of increased immigration and tourist travel, the number of cases of these diseases in the United States may escalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bravo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Angamos 896, Miraflores, Lima 18, Perú
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91
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Alviano DS, Franzen AJ, Travassos LR, Holandino C, Rozental S, Ejzemberg R, Alviano CS, Rodrigues ML. Melanin from Fonsecaea pedrosoi induces production of human antifungal antibodies and enhances the antimicrobial efficacy of phagocytes. Infect Immun 2004; 72:229-37. [PMID: 14688100 PMCID: PMC344007 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.1.229-237.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fonsecaea pedrosoi is a fungal pathogen that produces melanin. The functions of melanin and its possible influence in the protective immunological response during infection by F. pedrosoi are not known. In this work, treatment of F. pedrosoi mycelia with proteases and glycosidases followed by a denaturing agent and hot concentrated acid left a black residue. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that this processed melanized residue resembled very closely the intact mycelium in shape and size. Melanin particles were also isolated from culture fluids of conidia or sclerotic forms of F. pedrosoi. Secreted melanins were reactive with sera from infected human patients, suggesting that F. pedrosoi synthesizes melanin in vivo. The antibodies against melanin were purified from patients' sera and analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence. They reacted with sclerotic cells from patients' lesions as well as with sclerotic bodies cultivated in vitro, conidia, mycelia, and digested residues. Treatment of F. pedrosoi with purified antibodies against melanin inhibited fungal growth in vitro. The interaction of F. pedrosoi with phagocytes in the presence of melanin resulted in higher levels of fungal internalization and destruction by host cells, which was accompanied by greater degrees of oxidative burst. Taken together, these results indicate that melanin from F. pedrosoi is an immunologically active fungal structure that activates humoral and cellular responses that could help the control of chromoblastomycosis by host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Alviano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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92
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Salgado CG, da Silva JP, Diniz JAP, da Silva MB, da Costa PF, Teixeira C, Salgado UI. Isolation of Fonsecaea pedrosoi from thorns of Mimosa pudica, a probable natural source of chromoblastomycosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46:33-6. [PMID: 15057332 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652004000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the isolation of Fonsecaea pedrosoi from thorns of the plant Mimosa pudica L. at the place of infection identified by one of our patients. Clinical diagnosis of chromoblastomycosis was established by direct microscopic examination and cultures from the patient's lesion. The same species was isolated from the patient and from the plant. Scanning electron microscopy of the surface of the thorns showed the characteristic conidial arrangement of F. pedrosoi. These data indicate that M. pudica could be a natural source of infection for the fungus F. pedrosoi.
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93
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Alviano DS, Kneipp LF, Lopes AH, Travassos LR, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Rodrigues ML, Alviano CS. Differentiation of Fonsecaea pedrosoi mycelial forms into sclerotic cells is induced by platelet-activating factor. Res Microbiol 2003; 154:689-95. [PMID: 14643407 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) has been shown to induce the differentiation of several cell types. In this work, we evaluated the effects of PAF on the formation of sclerotic cells of Fonsecaea pedrosoi, the major causative agent of chromoblastomycosis. Cell differentiation was evaluated by light and electron microscopy, which showed that treatment of mycelial forms with PAF results in the generation of sclerotic bodies with typical morphological characteristics. Biochemical features of PAF-induced sclerotic cells were also analyzed and compared with those from sclerotic forms induced by propranolol, a previously described differentiating agent of F. pedrosoi. Chemical analyses of lipid and carbohydrate components from PAF- or propranolol-induced sclerotic bodies revealed that palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acid components, while glucose, mannose, galactose and rhamnose were detected as the principal sugar constituents in these cells. Surface carbohydrate components of PAF- and propranolol-induced sclerotic cells were also evaluated, by flow cytometry analysis with twelve different lectins. The profile of reactivity of PAF- or propranolol-induced fungal cells with lectins was also very similar. Hydrolysis of the synthetic substrate p-nitrophenylphosphate by fungal cells demonstrated that the addition of PAF or propranolol to the mycelial cultures similarly promotes a significant increase in ecto-phosphatase activity. These results indicate that the differentiation of F. pedrosoi mycelial cells induced by PAF generates authentic sclerotic forms, as confirmed by the analysis of morphological and biochemical attributes. Since PAF is synthesized in normal conditions by the human host, these observations may have a correlation with the differentiation of F. pedrosoi in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Alviano
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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94
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Vidal MSM, de Castro LGM, Cavalecate SC, Lacaz CDS. Immunoprecipitation techniques and Elisa in the detection of anti-Fonsecaea pedrosoi antibodies in chromoblastomycosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2003; 45:315-8. [PMID: 14762630 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652003000600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic subcutaneous infection caused by several dematiaceous fungi. The most commonly etiological agent found in Brazil is Fonsecaea pedrosoi, which appears as thick walled, brownish colored cells with transverse and longitudinal division in the lesions, called "muriform cells". This disease is found worldwide but countries like Madagascar and Brazil have highest incidence. Diagnosis is made by clinical, direct and histopathologic examination and culture of specimens. Serological tests have been used to identify specific antibodies against Fonsecaea pedrosoi antigens, as well as immunotechniques have been used for CBM serological identification and diagnosis. In the present study double immunodiffusion (DID), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and immunoenzymatic test (ELISA) have been used to evaluate humoral immune response in patients with CBM caused by F. pedrosoi. Metabolic antigen was used for immunoprecipitation tests (DID and CIE) while somatic antigen for ELISA. Our results demonstrated 53% sensitivity and 96% specificity for DID, while CIE presented 68% sensitivity and 90.5% specificity. ELISA demonstrated 78% sensibility and 83% specificity. Serological tests can be a useful tool to study different aspects of CBM, such as helping differential diagnosis, when culture of the pathogenic agent is impossible.
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95
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Hamza SH, Mercado PJ, Skelton HG, Smith KJ. An unusual dematiaceous fungal infection of the skin caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi: a case report and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2003; 30:340-3. [PMID: 12753177 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2003.00067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A case of an unusual dematiaceous fungal infection of the skin in a 43-year-old man with diabetes mellitus treated with steroids for reactive airway disease is presented. He developed chromoblastomycosis in the left wrist and was treated with antifungals and multiple surgical excisions. RESULTS Histologic examination of the excised tissue revealed widespread suppurative granulomatous inflammation in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Thick-walled internally septated brown fungal cells were found both inside multinucleated giant cells and extracellularly. Non-to-lightly pigmented septate hyphal elements, however, were also identified with special stains and, in retrospect, on one of the routinely stained sections. In culture, the organism was reported to initially grow as soft white colonies that soon turned to black and velvety. CONCLUSIONS The two unusual features of this case include the controversial report of the organism's initial growth in culture as soft white colonies and the presence of hyphal elements in addition to the sclerotic bodies in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. This has not been reported before in human cases of dermal infection by Fonsecaea pedrosoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sate H Hamza
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Pathology, Birmingham, AL, USA
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96
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Polak A. Antifungal therapy--state of the art at the beginning of the 21st century. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2003; Spec No:59-190. [PMID: 12675476 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7974-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The most relevant information on the present state of the art of antifungal chemotherapy is reviewed in this chapter. For dermatomycoses a variety of topical antifungals are available, and safe and efficacious systemic treatment, especially with the fungicidal drug terbinafine, is possible. The duration of treatment can be drastically reduced. Substantial progress in the armamentarium of drugs for invasive fungal infections has been made, and a new class of antifungals, echinocandins, is now in clinical use. The following drugs in oral and/or intravenous formulations are available: the broad spectrum polyene amphotericin B with its new "clothes"; the sterol biosynthesis inhibitors fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole; the glucan synthase inhibitor caspofungin; and the combination partner flucytosine. New therapy schedules have been studied; combination therapy has found a significant place in the treatment of severely compromised patients, and the field of prevention and empiric therapy is fast moving. Guidelines exist nowadays for the treatment of various fungal diseases and maintenance therapy. New approaches interfering with host defenses or pathogenicity of fungal cells are being investigated, and molecular biologists are looking for new targets studying the genomics of pathogenic fungi.
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97
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Abstract
Subcutaneous mycoses include a heterogeneous group of fungal infections that develop at the site of transcutaneous trauma. Infection slowly evolves as the etiologic agent survives and adapts to the adverse host tissue environment. Diagnosis rests on clinical presentation, histopathology, and culture of the etiologic agents. This article considers sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis, and mycetoma.
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98
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Esquenazi D, Wigg MD, Miranda MMFS, Rodrigues HM, Tostes JBF, Rozental S, da Silva AJR, Alviano CS. Antimicrobial and antiviral activities of polyphenolics from Cocos nucifera Linn. (Palmae) husk fiber extract. Res Microbiol 2002; 153:647-52. [PMID: 12558183 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2508(02)01377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The decoction of Cocos nucifera L. husk fiber has been used in northeastern Brazil traditional medicine for treatment of diarrhea and arthritis. Water extract obtained from coconut husk fiber and fractions from adsorption chromatography revealed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The crude extract and one of the fractions rich in catechin also showed inhibitory activity against acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1-ACVr). All fractions were inactive against the fungi Candida albicans, Fonsecaea pedrosoi and Cryptococcus neoformans. Catechin and epicatechin together with condensed tannins (B-type procyanidins) were demonstrated to be the components of the water extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Esquenazi
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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99
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Hautmann G, Hercogova J, Lotti T. Unusual employ of laser in dermatology: to know, to be able to do, to be. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002; 16:210-3. [PMID: 12195557 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2002.00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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100
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da Silva JP, Alviano DS, Alviano CS, de Souza W, Travassos LR, Diniz JAP, Rozental S. Comparison of Fonsecaea pedrosoi sclerotic cells obtained in vivo and in vitro: ultrastructure and antigenicity. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 33:63-9. [PMID: 11985971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic form of Fonsecaea pedrosoi from the hyperkeratotic layer of the skin was obtained from four patients with chromoblastomycosis. Primary cultures containing hyphae and conidia were successfully converted into sclerotic cells in the presence of 800 microM propranolol and low pH as described before. The morphology of sclerotic cells of F. pedrosoi obtained in vivo and in vitro was analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Their antigenicity was also compared by immunofluorescence microscopy and ELISA assays, using serum samples from untreated patients infected with F. pedrosoi. Due to the similarity of the sclerotic cells obtained in vivo and in vitro, the latter can be more adequately in studies of host-parasite interactions in chromoblastomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge P da Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco G, CCS, RJ 21949-970, Brazil
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