51
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Zuurbier CJ, Bertrand L, Beauloye CR, Andreadou I, Ruiz-Meana M, Jespersen NR, Kula-Alwar D, Prag HA, Eric Botker H, Dambrova M, Montessuit C, Kaambre T, Liepinsh E, Brookes PS, Krieg T. Cardiac metabolism as a driver and therapeutic target of myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5937-5954. [PMID: 32384583 PMCID: PMC7294140 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing infarct size during a cardiac ischaemic‐reperfusion episode is still of paramount importance, because the extension of myocardial necrosis is an important risk factor for developing heart failure. Cardiac ischaemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI) is in principle a metabolic pathology as it is caused by abruptly halted metabolism during the ischaemic episode and exacerbated by sudden restart of specific metabolic pathways at reperfusion. It should therefore not come as a surprise that therapy directed at metabolic pathways can modulate IRI. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of important metabolic pathways as therapeutic targets to combat cardiac IRI. Activating metabolic pathways such as glycolysis (eg AMPK activators), glucose oxidation (activating pyruvate dehydrogenase complex), ketone oxidation (increasing ketone plasma levels), hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (O‐GlcNAcylation; administration of glucosamine/glutamine) and deacetylation (activating sirtuins 1 or 3; administration of NAD+‐boosting compounds) all seem to hold promise to reduce acute IRI. In contrast, some metabolic pathways may offer protection through diminished activity. These pathways comprise the malate‐aspartate shuttle (in need of novel specific reversible inhibitors), mitochondrial oxygen consumption, fatty acid oxidation (CD36 inhibitors, malonyl‐CoA decarboxylase inhibitors) and mitochondrial succinate metabolism (malonate). Additionally, protecting the cristae structure of the mitochondria during IR, by maintaining the association of hexokinase II or creatine kinase with mitochondria, or inhibiting destabilization of FOF1‐ATPase dimers, prevents mitochondrial damage and thereby reduces cardiac IRI. Currently, the most promising and druggable metabolic therapy against cardiac IRI seems to be the singular or combined targeting of glycolysis, O‐GlcNAcylation and metabolism of ketones, fatty acids and succinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coert J Zuurbier
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph R Beauloye
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marisol Ruiz-Meana
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), CIBER-CV, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-CV, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Hiran A Prag
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hans Eric Botker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Christophe Montessuit
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tuuli Kaambre
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Edgars Liepinsh
- Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Paul S Brookes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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McCoin CS, Gillingham MB, Knotts TA, Vockley J, Ono-Moore KD, Blackburn ML, Norman JE, Adams SH. Blood cytokine patterns suggest a modest inflammation phenotype in subjects with long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14037. [PMID: 30912279 PMCID: PMC6434073 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive cellular accumulation or exposure to lipids such as long‐chain acylcarnitines (LCACs), ceramides, and others is implicated in cell stress and inflammation. Such a situation might manifest when there is a significant mismatch between long‐chain fatty acid (LCFA) availability versus storage and oxidative utilization; for example, in cardiac ischemia, increased LCACs may contribute to tissue cell stress and infarct damage. Perturbed LCFAβ‐oxidation is also seen in fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAODs). FAODs typically manifest with fasting‐ or stress‐induced symptoms, and patients can manage many symptoms through control of diet and physical activity. However, episodic clinical events involving cardiac and skeletal muscle myopathies are common and can present without an obvious molecular trigger. We have speculated that systemic or tissue‐specific lipotoxicity and activation of inflammation pathways contribute to long‐chain FAOD pathophysiology. With this in mind, we characterized inflammatory phenotype (14 blood plasma cytokines) in resting, overnight‐fasted (~10 h), or exercise‐challenged subjects with clinically well‐controlled long‐chain FAODs (n = 12; 10 long‐chain 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase [LCHAD]; 2 carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 [CPT2]) compared to healthy controls (n = 12). Across experimental conditions, concentrations of three cytokines were modestly but significantly increased in FAOD (IFNγ, IL‐8, and MDC), and plasma levels of IL‐10 (considered an inflammation‐dampening cytokine) were significantly decreased. These novel results indicate that while asymptomatic FAOD patients do not display gross body‐wide inflammation even after moderate exercise, β‐oxidation deficiencies might be associated with chronic and subtle activation of “sterile inflammation.” Further studies are warranted to determine if inflammation is more apparent in poorly controlled long‐chain FAOD or when long‐chain FAOD‐associated symptoms are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin S McCoin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Medical Center, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Melanie B Gillingham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Trina A Knotts
- School of Medicine Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Michael L Blackburn
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jennifer E Norman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Sean H Adams
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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53
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Andrianova NV, Popkov VA, Klimenko NS, Tyakht AV, Baydakova GV, Frolova OY, Zorova LD, Pevzner IB, Zorov DB, Plotnikov EY. Microbiome-Metabolome Signature of Acute Kidney Injury. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10040142. [PMID: 32260384 PMCID: PMC7241241 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10040142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota play a considerable role in the host’s organism, broadly affecting its organs and tissues. The kidney can also be the target of the microbiome and its metabolites (especially short-chain fatty acids), which can influence renal tissue, both by direct action and through modulation of the immune response. This impact is crucial, especially during kidney injury, because the modulation of inflammation or reparative processes could affect the severity of the resulting damage or recovery of kidney function. In this study, we compared the composition of rat gut microbiota with its outcome, in experimental acute ischemic kidney injury and named the bacterial taxa that play putatively negative or positive roles in the progression of ischemic kidney injury. We investigated the link between serum creatinine, urea, and a number of metabolites (acylcarnitines and amino acids), and the relative abundance of various bacterial taxa in rat feces. Our analysis revealed an increase in levels of 32 acylcarnitines in serum, after renal ischemia/reperfusion and correlation with creatinine and urea, while levels of three amino acids (tyrosine, tryptophan, and proline) had decreased. We detected associations between bacterial abundance and metabolite levels, using a compositionality-aware approach—Rothia and Staphylococcus levels were positively associated with creatinine and urea levels, respectively. Our findings indicate that the gut microbial community contains specific members whose presence might ameliorate or, on the contrary, aggravate ischemic kidney injury. These bacterial taxa could present perspective targets for therapeutical interventions in kidney pathologies, including acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda V. Andrianova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Vasily A. Popkov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Natalia S. Klimenko
- Atlas Biomed Group - Knomics LLC, Skolkovo Innovation center, Moscow 143026, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Tyakht
- Atlas Biomed Group - Knomics LLC, Skolkovo Innovation center, Moscow 143026, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | | | - Olga Y. Frolova
- Institute of Mitoengineering MSU» LLC, Leninskiye Gory 1, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ljubava D. Zorova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Irina B. Pevzner
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitry B. Zorov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Correspondence: (D.B.Z.); (E.Y.P.); Tel.: +7-495-939-5944 (E.Y.P.)
| | - Egor Y. Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Correspondence: (D.B.Z.); (E.Y.P.); Tel.: +7-495-939-5944 (E.Y.P.)
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54
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Makrecka‐Kuka M, Liepinsh E, Murray AJ, Lemieux H, Dambrova M, Tepp K, Puurand M, Käämbre T, Han WH, Goede P, O'Brien KA, Turan B, Tuncay E, Olgar Y, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM, Boardman NT, Wüst RCI, Larsen TS. Altered mitochondrial metabolism in the insulin-resistant heart. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13430. [PMID: 31840389 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus can ultimately result in various complications, including diabetic cardiomyopathy. In this case, cardiac dysfunction is characterized by metabolic disturbances such as impaired glucose oxidation and an increased reliance on fatty acid (FA) oxidation. Mitochondrial dysfunction has often been associated with the altered metabolic function in the diabetic heart, and may result from FA-induced lipotoxicity and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. In this review, we address the metabolic changes in the diabetic heart, focusing on the loss of metabolic flexibility and cardiac mitochondrial function. We consider the alterations observed in mitochondrial substrate utilization, bioenergetics and dynamics, and highlight new areas of research which may improve our understanding of the cause and effect of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes. Finally, we explore how lifestyle (nutrition and exercise) and pharmacological interventions can prevent and treat metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew J. Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Hélène Lemieux
- Department of Medicine Faculty Saint‐Jean, Women and Children's Health Research Institute University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | | | - Kersti Tepp
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Tallinn Estonia
| | - Marju Puurand
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Tallinn Estonia
| | - Tuuli Käämbre
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Tallinn Estonia
| | - Woo H. Han
- Faculty Saint‐Jean University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Paul Goede
- Laboratory of Endocrinology Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism Amsterdam University Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Katie A. O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Belma Turan
- Laboratory of Endocrinology Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism Amsterdam University Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Erkan Tuncay
- Department of Biophysics Faculty of Medicine Ankara University Ankara Turkey
| | - Yusuf Olgar
- Department of Biophysics Faculty of Medicine Ankara University Ankara Turkey
| | - Anabela P. Rolo
- Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Palmeira
- Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Neoma T. Boardman
- Cardiovascular Research Group Department of Medical Biology UiT the Arctic University of Norway Tromso Norway
| | - Rob C. I. Wüst
- Laboratory for Myology Department of Human Movement Sciences Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences Amsterdam Movement Sciences Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Terje S. Larsen
- Cardiovascular Research Group Department of Medical Biology UiT the Arctic University of Norway Tromso Norway
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55
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Schneider J, Han WH, Matthew R, Sauvé Y, Lemieux H. Age and sex as confounding factors in the relationship between cardiac mitochondrial function and type 2 diabetes in the Nile Grass rat. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228710. [PMID: 32084168 PMCID: PMC7034865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study revisits the role of cardiac mitochondrial adjustments during the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), while considering age and sex as potential confounding factors. We used the Nile Grass rats (NRs) as the animal model. After weaning, animals were fed either a Standard Rodent Chow Diet (SRCD group) or a Mazuri Chinchilla Diet (MCD group) consisting of high-fiber and low-fat content. Both males and females in the SRCD group, exhibited increased body mass, body mass index, and plasma insulin compared to the MCD group animals. However, the females were able to preserve their fasting blood glucose throughout the age range on both diets, while the males showed significant hyperglycemia starting at 6 months in the SRCD group. In the males, a higher citrate synthase activity-a marker of mitochondrial content-was measured at 2 months in the SRCD compared to the MCD group, and this was followed by a decline with age in the SRCD group only. In contrast, females preserved their mitochondrial content throughout the age range. In the males exclusively, the complex IV capacity expressed independently of mitochondrial content varied with age in a diet-specific pattern; the capacity was elevated at 2 months in the SRCD group, and at 6 months in the MCD group. In addition, females, but not males, were able to adjust their capacity to oxidize long-chain fatty acid in accordance with the fat content of the diet. Our results show clear sexual dimorphism in the variation of mitochondrial content and oxidative phosphorylation capacity with diet and age. The SRCD not only leads to T2DM but also exacerbates age-related cardiac mitochondrial defects. These observations, specific to male NRs, might reflect deleterious dietary-induced changes on their metabolism making them more prone to the cardiovascular consequences of aging and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Schneider
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Woo Hyun Han
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rebecca Matthew
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yves Sauvé
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hélène Lemieux
- Faculty Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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56
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Fatica EM, DeLeonibus GA, House A, Kodger JV, Pearce RW, Shah RR, Levi L, Sandlers Y. Barth Syndrome: Exploring Cardiac Metabolism with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Metabolites 2019; 9:E306. [PMID: 31861102 PMCID: PMC6950123 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9120306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome (BTHS) is an X-linked recessive multisystem disorder caused by mutations in the TAZ gene (TAZ, G 4.5, OMIM 300394) that encodes for the acyltransferase tafazzin. This protein is highly expressed in the heart and plays a significant role in cardiolipin biosynthesis. Heart disease is the major clinical manifestation of BTHS with a high incidence in early life. Although the genetic basis of BTHS and tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin deficiency in BTHS-affected individuals are well-established, downstream metabolic changes in cardiac metabolism are still uncovered. Our study aimed to characterize TAZ-induced metabolic perturbations in the heart. Control (PGP1-TAZWT) and TAZ mutant (PGP1-TAZ517delG) iPS-CM were incubated with 13C6-glucose and 13C5-glutamine and incorporation of 13C into downstream Krebs cycle intermediates was traced. Our data reveal that TAZ517delG induces accumulation of cellular long chain acylcarnitines and overexpression of fatty acid binding protein (FABP4). We also demonstrate that TAZ517delG induces metabolic alterations in pathways related to energy production as reflected by high glucose uptake, an increase in glycolytic lactate production and a decrease in palmitate uptake. Moreover, despite mitochondrial dysfunction, in the absence of glucose and fatty acids, TAZ517delG-iPS-CM can use glutamine as a carbon source to replenish the Krebs cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M. Fatica
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (E.M.F.); (G.A.D.); (A.H.); (J.V.K.); (R.W.P.); (R.R.S.)
| | - Gina A. DeLeonibus
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (E.M.F.); (G.A.D.); (A.H.); (J.V.K.); (R.W.P.); (R.R.S.)
| | - Alisha House
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (E.M.F.); (G.A.D.); (A.H.); (J.V.K.); (R.W.P.); (R.R.S.)
| | - Jillian V. Kodger
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (E.M.F.); (G.A.D.); (A.H.); (J.V.K.); (R.W.P.); (R.R.S.)
| | - Ryan W. Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (E.M.F.); (G.A.D.); (A.H.); (J.V.K.); (R.W.P.); (R.R.S.)
| | - Rohan R. Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (E.M.F.); (G.A.D.); (A.H.); (J.V.K.); (R.W.P.); (R.R.S.)
| | - Liraz Levi
- Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Yana Sandlers
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (E.M.F.); (G.A.D.); (A.H.); (J.V.K.); (R.W.P.); (R.R.S.)
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57
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Almannai M, Alfadhel M, El-Hattab AW. Carnitine Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183251. [PMID: 31500110 PMCID: PMC6766900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnitine plays essential roles in intermediary metabolism. In non-vegetarians, most of carnitine sources (~75%) are obtained from diet whereas endogenous synthesis accounts for around 25%. Renal carnitine reabsorption along with dietary intake and endogenous production maintain carnitine homeostasis. The precursors for carnitine biosynthesis are lysine and methionine. The biosynthetic pathway involves four enzymes: 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), 3-hydroxy-6-N-trimethyllysine aldolase (HTMLA), 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABADH), and γ-butyrobetaine dioxygenase (BBD). OCTN2 (organic cation/carnitine transporter novel type 2) transports carnitine into the cells. One of the major functions of carnitine is shuttling long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix for β-oxidation. This transport is achieved by mitochondrial carnitine–acylcarnitine cycle, which consists of three enzymes: carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I), carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II). Carnitine inborn errors of metabolism could result from defects in carnitine biosynthesis, carnitine transport, or mitochondrial carnitine–acylcarnitine cycle. The presentation of these disorders is variable but common findings include hypoketotic hypoglycemia, cardio(myopathy), and liver disease. In this review, the metabolism and homeostasis of carnitine are discussed. Then we present details of different inborn errors of carnitine metabolism, including clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options. At the end, we discuss some of the causes of secondary carnitine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Almannai
- Section of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ayman W El-Hattab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE.
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58
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Metabolomic characterization of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11742. [PMID: 31409856 PMCID: PMC6692400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study was to discover the metabolomic changes in plasma that occur during human Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) injury and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of plasma metabolomic biomarkers for determination of myocardial injury. Deciphering the details of plasma metabolome in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients before and after primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PPCI) would allow for better understanding of the mechanisms involved during acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in humans. We performed a detailed non-targeted metabolomic analysis of plasma from 27 STEMI patients who had undergone PPCI in the first 48 hrs employing a LC-MS approach. Plasma metabolome at ischemic condition was compared to multiple time points after PPCI which allowed us to focus on changes in the reperfusion phase. Classification of the differential metabolites based on chemical taxonomy identified a major role for lipids and lipid-derived molecules. Biochemical pathway analysis identified valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, vitamin B6 metabolism and glutathione metabolism as the most significant metabolic pathways representing early response to I/R injury. We also identified phenyl alanine, tyrosine, linoleic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism as the most significant pathways representing late response to I/R injury. A panel of three metabolites pentadecanoic acid, linoleoyl carnitine and 1-linoleoylglycerophosphocholine was discovered to have diagnostic value in determining the extent of I/R injury based on cardiac biomarkers. Using a non-targeted LC-MS approach, we have successfully generated the most comprehensive data to date on significant changes in the plasma metabolome in STEMI patients who had undergone PPCI in the first 48 hrs showing that lipid metabolites represent the largest cohort of molecules undergoing significant change.
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59
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López-Suárez O, Concheiro-Guisán A, Sánchez-Pintos P, Cocho JA, Fernández Lorenzo JR, Couce ML. Acylcarnitine profile in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: The value of butyrylcarnitine as a prognostic marker. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15221. [PMID: 30985723 PMCID: PMC6485840 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal prognostic markers evaluating early neuroprotective interventions in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) are lacking. This study was designed to assess the prognostic value of acylcarnitines in neonatal HIE.An observational cohort study was conducted over 10 years in 67 HIE. Variables analyzed included sex, blood cord pH, Apgar score, hypothermia treatment (yes/no), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels, and clinical outcome (neurological examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], and electroencephalogram) before discharge and at 6 months. Acylcarnitine profiles were analyzed by tandem-mass spectrometry on dried-blood spots collected on day 3 for newborn screening. A cohort of healthy newborns was used as control group.HIE patients had significantly increased C4, C5, C5:1, C6, C6-OH, C8 levels (all P < .01) and decreased long-chain acylcarnitine levels (P < .03). Hypothermia treatment was associated with a decrease in C4 levels (p = 0.005) and an increase in most long-chain acylcarnitine levels (P < .01). A significant association was found between C4 levels and NSE on day 1 of hypothermia treatment (P = .002) and abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at discharge (P = .037). In the hypothermia group, C4 levels decreased in patients with favorable outcomes but remained high in those who progressed unfavorably.C4 appears to be a good prognostic marker in HIE, as blood levels correlated with NSE levels and abnormal MRI findings. Furthermore, hypothermia did not lead to decreased levels in patients with adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalla López-Suárez
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela
| | - Ana Concheiro-Guisán
- Neonatal Unit, Pediatric Service, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Health Research Institute of Vigo (IVI), Vigo
| | - Paula Sánchez-Pintos
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic Diseases Unit (UDyTEMC), Department of Pediatrics, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), CIBERER, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose A. Cocho
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic Diseases Unit (UDyTEMC), Department of Pediatrics, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), CIBERER, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José R. Fernández Lorenzo
- Neonatal Unit, Pediatric Service, Hospital Alvaro Cunqueiro, Health Research Institute of Vigo (IVI), Vigo
| | - María L. Couce
- Neonatal Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic Diseases Unit (UDyTEMC), Department of Pediatrics, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), CIBERER, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Characterizing acyl-carnitine biosignatures for schizophrenia: a longitudinal pre- and post-treatment study. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:19. [PMID: 30655505 PMCID: PMC6336814 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjects with schizophrenia have high risks of metabolic abnormalities and bioenergetic dysfunction. Acyl-carnitines involved in bioenergetic pathways provide potential biomarker targets for identifying early changes and onset characteristics in subjects with schizophrenia. We measured 29 acyl-carnitine levels within well-characterized plasma samples of adults with schizophrenia and healthy controls using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Subjects with schizophrenia were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment. A total of 225 subjects with schizophrenia and 175 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled and 156 subjects completed the 8-week follow-up. With respect to plasma acyl-carnitines, the individuals with schizophrenia at baseline showed significantly higher levels of C4-OH (C3-DC) and C16:1, but lower concentrations of C3, C8, C10, C10:1, C10:2, C12, C14:1-OH, C14:2, and C14:2-OH when compared with healthy controls after controlling for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and drinking. For the comparison between pretreatment and posttreatment subjects, all detected acyl-carnitines were significantly different between the two groups. Only the concentration of C3 and C4 were increased after selection by variable importance in projection (VIP) value >1.0 and false discovery rate (FDR) q value <0.05. A panel of acyl-carnitines were selected for the ability to differentiate subjects of schizophrenia at baseline from controls, pre- from post-treatment, and posttreatment from controls. Our data implicated acyl-carnitines with abnormalities in cellular bioenergetics of schizophrenia. Therefore, acyl-carnitines can be potential targets for future investigations into their roles in the pathoetiology of schizophrenia.
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Li W, Yao M, Wang R, Shi Y, Hou L, Hou Z, Lian K, Zhang N, Wang Y, Li W, Wang W, Jiang L. Profile of cardiac lipid metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:231. [PMID: 30301464 PMCID: PMC6178266 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipotoxicity contributes to diabetic myocardial disease. In this study, we investigated the lipid species contributing to lipotoxicity and the relationship with peroxisomal β-oxidation in the heart of diabetic mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a Diabetic group (intraperitoneal injection of STZ) and a Control group (saline). Cardiac function indexes [ejection fraction (EF%) and fractional shortening (FS%)] were evaluated by echocardiography. Morphological changes in the myocardial tissues and mitochondria were assessed by electron microscopy following hematoxylin and eosin staining. Blood myocardial injury indexes and lipids were measured using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Cardiac ATP levels were analyzed using a commercially available kit. mRNA levels of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), palmitoyl transferase 1α (CPT-1α), acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (AOX1), D-bifunctional protein (DBP), 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase A (THLA), uncoupling protein (UCP) 2 and UCP3 were investigated by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. FABP3 protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting. Non-targeted metabolomics by LC-MS/MS was applied to evaluate profile of lipid metabolism in heart. RESULTS Compared with controls, EF% and FS% were significantly reduced in diabetic mice. Furthermore, blood myocardial injury indexes and lipids, as well as myocardial mitochondrial cristae fusion were significantly increased. In the diabetic heart, GLUT4 expression was decreased, while expression of FABP3, CPT-1α, AOX1, DBP, THLA, UCP2 and UCP3 was increased, and ATP levels were reduced. In total, 113 lipids exhibited significant differential expression (FC > 2, P < 0.05) between the two groups, with sphingolipid metabolism identified as the top-ranking affected canonical pathway. In the diabetic heart, long-chain hydroxyl-acylcarnitines (8/8) and acylcarnitines (6/11), triglycerides (2/5), and diacyglycerol (3/7) were upregulated, while very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (5/6) including eicosapentaenoate, docosahexaenoate, phosphocholine (11/19), lysophosphocholine (5/9), phosphoethanolamine (7/11), lysophosphoethanolamine (7/10), phosphatidylglycerol (6/8), phosphoserine (6/8), phosphatidylinositol (2/2), phosphatidic acid (1/1), lysophosphatidic acid (1/1) and sphingomyelin (6/6) were downregulated. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the increase in toxic lipid species and decreased in PUFAs undergoing peroxisomal β-oxidation, combined with the reduction in phospholipids cause mitochondrial injury and subsequent uncoupling of phosphorylation and ATP deficiency; thereby leading to diabetic heart dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neurobiology and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neurobiology and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neurobiology and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neurobiology and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Lianguo Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neurobiology and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Ziyuan Hou
- Anyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 01 Ziyou Road, Anyang, 455000 Henan Province China
| | - Kaoqi Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neurobiology and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neurobiology and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neurobiology and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neurobiology and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neurobiology and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
| | - Lingling Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Key Laboratory of Neurobiology and Vascular Biology, China Administration of Education, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017 China
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Komlódi T, Sobotka O, Krumschnabel G, Bezuidenhout N, Hiller E, Doerrier C, Gnaiger E. Comparison of Mitochondrial Incubation Media for Measurement of Respiration and Hydrogen Peroxide Production. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1782:137-155. [PMID: 29850998 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7831-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-Resolution FluoRespirometry is a well-established and versatile approach to study mitochondrial oxygen uptake amperometrically in combination with measurement of fluorescence signals. One of the most frequently applied fluorescent dyes is Amplex UltraRed for monitoring rates of hydrogen peroxide production. Selection of an appropriate mitochondrial respiration medium is of crucial importance, the primary role of which is to support and preserve optimum mitochondrial function. For harmonization of results in a common database, we compared respiration and H2O2 production of permeabilized HEK 293T cells measured in MiR05 (sucrose and K-lactobionate), Buffer Z (K-MES and KCl), MiR07 (combination of MiR05 and Buffer Z), and MiRK03 (KCl). Respiration in a simple substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration protocol was identical in MiR05, Buffer Z, and MiR07, whereas oxygen fluxes detected with MiRK03 were consistently lower in all coupling and electron transfer-pathway states. H2O2 production rates were comparable in all four media, while assay sensitivity was comparatively low with MiR05 and MiR07 and higher but declining over time in the other two media. Stability of assay sensitivity over experimental time was highest in MiR05 but slightly less in MiR07. Taken together, MiR05 and Buffer Z yield comparable results on respiration and H2O2 production. Despite the lower sensitivity, MiR05 was selected as the medium of choice for FluoRespirometry due to the highest stability of the sensitivity or calibration constant observed in experiments over periods of up to 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ondrej Sobotka
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Nicole Bezuidenhout
- ESSM UCT Dept. of Human Biology Sports Science, Institute of South Africa Newlands, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Erich Gnaiger
- Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Mitochondrial Physiology, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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DuSablon A, Parks J, Whitehurst K, Estes H, Chase R, Vlahos E, Sharma U, Wert D, Virag J. EphrinA1-Fc attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189307. [PMID: 29236774 PMCID: PMC5728502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
EphrinA1, a membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinase ligand expressed in healthy cardiomyocytes, is lost in injured cells following myocardial infarction. Previously, we have reported that a single intramyocardial injection of chimeric ephrinA1-Fc at the time of ischemia reduced injury in the nonreperfused myocardium by 50% at 4 days post-MI by reducing apoptosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. In a clinically relevant model of acute ischemia (30min)/reperfusion (24hr or 4 days) injury, we now demonstrate that ephrinA1-Fc reduces infarct size by 46% and completely preserves cardiac function (ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and chamber dimensions) in the short-term (24hrs post-MI) as well as long-term (4 days). At 24 hours post-MI, diminished serum inflammatory cell chemoattractants in ephrinA1-Fc-treated mice reduces recruitment of neutrophils and leukocytes into the myocardium. Differences in relative expression levels of EphA-Rs are described in the context of their putative role in mediating cardioprotection. Validation by Western blotting of selected targets from mass spectrometry analyses of pooled samples of left ventricular tissue homogenates from mice that underwent 30min ischemia and 24hr of reperfusion (I/R) indicates that ephrinA1-Fc administration alters several regulators of signaling pathways that attenuate apoptosis, promote autophagy, and shift from FA metabolism in favor of increased glycolysis to optimize anaerobic ATP production. Taken together, reduced injury is due a combination of adaptive metabolic reprogramming, improved cell survival, and decreased inflammatory cell recruitment, suggesting that ephrinA1-Fc enhances the capacity of the heart to withstand an ischemic insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin DuSablon
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Justin Parks
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - K’Shylah Whitehurst
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Heather Estes
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert Chase
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eleftherios Vlahos
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Uma Sharma
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Wert
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jitka Virag
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liepinsh E, Makrecka-Kuka M, Makarova E, Volska K, Vilks K, Sevostjanovs E, Antone U, Kuka J, Vilskersts R, Lola D, Loza E, Grinberga S, Dambrova M. Acute and long-term administration of palmitoylcarnitine induces muscle-specific insulin resistance in mice. Biofactors 2017; 43:718-730. [PMID: 28759135 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acylcarnitine accumulation has been linked to perturbations in energy metabolism pathways. In this study, we demonstrate that long-chain (LC) acylcarnitines are active metabolites involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism in vivo. Single-dose administration of palmitoylcarnitine (PC) in fed mice induced marked insulin insensitivity, decreased glucose uptake in muscles, and elevated blood glucose levels. Increase in the content of LC acylcarnitine induced insulin resistance by impairing Akt phosphorylation at Ser473. The long-term administration of PC using slow-release osmotic minipumps induced marked hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance, suggesting that the permanent accumulation of LC acylcarnitines can accelerate the progression of insulin resistance. The decrease of acylcarnitine content significantly improved glucose tolerance in a mouse model of diet-induced glucose intolerance. In conclusion, we show that the physiological increase in content of acylcarnitines ensures the transition from a fed to fasted state in order to limit glucose metabolism in the fasted state. In the fed state, the inability of insulin to inhibit LC acylcarnitine production induces disturbances in glucose uptake and metabolism. The reduction of acylcarnitine content could be an effective strategy to improve insulin sensitivity. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(5):718-730, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elina Makarova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kristine Volska
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Karlis Vilks
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | - Janis Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Reinis Vilskersts
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Daina Lola
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Einars Loza
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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miR-125a, miR-139 and miR-324 contribute to Urocortin protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8898. [PMID: 28827743 PMCID: PMC5566224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09198-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urocortin 1 and 2 (Ucn-1 and Ucn-2) have established protective actions against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injuries. However, little is known about their role in posttranscriptional regulation in the process of cardioprotection. Herein, we investigated whether microRNAs play a role in urocortin-induced cardioprotection. Administration of Ucn-1 and Ucn-2 at the beginning of reperfusion significantly restored cardiac function, as evidenced ex vivo in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts and in vivo in rat subjected to I/R. Experiments using microarray and qRT-PCR determined that the addition of Ucn-1 at reperfusion modulated the expression of several miRNAs with unknown role in cardiac protection. Ucn-1 enhanced the expression of miR-125a-3p, miR-324-3p; meanwhile it decreased miR-139-3p. Similarly, intravenous infusion of Ucn-2 in rat model of I/R mimicked the effect of Ucn-1 on miR-324-3p and miR-139-3p. The effect of Ucn-1 involves the activation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-2, Epac2 and ERK1/2. Moreover, the overexpression of miR-125a-3p, miR-324-3p and miR-139-3p promoted dysregulation of genes expression involved in cell death and apoptosis (BRCA1, BIM, STAT2), in cAMP and Ca2+ signaling (PDE4a, CASQ1), in cell stress (NFAT5, XBP1, MAP3K12) and in metabolism (CPT2, FoxO1, MTRF1, TAZ). Altogether, these data unveil a novel role of urocortin in myocardial protection, involving posttranscriptional regulation with miRNAs.
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Advances in the Understanding and Treatment of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2017; 5:132-142. [PMID: 29177110 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-017-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review This review focuses on advances made in the past three years with regards to understanding the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) pathway, the pathophysiological ramifications of genetic lesions in FAO enzymes, and emerging therapies for FAO disorders. Recent findings FAO has now been recognized to play a key energetic role in pulmonary surfactant synthesis, T-cell differentiation and memory, and the response of the proximal tubule to kidney injury. Patients with FAO disorders may face defects in these cellular systems as they age. Aspirin, statins, and nutritional supplements modulate the rate of FAO under normal conditions and could be risk factors for triggering symptoms in patients with FAO disorders. Patients have been identified with mutations in the ACAD9 and ECHS1 genes, which may represent new FAO disorders. New interventions for long-chain FAODs are in clinical trials. Finally, post-translational modifications that regulate fatty acid oxidation protein activities have been characterized that represent important new therapeutic targets. Summary Recent research has led to a deeper understanding of FAO. New therapeutic avenues are being pursued that may ultimately cause a paradigm shift for patient care.
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Niederberger P, Farine E, Arnold M, Wyss RK, Sanz MN, Méndez-Carmona N, Gahl B, Fiedler GM, Carrel TP, Tevaearai Stahel HT, Longnus SL. High pre-ischemic fatty acid levels decrease cardiac recovery in an isolated rat heart model of donation after circulatory death. Metabolism 2017; 71:107-117. [PMID: 28521863 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Donation after circulatory death (DCD) could improve cardiac graft availability. However, strategies to optimize cardiac graft recovery remain to be established in DCD; these hearts would be expected to be exposed to high levels of circulatory fat immediately prior to the inevitable period of ischemia prior to procurement. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether acute exposure to high fat prior to warm, global ischemia affects subsequent hemodynamic and metabolic recovery in an isolated rat heart model of DCD. METHODS AND RESULTS Hearts of male Wistar rats underwent 20min baseline perfusion with glucose (11mM) and either high fat (1.2mM palmitate; HF) or no fat (NF), 27min global ischemia (37°C), and 60min reperfusion with glucose only (n=7-8 per group). Hemodynamic recovery was 50% lower in HF vs. NF hearts (34±30% vs. 78±8% (60min reperfusion value of peak systolic pressure*heart rate as percentage of mean baseline); p<0.01). During early reperfusion, glycolysis (0.3±0.3 vs. 0.7±0.3μmol*min-1*g dry-1, p<0.05), glucose oxidation (0.1±0.03 vs. 0.4±0.2μmol*min-1*g dry-1, p<0.01) and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity (1.8±0.6 vs. 3.6±0.5U*g protein-1, p<0.01) were significantly reduced in HF vs. NF groups, respectively, while lactate release was significantly greater (1.8±0.9 vs. 0.6±0.2μmol*g wet-1*min-1; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Acute, pre-ischemic exposure to high fat significantly lowers post-ischemic cardiac recovery vs. no fat despite identical reperfusion conditions. These findings support the concept that oxidation of residual fatty acids is rapidly restored upon reperfusion and exacerbates ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Strategies to optimize post-ischemic cardiac recovery should take pre-ischemic fat levels into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Niederberger
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Emilie Farine
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Arnold
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Rahel K Wyss
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Maria N Sanz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Natalia Méndez-Carmona
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Brigitta Gahl
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Georg M Fiedler
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Thierry P Carrel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hendrik T Tevaearai Stahel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah L Longnus
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Decrease in Long-Chain Acylcarnitine Tissue Content Determines the Duration of and Correlates with the Cardioprotective Effect of Methyl-GBB. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 121:106-112. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Liepinsh E, Makarova E, Sevostjanovs E, Hartmane D, Cirule H, Zharkova-Malkova O, Grinberga S, Dambrova M. Carnitine and γ-Butyrobetaine Stimulate Elimination of Meldonium due to Competition for OCTN2-mediated Transport. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 120:450-456. [PMID: 27983775 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Meldonium (3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium)propionate) is the most potent clinically used inhibitor of organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2). Inhibition of OCTN2 leads to a decrease in carnitine and acylcarnitine contents in tissues and energy metabolism optimization-related cardioprotective effects. The recent inclusion of meldonium in the World Anti-Doping Agency List of Prohibited Substances and Methods has raised questions about the pharmacokinetics of meldonium and its unusually long elimination time. Therefore, in this study, the rate of meldonium washout after the end of the treatment was tested with and without administration of carnitine, γ-butyrobetaine (GBB) and furosemide to evaluate the importance of competition for OCTN2 transport in mice. Here, we show that carnitine and GBB administration during the washout period effectively stimulated the elimination of meldonium. GBB induced a more pronounced effect on meldonium elimination than carnitine due to the higher affinity of GBB for OCTN2. The diuretic effect of furosemide did not significantly affect the elimination of meldonium, carnitine and GBB. In conclusion, the competition of meldonium, carnitine and GBB for OCTN2-mediated transport determines the pharmacokinetic properties of meldonium. Thus, due to their affinity for OCTN2, GBB and carnitine but not furosemide stimulated meldonium elimination. During long-term treatment, OCTN2-mediated transport ensures a high muscle content of meldonium, while tissue clearance depends on relatively slow diffusion, thus resulting in the unusually long complete elimination period of meldonium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dace Hartmane
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Helena Cirule
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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Chintapalli SV, Jayanthi S, Mallipeddi PL, Gundampati R, Suresh Kumar TK, van Rossum DB, Anishkin A, Adams SH. Novel Molecular Interactions of Acylcarnitines and Fatty Acids with Myoglobin. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25133-25143. [PMID: 27758871 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that long-chain fatty acids can bind myoglobin (Mb) in an oxygen-dependent manner. This suggests that oxy-Mb may play an important role in fuel delivery in Mb-rich muscle fibers (e.g. type I fibers and cardiomyocytes), and raises the possibility that Mb also serves as an acylcarnitine-binding protein. We report for the first time the putative interaction and affinity characteristics for different chain lengths of both fatty acids and acylcarnitines with oxy-Mb using molecular dynamic simulations and isothermal titration calorimetry experiments. We found that short- to medium-chain fatty acids or acylcarnitines (ranging from C2:0 to C10:0) fail to achieve a stable conformation with oxy-Mb. Furthermore, our results indicate that C12:0 is the minimum chain length essential for stable binding of either fatty acids or acylcarnitines with oxy-Mb. Importantly, the empirical lipid binding studies were consistent with structural modeling. These results reveal that: (i) the lipid binding affinity for oxy-Mb increases as the chain length increases (i.e. C12:0 to C18:1), (ii) the binding affinities of acylcarnitines are higher when compared with their respective fatty acid counterparts, and (iii) both fatty acids and acylcarnitines bind to oxy-Mb in 1:1 stoichiometry. Taken together, our results support a model in which oxy-Mb is a novel regulator of long-chain acylcarnitine and fatty acid pools in Mb-rich tissues. This has important implications for physiological fuel management during exercise, and relevance to pathophysiological conditions (e.g. fatty acid oxidation disorders and cardiac ischemia) where long-chain acylcarnitine accumulation is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree V Chintapalli
- From the Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202,
| | - Srinivas Jayanthi
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
| | - Prema L Mallipeddi
- the Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Ravikumar Gundampati
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
| | | | - Damian B van Rossum
- the Center for Computational Proteomics and.,the Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, and
| | - Andriy Anishkin
- the Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Sean H Adams
- From the Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202,
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