51
|
Koff WC, Burton DR, Johnson PR, Walker BD, King CR, Nabel GJ, Ahmed R, Bhan MK, Plotkin SA. Accelerating next-generation vaccine development for global disease prevention. Science 2013; 340:1232910. [PMID: 23723240 DOI: 10.1126/science.1232910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are among the greatest successes in the history of public health. However, past strategies for vaccine development are unlikely to succeed in the future against major global diseases such as AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. For such diseases, the correlates of protection are poorly defined and the pathogens evade immune detection and/or exhibit extensive genetic variability. Recent advances have heralded in a new era of vaccine discovery. However, translation of these advances into vaccines remains impeded by lack of understanding of key vaccinology principles in humans. We review these advances toward vaccine discovery and suggest that for accelerating successful vaccine development, new human immunology-based clinical research initiatives be implemented with the goal of elucidating and more effectively generating vaccine-induced protective immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne C Koff
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, NY 10004, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Filì L, Vultaggio A, Cardilicchia E, Manuelli C, Casini A, Nencini F, Maggi L, Pratesi S, Petroni G, Boscaro F, Guarna A, Occhiato EG, Romagnani S, Maggi E, Parronchi P. A novel allergen-adjuvant conjugate suitable for specific immunotherapy of respiratory allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:84-92. [PMID: 23498597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several approaches to find a better adjuvant, focus immunomodulation, and reduce allergenicity are under investigation to improve the efficacy and safety of specific immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE We performed an investigation of the in vitro and in vivo effects of a purified allergen chemically conjugated to a novel 8-OH modified adenine as an adjuvant. METHODS Purified group 2 major allergen from house dust mite chemically conjugated to 4-(6-amino-9-benzyl-8-hydroxy-9H-purin-2-ylsulfanyl)-butyric acid succinimidyl ester was analyzed by using mass spectrometry. The adduct (nDer p 2-Conj) was assayed for Toll-like receptor activation on transfected HEK293 cells, stimulation of innate cells, and effects on the functional phenotype of specific T-cell lines and clones by means of flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and expression of TH-related transcription factors. Lung cells and sera of nDer p 2-Conj-sensitized C57Bl/6 mice were studied by means of cytology, histology, real-time PCR, and ELISA. RESULTS nDer p 2-Conj stimulated IL-12 and IFN-α production from monocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, respectively, retaining the ability to trigger Toll-like receptor 7 exclusively, and expanded human allergen-specific lymphocytes with reduced ability to produce T(H)2-related cytokines and increased IFN-γ levels, as based on GATA-3/T-bet expression. In vivo adduct-sensitized mice exhibited reduced eosinophil infiltration and IL-13 expression in the airways, IFN-γ upregulation together with IgE downregulation, and an increase in allergen-specific IgG(2a) levels in sera. The conjugate exhibited reduced ability to activate human FcεRI(+) cells without inducing T(H)17 cells or autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS The codelivery of an allergen with a modified adenine as a conjugate inducing modulatory cytokines from innate cells redirects in vitro and in vivo pathogenic TH2 responses without eliciting harmful effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Filì
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Frew AJ. Immunotherapy of allergic disease. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
54
|
Spertini F, Reymond C, Leimgruber A. Allergen-specific immunotherapy of allergy and asthma: current and future trends. Expert Rev Respir Med 2012; 3:37-51. [PMID: 20477281 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.3.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only immunomodulatory and etiological therapy of allergy and asthma. Conventional specific immunotherapy (SIT) with whole-allergen extract is antigen specific, effective on multiple organs, efficient on asthma in defined conditions, provides long-lasting protection and is cost effective. Moreover, SIT is able to prevent the course of rhinitis to asthma. SIT has its drawbacks: the long duration of treatment, the unsatisfactory standardization of allergen extracts and a questionable safety level. Novel approaches are aimed at drastically reducing adverse anaphylactic events, shortening the duration of therapy and improving its efficacy. Novel promising approaches have based their formulation on a limited set of recombinant allergens or chimeric molecules as well as on hypoallergenic allergen fragments or peptides. The simultaneous use of adjuvants with immunomodulatory properties may contribute to improve both the safety and efficacy of allergen-SIT of allergy and asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Spertini
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Rask C, Lund L, Lund G, Heydenreich B, Wurtzen P, Bellinghausen I, Saloga J, Lund K. An alternative allergen:adjuvant formulation potentiates the immunogenicity and reduces allergenicity of a novel subcutaneous immunotherapy product for treatment of grass-pollen allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:1356-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Rask
- Department of Pharmacology; ALK-Abelló A/S; Hoersholm; Denmark
| | - L. Lund
- Department of CMC Research; ALK-Abelló A/S; Hoersholm; Denmark
| | - G. Lund
- Department of Pharmacology; ALK-Abelló A/S; Hoersholm; Denmark
| | - B. Heydenreich
- Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Hautklinik und Poliklinik ; Mainz; Germany
| | - P. Wurtzen
- Department of Pharmacology; ALK-Abelló A/S; Hoersholm; Denmark
| | - I. Bellinghausen
- Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Hautklinik und Poliklinik ; Mainz; Germany
| | - J. Saloga
- Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Hautklinik und Poliklinik ; Mainz; Germany
| | - K. Lund
- Department of Global Innovation Management; ALK-Abelló A/S; Hoersholm; Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Zom GGP, Khan S, Filippov DV, Ossendorp F. TLR ligand-peptide conjugate vaccines: toward clinical application. Adv Immunol 2012; 114:177-201. [PMID: 22449782 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396548-6.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Approaches to treat cancer with therapeutic vaccination have made significant progress. In order to induce efficient antitumor immunity, a vaccine should target and activate antigen-presenting cells, such as the dendritic cell, while delivering the tumor-derived antigen of choice. Conjugates of synthetic peptides and ligands of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) combine these features and, given their synthetic nature, can be produced under GMP conditions. Therefore, conjugation of antigenic peptides to potent PRR ligands is a promising vaccination approach for the treatment of cancer. This review focuses on the different PRR families that can be exploited for the design of conjugates and explores the results obtained so far with PRR ligands conjugated to antigen. The uptake and processing of Toll-like receptor ligand-peptide conjugates are discussed in more detail, as well as future directions that may further enhance the immunogenicity of conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gijs G P Zom
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Viswanathan RK, Busse WW. Allergen immunotherapy in allergic respiratory diseases: from mechanisms to meta-analyses. Chest 2012; 141:1303-1314. [PMID: 22553263 DOI: 10.1378/chest.11-2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) involves the repeated administration of allergenic extracts to atopic individuals over a period of 3 to 5 years either subcutaneously (SCIT) or sublingually (SLIT) for the treatment of allergic respiratory diseases, including asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR). In studies, SCIT and SLIT have been shown to improve existing symptoms of asthma and AR and to also have the capability to cause disease-modifying changes of the underlying atopic condition so as to prevent new allergic sensitization as well as arrest progression of AR to asthma. Recent evidence suggests that immunotherapy brings about these effects through actions that use T-regulatory cells and blocking antibodies such as IgG(4) and IgA(2,) which can then result in an "immune deviation" from a T-helper (Th) 2 cell pattern to a Th1 cell pattern. Numerous meta-analyses and studies have been performed to evaluate the existing data among these studies, with the consensus recommendation favoring the use of immunotherapy because of its potential to modify existing diseases. Significant adverse reactions can occur with immunotherapy, including anaphylaxis and, very rarely, death. A primary factor in considering SIT is its potential to provide long-lasting effects that are able to be sustained well after its discontinuation. Given the significant burden these allergic diseases impose on the health-care system, SIT appears to be a cost-effective adjunctive treatment in modifying the existing disease state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Viswanathan
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - William W Busse
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Kamath AT, Mastelic B, Christensen D, Rochat AF, Agger EM, Pinschewer DD, Andersen P, Lambert PH, Siegrist CA. Synchronization of dendritic cell activation and antigen exposure is required for the induction of Th1/Th17 responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4828-37. [PMID: 22504654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The dendritic cell (DC) targeting/activation patterns required to elicit Th1/Th17 responses remain undefined. One postulated requirement was that of a physical linkage between Ags and immunomodulators. Accordingly, the separate same-site administration of Ag85B-ESAT-6 (hybrid-1 protein; H1), a mycobacterial fusion Ag, and the CAF01 liposome-based adjuvant induced similar Ab and weak Th2 responses as those of coformulated H1/CAF01 but failed to elicit Th1/Th17 responses. Yet, this separate same-site injection generated the same type and number of activated Ag(+)/adjuvant(+) DCs in the draining lymph nodes (LN) as that of protective H1/CAF01 immunization. Thus, targeting/activating the same DC population by Ag and adjuvant is not sufficient to elicit Th1/Th17 responses. To identify the determinants of Th1/Th17 adjuvanticity, in vivo tracking experiments using fluorescently labeled Ag and adjuvant identified that a separate same-site administration elicits an additional early Ag(+)/adjuvant(-) DC population with a nonactivated phenotype, resulting from the earlier targeting of LN DCs by H1 than by CAF01 molecules. This asynchronous targeting pattern was mimicked by the injection of free H1 prior to or with, but not after, H1/CAF01 or H1/CpG/ aluminum hydroxide immunization. The injection of soluble OVA similarly prevented the induction of Th1 responses by OVA/CAF01. Using adoptively transferred OT-2 cells, we show that the Ag targeting of LN DCs prior to their activation generates nonactivated Ag-pulsed DCs that recruit Ag-specific T cells, trigger their initial proliferation, but interfere with Th1 induction in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the synchronization of DC targeting and activation is a critical determinant for Th1/Th17 adjuvanticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun T Kamath
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, Medical Faculty of the University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Nanoparticulate adjuvants and delivery systems for allergen immunotherapy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:474605. [PMID: 22496608 PMCID: PMC3303624 DOI: 10.1155/2012/474605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, significant progress in research and clinics has been made to offer possible innovative therapeutics for the management of allergic diseases. However, current allergen immunotherapy shows limitations concerning the long-term efficacy and safety due to local side effects and risk of anaphylaxis. Thus, effective and safe vaccines with reduced dose of allergen have been developed using adjuvants. Nevertheless, the use of adjuvants still has several disadvantages, which limits its use in human vaccines. In this context, several novel adjuvants for allergen immunotherapy are currently being investigated and developed. Currently, nanoparticles-based allergen-delivery systems have received much interest as potential adjuvants for allergen immunotherapy. It has been demonstrated that the incorporation of allergens into a delivery system plays an important role in the efficacy of allergy vaccines. Several nanoparticles-based delivery systems have been described, including biodegradable and nondegradable polymeric carriers. Therefore, this paper provides an overview of the current adjuvants used for allergen immunotherapy. Furthermore, nanoparticles-based allergen-delivery systems are focused as a novel and promising strategy for allergy vaccines.
Collapse
|
60
|
Deifl S, Bohle B. Factors influencing the allergenicity and adjuvanticity of allergens. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:881-93. [PMID: 21751956 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IgE-mediated allergic disorders affect up to 25% of the population in industrialized countries and result in a Th2-polarized immune response to innocuous environmental proteins, so-called allergens. Among a large number of proteins to which humans are exposed to, only a minute fraction are allergens. This observation suggests that allergens share special features of allergenicity (i.e., the capacity to induce the production of specific IgE antibodies in susceptible individuals). However, the question 'what makes a protein allergenic' still remains unanswered although some biochemical characteristics of allergens and their capacity to interact with the innate immune system could be associated with their allergenic potential. Allergen-specific immunotherapy aims at an alteration of the disease-eliciting immune response by repeated administration of allergens. Recently, approaches emerged to endow allergens with adjuvanticity, in particular aiming at an increase of their immunomodulatory capacity. This article summarizes factors of allergenicity and introduces recent concepts of adjuvanticity to improve allergen-specific immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Deifl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Department of Pathophysiology & Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
The discovery of the CpG motif in 1995 led to a change in the perception of the immune stimulatory effects of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) from an unwanted nonspecific effect to a highly evolved immune defense that can be selectively triggered for a wide range of therapeutic applications. Over the last decade dozens of human clinical trials have been conducted with different CpG ODN in thousands of humans for applications ranging from vaccine adjuvant to immunotherapies for allergy, cancer, and infectious diseases. Along with many positive results have come some failures showing the limitations of several therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes these results to provide an overview of the clinical development of CpG ODN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur M Krieg
- RaNA Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is a costly disease associated with significant morbidity. It impacts the quality of life of millions of individuals, particularly in industrialized nations, and it is on the rise. Lost productivity and total healthcare expenditure exceeds several billion dollars annually in the United States, with an estimate of >$6 billion spent on prescription medications alone. It is also associated with asthma and other atopic conditions, sinusitis, otitis media, and sleep apnea. Primary care physicians should be well adept at recognizing and initiating empiric first-line therapy for chronic rhinitis. Allergen avoidance, topical nasal steroids, and antihistamines may be sufficient for some patients. In most cases, referral to a board-certified allergy specialist for skin testing and targeted management is indicated. It is essential to make sure that patients abstain from using antihistamines at least 1 week prior to reporting to the allergist for skin testing in order to avoid false-negative results. Traditional subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy, when performed by an experienced allergist, affords relief in >75% of cases. The growing armament of treatment options for refractory allergic rhinitis includes oral and sublingual immunotherapy, recombinant allergens, conjugated DNA vaccines, and anti-immunoglobulin E monoclonal antibody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Mucci
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Quakkelaar ED, Melief CJM. Experience with synthetic vaccines for cancer and persistent virus infections in nonhuman primates and patients. Adv Immunol 2012; 114:77-106. [PMID: 22449779 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396548-6.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic vaccines, in particular long synthetic peptides of approximately 25-50 amino acids in length, are attractive for HIV vaccine development and for induction of therapeutic immune responses in patients with (pre-)malignant disorders. In the case of preventive vaccine development against HIV, no major success has been achieved, but the possibilities are by no means exhausted. A long peptide vaccine consisting of 13 overlapping peptides, which together cover the entire length of the two oncogenic proteins E6 and E7 of high-risk human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16), caused complete regression of all lesions and eradication of virus in 9 out of 20 women with high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, a therapy-resistant preneoplastic disorder. The nature and strength of the vaccine-prompted T cell responses were significantly correlated with the clinical response. Synthetic peptide vaccines are attractive, because they allow rational improvement of vaccine design and detailed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies not possible with conventional vaccines. Improvements are possible by addition or conjugation of adjuvants, notably TLR ligands, to the synthetic peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther D Quakkelaar
- Department of Immunohematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Sharma V, Singh BP, Arora N. Cur l 3, a Major Allergen ofCurvularia lunata–Derived Short Synthetic Peptides, Shows Promise for Successful Immunotherapy. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:1178-84. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0048oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
65
|
Bode C, Zhao G, Steinhagen F, Kinjo T, Klinman DM. CpG DNA as a vaccine adjuvant. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:499-511. [PMID: 21506647 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger cells that express Toll-like receptor 9 (including human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells) to mount an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. When used as vaccine adjuvants, CpG ODNs improve the function of professional antigen-presenting cells and boost the generation of humoral and cellular vaccine-specific immune responses. These effects are optimized by maintaining ODNs and vaccine in close proximity. The adjuvant properties of CpG ODNs are observed when administered either systemically or mucosally, and persist in immunocompromised hosts. Preclinical studies indicate that CpG ODNs improve the activity of vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancer. Clinical trials demonstrate that CpG ODNs have a good safety profile and increase the immunogenicity of coadministered vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bode
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Maubant S, Banissi C, Beck S, Chauvat A, Carpentier AF. Adjuvant properties of Cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide in combination with various polycations in an ovalbumin-vaccine model. Nucleic Acid Ther 2011; 21:231-40. [PMID: 21787231 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2011.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotides containing CpG motifs (cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide [CpG ODN]) display strong immunostimulatory effects, and polycations have been previously reported as cellular delivery system. In the present study, we investigated the adjuvant properties of combinations of a CpG ODN with various polycations (poly-arginine, poly-lysine, poly-histidine, or chitosan) in an ovalbumin vaccination model. We showed that, when combined to CpG ODN, poly-arginine and poly-histidine, but not poly-lysine or chitosan, enhanced efficiently both the IgG antibody production and the number of splenocytes secreting interferon-gamma after stimulation with a CD8+ T cell-restricted peptide. Interestingly, CpG ODN-poly-arginine, which was the most efficient, compared favorably to the complete Freund's adjuvant and aluminium salts and induced no local toxicity, making this combination a very attractive adjuvant for vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Maubant
- Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Descartes , Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Lee K, Kim SH, Yoon HJ, Paik DJ, Kim JM, Youn J. Bacillus-derived poly-γ-glutamic acid attenuates allergic airway inflammation through a Toll-like receptor-4-dependent pathway in a murine model of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:1143-56. [PMID: 21672055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the airways that is mediated by Th2 responses. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an extracellular polymeric compound that is synthesized by Bacillus cells. Previously, we found that γ-PGA promoted Th1 cell development in a manner dependent on antigen-presenting cells, but inhibited Th2 cell development. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of γ-PGA on dendritic cells (DCs), and its potential for treating Th2-mediated allergic asthma. METHODS Wild-type, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 deficient, and TLR-4-defective mice were used. DCs derived from the bone marrow and extracted from the lung were stimulated with γ-PGA and assayed for the expression of signalling molecules, costimulatory molecules, and cytokines. Mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce asthma. They were repeatedly injected intranasally with γ-PGA before and during the challenge period, and inflammation and structural remodelling of the airways were examined. RESULTS γ-PGA selectively signalled conventional DCs to activate NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase, leading to the up-regulation of CD86, CD40, and IL-12, but not IL-10 and IL-6. These effects of γ-PGA were dependent on TLR-4 and independent of TLR-2. Importantly, the intranasal administration of γ-PGA to OVA-sensitized/challenged mice reduced the airway hyperresponsiveness and allergic inflammation such as leucocyte influx, goblet cell hyperplasia, eosinophilia, and Th2 cytokine production. In addition to lowered IgE titres, the treatment of mice with γ-PGA significantly reduced the multiplication and Th2 polarization of mediastinal lymph node T cells upon allergen-specific restimulation. These anti-asthmatic effects of γ-PGA were also abolished in TLR-4-defective mice. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our data indicate that γ-PGA activates DCs to favour Th1 cell induction through a TLR-4-dependent pathway and alleviates pathologic symptoms in a Th2-biased asthmatic model. These findings highlight the potential of γ-PGA for the treatment of asthma and other allergic disease in which Th2 polarization plays an important role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
The current state of recombinant allergens for immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 10:575-81. [PMID: 20859201 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32833fd6c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Subcutaneous immunotherapy is a well documented treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma. The majority of the disadvantages of the treatment are related to the poor quality of the natural allergen extracts which can contain varying amounts of individual allergens including allergens to which the patient may not be sensitized. Recombinant allergens offer a possibility to use well defined molecules with consistent pharmaceutical quality defined in mass units. The proof of concept of the clinical efficacy of recombinant allergens is based on two studies published as full articles. RECENT FINDINGS One study applied a mixture of five Phleum pratense major allergens in a maximum dose of 40mcg protein. The clinical efficacy showed a significant efficacy with 40% reduction in disease severity. The second study compared a commercial birch extract with both recombinant Bet v 1 and purified Bet v 1 in dosages of 15mcg allergen. The clinical effect was 60% additional efficacy. Systemic side effects occurred more frequently with grass allergens. A third study used hypoallergenic fragments and a trimer of Bet v 1. The study did not show efficacy and a rather high frequency of systemic side effects. SUMMARY The advantages of using recombinant allergens for immunotherapy are obvious but more studies on a large scale are needed before the overall value in terms of efficacy and safety can be assessed. Clinical trials are also necessary for new combined vaccines based on recombinant allergens that in experimental studies have shown greatly enhanced immunogenicity and low allergen-specific reactivity.
Collapse
|
69
|
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. Chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing, as well as variable airflow obstruction within the lung. With time, such airflow obstruction may become permanent due to remodeling. It has been treated for more than 100 years by subcutaneous immunotherapy with allergen extracts but in recent years, other forms and types of immunotherapy have been introduced. Perhaps the most successful of these to date, is sublingual immunotherapy, which has attained significant usage in European countries but has yet to make inroads into clinical practice in North America. Other mechanisms to modify the inflammatory responses of asthma have included immunotherapy with recombinant allergens, the use of allergen peptides targeting antigen-specific T cells and the administration of Toll-like receptor agonists coupled to allergen proteins. As the inflammatory responses in asthma frequently involve IgE, a modified monoclonal antibody to IgE and interfering with its binding to the IgE receptor have gained acceptance for treating severe allergic asthma. Other monoclonal antibodies or recombinant receptor antagonists are being assessed for their ability to block other contributors to the inflammatory response. Finally, attempts have been made to generate autoantibody responses to cytokines implicated in asthma. Most of these therapies aim to modify or inhibit the so-called Th 2 immune response, which is implicated in many forms of asthma, or to inhibit cytokines involved in these responses. However, an added benefit of classical immunotherapy seems to be the ability to prevent the allergic progression to new sensitivities and new forms of allergic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Warrington
- University of Manitoba, GC319, 820 Sherbook Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3A 1R9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Steinhagen F, Kinjo T, Bode C, Klinman DM. TLR-based immune adjuvants. Vaccine 2011; 29:3341-55. [PMID: 20713100 PMCID: PMC3000864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the nature and strength of the immune response induced by various Toll-like receptor ligands and their ability to act as vaccine adjuvants. It reviews the various ligands capable of triggering individual TLRs, and then focuses on the efficacy and safety of those agents for which clinical results are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Folkert Steinhagen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Hou B, Saudan P, Ott G, Wheeler ML, Ji M, Kuzmich L, Lee LM, Coffman RL, Bachmann MF, DeFranco AL. Selective utilization of Toll-like receptor and MyD88 signaling in B cells for enhancement of the antiviral germinal center response. Immunity 2011; 34:375-84. [PMID: 21353603 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling to T cell-dependent (TD) antibody responses was assessed by using mice lacking the TLR signaling adaptor MyD88 in individual cell types. When a soluble TLR9 ligand was used as adjuvant for a protein antigen, MyD88 was required in dendritic cells but not in B cells to enhance the TD antibody response, regardless of the inherent immunogenicity of the antigen. In contrast, a TLR9 ligand contained within a virus-like particle substantially augmented the TD germinal center IgG antibody response, and this augmentation required B cell MyD88. The ability of B cells to discriminate between antigens based on the physical form of a TLR ligand probably reflects an adaptation to facilitate strong antiviral antibody responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baidong Hou
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Sakaguchi M, Hirahara K, Fujimura T, Toda M. Approaches to immunotherapies for Japanese cedar pollinosis. Auris Nasus Larynx 2011; 38:431-8. [PMID: 21227607 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica; CJ) pollinosis is a typical type I allergy induced by CJ pollen and one of the most common allergic diseases in Japan. New immunotherapies have been developed for treatment of CJ pollinosis. We focus here on new immunotherapies for CJ pollinosis including sublingual immunotherapy with crude extract of CJ antigen, oral immunotherapy with transgenic rice expressing CJ allergens, a peptide vaccine using T cell epitopes of CJ allergens, DNA vaccines encoding either the CJ allergen gene or T cell epitope gene, and adjuvant-conjugated vaccines using CJ allergen conjugated with adjuvants such as CpG oligodeoxynucleotide or pullulan.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Administration, Sublingual
- Allergens/genetics
- Allergens/metabolism
- Animals
- Cryptomeria/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Immunotherapy/trends
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/therapy
- Vaccines, Conjugate/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sakaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Vrtala S, Fohr M, Campana R, Baumgartner C, Valent P, Valenta R. Genetic engineering of trimers of hypoallergenic fragments of the major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1, for allergy vaccination. Vaccine 2011; 29:2140-8. [PMID: 21215346 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
An immunotherapy trial performed in allergic patients with hypoallergenic recombinant fragments, comprising aa 1-74 and 75-160 of the major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1, has indicated that the induction of allergen-specific IgG responses may be an important mechanism of this treatment. To investigate whether the immunogenicity of the rBet v 1 fragments can be increased, recombinant trimers of the fragments were produced. For this purpose, DNA trimers of rBet v 1 aa 1-74 as well as of rBet v 1 aa 75-160 were subcloned into expression plasmid pET 17b, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The fragments as well as the fragment trimers showed a reduced IgE-binding capacity and allergenic activity compared to rBet v 1 wildtype when tested in allergic patients. Both rBet v 1 aa 75-160 monomer and trimer induced high titers of allergen-specific IgG1 Abs in mice. Interestingly, rBet v 1 aa 1-74 trimer induced a much higher IgG(1) response to rBet v 1 than rBet v 1 aa 1-74 monomer. Consequently, IgG Abs induced with the rBet v 1 aa 1-74 trimer inhibited birch pollen allergic patients' IgE-binding 10-fold more efficiently than IgG Abs induced with the monomer. Our data show that the immunogenicity of allergy vaccines can be increased by oligomerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vrtala
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Cromwell O, Niederberger V, Horak F, Fiebig H. Clinical Experience with Recombinant Molecules for Allergy Vaccination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 352:27-42. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
75
|
Induction of Allergen-Specific Tolerance via Mucosal Routes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 352:85-105. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
76
|
Krishna MT, Huissoon AP. Clinical immunology review series: an approach to desensitization. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 163:131-46. [PMID: 21175592 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy describes the treatment of allergic disease through administration of gradually increasing doses of allergen. This form of immune tolerance induction is now safer, more reliably efficacious and better understood than when it was first formally described in 1911. In this paper the authors aim to summarize the current state of the art in immunotherapy in the treatment of inhalant, venom and drug allergies, with specific reference to its practice in the United Kingdom. A practical approach has been taken, with reference to current evidence and guidelines, including illustrative protocols and vaccine schedules. A number of novel approaches and techniques are likely to change considerably the way in which we select and treat allergy patients in the coming decade, and these advances are previewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Krishna
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
|
78
|
Coffman RL, Sher A, Seder RA. Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work. Immunity 2010; 33:492-503. [PMID: 21029960 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1297] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants enhance immunity to vaccines and experimental antigens by a variety of mechanisms. In the past decade, many receptors and signaling pathways in the innate immune system have been defined and these innate responses strongly influence the adaptive immune response. The focus of this review is to delineate the innate mechanisms by which adjuvants mediate their effects. We highlight how adjuvants can be used to influence the magnitude and alter the quality of the adaptive response in order to provide maximum protection against specific pathogens. Despite the impressive success of currently approved adjuvants for generating immunity to viral and bacterial infections, there remains a need for improved adjuvants that enhance protective antibody responses, especially in populations that respond poorly to current vaccines. However, the larger challenge is to develop vaccines that generate strong T cell immunity with purified or recombinant vaccine antigens.
Collapse
|
79
|
Oh JZ, Kedl RM. The capacity to induce cross-presentation dictates the success of a TLR7 agonist-conjugate vaccine for eliciting cellular immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:4602-8. [PMID: 20844205 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Covalent conjugation of TLR agonists to protein Ags often facilitates the generation of a CD8(+) T cell response. However, mechanisms underlying the efficacy of the conjugate over its unconjugated counterpart have been largely uninvestigated. In this study, we show that conjugation of a TLR7 agonist enhances CD8(+) T cell responses without affecting Ag persistence and with minimal impact on cellular uptake of the Ag in vivo. Instead, the conjugated form induced a robust accumulation of dendritic cells (DCs) in regional lymph nodes. Perhaps more importantly, cross-presentation in DCs was detected only when the Ag was delivered in the conjugated form with the TLR7 agonist. Collectively, these data represent the first demonstration that a TLR agonist-Ag conjugate elicits CD8(+) T cell responses based not on its capacity to induce DC maturation or Ag persistence and uptake, but on the engagement of DC cross-presentation pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Z Oh
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Kaburaki Y, Fujimura T, Kurata K, Masuda K, Toda M, Yasueda H, Chida K, Kawarai S, Sakaguchi M. Induction of Th1 immune responses to Japanese cedar pollen allergen (Cry j 1) in mice immunized with Cry j 1 conjugated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 34:157-61. [PMID: 20638725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We determined whether a major Japanese cedar pollen allergen (Cry j 1) conjugated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide would enhance allergen-specific Th1 responses in mice. Cry j 1 conjugated with CpG (Cry j 1-CpG) induced IL-12 in the spleen cells of naïve mice. Cry j 1-CpG immunization of BALB/c mice suppressed anti-Cry j 1 IgE response and enhanced anti-Cry j 1 IgG(2a) to subsequent Cry j 1 and alum adjuvant injection. CD4(+)T cells isolated from the spleens in mice immunized with Cry j 1-CpG produced higher IFN-γ levels than did CD4(+)T cells obtained from mice as negative controls. Our results suggested that Cry j 1-CpG immunization can induce Cry j 1-specific Th1 immune responses, thereby inhibiting IgE response to the pollen allergen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kaburaki
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Wang J, Sicherer SH. Immunologic therapeutic approaches in the management of food allergy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 5:301-10. [PMID: 20477008 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy affects up to 6% of children and 3-4% of adults in Westernized countries, and is the most common cause of outpatient anaphylaxis in most studies. The mainstay of treatment is strict avoidance of the offending allergens and education regarding the use of emergency medication in cases of accidental ingestions or exposures. While these approaches are generally effective, there are no definitive treatments that cure or provide long-term remission from food allergy. However, with recent advances in characterizing food allergens and understanding humoral and cellular immune responses in food allergy, several therapeutic strategies are being investigated. Potential treatments include allergen-specific immunotherapy as well as allergen-nonspecific approaches to downregulate the overall allergic response in food-allergic individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wang
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Putta MR, Zhu FG, Wang D, Bhagat L, Dai M, Kandimalla ER, Agrawal S. Peptide conjugation at the 5'-end of oligodeoxynucleotides abrogates toll-like receptor 9-mediated immune stimulatory activity. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:39-45. [PMID: 20020767 DOI: 10.1021/bc900425s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial and synthetic DNA containing unmethylated CpG motifs act as ligands of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Our earlier studies showed that 5'-accessibility of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motif (ODN) is required for TLR9-mediated immune stimulatory activity. Blocking the 5'-end of ODN through conjugation to a variety of moieties reduces immune stimulatory activity (Bioconjugate Chem. 2002, 13, 966-974). In the present study, we conjugated a model peptide, a 28-amino-acid-long beta-amyloid peptide, to either the 5'- or the 3'-end of an ODN via C3 and C6 alkyl linkers. We compared the immune stimulatory activity of the resulting conjugates with that of a parent ODN without conjugation in TLR9-transfected cells, mouse spleen cell cultures, and in vivo in mice. ODN with the peptide conjugated at the 3'-end via C3 and C6 linkers had immune stimulatory activity similar to that of the parent ODN in both in vitro and in vivo in mice. On the contrary, conjugation of peptide at the 5'-end of the ODN significantly abrogated immune stimulatory activity. In conclusion, the results presented here demonstrate that peptide/protein conjugation to ODN is optimal at the 3'-end with either C3 or C6 linker and conjugation at the 5'-end leads to significant loss of TLR9-mediated immune stimulation.
Collapse
|
83
|
Valenta R, Ferreira F, Focke-Tejkl M, Linhart B, Niederberger V, Swoboda I, Vrtala S. From allergen genes to allergy vaccines. Annu Rev Immunol 2010; 28:211-41. [PMID: 20192803 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
IgE-mediated allergy is a hypersensitivity disease affecting more than 25% of the population. The structures of the most common allergens have been revealed through molecular cloning technology in the past two decades. On the basis of this knowledge of the sequences and three-dimensional structures of culprit allergens, investigators can now analyze the immune recognition of allergens and the mechanisms of allergic inflammation in allergic patients. Allergy vaccines have been constructed that are able to selectively target the aberrant immune responses in allergic patients via different pathways of the immune system. Here we review various types of allergy vaccines that have been developed based on allergen structures, results from their clinical application in allergic patients, and future strategies for allergen-specific immunotherapy and allergy prophylaxis.
Collapse
|
84
|
Csillag A, Boldogh I, Pazmandi K, Magyarics Z, Gogolak P, Sur S, Rajnavolgyi E, Bacsi A. Pollen-induced oxidative stress influences both innate and adaptive immune responses via altering dendritic cell functions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:2377-85. [PMID: 20118277 PMCID: PMC3028537 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that pollen grains contain NAD(P)H oxidases that induce oxidative stress in the airways, and this oxidative insult is critical for the development of allergic inflammation in sensitized mice. On the basis of this observation, we have examined whether pollen grain exposure triggers oxidative stress in dendritic cells (DCs), altering their functions. To test this hypothesis, human monocyte-derived DCs were treated with ragweed pollen grains. Our findings show that exposure to pollen grains induces an increase in the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species in DCs. Our data also indicate that besides the NAD(P)H oxidases, other component(s) of pollen grains contributes to this phenomenon. Elevated levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species triggered the production of IL-8 as well as proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-6. Treatment with pollen grains initiated the maturation of DCs, strongly upregulated the membrane expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, and HLA-DR, and caused only a slight increase in the expression of CD40. The pollen-treated DCs induced the development of naive T lymphocytes toward effector T cells with a mixed profile of cytokine production. Antioxidant inhibited both the phenotypic and functional changes of DCs, underlining the importance of oxidative stress in these processes. Collectively, these data show that pollen exposure-induced oxidative stress may contribute to local innate immunity and participate in the initiation of adaptive immune responses to pollen Ags.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aniko Csillag
- Institute of Immunology, Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Kitti Pazmandi
- Institute of Immunology, Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Magyarics
- Institute of Immunology, Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter Gogolak
- Institute of Immunology, Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sanjiv Sur
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Eva Rajnavolgyi
- Institute of Immunology, Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bacsi
- Institute of Immunology, Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Focke M, Swoboda I, Marth K, Valenta R. Developments in allergen-specific immunotherapy: from allergen extracts to allergy vaccines bypassing allergen-specific immunoglobulin E and T cell reactivity. Clin Exp Allergy 2010; 40:385-97. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
86
|
Allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:S306-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
87
|
Tulic MK, Christodoulopoulos P, Fiset PO, Vaillancourt P, Lavigne F, Marshall JD, Van Nest G, Eiden JJ, Hamid Q. Local induction of a specific Th1 immune response by allergen linked immunostimulatory DNA in the nasal explants of ragweed-allergic subjects. Allergol Int 2009; 58:565-72. [PMID: 19776676 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.09-oa-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen immunotherapy is effective in allergic individuals however efforts are being made to improve its safety, convenience, and efficacy. It has recently been demonstrated that allergen-linked immunostimulatory DNA (ISS) is effective in stimulating an allergen-specific Th1 response with decreased allergenicity. The objective of this study is to investigate whether ISS linked to purified ragweed allergen Amb-a-1 (AIC) can inhibit local allergen-specific Th2 and induce allergen-specific Th1 responses in explanted nasal mucosa of ragweed-sensitive subjects. In addition, we set out to determine whether AIC is more effective compared to stimulation with unlinked Amb a 1 and ISS. METHODS Tissue from ragweed-sensitive patients (n = 12) was cultured with whole ragweed allergen (RW), Amb-a-1, AIC, Amb-a-1 and ISS (unlinked), or tetanus toxoid (TT) for 24 hours. IL-4, -5, -13, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA-positive cells were visualized by in situ hybridization and T cells, B cells and neutrophils were enumerated using immunocytochemistry. RESULTS RW or Amb-a-1 increased the number of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 mRNA+ cells in the tissue compared to medium alone. AIC had similar cytokine mRNA reactivity as control tissue. AIC and TT increased IFNgamma-mRNA expression. Unlinked Amb-a-1 and ISS showed similar effects to AIC, however this response was weaker. The number of TNF mRNA+ cells, T cells, B cells and neutrophils remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS AIC is effective in stimulating a local allergen-specific Th1- and abolishing Th2-cytokine mRNA reactivity in the nose and may be considered as a strong candidate for an improved approach to immunotherapy in ragweed-sensitive individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meri K Tulic
- School of Pediatrics & Child Health, University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Mutschlechner S, Deifl S, Bohle B. Genetic allergen modification in the development of novel approaches to specific immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1635-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
89
|
Song DJ, Min MG, Miller M, Cho JY, Yum HY, Broide DH. Toll-like receptor-9 agonist inhibits airway inflammation, remodeling and hyperreactivity in mice exposed to chronic environmental tobacco smoke and allergen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009; 151:285-96. [PMID: 19851071 DOI: 10.1159/000250437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As passive environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in nonsmokers can increase both asthma symptoms and the frequency of asthma exacerbations, we utilized a mouse model, in which ovalbumin (OVA) + ETS induce significantly increased levels of eosinophilic airway inflammation and remodeling compared to either stimulus alone, to determine whether a Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9) agonist could reduce levels of airway inflammation, airway remodeling and airway hyperreactivity (AHR). METHODS Mice treated with or without a TLR-9 agonist were sensitized to OVA and challenged with OVA + ETS for 1 month. AHR to methacholine was assessed in intubated and ventilated mice. Lung Th2 cytokines and TGF-beta(1) were measured by ELISA. Lungs were processed for histology and immunohistology to quantify eosinophils, mucus, peribronchial fibrosis and smooth muscle changes using image analysis. RESULTS Administration of a TLR-9 agonist to mice coexposed to chronic ETS and chronic OVA allergen significantly reduced levels of eosinophilic airway inflammation, mucus production, peribronchial fibrosis, the thickness of the peribronchial smooth muscle layer, and AHR. The reduced airway remodeling in mice treated with the TLR-9 agonist was associated with significantly reduced numbers of peribronchial MBP+ and peribronchial TGF-beta(1)+ cells, and with significantly reduced levels of lung Th2 cytokines [interleukin-5 and interleukin-13] and TGF-beta(1). CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate that TLR-9-based therapies inhibit airway inflammation, remodeling and AHR in mice coexposed to ETS and allergen who exhibit enhanced airway inflammation and remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Jin Song
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Sánchez H, Bush RK, Sorkness RL, Tuffaha A, Rosenthal LA, Phillips L. Effects of a DNA vaccine in an animal model of Alternaria alternata sensitivity. Rev Iberoam Micol 2009; 26:121-8. [PMID: 19631162 DOI: 10.1016/s1130-1406(09)70023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity to the fungus Alternaria is associated with asthma persistence and severity. Current therapeutic options for treating Alternaria-induced airway inflammation are limited. In this study, Brown Norway rats are used to study the effectiveness of a DNA-based vaccine delivered to the airway in attenuating the response to a major Alternaria allergen, rAlt a 2. Compared to untreated sensitized animals, or animals receiving an "out-of-frame" DNA-based vaccine, animals treated with "in-frame" DNA vaccine showed an attenuation in specific IgE antibody titers to rAlt a 2, an increase in IgG(2b) (a Th1 response), a reduction in spontaneous IL-13 release by peribronchial lymph node cell suspensions, and an attenuation in the decrease in total lung capacity 72 h post-allergen challenge. Further, histopathologic examination of the lung tissues revealed reduced pulmonary inflammation post-allergen challenge in the DNA-vaccine-treated compared to sensitized, untreated animals. We conclude that a DNA-based vaccine delivered to the airway significantly influences the immunologic, pulmonary physiologic, and histological alterations induced by challenge with a major Alternaria allergen, rAlt a 2, in sensitized animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiram Sánchez
- Allergy Section, William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by T helper cell 2 (Th2) type inflammation, leading to airway hyperresponsiveness and tissue remodeling. Th2 cell-driven inflammation is likely to represent an abnormal response to harmless airborne particles. These reactions are normally suppressed by regulatory T cells, which maintain airway tolerance. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 is likely to play a central role. The role of the cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is more complex, with evidence for immune suppression and remodeling in the airways. In asthmatic individuals there is a breakdown in these regulatory mechanisms. There is emerging evidence that early life events, including exposure to allergen and infections, are critical in programming effective regulatory pathways to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. In this review we examine the clinical and experimental evidence for T regulatory cell function in the lung and discuss the events that might influence the functioning of these cells. Ultimately, the ability to enhance regulatory function in affected individuals may represent an effective treatment for asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Lloyd
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, NHLI, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Wang J, Sampson HA. Food allergy: recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2009; 1:19-29. [PMID: 20224666 PMCID: PMC2831568 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2009.1.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Food allergies are adverse immune reactions to food proteins that affect up to 6% of children and 3-4% of adults. A wide range of symptoms can occur depending on whether IgE or non-IgE mediated mechanism are involved. Many factors influence the development of oral tolerance, including route of exposure, genetics, age of the host, and allergen factors. Advances have been made in the understanding of how these factors interact in the pathophysiology of food allergy. Currently, the mainstay of treatment for food allergies is avoidance and ready access to emergency medications. However, with the improved understanding of tolerance and advances in characterization of food allergens, several therapeutic strategies have been developed and are currently being investigated as potential treatments and/or cures for food allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Wilson HL, Dar A, Napper SK, Marianela Lopez A, Babiuk LA, Mutwiri GK. Immune Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 25:183-213. [PMID: 16818371 DOI: 10.1080/08830180600785868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unmethylated CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides activate immune cells that express Toll-like Receptor 9. Activation through this receptor triggers cellular signaling that leads to production of a proinflammatory and a Th1-type, antigen-specific immune response. The immunostimulatory effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides confer protection against infectious disease, allergy and cancer in animal models, and clinical trials have been initiated. However, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides may exacerbate disease in some situations. We will review current concepts in the mechanisms of activating Toll-like Receptor 9 with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and highlight opportunities for using large animal models to better determine the mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Jones SM, Pons L, Roberts JL, Scurlock AM, Perry TT, Kulis M, Shreffler WG, Steele P, Henry KA, Adair M, Francis JM, Durham S, Vickery BP, Zhong X, Burks AW. Clinical efficacy and immune regulation with peanut oral immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:292-300, 300.e1-97. [PMID: 19577283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral immunotherapy (OIT) has been thought to induce clinical desensitization to allergenic foods, but trials coupling the clinical response and immunologic effects of peanut OIT have not been reported. OBJECTIVE The study objective was to investigate the clinical efficacy and immunologic changes associated with OIT. METHODS Children with peanut allergy underwent an OIT protocol including initial day escalation, buildup, and maintenance phases, and then oral food challenge. Clinical response and immunologic changes were evaluated. RESULTS Of 29 subjects who completed the protocol, 27 ingested 3.9 g peanut protein during food challenge. Most symptoms noted during OIT resolved spontaneously or with antihistamines. By 6 months, titrated skin prick tests and activation of basophils significantly declined. Peanut-specific IgE decreased by 12 to 18 months, whereas IgG(4) increased significantly. Serum factors inhibited IgE-peanut complex formation in an IgE-facilitated allergen binding assay. Secretion of IL-10, IL-5, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha from PBMCs increased over a period of 6 to 12 months. Peanut-specific forkhead box protein 3 T cells increased until 12 months and decreased thereafter. In addition, T-cell microarrays showed downregulation of genes in apoptotic pathways. CONCLUSION Oral immunotherapy induces clinical desensitization to peanut, with significant longer-term humoral and cellular changes. Microarray data suggest a novel role for apoptosis in OIT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacie M Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Ark, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
|
96
|
Wu CC, Liao EC, Lee MF, Tsai JJ. Augmentation of regulatory T cells in allergic individuals by recombinant Der f 2 peptide with fungal immunomodulatory peptide fve. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009; 102:216-22. [PMID: 19354068 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The suppressive function of regulatory T (Treg) cells is compromised in allergic individuals, and the augmentation of Treg cells has been demonstrated after successful allergen immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of Dermatophagoides farinae fragments (Der f 2 N-peptides) that do not bind specific IgE in conjunction with the fungal immunomodulatory peptide fve (FIP-fve) on Treg cells derived from individuals with allergic rhinitis. METHODS CD4+CD25+ T cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 11 patients with allergic rhinitis and 7 nonallergic individuals using immunomagnetic beads. Cells were cultured with medium, Der f 2, FIP-fve, FIP-fve plus Der f 2, and FIP-fve plus Der f 2 N-peptides for 6 days in the presence of antigen-presenting cells. The percentages and function of Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ Treg cells, interleukin (IL) 10+, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)+ Treg cells were measured. RESULTS The percentage of Foxp3+ Treg cells in CD4+CD25+ T cells was significantly increased in D farinae allergic patients by Der f 2 N-peptides in conjunction with FIP-fve. Both IL-10+ and TGF-beta+ Treg cells were significantly increased in the presence of Der f 2 N-peptides and FIP-fve compared with other groups. The function of Treg cells induced by Der f 2 N-peptides and FIP-fve could be demonstrated by the inhibition of bromodeoxyuridine uptake by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CONCLUSION The percentage of IL-10+ and TGF-beta+ cells in Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ T cells can be up-regulated by Der f 2 N-peptides in conjunction with FIP-fve only in D farinae allergic individuals. These results indicate that non-IgE-mediated fragments of allergen in conjunction with FIP-fve might have therapeutic effects on Treg cells derived from allergic individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chuan Wu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Senti G, Johansen P, Haug S, Bull C, Gottschaller C, Müller P, Pfister T, Maurer P, Bachmann MF, Graf N, Kündig TM. Use of A-type CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as an adjuvant in allergen-specific immunotherapy in humans: a phase I/IIa clinical trial. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:562-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
98
|
Srivastava D, Arora N, Singh BP. Current immunological approaches for management of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Inflamm Res 2009; 58:523-36. [PMID: 19333724 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-009-0033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A large population world over is affected with allergic diseases and asthma. Pharmacotherapy for allergic diseases and asthma is effective in controlling symptoms but on discontinuation of medication, symptoms reoccur. In contrast, immunotherapy modifies and corrects the underlying pathological immune responses in an antigen-specific manner. Immunotherapy shows an increase in IgG (blocking antibody) that competes with IgE for allergen, inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators. Recent studies suggest that immunotherapy acts by modifying CD4+ T-cell responses either by immune deviation, T-cell anergy and/or both. Current immunological approaches for management of allergies and asthma involve immunization with native allergen, modified allergen, peptides/cDNA of allergen, anti-IgE, adjuvants coupled allergen, including immunostimulatory DNA sequences, cytokines, and bacterial products. These approaches modulate the immune response and are intended to give long-term benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepsikha Srivastava
- Allergy and Immunology Section, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Innovative strategies for co-delivering antigens and CpG oligonucleotides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:205-17. [PMID: 19272328 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) is a recent class of immunostimulatory adjuvants that includes unmethylated CpG dinucleotide sequences similar to those commonly found in bacterial DNA. CpG ODN specifically triggers toll like receptor 9 (TLR9), which is found within phagoendosomes of antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs). CpG ODN triggers activation and maturation of DCs and helps to increase expression of antigens. CpG ODN can be used to induce polarized Th1 type immune responses. Several studies have shown that antigens and CpG ODN must be co-localized in the same APC to generate the most potent therapeutic antigen-specific immune responses. Delivery vehicles can be utilized to ensure co-delivery of antigens and CpG ODN to the same APCs and to significantly increase uptake by APCs. These strategies can result in antigen-specific immune responses that are 5 to 500-fold greater than administration of antigen alone. In this review, we discuss several recent and innovative strategies to co-delivering antigens and CpG ODN adjuvants to APCs. These approaches include the utilization of conjugate molecules, multi-component nanorods, liposomes, biodegradable microparticles, pulsatile release chips and cell-microparticle hybrids.
Collapse
|
100
|
Urry Z, Xystrakis E, Richards DF, McDonald J, Sattar Z, Cousins DJ, Corrigan CJ, Hickman E, Brown Z, Hawrylowicz CM. Ligation of TLR9 induced on human IL-10-secreting Tregs by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 abrogates regulatory function. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:387-98. [PMID: 19139565 DOI: 10.1172/jci32354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the TLR family of molecular pattern recognition receptors has been implicated in the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses. A role for TLR signaling in the maintenance and/or regulation of Treg function has been proposed, however its functional relevance remains unclear. Here we have shown that TLR9 is highly expressed by human Treg secreting the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 induced following stimulation of blood and tissue CD3+ T cells in the presence of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha25VitD3), the active form of Vitamin D, with or without the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. By contrast, TLR9 was not highly expressed by naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ Treg or by Th1 and Th2 effector cells. Induction of TLR9, but not other TLRs, was IL-10 dependent and primarily regulated by 1alpha25VitD3 in vitro. Furthermore, ingestion of calcitriol (1alpha25VitD3) by human volunteers led to an increase of both IL-10 and TLR9 expression by CD3+CD4+ T cells analyzed directly ex vivo. Stimulation of 1alpha25VitD3-induced IL-10-secreting Treg with TLR9 agonists, CpG oligonucleotides, resulted in decreased IL-10 and IFN-gamma synthesis and a concurrent loss of regulatory function, but, unexpectedly, increased IL-4 synthesis. We therefore suggest that TLR9 could be used to monitor and potentially modulate the function of 1alpha25VitD3-induced IL-10-secreting Treg in vivo, and that this has implications in cancer therapy and vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Urry
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|