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Protić-Rosić I, Lopandić Z, Popović D, Blagojević G, Gavrović-Jankulović M. rBet v 1a-BanLec wt induce upregulation of IL-10 and IFN-γ gene expression in Caco-2/THP-1 co-culture and secretion of IL-10 and IFN-γ/IL-4 levels in PBMCs of birch pollen allergic donors. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111607. [PMID: 38330798 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Novel allergen immunotherapy (AIT) approaches necessitate the use of more effective and safe therapeutics, which can be accomplished by employing novel adjuvants for improved innate immune cell activation, as well as hypoallergenic allergen forms. In this study, we investigate the immunomodulatory effects of a chimera rBet v 1a-BanLecwt (rBv1a-BLwt; Cwt) composed of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1a and banana lectin (BanLecwt; BLwt) and two novel chimeras, rBv1l-BLH84T (rBet v 1l-BanLecH84T; C1) and rBLH84T-Bv1l (rBanLecH84T-Bet v 1l; C2), both composed of BLH84T and hypoallergenic birch pollen allergen Bv1l in the co-culture model Caco-2/THP-1, and PBMCs from donors with birch pollen allergy. The chimeric molecules rBv1l-BLH84T (C1) and rBLH84T-Bv1l (C2) were created in silico and then produced in E. coli using recombinant DNA technology. Real-time PCR analysis of gene expression following compound treatment in the co-culture model revealed that all three chimeras have the potential to induce the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 gene expression in Caco-2 cells and IFN-γ gene expression in THP-1 cells. Sandwich ELISA revealed that Cwt increased IL-10 secretion and IFN-/IL-4 levels in PBMCs from birch pollen allergic donors, whereas C1 and C2 were less effective. The findings suggest that Cwt should be analyzed further due to its potential benefit in AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zorana Lopandić
- Institute for Chemistry in Medicine, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dragan Popović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Gordan Blagojević
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia.
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Mishra R, Sharma S, Arora N. TLR-5 ligand conjugated with Per a 10 and T cell peptides potentiates Treg/Th1 response through PI3K/mTOR axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lee SP, Shin YS, Kang SY, Kim TB, Lee SM. Recent Advances in Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy in Humans: A Systematic Review. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e12. [PMID: 35291653 PMCID: PMC8901700 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is presumed to modulate the natural course of allergic disease by inducing immune tolerance. However, conventional AITs, such as subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy, require long treatment durations and often provoke local or systemic hypersensitivity reactions. Therefore, only <5% of allergy patients receive AIT as second-line therapy. Novel administration routes, such as intralymphatic, intradermal and epicutaneous immunotherapies, and synthetic recombinant allergen preparations have been evaluated to overcome these limitations. We will review the updated views of diverse AIT methods, and discuss the limitations and opportunities of the AITs for the treatment of allergic diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Pyo Lee
- Division of Pulmonology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sung-Yoon Kang
- Division of Pulmonology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Tae-Bum Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Division of Pulmonology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Boonpiyathad T, Lao-Araya M, Chiewchalermsri C, Sangkanjanavanich S, Morita H. Allergic Rhinitis: What Do We Know About Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy? Front Allergy 2021; 2:747323. [PMID: 35387059 PMCID: PMC8974870 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.747323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an IgE-mediated disease that is characterized by Th2 joint inflammation. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is indicated for AR when symptoms remain uncontrolled despite medication and allergen avoidance. AIT is considered to have been effective if it alleviated allergic symptoms, decreased medication use, improved the quality of life even after treatment cessation, and prevented the progression of AR to asthma and the onset of new sensitization. AIT can be administered subcutaneously or sublingually, and novel routes are still being developed, such as intra-lymphatically and epicutaneously. AIT aims at inducing allergen tolerance through modification of innate and adaptive immunologic responses. The main mechanism of AIT is control of type 2 inflammatory cells through induction of various functional regulatory cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), follicular T cells (Tfr), B cells (Bregs), dendritic cells (DCregs), innate lymphoid cells (IL-10+ ILCs), and natural killer cells (NKregs). However, AIT has a number of disadvantages: the long treatment period required to achieve greater efficacy, high cost, systemic allergic reactions, and the absence of a biomarker for predicting treatment responders. Currently, adjunctive therapies, vaccine adjuvants, and novel vaccine technologies are being studied to overcome the problems associated with AIT. This review presents an updated overview of AIT, with a special focus on AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadech Boonpiyathad
- Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Tadech Boonpiyathad
| | - Mongkol Lao-Araya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chirawat Chiewchalermsri
- Department of Medicine, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sasipa Sangkanjanavanich
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Department of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hideaki Morita
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Sircy LM, Harrison-Chau M, Novis CL, Baessler A, Nguyen J, Hale JS. Protein Immunization Induces Memory CD4 + T Cells That Lack Th Lineage Commitment. J Immunol 2021; 207:1388-1400. [PMID: 34380649 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute viral infection generates lineage-committed Th1 and T follicular helper (Tfh) memory cells that recall their lineage-specific functions following secondary challenge with virus. However, the lineage commitment of effector and memory Th cells in vivo following protein vaccination is poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed effector and memory CD4+ T cell differentiation in mice (Mus musculus) following adjuvanted glycoprotein immunization compared with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Glycoprotein immunization induced CXCR5- non-Tfh effector and memory CD4+ T cells that surprisingly had not undergone polarization toward any particular Th cell lineage but had undergone memory differentiation. However, upon challenge with virus, these Th lineage-nonpolarized memory CD4+ T cells were able to generate Th1 secondary effector cells, demonstrating their lineage plasticity. In addition, Tfh and memory Tfh cells were generated in response to protein immunization, and these cells differed from infection-induced Tfh cells by their lack of the transcription factor Tbet. Rechallenge experiments demonstrated that viral infection, but not protein immunization, during either the primary or secondary immune response, restricts the recall of Bcl6 expression and the generation of germinal center Tfh cells. Together, these data demonstrate that protein immunization generates a combination of nonpolarized memory cells that are highly plastic and memory Tfh cells that can undergo further Th1-like modulation during a secondary response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Sircy
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | - Andrew Baessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jacklyn Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - J Scott Hale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considerable efforts have been made to treat and prevent acute and chronic infections caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Current treatments are unable to protect people from reinfection. Hence, there is a need for development of both preventive and therapeutic HCV vaccines. Many vaccine candidates are in development to fight against HCV, but their efficacy has so far proven limited partly due to low immunogenicity. AREAS COVERED We explore development of novel and powerful adjuvants to achieve an effective HCV vaccine. The basis for developing strong adjuvants is to understand the innate immunity pathway, which subsequently stimulates humoral and cellular immune responses. We have also investigated immunogenicity of developed adjuvants that have been used in recent studies available in online databases such as PubMed, PMC, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, etc. EXPERT OPINION Adjuvants are used as a part of vaccine formulation to boost vaccine immunogenicity and antigen delivery. Several FDA-approved adjuvants are used in licensed human vaccines. Unfortunately, no adjuvant has yet been proven to boost HCV immune responses to the extent needed for an effective vaccine. One of the promising approaches for developing an effective adjuvant is the combination of various adjuvants to trigger several innate immune responses, leading to activation of adaptive immunity.[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Kardani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mehdi Sadat
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Kardani
- Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
CpG Oligonucleotides (ODN) are immunomodulatory synthetic oligonucleotides specifically designed to stimulate Toll-like receptor 9. TLR9 is expressed on human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells and triggers an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This chapter reviews recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of CpG ODN and provides an overview of human clinical trial results using CpG ODN to improve vaccines for the prevention/treatment of cancer, allergy, and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis M Klinman
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Leitman Klinman Consulting, Potomac, MD, USA.
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Yang L, Zhu R. Allergen Preparation in AIT, Now and in the Future. Curr Treat Options Allergy 2021; 8:120-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-021-00281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Connors J, Bell MR, Marcy J, Kutzler M, Haddad EK. The impact of immuno-aging on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. GeroScience 2021; 43:31-51. [PMID: 33569701 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has almost 56 million confirmed cases resulting in over 1.3 million deaths as of November 2020. This infection has proved more deadly to older adults (those >65 years of age) and those with immunocompromising conditions. The worldwide population aged 65 years and older is increasing, and the total number of aged individuals will outnumber those younger than 65 years by the year 2050. Aging is associated with a decline in immune function and chronic activation of inflammation that contributes to enhanced viral susceptibility and reduced responses to vaccination. Here we briefly review the pathogenicity of the virus, epidemiology and clinical response, and the underlying mechanisms of human aging in improving vaccination. We review current methods to improve vaccination in the older adults using novel vaccine platforms and adjuvant systems. We conclude by summarizing the existing clinical trials for a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and discussing how to address the unique challenges for vaccine development presented with an aging immune system.
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Dorofeeva Y, Shilovskiy I, Tulaeva I, Focke‐Tejkl M, Flicker S, Kudlay D, Khaitov M, Karsonova A, Riabova K, Karaulov A, Khanferyan R, Pickl WF, Wekerle T, Valenta R. Past, present, and future of allergen immunotherapy vaccines. Allergy 2021; 76:131-149. [PMID: 32249442 PMCID: PMC7818275 DOI: 10.1111/all.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is an allergen-specific form of treatment for patients suffering from immunoglobulin E (IgE)-associated allergy; the most common and important immunologically mediated hypersensitivity disease. AIT is based on the administration of the disease-causing allergen with the goal to induce a protective immunity consisting of allergen-specific blocking IgG antibodies and alterations of the cellular immune response so that the patient can tolerate allergen contact. Major advantages of AIT over all other existing treatments for allergy are that AIT induces a long-lasting protection and prevents the progression of disease to severe manifestations. AIT is cost effective because it uses the patient´s own immune system for protection and potentially can be used as a preventive treatment. However, broad application of AIT is limited by mainly technical issues such as the quality of allergen preparations and the risk of inducing side effects which results in extremely cumbersome treatment schedules reducing patient´s compliance. In this article we review progress in AIT made from its beginning and provide an overview of the state of the art, the needs for further development, and possible technical solutions available through molecular allergology. Finally, we consider visions for AIT development towards prophylactic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Dorofeeva
- Division of ImmunopathologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Igor Shilovskiy
- National Research Center, Institute of immunology, FMBA of RussiaMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Inna Tulaeva
- Division of ImmunopathologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergyLaboratory of ImmunopathologySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Margarete Focke‐Tejkl
- Division of ImmunopathologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Sabine Flicker
- Division of ImmunopathologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Dmitriy Kudlay
- National Research Center, Institute of immunology, FMBA of RussiaMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Musa Khaitov
- National Research Center, Institute of immunology, FMBA of RussiaMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Antonina Karsonova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergyLaboratory of ImmunopathologySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Ksenja Riabova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergyLaboratory of ImmunopathologySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergyLaboratory of ImmunopathologySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Roman Khanferyan
- Department of Immunology and AllergyRussian People’s Friendship UniversityMoscowRussian Federation
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of ImmunologyCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Wekerle
- Section of Transplantation ImmunologyDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of ImmunopathologyDepartment of Pathophysiology and Allergy ResearchCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- National Research Center, Institute of immunology, FMBA of RussiaMoscowRussian Federation
- Department of Clinical Immunology and AllergyLaboratory of ImmunopathologySechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityMoscowRussian Federation
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW More than 30 years ago, the first molecular structures of allergens were elucidated and defined recombinant allergens became available. We review the state of the art regarding molecular AIT with the goal to understand why progress in this field has been slow, although there is huge potential for treatment and allergen-specific prevention. RECENT FINDINGS On the basis of allergen structures, several AIT strategies have been developed and were advanced into clinical evaluation. In clinical AIT trials, promising results were obtained with recombinant and synthetic allergen derivatives inducing allergen-specific IgG antibodies, which interfered with allergen recognition by IgE whereas clinical efficacy could not yet be demonstrated for approaches targeting only allergen-specific T-cell responses. Available data suggest that molecular AIT strategies have many advantages over allergen extract-based AIT. SUMMARY Clinical studies indicate that recombinant allergen-based AIT vaccines, which are superior to existing allergen extract-based AIT can be developed for respiratory, food and venom allergy. Allergen-specific preventive strategies based on recombinant allergen-based vaccine approaches and induction of T-cell tolerance are on the horizon and hold promise that allergy can be prevented. However, progress is limited by lack of resources needed for clinical studies, which are necessary for the development of these innovative strategies.
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Chatzikleanthous D, Schmidt ST, Buffi G, Paciello I, Cunliffe R, Carboni F, Romano MR, O'Hagan DT, D'Oro U, Woods S, Roberts CW, Perrie Y, Adamo R. Design of a novel vaccine nanotechnology-based delivery system comprising CpGODN-protein conjugate anchored to liposomes. J Control Release 2020; 323:125-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sepulveda-Crespo D, Resino S, Martinez I. Innate Immune Response against Hepatitis C Virus: Targets for Vaccine Adjuvants. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020313. [PMID: 32560440 PMCID: PMC7350220 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite successful treatments, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections continue to be a significant world health problem. High treatment costs, the high number of undiagnosed individuals, and the difficulty to access to treatment, particularly in marginalized susceptible populations, make it improbable to achieve the global control of the virus in the absence of an effective preventive vaccine. Current vaccine development is mostly focused on weakly immunogenic subunits, such as surface glycoproteins or non-structural proteins, in the case of HCV. Adjuvants are critical components of vaccine formulations that increase immunogenic performance. As we learn more information about how adjuvants work, it is becoming clear that proper stimulation of innate immunity is crucial to achieving a successful immunization. Several hepatic cell types participate in the early innate immune response and the subsequent inflammation and activation of the adaptive response, principally hepatocytes, and antigen-presenting cells (Kupffer cells, and dendritic cells). Innate pattern recognition receptors on these cells, mainly toll-like receptors, are targets for new promising adjuvants. Moreover, complex adjuvants that stimulate different components of the innate immunity are showing encouraging results and are being incorporated in current vaccines. Recent studies on HCV-vaccine adjuvants have shown that the induction of a strong T- and B-cell immune response might be enhanced by choosing the right adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvador Resino
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (I.M.); Tel.: +34-91-8223266 (S.R.); +34-91-8223272 (I.M.); Fax: +34-91-5097919 (S.R. & I.M.)
| | - Isidoro Martinez
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (I.M.); Tel.: +34-91-8223266 (S.R.); +34-91-8223272 (I.M.); Fax: +34-91-5097919 (S.R. & I.M.)
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14
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Chatzikleanthous D, Cunliffe R, Carboni F, Romano MR, O'Hagan DT, Roberts CW, Perrie Y, Adamo R. Synthesis of protein conjugates adsorbed on cationic liposomes surface. MethodsX 2020; 7:100942. [PMID: 32551244 PMCID: PMC7289768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-known Toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist CpG ODN has shown promising results as vaccine adjuvant in preclinical and clinical studies, however its in vivo stability and potential systemic toxicity remain a concern. In an effort to overcome these issues, different strategies have been explored including conjugation of CpG ODN with proteins or encapsulation/adsorption of CpG ODN into/onto liposomes. Although these methods have resulted in enhanced immunopotency compared to co-administration of free CpG ODN and antigen, we believe that this effect could be further improved. Here, we designed a novel delivery system of CpG ODN based on its conjugation to serve as anchor for liposomes. Thiol-maleimide chemistry was utilised to covalently ligate model protein with the CpG ODN TLR9 agonist. Due to its negative charge, the protein conjugate readily electrostatically bound cationic liposomes composed of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol and dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) in a very high degree. The novel cationic liposomes-protein conjugate complex shared similar vesicle characteristics (size and charge) compared to free liposomes. The conjugation of CpG ODN to protein in conjunction with adsorption on cationic liposomes, could promote co-delivery leading to the induction of immune response at low antigen and CpG ODN doses.The CpG ODN Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 agonist was conjugated to protein antigens via thiol-maleimide chemistry. Due to their negative charge, protein conjugates readily electrostatically bound cationic liposomes composed of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol and dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) resulting to the design of novel cationic liposomes-protein conjugate complexes. The method is suited for the liposomal delivery of a variety of adjuvant-protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despo Chatzikleanthous
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, G4 0RE Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert Cunliffe
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, G4 0RE Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | - Craig W Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, G4 0RE Glasgow, UK
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral St, G4 0RE Glasgow, UK
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Saylor K, Gillam F, Lohneis T, Zhang C. Designs of Antigen Structure and Composition for Improved Protein-Based Vaccine Efficacy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:283. [PMID: 32153587 PMCID: PMC7050619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, vaccinologists have come to understand that the hallmark of any protective immune response is the antigen. However, it is not the whole antigen that dictates the immune response, but rather the various parts comprising the whole that are capable of influencing immunogenicity. Protein-based antigens hold particular importance within this structural approach to understanding immunity because, though different molecules can serve as antigens, only proteins are capable of inducing both cellular and humoral immunity. This fact, coupled with the versatility and customizability of proteins when considering vaccine design applications, makes protein-based vaccines (PBVs) one of today's most promising technologies for artificially inducing immunity. In this review, we follow the development of PBV technologies through time and discuss the antigen-specific receptors that are most critical to any immune response: pattern recognition receptors, B cell receptors, and T cell receptors. Knowledge of these receptors and their ligands has become exceptionally valuable in the field of vaccinology, where today it is possible to make drastic modifications to PBV structure, from primary to quaternary, in order to promote recognition of target epitopes, potentiate vaccine immunogenicity, and prevent antigen-associated complications. Additionally, these modifications have made it possible to control immune responses by modulating stability and targeting PBV to key immune cells. Consequently, careful consideration should be given to protein structure when designing PBVs in the future in order to potentiate PBV efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Saylor
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Frank Gillam
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Locus Biosciences, Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Taylor Lohneis
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- BioPharmaceutical Technology Department, GlaxoSmithKline, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Chenming Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Li J, Fu L, Wang G, Subbian S, Qin C, Zhao A. Unmethylated CpG motif-containing genomic DNA fragment of Bacillus calmette-guerin promotes macrophage functions through TLR9-mediated activation of NF- κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. Innate Immun 2019; 26:183-203. [PMID: 31615313 PMCID: PMC7144034 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919879997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potency of synthetic CpG-oligo-deoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) adjuvants in modulating the immune cell functions through the TLR pathway has been tested and reported previously. However, the cellular signaling involved in the stimulation of macrophages by natural, CpG motif-containing adjuvant and the effector functions modulated by such stimulation has not been well studied. Here, we used in vitro and ex vivo murine macrophage assay systems, and mouse model of in vivo stimulation to explore the signaling pathway and the effector functions mediated by BC01. Results show that BC01 can induce the production of TNF-α and MCP-1 in macrophages by up-regulating the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathway, and elevated the expression of MHC-II, CD40, CD80, and CD86. Upon stimulation with BC01, the peritoneal macrophages isolated from TLR9−/− mice produced significantly low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, attenuated the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways, and showed reduced phagocytosis. Following in vivo stimulation with BC01, the TLR9−/− mice produced significantly lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum and lymph nodes showed reduced cell proliferation. These results indicate that BC01 is an efficient agonist of TLR9 that can significantly enhance the host-protective immune functions of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Li
- Division of Tuberculosis Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, P.R. China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China.,Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lili Fu
- Division of Tuberculosis Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guozhi Wang
- Division of Tuberculosis Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) center at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, USA
| | - Chuan Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China.,Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Aihua Zhao
- Division of Tuberculosis Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, P.R. China
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Blanco-pérez F, Papp G, Goretzki A, Möller T, Anzaghe M, Schülke S. Adjuvant Allergen Fusion Proteins as Novel Tools for the Treatment of Type I Allergies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2019; 67:273-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-019-00551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Klimek L, Brehler R, Hamelmann E, Kopp M, Ring J, Treudler R, Jakob T, Worm M, Pfaar O. Entwicklung der subkutanen Allergen-Immuntherapie (Teil 2): präventive Aspekte der SCIT und Innovationen. Allergo J 2019; 28:31-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-019-1847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Babaer D, Amara S, McAdory BS, Johnson O, Myles EL, Zent R, Rathmell JC, Tiriveedhi V. Oligodeoxynucleotides ODN 2006 and M362 Exert Potent Adjuvant Effect through TLR-9/-6 Synergy to Exaggerate Mammaglobin-A Peptide Specific Cytotoxic CD8+T Lymphocyte Responses against Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E672. [PMID: 31091800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammaglobin-A (MamA) is overexpressed in 40–80% of all human breast cancers. Recent phase I clinical trials of the MamA DNA vaccine showed encouraging safety outcomes. However, this vaccine elicited only a modest increase in MamA specific CD8+T lymphocyte (CTL) activation. As vaccine adjuvants play a critical role in enhancing the immunotherapeutic efficiency of vaccines, we tested the potential role of three synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN2216—class A ODN, ODN2006—class B ODN, and ODN M362—class C ODN) to further enhance MamA specific CTL responses. Towards this, naïve CD8+T cells were obtained from healthy HLA-A2+ human donors. The HLA-A2 specific immunodominant epitope of MamA, MamA2.1 (LIYDSSLCDL), was utilized to activate naïve CD8+T cells. The THP-1 (HLA-A2+) cells were used as antigen presenting cells to stimulate naïve CD8+T cells along with (or without) co-treatment of various ODNs mentioned above. Activation of naïve CD8+T cells with the MamA2.1 peptide along with ODNs demonstrated enhanced MamA specific CTL mediated cytotoxicity on AU565 (HLA-A+/MamA+) breast cancer cells following co-treatment with ODN2006 and M362 compared to ODN2216 or MamA2.1 peptide alone. However, no significant cytotoxicity was noted upon treatment of MamA2.1 activated CTLs on MCF7 (HLA-A+/MamA−) cells, suggesting that the activation of CTLs is specific to the MamA antigen. Functional characterization studies demonstrated specific IL-12 mediated cross-talk between TLR-6 and -9 in THP-1 cells following stimulation with ODN2006 and M362, which was critical for the final cytotoxic activation of CD8+T lymphocytes. Based on these data, we conclude that ODN2006 and ODN M362 exerted a strong adjuvant effect through induction of the initial innate immune response through TLR9 upregulation followed by enhanced MamA specific CTL dependent adaptive immune responses. Our current data provide evidence for the application of Class-B/-C-CpG-ODNs as potential vaccine adjuvants towards enhancing the success of MamA based breast cancer vaccination.
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Klimek L, Brehler R, Hamelmann E, Kopp M, Ring J, Treudler R, Jakob T, Worm M, Pfaar O. Development of subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (part 2): preventive aspects and innovations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:107-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s40629-019-0097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Annish Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Sumit K. Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Shailendra K. Arya
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Subhas C. Kundu
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs − Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sonia Kapoor
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida 201 313, Uttar Pradesh, India
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22
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Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy, which is performed by subcutaneous injection or sublingual application of allergen extracts, represents an effective treatment against type I allergic diseases. However, due to the long duration and adverse reactions, only a minority of patients decides to undergo this treatment. Alternatively, early prophylactic intervention in young children has been proposed to stop the increase in patient numbers. Plasmid DNA and mRNA vaccines encoding allergens have been shown to induce T helper 1 as well as T regulatory responses, which modulate or counteract allergic T helper 2-biased reactions. With regard to prophylactic immunization, additional safety measurements are required. In contrast to crude extracts, genetic vaccines provide the allergen at high purity. Moreover, by targeting the encoded allergen to subcellular compartments for degradation, release of native allergen can be avoided. Due to inherent safety features, mRNA vaccines could be the candidates of choice for preventive allergy immunizations. The subtle priming of T helper 1 immunity induced by this vaccine type closely resembles responses of non-allergic individuals and-by boosting via natural allergen exposure-could suffice for long-term protection from type I allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josef Thalhamer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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23
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de la Torre MV, Baeza ML, Nájera L, Zubeldia JM. Comparative study of adjuvants for allergen-specific immunotherapy in a murine model. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:1219-1228. [PMID: 30244623 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the immunological and clinical changes induced by allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) using different adjuvants. MATERIALS & METHODS Olea europaea pollen-sensitized mice were treated with olea plus aluminum hydroxide, calcium phosphate, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) or immunostimulatory sequences (ISS). RESULTS Aluminum hydroxide seems to drive initially to a Th2-type response. Bacteria-derived adjuvants (MPL and ISS) skew the immune response toward Th1 and Treg pathways. Specific-IgE production was lower after AIT with MPL and ISS. Moreover, IgG2a production significantly increased in ISS-treated mice. Bacteria-derived adjuvants also improved the Th1 cytokine response due to IFN-γ higher secretion. In addition, they improved bronchial hyper-reactivity and lung inflammation. CONCLUSION Bacteria-derived adjuvants may enhance the efficacy of AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Luisa Baeza
- Allergy Service, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)-U761, Madrid, Spain.,Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Nájera
- Patology Service, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Zubeldia
- Allergy Service, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)-U761, Madrid, Spain.,Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Kimishima A, Olson ME, Janda KD. Investigations into the efficacy of multi-component cocaine vaccines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2779-2783. [PMID: 29317163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although cocaine addiction remains a serious health and societal problem in the United States, no FDA-approved treatment has been developed. Vaccines offer an exciting strategy for the treatment of cocaine addiction; however, vaccine formulations need to be optimized to improve efficacy. Herein, we examine the effectiveness of a tricomponent cocaine vaccine, defined as having its hapten (GNE) and adjuvant (cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide 1826, CpG ODN 1826) covalently linked via the immunogenic protein ovalbumin (OVA). The tricomponent vaccine (GNE-OVA-CpG 1826) and a vaccine of analogous, individual components (GNE-OVA+CpG ODN 1826) were found to similarly induce highly specific anticocaine antibody production in mice and block cocaine's stimulant effects in hyperlocomotor testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kimishima
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Margaret E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Worm Institute of Research and Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this article is to discuss how allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) can be improved through molecular approaches. We provide a summary of next-generation molecular AIT approaches and of their clinical evaluation. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of next generation molecular AIT forms for the treatment of severe manifestations of allergy and mention possible future molecular strategies for the secondary and primary prevention of allergy. RECENT FINDINGS AIT has important advantages over symptomatic forms of allergy treatment but its further development is limited by the quality of the therapeutic antigen preparations which are derived from natural allergen sources. The field of allergy diagnosis is currently undergoing a dramatic improvement through the use of molecular testing with defined, mainly recombinant allergens which allows high-resolution diagnosis. Several studies demonstrate that molecular testing in early childhood can predict the development of symptomatic allergy later on in life. Clinical studies indicate that molecular AIT approaches have the potential to improve therapy of allergic diseases and may be used as allergen-specific forms of secondary and eventually primary prevention for allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Curin
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Musa Khaitov
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Raffaela Campana
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Garib
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- International Network of Universities for Molecular Allergololgy and Immunology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia.
- International Network of Universities for Molecular Allergololgy and Immunology, Vienna, Austria.
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26
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Mo J, Park S, Rhee C, Takabayashi K, Lee SS, Quan S, Kim I, Min Y, Raz E, Lee CH. Suppression of Allergic Response by CpG Motif Oligodeoxynucleotide–House-Dust Mite Conjugate in Animal Model of Allergic Rhinitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 20:212-8. [DOI: 10.1177/194589240602000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Although there have been many therapeutic options for allergic disease, the true allergen desensitization remains a challenging goal. The classic immunotherapy has a limited efficacy, is inconvenient, and has a risk of anaphylaxis. Recent reports revealed that immunostimulatory DNA sequences (ISS-oligdeoxynucleotide [ODN], CpG motif) act as a strong Th1 response–inducing adjuvants and that DNA-based vaccination might be an effective therapeutic option. In this study, we investigate whether ISS-ODN/Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) conjugate has antiallergic effects in the allergic rhinitis mouse model, sensitive to house-dust mites. Der f is the most common allergen-inducing allergic rhinitis in Korea. Methods C57BL/6 mice were sensitized with crude extract of Der f. After injection of ISS-ODN or ISS-ODN/Der f conjugate, several parameters of allergic response were evaluated. Results Scratching and sneezing symptoms and eosinophilic infiltration into nasal mucosa were suppressed by injection with ISS-ODN only and ISS-ODN/Der f conjugate. Interleukin-5 level was decreased and interferon γ level was increased in nasal lavage fluid by injection of ISS-ODN/Der f conjugate. Der f–specific immunoglobulin E was decreased by injection of ISS-ODN or Der f /ISS-ODN conjugate; however, these were not statistically significant. Transforming growth factor β1 secreted by cultured splenocyte was increased significantly in ISS-ODN/Der f conjugate group. Conclusion These results suggest ISS-ODN/Der f conjugate induces an antiallergic effect and induces an increase in transforming growth factor β1 level in the allergic rhinitis model using Der f allergen. Allergic response developed by Der f allergen could be more effectively reduced by injection with ISS-ODN/Der f conjugate than by injection with ISS-ODN only.
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27
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are vital elements of the mammalian immune system that function by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), bridging innate and adaptive immunity. They have become a prominent therapeutic target for the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, and allergies, with many TLR agonists currently in clinical trials or approved as immunostimulants. Numerous studies have shown that conjugation of TLR agonists to other molecules can beneficially influence their potency, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, or function. The functional properties of TLR agonist conjugates, however, are highly dependent on the ligation strategy employed. Here, we review the chemical structural requirements for effective functional TLR agonist conjugation. In addition, we provide similar analysis for those that have yet to be conjugated. Moreover, we discuss applications of covalent TLR agonist conjugation and their implications for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob J. Ignacio
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tyler J. Albin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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28
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Schülke S. Induction of Interleukin-10 Producing Dendritic Cells As a Tool to Suppress Allergen-Specific T Helper 2 Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:455. [PMID: 29616018 PMCID: PMC5867300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are gatekeepers of the immune system that control induction and polarization of primary, antigen-specific immune responses. Depending on their maturation/activation status, the molecules expressed on their surface, and the cytokines produced DCs have been shown to either elicit immune responses through activation of effector T cells or induce tolerance through induction of either T cell anergy, regulatory T cells, or production of regulatory cytokines. Among the cytokines produced by tolerogenic DCs, interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a key regulatory cytokine limiting und ultimately terminating excessive T-cell responses to microbial pathogens to prevent chronic inflammation and tissue damage. Because of their important role in preventing autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, allergic reactions, or in controlling chronic inflammation DCs have become an interesting tool to modulate antigen-specific immune responses. For the treatment of allergic inflammation, the aim is to downregulate allergen-specific T helper 2 (Th2) responses and the associated clinical symptoms [allergen-driven Th2 activation, Th2-driven immunoglobulin E (IgE) production, IgE-mediated mast cell and basophil activation, allergic inflammation]. Here, combining the presentation of allergens by DCs with a pro-tolerogenic, IL-10-producing phenotype is of special interest to modulate allergen-specific immune responses in the treatment of allergic diseases. This review discusses the reported strategies to induce DC-derived IL-10 secretion for the suppression of allergen-specific Th2-responses with a focus on IL-10 treatment, IL-10 transduction, and the usage of both whole bacteria and bacteria-derived components. Interestingly, while IL-10-producing DCs induced either by IL-10 treatment or IL-10 transduction are arrested in an immature/semi-mature state, treatment of DCs with live or killed bacteria as well as isolated bacterial components results in the induction of both anti-inflammatory IL-10 and pro-inflammatory, Th1-promoting IL-12 secretion often paralleled by an enhanced expression of co-stimulatory molecules on the stimulated DCs. By the secretion of DC-derived exosomes or CC-chemokine ligand 18, as well as the expression of inhibitory molecules like cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, TNF receptor superfamily member 4, Ig-like transcript-22/cluster of differentiation 85, or programmed death-1, IL-10-producing DCs have been repeatedly shown to suppress antigen-specific Th2-responses. Therefore, DC-based vaccination approaches hold great potential to improve the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schülke
- Vice President's Research Group 1, Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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29
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30
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to be a set of morphology, structure and function of heterogeneous professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), as well as the strongest functional antigen presenting cells, which can absorb, process and present antigens. As the key regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses, DCs are at the center of the immune system and capable of interacting with both B cells and T cells, thereby manipulating the humoral and cellular immune responses. DCs provide an essential link between the innate and adaptive immunity, and the strong immune activation function of DCs and their properties of natural adjuvants, make them a valuable target for antigen delivery. Targeting antigens to DC-specific endocytic receptors in combination with the relevant antibodies or ligands along with immunostimulatory adjuvants has been recently recognized as a promising strategy for designing an effective vaccine that elicits a strong and durable T cell response against intracellular pathogens and cancer. This opinion article provides a brief summary of the rationales, superiorities and challenges of existing DC-targeting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China
| | - Peng Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China
| | - Yonglu Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China
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Kitzmüller C, Kalser J, Mutschlechner S, Hauser M, Zlabinger GJ, Ferreira F, Bohle B. Fusion proteins of flagellin and the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 show enhanced immunogenicity, reduced allergenicity, and intrinsic adjuvanticity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:293-299.e6. [PMID: 28456624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant fusion proteins of flagellin and antigens have been demonstrated to induce strong innate and adaptive immune responses. Such fusion proteins can enhance the efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize different fusion proteins of flagellin and the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 for suitability as allergy vaccines. METHODS A truncated version of flagellin (NtCFlg) was genetically fused to the N- or C-terminus of Bet v 1. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 5 binding was assessed with HEK293 cells expressing TLR5. Upregulation of CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86 on monocyte-derived dendritic cells from allergic patients was analyzed by using flow cytometry. The T cell-stimulatory capacity of the fusion proteins was assessed with naive and Bet v 1-specific T cells. IgE binding was tested in inhibition ELISAs and basophil activation tests. Mice were immunized with the fusion proteins in the absence and presence of aluminum hydroxide. Cellular and antibody responses were monitored. Murine antibodies were tested for blocking capacity in basophil activation tests. RESULTS Both fusion proteins matured monocyte-derived dendritic cells through TLR5. Compared with Bet v 1, the fusion proteins showed stronger T cell-stimulatory and reduced IgE-binding capacity and induced murine Bet v 1-specific antibodies in the absence of aluminum hydroxide. However, only antibodies induced by means of immunization with NtCFlg fused to the C-terminus of Bet v 1 inhibited binding of patients' IgE antibodies to Bet v 1. CONCLUSION Bet v 1-flagellin fusion proteins show enhanced immunogenicity, reduced allergenicity, and intrinsic adjuvanticity and thus represent promising vaccines for birch pollen allergen-specific immunotherapy. However, the sequential order of allergen and adjuvant within a fusion protein determines its immunologic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kitzmüller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kalser
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Mutschlechner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hauser
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bohle
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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32
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Himly M, Mills-Goodlet R, Geppert M, Duschl A. Nanomaterials in the Context of Type 2 Immune Responses-Fears and Potentials. Front Immunol 2017; 8:471. [PMID: 28487697 PMCID: PMC5403887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The type 2 immune response is an adaptive immune program involved in defense against parasites, detoxification, and wound healing, but is predominantly known for its pathophysiological effects, manifesting as allergic disease. Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are non-self entities that, to our knowledge, do not stimulate detrimental type 2 responses directly, but have the potential to modulate ongoing reactions in various ways, including the delivery of substances aiming at providing a therapeutic benefit. We review, here, the state of knowledge concerning the interaction of NPs with type 2 immune responses and highlight their potential as a multifunctional platform for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert Mills-Goodlet
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Geppert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Fiorino F, Rondini S, Micoli F, Lanzilao L, Alfini R, Mancini F, MacLennan CA, Medaglini D. Immunogenicity of a Bivalent Adjuvanted Glycoconjugate Vaccine against Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:168. [PMID: 28289411 PMCID: PMC5326758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis are the predominant causes of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease. Considering the co-endemicity of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, a bivalent vaccine formulation against both pathogens is necessary for protection against iNTS disease, thus investigation of glycoconjugate combination is required. In the present work, we investigated the immune responses induced by S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis monovalent and bivalent glycoconjugate vaccines adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide (alum) only or in combination with cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG). Humoral and cellular, systemic and local, immune responses were characterized in two different mouse strains. All conjugate vaccines elicited high levels of serum IgG against the respective O-antigens (OAg) with bactericidal activity. The bivalent conjugate vaccine induced systemic production of antibodies against both S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis OAg. The presence of alum or alum + CpG adjuvants in vaccine formulations significantly increased the serum antigen-specific antibody production. The alum + CpG bivalent vaccine formulation triggered the highest systemic anti-OAg antibodies and also a significant increase of anti-OAg IgG in intestinal washes and fecal samples, with a positive correlation with serum levels. These data demonstrate the ability of monovalent and bivalent conjugate vaccines against S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis to induce systemic and local immune responses in different mouse strains, and highlight the suitability of a bivalent glycoconjugate formulation, especially when adjuvanted with alum + CpG, as a promising candidate vaccine against iNTS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fiorino
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Simona Rondini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Luisa Lanzilao
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l. (formerly Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l.) , Siena , Italy
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia (LA.M.M.B.), Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Ricketti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sultan Alandijani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chen Hsing Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Thomas B. Casale
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Tampa, FL, USA
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Zhou S, Huang Y, Liang B, Dong H, Yao S, Chen Y, Xie Y, Long Y, Gong S, Zhou Z. Systemic and mucosal pre-administration of recombinant Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein prevents ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in mice. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:fnw288. [PMID: 28087613 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an inverse association between Helicobacter pylori infection and the frequency of allergic asthma. The neutrophil-activating protein (NAP) of H. pylori has been identified as a modulator possessing anti-Th2 inflammation activity. Here, we sought to determine whether systemic or mucosal pre-administration of recombinant H. pylori NAP (rNAP) could prevent ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma in mice. METHODS Mice were exposed to purified rNAP through intraperitoneal injection or inhalation and then sensitized with OVA. Following a challenge with aerosolized OVA, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell count, lung tissue histology, BALF cytokines and serum IgE were evaluated. RESULTS Both intraperitoneal injection and inhalation of rNAP prior to OVA sensitization significantly reduced eosinophil accumulation and inflammatory infiltration in lung tissue in OVA-induced asthma mice; eosinophils were reduced in the BALF of rNAP-treated mice. In addition, IL-4 and IL-13 levels were lower (P < 0.01), IL-10 and IFN-γ levels were higher (P < 0.01) and IgE serum levels were lower (P < 0.01) in the treated groups compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Systemic and mucosal pre-administration of rNAP could suppress the development of OVA-induced asthma in mice; rNAP may be utilized as part of novel strategies for the prevention or treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhou
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China.,Translational Medicine Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, No. 521 Xingnan Avenue, Panyu district, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmei Huang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingshao Liang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Dong
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Yao
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinshuang Chen
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Xie
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Long
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Sitang Gong
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwen Zhou
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 318 Renminzhong Road, Yuexiu, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, People's Republic of China
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Steveling-Klein EH. Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy. EMJ 2016. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10314632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy remains the only causal treatment of allergic disease to date. Its efficacy in symptom reduction was demonstrated in double blind, placebo-controlled studies of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic asthma, and Hymenoptera venom hypersensitivity, including long-term effects after discontinuation of treatment. In addition, immunotherapy decreases the risk of developing new sensitisations to aeroallergens in monosensitised patients and allergic asthma in patients with mere allergic rhinitis. The mechanism of immunotherapy entails redirection of the T lymphocyte response from a T helper cell Type 2 phenotype in favour of induction of regulatory T cells and/or immune deviation toward a T helper cell Type 1 phenotype, with resulting inhibition of downstream effector pathways and induction of immunoglobulin G-associated blocking antibodies. Two main application forms are used in clinical practice: subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy. The advantage of subcutaneous immunotherapy is its proven efficacy over a broad range of indications. Disadvantages are systemic allergic reactions and inconvenience for the patient due to frequent doctor visits. Sublingual immunotherapy has been shown to result in less systemic allergic reactions and may be more convenient due to home application; however, efficacy has only been proven for allergic rhinitis. For clinicians, the adherence to practice guidelines and thorough knowledge of allergen products, application routes, indications, immunomodulatory mechanisms, efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness is important for successful treatment and will be addressed in this review article.
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Abstract
One key approach to increase the efficacy and the safety of immunotherapy is the use of adjuvants. However, many of the adjuvants currently in use can cause adverse events, raising concerns regarding their clinical use, and are geared toward productive immune responses but not necessarily tolerogenic responses. Thus, novel adjuvants for immunotherapy are needed and are being developed. Essential is their potential to boost appropriate tolerogenic adaptive immune responses to allergens while limiting side effects. This review provides an overview of adjuvants currently in clinical use or under development and discusses their therapeutic effect in enhancing allergen-induced tolerance.
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Gential GP, Ho NI, Chiodo F, Meeuwenoord N, Ossendorp F, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV. Synthesis and evaluation of fluorescent Pam3Cys peptide conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3641-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Schülke S, Vogel L, Junker AC, Hanschmann KM, Flaczyk A, Vieths S, Scheurer S. A Fusion Protein Consisting of the Vaccine Adjuvant Monophosphoryl Lipid A and the Allergen Ovalbumin Boosts Allergen-Specific Th1, Th2, and Th17 Responses In Vitro. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4156456. [PMID: 27340679 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4156456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The detoxified TLR4-ligand Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPLA) is the first approved TLR-agonist used as adjuvant in licensed vaccines but has not yet been explored as part of conjugated vaccines. Objective. To investigate the immune-modulating properties of a fusion protein consisting of MPLA and Ovalbumin (MPLA : Ova). Results. MPLA and Ova were chemically coupled by stable carbamate linkage. MPLA : Ova was highly pure without detectable product-related impurities by either noncoupled MPLA or Ova. Light scattering analysis revealed MPLA : Ova to be aggregated. Stimulation of mDC and mDC : DO11.10 CD4+ TC cocultures showed a stronger activation of both mDC and Ova-specific DO11.10 CD4+ TC by MPLA : Ova compared to the mixture of both components. MPLA : Ova induced both strong proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine responses from mDCs while also boosting allergen-specific Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokine secretion. Conclusion. Conjugation of MPLA and antigen enhanced the immune response compared to the mixture of both components. Due to the nonbiased boost of Ova-specific Th2 and Th17 responses while also inducing Th1 responses, this fusion protein may not be a suitable vaccine candidate for allergy treatment but may hold potential for the treatment of other diseases that require a strong stimulation of the host's immune system (e.g., cancer).
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Smaldini PL, Ibañez AE, Fossati CA, Cassataro J, Docena GH. Oral delivery of Brucella spp. recombinant protein U-Omp16 abrogates the IgE-mediated milk allergy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 10:2015-23. [PMID: 25424811 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergies are increasingly common disorders and no therapeutic strategies are yet approved. The unlipidated Omp16 (U-Omp16) is the outer membrane protein of 16 kDa from B. abortus and possesses a mucosal adjuvant property. In this study, we aimed to examine the U-Omp16 capacity to abrogate an allergen-specific Th2 immune response when it is administered as an oral adjuvant in a mouse model of food allergy. Balb/c mice were sensitized with cholera toxin and cow's milk proteins (CMP) by gavage and simultaneously treated with U-Omp16 and CMP. Oral challenge with CMP was performed to evaluate the allergic status of mice. Symptoms, local (small bowel cytokine and transcription factor gene expression) and systemic (specific isotypes and spleen cell-secreted cytokines) parameters, and skin tests were done to evaluate the immune response. We found that the oral administration of U-Omp16 with CMP during sensitization dampened the allergic symptoms, with negativization of immediate skin test and increased skin DTH response. Serum specific IgE and IL-5 were inhibited and a Th1 response was promoted (specific IgG2a antibodies and CMP-induced IFN-γ secretion). We found at the mucosal site an inhibition of the gene expression corresponding to IL-13 and Gata-3, with an induction of IFN-γ and T-bet. These results indicated that the oral administration of U-Omp16 significantly controlled the allergic response in sensitized mice with a shift of the balance of Th1- and Th2-T cells toward Th1 predominance. These findings suggest that U-Omp16 may be useful as a Th1-directing adjuvant in an oral vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Lorena Smaldini
- a Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune (LISIN); Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad nacional de La Plata; Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Bacterial and viral CpG oligonculeotides are unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine dinucleotide sequences and trigger an innate immune response through activation of the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). We have developed synthetic photocaged CpGs via site-specific incorporation of nitropiperonyloxymethyl (NPOM)-caged thymidine residues. These oligonucleotides enable the optical control of TLR9 function and thereby provide light-activation of an immune response. We provide a proof-of-concept model by applying a reporter assay in live cells and by quantification of endogenous production of interleukin 6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark O Lively
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Alexander Deiters
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27167 ; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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Abstract
The development of an effective vaccine that elicits a strong and durable T cell response against intracellular pathogens and cancer is a challenge. One strategy to enhance the effectiveness of vaccination is by targeting dendritic cells (DCs). In this Opinion article, we discuss existing DC-targeting approaches that induce adaptive immunity. We highlight the crucial issues that need to be addressed to move the field forward and discuss whether targeting DCs could be better than current vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathrin Kastenmüller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and the Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert A Seder
- Cellular Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA
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Abstract
Traditional prophylactic vaccination to prevent illness is the primary objective of many research activities worldwide. The golden age of vaccination began with an approach called variolation in ancient China and the evolution of vaccines still continues today with modern developments such as the production of Gardasil(TM) against HPV and cervical cancer. The historical aspect of how different forms of vaccination have changed the face of medicine and communities is important as it dictates our future approaches on both a local and global scale. From the eradication of smallpox to the use of an experimental vaccine to save a species, this review will explore these successes in infectious disease vaccination and also discuss a few significant failures which have hampered our efforts to eradicate certain diseases. The second part of the review will explore designing a prophylactic vaccine for the growing global health concern that is allergy. Allergies are an emerging global health burden. Of particular concern is the rise of food allergies in developed countries where 1 in 10 children is currently affected. The formation of an allergic response results from the recognition of a foreign component by our immune system that is usually encountered on a regular basis. This may be a dust-mite or a prawn but this inappropriate immune response can result in a life-time of food avoidance and lifestyle restrictions. These foreign components are very similar to antigens derived from infectious pathogens. The question arises: should the allergy community be focussing on protective measures rather than ongoing therapeutic interventions to deal with these chronic inflammatory conditions? We will explore the difficulties and benefits of prophylactic vaccination against various allergens by means of genetic technology that will dictate how vaccination against allergens could be utilized in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J. Baird
- Centre for Biodiscovery & Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Centre for Biosecurity in Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook UniversityTownsville, QLD, Australia
- Molecular Immunology Group, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Biology, James Cook UniversityTownsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas L. Lopata
- Centre for Biodiscovery & Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Centre for Biosecurity in Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook UniversityTownsville, QLD, Australia
- Molecular Immunology Group, School of Pharmacy and Molecular Biology, James Cook UniversityTownsville, QLD, Australia
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Miller DS, Brown MP, Howley PM, Hayball JD. Current and emerging immunotherapeutic approaches to treat and prevent peanut allergy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 11:1471-81. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Filì L, Cardilicchia E, Maggi E, Parronchi P. Perspectives in vaccine adjuvants for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Immunol Lett 2014; 161:207-10. [PMID: 24361819 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The design of more powerful adjuvants is a tool of crucial interest to ameliorate vaccination strategies to reduce injections and/or dose of antigen, induce local immunity and obtain better protection. Effective anti-infectious vaccines should elicit protective TH1 responses, cytotoxic CD8+ cells and antibody-forming cells. However, cytokine microenvironment is a key point also in targeted therapeutic vaccinations, such as allergen-specific immunotherapy, where the interference with an already-existing but inappropriate immunity is required. In this case, safe, appropriately conditioning and potentially orally available adjuvants together with delivery to appropriate subsets of dendritic cells would be highly appreciated to properly boost innate immune cells. In fact, aluminium hydroxide, although safe, has been classically associated with the induction of a TH2 response to co-formulated antigens. Thus, detoxified lipopolysaccaride (MPL-A), CpG oligonucleotides, imidazoquinolines and adenine derivatives acting via innate sensors may represent improvements in therapeutic vaccinations for allergy as able to interfere with pathogenic TH2 cells with eventual induction of TH1 differentiation.
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Abstract
CpG Oligonucleotides (ODN) are immunomodulatory synthetic oligonucleotides designed to specifically agonize Toll-like receptor 9. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of CpG ODN and provide an overview of human clinical trial results using CpG ODN to improve the vaccines for cancer, allergy and infectious disease.
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Pali-schöll I, Szöllösi H, Starkl P, Scheicher B, Stremnitzer C, Hofmeister A, Roth-walter F, Lukschal A, Diesner SC, Zimmer A, Jensen-jarolim E. Protamine nanoparticles with CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide prevent an allergen-induced Th2-response in BALB/c mice. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:656-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Gómez E, Mayorga C, Gómez F, Blázquez AB, Díaz-Perales A, Blanca M, Torres MJ. Food allergy: management, diagnosis and treatment strategies. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:755-68. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is an increasing problem in western countries, with strict avoidance being the only available reliable treatment. However, accidental ingestion can occur and anaphylactic reactions still happen. In recent years, many efforts have been made to better understand the humoral and cellular mechanisms involved in food allergy, and to improve the strategies for diagnosis and treatment. This review focuses on IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity and provides an overview of the diagnostic strategies and treatment advances. Specific immunotherapy, including different routes of administration and allergen sources, such as natural, recombinant and T-cell epitopes, are analyzed in detail. Other treatments such as anti-IgE monoclonal antibody therapy, adjuvant therapy and Chinese herbs will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Gómez
- Research Laboratory for Allergic Diseases, Carlos Haya Hospital, Malaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Belen Blázquez
- Research Laboratory for Allergic Diseases, Carlos Haya Hospital, Malaga, Spain
| | - Araceli Díaz-Perales
- Center for Plant Biotechnology & Genomics (UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanca
- Allergy Service, Carlos Haya Hospital, Malaga, Spain
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