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Heestand B, Simon M, Frenk S, Titov D, Ahmed S. Transgenerational Sterility of Piwi Mutants Represents a Dynamic Form of Adult Reproductive Diapause. Cell Rep 2019; 23:156-171. [PMID: 29617657 PMCID: PMC5918633 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress can induce adult reproductive diapause, a state of developmental arrest that temporarily suspends reproduction. Deficiency for C. elegans Piwi protein PRG-1 results in strains that reproduce for many generations but then become sterile. We found that sterile-generation prg-1/Piwi mutants typically displayed pronounced germ cell atrophy as L4 larvae matured into 1-day-old adults. Atrophied germlines spontaneously reproliferated across the first days of adulthood, and this was accompanied by fertility for day 2–4 adults. Sterile day 5 prg-1 mutant adults remained sterile indefinitely, but providing an alternative food source could restore their fertility. Our data imply that late-generation prg-1 mutants experience a dynamic form of adult reproductive diapause, promoted by stress response, cell death, and RNAi pathways, where delayed fertility and reproductive quiescence represent parallel adaptive developmental outcomes. This may occur in response to a form of “heritable stress” that is transmitted by gametes and epigenetic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bree Heestand
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matt Simon
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Stephen Frenk
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Denis Titov
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shawn Ahmed
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Iranon NN, Jochim BE, Miller DL. Fasting prevents hypoxia-induced defects of proteostasis in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008242. [PMID: 31246952 PMCID: PMC6619831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen conditions (hypoxia) can impair essential physiological processes and cause cellular damage and death. We have shown that specific hypoxic conditions disrupt protein homeostasis in C. elegans, leading to protein aggregation and proteotoxicity. Here, we show that nutritional cues regulate this effect of hypoxia on proteostasis. Animals fasted prior to hypoxic exposure develop dramatically fewer polyglutamine protein aggregates compared to their fed counterparts, indicating that the effect of hypoxia is abrogated. Fasting also reduced the hypoxia-induced exaggeration of proteostasis defects in animals that express Aβ1–42 and in animals with a temperature-sensitive mutation in dyn-1, suggesting that this effect was not specific to polyglutamine proteins. Our data also demonstrate that the nutritional environment experienced at the onset of hypoxia dictates at least some aspects of the physiological response to hypoxia. We further demonstrate that the insulin/IGF-like signaling pathway plays a role in mediating the protective effects of fasting in hypoxia. Animals with mutations in daf-2, the C. elegans insulin-like receptor, display wild-type levels of hypoxia-induced protein aggregation upon exposure to hypoxia when fed, but are not protected by fasting. DAF-2 acts independently of the FOXO transcription factor, DAF-16, to mediate the protective effects of fasting. These results suggest a non-canonical role for the insulin/IGF-like signaling pathway in coordinating the effects of hypoxia and nutritional state on proteostasis. When blood flow to various parts of the body becomes restricted, those tissues suffer from a lack of oxygen, a condition called hypoxia. Hypoxia can cause cellular damage and death, as in stroke and cardiovascular disease. We have found that in the model organism C. elegans (a roundworm) specific concentrations of hypoxia cause aggregation of polyglutamine proteins–the same kind of proteins that are found in an aggregated state in the neurodegenerative disorder Huntington’s disease. Here, we show that that worms can be protected from hypoxia-induced protein aggregation if they are fasted (removed from their food source) prior to experiencing hypoxia. Furthermore, we show that the insulin receptor is required for this protection. The insulin receptor is responsible for detecting insulin, a hormone that is released after feeding. Worms with a nonfunctional version of the insulin receptor displayed hypoxia-induced protein aggregation despite being fasted before the hypoxic exposure. Our results highlight a new role for the insulin signaling pathway in coordinating the effects of both hypoxia and nutritional state on protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole N. Iranon
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Bailey E. Jochim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Dana L. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jia X, Xu M, Yang A, Zhao Y, Liu D, Huang J, Proksch P, Lin W. Reducing Effect of Farnesylquinone on Lipid Mass in C. elegans by Modulating Lipid Metabolism. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17060336. [PMID: 31195687 PMCID: PMC6627328 DOI: 10.3390/md17060336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of marine-derived fungi revealed that the EtOAc fraction from the fermentation broth of a mutated fungal strain Streptomyces nitrosporeus YBH10-5 had lipid-lowering effects in HepG2 cells. Chromatographic separation of the EtOAc fraction resulted in the isolation of 11 PKS-based derivatives, including a structurally unique meroterpenoid namely nitrosporeunol H (1). The structure of compound 1 was determined by the analysis of spectroscopic data. Further bioassay resulted in farnesylquinone (2) and its analogues to exert in vivo fat-reducing effects in C.elegans worm model. The underlying mode of action of compound 2 in the context of live worms was investigated, uncovering that compound 2 enhanced the mitochondrial β-oxidation rate and changed the transcriptional level of energy metabolism genes. Additional experiments revealed that compound 2 exerted its effects in C. elegans partially through repressing FAT-5, an isoform of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) which catalyzes the conversion of saturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids, thereafter leading to the modification of the fatty acid profile. Thus, compound 2 was suggested to be a promising lead for further optimization to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Manglin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Aigang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Murphy JT, Liu H, Ma X, Shaver A, Egan BM, Oh C, Boyko A, Mazer T, Ang S, Khopkar R, Javaheri A, Kumar S, Jiang X, Ory D, Mani K, Matkovich SJ, Kornfeld K, Diwan A. Simple nutrients bypass the requirement for HLH-30 in coupling lysosomal nutrient sensing to survival. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000245. [PMID: 31086360 PMCID: PMC6516633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are ubiquitous acidified organelles that degrade intracellular and extracellular material trafficked via multiple pathways. Lysosomes also sense cellular nutrient levels to regulate target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase, a signaling enzyme that drives growth and suppresses activity of the MiT/TFE family of transcription factors that control biogenesis of lysosomes. In this study, we subjected worms lacking basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor 30 (hlh-30), the Caenorhabditis elegans MiT/TFE ortholog, to starvation followed by refeeding to understand how this pathway regulates survival with variable nutrient supply. Loss of HLH-30 markedly impaired survival in starved larval worms and recovery upon refeeding bacteria. Remarkably, provision of simple nutrients in a completely defined medium (C. elegans maintenance medium [CeMM]), specifically glucose and linoleic acid, restored lysosomal acidification, TOR activation, and survival with refeeding despite the absence of HLH-30. Worms deficient in lysosomal lipase 2 (lipl-2), a lysosomal enzyme that is transcriptionally up-regulated in starvation in an HLH-30–dependent manner, also demonstrated increased mortality with starvation–refeeding that was partially rescued with glucose, suggesting a critical role for LIPL-2 in lipid metabolism under starvation. CeMM induced transcription of vacuolar proton pump subunits in hlh-30 mutant worms, and knockdown of vacuolar H+-ATPase 12 (vha-12) and its upstream regulator, nuclear hormone receptor 31 (nhr-31), abolished the rescue with CeMM. Loss of Ras-related GTP binding protein C homolog 1 RAGC-1, the ortholog for mammalian RagC/D GTPases, conferred starvation–refeeding lethality, and RAGC-1 overexpression was sufficient to rescue starved hlh-30 mutant worms, demonstrating a critical need for TOR activation with refeeding. These results show that HLH-30 activation is critical for sustaining survival during starvation–refeeding stress via regulating TOR. Glucose and linoleic acid bypass the requirement for HLH-30 in coupling lysosome nutrient sensing to survival. Lysosomes play a central role in coupling the nutrient state of the cell to growth and survival decisions. This study uncovers a critical role for HLH-30, the nematode ortholog of the mammalian MiT/TFE family of master regulators of lysosome biogenesis, in survival under starvation and refeeding conditions. Refeeding simple nutrients bypasses the requirement for HLH-30 to permit survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Murphy
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xiucui Ma
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alex Shaver
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Egan
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Clara Oh
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alexander Boyko
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Travis Mazer
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Samuel Ang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rohan Khopkar
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ali Javaheri
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Daniel Ory
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kartik Mani
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Scot J. Matkovich
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kerry Kornfeld
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- John Cochran VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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55
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Kumarasingha R, Young ND, Yeo TC, Lim DSL, Tu CL, Palombo EA, Shaw JM, Gasser RB, Boag PR. Transcriptional alterations in Caenorhabditis elegans following exposure to an anthelmintic fraction of the plant Picria fel-terrae Lour. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:181. [PMID: 31023350 PMCID: PMC6485125 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Natural compounds from plants are known to provide a source of anthelmintic molecules. In previous studies, we have shown that plant extracts from the plant Picria fel-terrae Lour. and particular fractions thereof have activity against the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, causing quite pronounced stress responses in this nematode. We have also shown that a fraction, designated Pf-fraction 5, derived from this plant has a substantial adverse effect on this worm; however, nothing is known about the molecular processes affected in the worm. In the present study, we explored this aspect. Results Key biological processes linked to upregulated genes (n = 214) included ‘response to endoplasmic reticulum stress’ and ‘lipid metabolism’, and processes representing downregulated genes (n = 357) included ‘DNA-conformation change’ and ‘cellular lipid metabolism’. Conclusions Exposure of C. elegans to Pf-fraction 5 induces significant changes in the transcriptome. Gene ontology analysis suggests that Pf-fraction 5 induces endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress, and the changes in gene expression are either a direct or indirect consequence of this. Further work is required to assess specific responses to sub-fractions of Pf-fraction 5 in time-course experiments in C. elegans, to define the chemical(s) with potent anthelmintic properties, to attempt to unravel their mode(s) of action and to assess their selectivity against nematodes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3429-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Kumarasingha
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tiong-Chia Yeo
- Sarawak Biodiversity Centre, KM 20 Jalan Borneo Heights, Semengoh, Locked Bag 3032, 93990, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Diana S L Lim
- Sarawak Biodiversity Centre, KM 20 Jalan Borneo Heights, Semengoh, Locked Bag 3032, 93990, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Chu-Lee Tu
- Sarawak Biodiversity Centre, KM 20 Jalan Borneo Heights, Semengoh, Locked Bag 3032, 93990, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Enzo A Palombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122, Australia
| | - Jillian M Shaw
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, 3122, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Peter R Boag
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia. .,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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56
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Papsdorf K, Brunet A. Linking Lipid Metabolism to Chromatin Regulation in Aging. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:97-116. [PMID: 30316636 PMCID: PMC6340780 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lifespan of an organism is strongly influenced by environmental factors (including diet) and by internal factors (notably reproductive status). Lipid metabolism is critical for adaptation to external conditions or reproduction. Interestingly, specific lipid profiles are associated with longevity, and increased uptake of certain lipids extends longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans and ameliorates disease phenotypes in humans. How lipids impact longevity, and how lipid metabolism is regulated during aging, is just beginning to be unraveled. This review describes recent advances in the regulation and role of lipids in longevity, focusing on the interaction between lipid metabolism and chromatin states in aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Papsdorf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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57
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The Caenorhabditis elegans Oxidative Stress Response Requires the NHR-49 Transcription Factor. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:3857-3863. [PMID: 30297383 PMCID: PMC6288832 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells can lead to the development of diseases associated with aging. We have previously shown that C. elegansBRAP-2 (Brca1 associated binding protein 2) regulates phase II detoxification genes such as gst-4, by increasing SKN-1 activity. Previously, a transcription factor (TF) RNAi screen was conducted to identify potential activators that are required to induce gst-4 expression in brap-2(ok1492) mutants. The lipid metabolism regulator NHR-49/HNF4 was among 18 TFs identified. Here, we show that knockdown of nhr-49 suppresses the activation of gst-4 caused by brap-2 inactivation and that gain-of-function alleles of nhr-49 promote gst-4 expression. We also demonstrate that nhr-49 and its cofactor mdt-15 are required to express phase II detoxification enzymes upon exposure to chemicals that induce oxidative stress. Furthermore, we show that NHR-49 and MDT-15 enhance expression of skn-1a/c. These findings identify a novel role for NHR-49 in ROS detoxification by regulating expression of SKN-1C and phase II detoxification genes.
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58
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Yu Z, Yin D, Hou M, Zhang J. Effects of food availability on the trade-off between growth and antioxidant responses in Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to sulfonamide antibiotics. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:278-285. [PMID: 30077107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adverse effects of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) include growth inhibition and antioxidant activation which showed trade-off effects. Yet, the influence of food availability on such effects have not been thoroughly investigated. Caenorhabditis elegans were exposed to four SAs at high and low food availabilities which were represented by the optical densities of bacteria at 600 nm. The nematode feeding, growth and antioxidants including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were determined. Results showed that the control nematodes at low food availability had less growth and greater antioxidant responses than the nematodes at high food availability. In SA exposure, the nematode growth in the presence of food (at both high and low food availability) was less than that in its absence, supporting the role of food as an exposure pathway. The nematode growth at low food availability showed significantly greater inhibition than at high food availability (p < 0.05). The nematode antioxidants showed stimulations, and CAT had the greatest stimulation. Moreover, the stimulation on CAT at low food availability were significantly higher than those at high food availability (p < 0.05). That is to say, SA exposure at low food availability further biased the trade-off effects towards more energy investment in antioxidant with less in growth. Further studies on the expression levels of CAT encoding genes demonstrated that cells in intestines were the main antioxidant response sites, which further supported the contributions of food to the observed toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Jiaxing Tongji Institute for Environment, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314051, PR China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Meifang Hou
- College of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
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59
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Farias-Pereira R, Oshiro J, Kim KH, Park Y. Green coffee bean extract and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid regulate fat metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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60
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Denzel MS, Lapierre LR, Mack HID. Emerging topics in C. elegans aging research: Transcriptional regulation, stress response and epigenetics. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 177:4-21. [PMID: 30134144 PMCID: PMC6696993 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Key discoveries in aging research have been made possible with the use of model organisms. Caenorhabditis elegans is a short-lived nematode that has become a well-established system to study aging. The practicality and powerful genetic manipulations associated with this metazoan have revolutionized our ability to understand how organisms age. 25 years after the publication of the discovery of the daf-2 gene as a genetic modifier of lifespan, C. elegans remains as relevant as ever in the quest to understand the process of aging. Nematode aging research has proven useful in identifying transcriptional regulators, small molecule signals, cellular mechanisms, epigenetic modifications associated with stress resistance and longevity, and lifespan-extending compounds. Here, we review recent discoveries and selected topics that have emerged in aging research using this incredible little worm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Denzel
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Louis R Lapierre
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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Goh GYS, Winter JJ, Bhanshali F, Doering KRS, Lai R, Lee K, Veal EA, Taubert S. NHR-49/HNF4 integrates regulation of fatty acid metabolism with a protective transcriptional response to oxidative stress and fasting. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12743. [PMID: 29508513 PMCID: PMC5946062 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous stresses elicit transcriptional responses that limit damage and promote cell/organismal survival. Like its mammalian counterparts, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), Caenorhabditis elegans NHR-49 is a well-established regulator of lipid metabolism. Here, we reveal that NHR-49 is essential to activate a transcriptional response common to organic peroxide and fasting, which includes the pro-longevity gene fmo-2/flavin-containing monooxygenase. These NHR-49-dependent, stress-responsive genes are also upregulated in long-lived glp-1/notch receptor mutants, with two of them making critical contributions to the oxidative stress resistance of wild-type and long-lived glp-1 mutants worms. Similar to its role in lipid metabolism, NHR-49 requires the mediator subunit mdt-15 to promote stress-induced gene expression. However, NHR-49 acts independently from the transcription factor hlh-30/TFEB that also promotes fmo-2 expression. We show that activation of the p38 MAPK, PMK-1, which is important for adaptation to a variety of stresses, is also important for peroxide-induced expression of a subset of NHR-49-dependent genes that includes fmo-2. However, organic peroxide increases NHR-49 protein levels, by a posttranscriptional mechanism that does not require PMK-1 activation. Together, these findings establish a new role for the HNF4/PPARα-related NHR-49 as a stress-activated regulator of cytoprotective gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Y. S. Goh
- Graduate Program in Cell & Developmental Biology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics; Vancouver BC Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Johnathan J. Winter
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Forum Bhanshali
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics; Vancouver BC Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Kelsie R. S. Doering
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics; Vancouver BC Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Regina Lai
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics; Vancouver BC Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Kayoung Lee
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics; Vancouver BC Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Veal
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Graduate Program in Cell & Developmental Biology; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics; Vancouver BC Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute; Vancouver BC Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
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62
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Park MR, Ryu S, Maburutse BE, Oh NS, Kim SH, Oh S, Jeong SY, Jeong DY, Oh S, Kim Y. Probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum strain JDFM216 stimulates the longevity and immune response of Caenorhabditis elegans through a nuclear hormone receptor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7441. [PMID: 29748542 PMCID: PMC5945636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we examined the functionality of Lactobacillus fermentum strain JDFM216, a newly isolated probiotic bacterium, using a Caenorhabditis elegans model. We determined bacterial colonization in the intestinal tract of C. elegans by plate counting and transmission electron microscopy and examined the survival of C. elegans using a solid killing assay. In addition, we employed DNA microarray analysis, quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblotting assays to explore health-promoting pathways induced by probiotic bacteria in C. elegans. Initially, we found that the probiotic bacterium L. fermentum strain JDFM216 was not harmful to the C. elegans host. Conditioning with JDFM216 led to its colonization in the nematode intestine and enhanced resistance in nematodes exposed to food-borne pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Interestingly, this probiotic strain significantly prolonged the life span of C. elegans. Whole-transcriptome analysis and transgenic worm assays revealed that the health-promoting effects of JDFM216 were mediated by a nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) family and PMK-1 signaling. Taken together, we described a new C. elegans-based system to screen novel probiotic activity and demonstrated that preconditioning with the probiotic L. fermentum strain JDFM216 may positively stimulate the longevity of the C. elegans host via specific pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ri Park
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Milk Genomics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Sangdon Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Milk Genomics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Brighton E Maburutse
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Milk Genomics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea
| | - Nam Su Oh
- R&D Center, Seoul Dairy Cooperative, Ansan, Gyeonggi, 15407, South Korea
| | - Sae Hun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Sejong Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Seong-Yeop Jeong
- Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, Sunchang, Jeonbuk, 56048, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Youn Jeong
- Microbial Institute for Fermentation Industry, Sunchang, Jeonbuk, 56048, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangnam Oh
- Department of Functional Food and Biotechnology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, Republic of Korea.
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Institute of Milk Genomics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Korea.
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63
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Shen P, Yue Y, Zheng J, Park Y. Caenorhabditis elegans: A Convenient In Vivo Model for Assessing the Impact of Food Bioactive Compounds on Obesity, Aging, and Alzheimer's Disease. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2018; 9:1-22. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030117-012709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Shen
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Yiren Yue
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | | | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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64
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Yu Y, Mutlu AS, Liu H, Wang MC. High-throughput screens using photo-highlighting discover BMP signaling in mitochondrial lipid oxidation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:865. [PMID: 29021566 PMCID: PMC5636786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00944-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screens at microscopic resolution can uncover molecular mechanisms of cellular dynamics, but remain technically challenging in live multicellular organisms. Here we present a genetic screening method using photo-highlighting for candidate selection on microscopes. We apply this method to stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy and systematically identify 57 Caenorhabditis elegans mutants with altered lipid distribution. Four of these mutants target the components of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling pathway, revealing that BMP signaling inactivation causes exhaustion of lipid reserves in somatic tissues. Using SRS-based isotope tracing assay to quantitatively track lipid synthesis and mobilization, we discover that the BMP signaling mutants have increased rates of lipid mobilization. Furthermore, this increase is associated with the induction of mitochondrial β-oxidation and mitochondrial fusion. Together these studies demonstrate a photo-highlighting microscopic strategy for genome-scale screens, leading to the discovery of new roles for BMP signaling in linking mitochondrial homeostasis and lipid metabolism.High-throughput genetic screens in animals could benefit from an easy way to mark positive hits. Here the authors introduce photo-highlighting using a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, and in combination with stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, define a role for BMP signaling in lipid metabolism in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ayse Sena Mutlu
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Harrison Liu
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco and University of California, Berkeley, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Meng C Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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65
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Watts JL, Ristow M. Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2017; 207:413-446. [PMID: 28978773 PMCID: PMC5629314 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism are highly conserved processes that affect nearly all aspects of organismal biology. Caenorhabditis elegans eat bacteria, which consist of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins that are broken down during digestion into fatty acids, simple sugars, and amino acid precursors. With these nutrients, C. elegans synthesizes a wide range of metabolites that are required for development and behavior. In this review, we outline lipid and carbohydrate structures as well as biosynthesis and breakdown pathways that have been characterized in C. elegans We bring attention to functional studies using mutant strains that reveal physiological roles for specific lipids and carbohydrates during development, aging, and adaptation to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Watts
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Michael Ristow
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, 8603 Schwerzenbach-Zurich, Switzerland
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66
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Qi W, Gutierrez GE, Gao X, Dixon H, McDonough JA, Marini AM, Fisher AL. The ω-3 fatty acid α-linolenic acid extends Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan via NHR-49/PPARα and oxidation to oxylipins. Aging Cell 2017; 16:1125-1135. [PMID: 28772063 PMCID: PMC5595674 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary intake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids has been linked to a reduction in the incidence of aging-associated disease including cardiovascular disease and stroke. Additionally, long-lived Caenorhabditis elegans glp-1 germ line-less mutant animals show a number of changes in lipid metabolism including the increased production of the ω-3 fatty acid, α-linolenic acid (ALA). Here, we show that the treatment of C. elegans with ALA produces a dose-dependent increase in lifespan. The increased longevity of the glp-1 mutant animals is known to be dependent on both the NHR-49/PPARα and SKN-1/Nrf2 transcription factors, although the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. We find that ALA treatment increased the lifespan of wild-type worms and that these effects required both of these transcription factors. Specifically, NHR-49 was activated by ALA to promote the expression of genes involved in the β-oxidation of lipids, whereas SKN-1 is not directly activated by ALA, but instead, the exposure of ALA to air results in the oxidation of ALA to a group of compounds termed oxylipins. At least one of the oxylipins activates SKN-1 and enhances the increased longevity resulting from ALA treatment. The results show that ω-3 fatty acids inhibit aging and that these effects could reflect the combined effects of the ω-3 fatty acid and the oxylipin metabolites. The benefits of ω-3 fatty acid consumption on human health may similarly involve the production of oxylipins, and differences in oxylipin conversion could account for at least part of the variability found between observational vs. interventional clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Qi
- Center for Healthy Aging; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio TX 78229 USA
| | - Gloria E. Gutierrez
- Pharmaceuticals and Bioengineering; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division; Southwest Research Institute; San Antonio TX 78238 USA
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio TX 78229 USA
| | - Hong Dixon
- Pharmaceuticals and Bioengineering; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division; Southwest Research Institute; San Antonio TX 78238 USA
| | - Joe A. McDonough
- Pharmaceuticals and Bioengineering; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division; Southwest Research Institute; San Antonio TX 78238 USA
| | - Ann M. Marini
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Bethesda MD 20814 USA
| | - Alfred L. Fisher
- Center for Healthy Aging; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio TX 78229 USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio TX 78229 USA
- GRECC; South Texas VA Healthcare System; San Antonio TX 78229 USA
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67
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Mori A, Holdorf AD, Walhout AJM. Many transcription factors contribute to C. elegans growth and fat storage. Genes Cells 2017; 22:770-784. [PMID: 28791781 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reverse genetic screens by RNA interference (RNAi) in model organisms such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have provided numerous insights into gene function, thereby connecting genotype to phenotype. However, genes that contribute only subtly are often missed because relatively large numbers of measurements and reliable quantification are required to overcome experimental and biological noise that may mask subtle phenotypic effects. Here, we address this challenge by focusing on two phenotypes in C. elegans: growth and fat storage. We carried out comprehensive RNAi knockdown of transcription factors (TFs), as these are known important regulators of biological processes during development and the maintenance of homeostasis. Microscopy images of TF knockdown animals stained with Oil Red O (ORO) were captured, and body size (proxy for growth) and ORO staining intensity (proxy for fat storage) were precisely quantified using a newly developed imaging tool we named IPPOME (Image Processing for Precise and Objective MEasurement). We found that a surprisingly large proportion of TFs contribute to growth and fat storage, but that most TFs have only subtle, yet significant effects. This study provides a blueprint for studies of other genes and phenotypes in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Mori
- Program in Systems Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Amy D Holdorf
- Program in Systems Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Albertha J M Walhout
- Program in Systems Biology, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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68
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Nie Y, Littleton B, Kavanagh T, Abbate V, Bansal SS, Richards D, Hylands P, Stürzenbaum SR. Proanthocyanidin trimer gallate modulates lipid deposition and fatty acid desaturation in
Caenorhabditis elegans. FASEB J 2017; 31:4891-4902. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700438r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nie
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences DivisionFaculty of Life Sciences and Medicine
| | - Brad Littleton
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Natural and Mathematical SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas Kavanagh
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Natural and Mathematical SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceFaculty of Life Sciences and Medicine
| | | | - David Richards
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Natural and Mathematical SciencesKing’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Hylands
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ScienceFaculty of Life Sciences and Medicine
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69
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Shen P, Yue Y, Park Y. A living model for obesity and aging research:Caenorhabditis elegans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:741-754. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1220914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Shen
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yiren Yue
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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70
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Tang H, Han M. Fatty Acids Regulate Germline Sex Determination through ACS-4-Dependent Myristoylation. Cell 2017; 169:457-469.e13. [PMID: 28431246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fat metabolism has been linked to fertility and reproductive adaptation in animals and humans, and environmental sex determination potentially plays a role in the process. To investigate the impact of fatty acids (FA) on sex determination and reproductive development, we examined and observed an impact of FA synthesis and mobilization by lipolysis in somatic tissues on oocyte fate in Caenorhabditis elegans. The subsequent genetic analysis identified ACS-4, an acyl-CoA synthetase and its FA-CoA product, as key germline factors that mediate the role of FA in promoting oocyte fate through protein myristoylation. Further tests indicated that ACS-4-dependent protein myristoylation perceives and translates the FA level into regulatory cues that modulate the activities of MPK-1/MAPK and key factors in the germline sex-determination pathway. These findings, including a similar role of ACS-4 in a male/female species, uncover a likely conserved mechanism by which FA, an environmental factor, regulates sex determination and reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Tang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of MCDB of the University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Min Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of MCDB of the University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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71
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Shen P, Yue Y, Kim KH, Park Y. Piceatannol Reduces Fat Accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Med Food 2017; 20:887-894. [PMID: 28514198 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess fat accumulation and abnormal metabolism are involved in numerous diseases and thus the research on identification of compounds that can regulate energy homeostasis could significantly facilitate the current effort to prevent and/or treat metabolic disorders. Piceatannol, one of the natural stilbenes, was previously found to decrease lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. However, its role in fat metabolism in vivo is not known. Thus, Caenorhabditis elegans as an animal model was used in the current study to determine the effect of piceatannol on fat accumulation and its underlying mechanisms. The results showed that 50 and 100 μM piceatannol significantly reduced fat accumulation of wild-type worms grown in normal and high-glucose conditions without altering the growth rate, worm length, pumping rate, or moving speed. The current study further indicated that piceatannol decreased the expression of sbp-1 (encodes an ortholog of mammalian sterol regulatory element-binding protein) and its target gene fasn-1 (encodes an ortholog of fatty acid synthase) as well as increased the expression of hosl-1 (encodes an ortholog of hormone-sensitive lipase) in glucose-treated worms. These data suggested that piceatannol reduced fat accumulation in C. elegans by suppression of genes involved in lipid synthesis and possibly through stimulation of lipolysis. Given that piceatannol exerts similar effects in both C. elegans and 3T3-L1 cells, our finding could provide a mechanistic insight into the role of piceatannol in lipid metabolism in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Shen
- 1 Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yiren Yue
- 1 Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- 2 Department of Food Science, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana, USA .,3 Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- 1 Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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72
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Laranjeiro R, Harinath G, Burke D, Braeckman BP, Driscoll M. Single swim sessions in C. elegans induce key features of mammalian exercise. BMC Biol 2017; 15:30. [PMID: 28395669 PMCID: PMC5385602 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise exerts remarkably powerful effects on metabolism and health, with anti-disease and anti-aging outcomes. Pharmacological manipulation of exercise benefit circuits might improve the health of the sedentary and the aging populations. Still, how exercised muscle signals to induce system-wide health improvement remains poorly understood. With a long-term interest in interventions that promote animal-wide health improvement, we sought to define exercise options for Caenorhabditis elegans. RESULTS Here, we report on the impact of single swim sessions on C. elegans physiology. We used microcalorimetry to show that C. elegans swimming has a greater energy cost than crawling. Animals that swam continuously for 90 min specifically consumed muscle fat supplies and exhibited post-swim locomotory fatigue, with both muscle fat depletion and fatigue indicators recovering within 1 hour of exercise cessation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) transcript analyses also suggested an increase in fat metabolism during the swim, followed by the downregulation of specific carbohydrate metabolism transcripts in the hours post-exercise. During a 90 min swim, muscle mitochondria matrix environments became more oxidized, as visualized by a localized mitochondrial reduction-oxidation-sensitive green fluorescent protein reporter. qPCR data supported specific transcriptional changes in oxidative stress defense genes during and immediately after a swim. Consistent with potential antioxidant defense induction, we found that a single swim session sufficed to confer protection against juglone-induced oxidative stress inflicted 4 hours post-exercise. CONCLUSIONS In addition to showing that even a single swim exercise bout confers physiological changes that increase robustness, our data reveal that acute swimming-induced changes share common features with some acute exercise responses reported in humans. Overall, our data validate an easily implemented swim experience as C. elegans exercise, setting the foundation for exploiting the experimental advantages of this model to genetically or pharmacologically identify the exercise-associated molecules and signaling pathways that confer system-wide health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Laranjeiro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ USA
| | - Girish Harinath
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ USA
| | - Daniel Burke
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ USA
| | | | - Monica Driscoll
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Nelson Biological Laboratories, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ USA
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Wang Z, Schaffer NE, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ. Nuclear receptors: emerging drug targets for parasitic diseases. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1165-1171. [PMID: 28165341 PMCID: PMC5373876 DOI: 10.1172/jci88890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic worms infect billions of people worldwide. Current treatments rely on a small group of drugs that have been used for decades. A shortcoming of these drugs is their inability to target the intractable infectious stage of the parasite. As well-known therapeutic targets in mammals, nuclear receptors have begun to be studied in parasitic worms, where they are widely distributed and play key roles in governing metabolic and developmental transcriptional networks. One such nuclear receptor is DAF-12, which is required for normal nematode development, including the all-important infectious stage. Here we review the emerging literature that implicates DAF-12 and potentially other nuclear receptors as novel anthelmintic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David J. Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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74
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Bennett CF, Kwon JJ, Chen C, Russell J, Acosta K, Burnaevskiy N, Crane MM, Bitto A, Vander Wende H, Simko M, Pineda V, Rossner R, Wasko BM, Choi H, Chen S, Park S, Jafari G, Sands B, Perez Olsen C, Mendenhall AR, Morgan PG, Kaeberlein M. Transaldolase inhibition impairs mitochondrial respiration and induces a starvation-like longevity response in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006695. [PMID: 28355222 PMCID: PMC5389855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction can increase oxidative stress and extend lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Homeostatic mechanisms exist to cope with disruptions to mitochondrial function that promote cellular health and organismal longevity. Previously, we determined that decreased expression of the cytosolic pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) enzyme transaldolase activates the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and extends lifespan. Here we report that transaldolase (tald-1) deficiency impairs mitochondrial function in vivo, as evidenced by altered mitochondrial morphology, decreased respiration, and increased cellular H2O2 levels. Lifespan extension from knockdown of tald-1 is associated with an oxidative stress response involving p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPKs and a starvation-like response regulated by the transcription factor EB (TFEB) homolog HLH-30. The latter response promotes autophagy and increases expression of the flavin-containing monooxygenase 2 (fmo-2). We conclude that cytosolic redox established through the PPP is a key regulator of mitochondrial function and defines a new mechanism for mitochondrial regulation of longevity. There are a growing number of studies linking mitochondrial dysfunction to enhanced longevity, especially in the nematode C. elegans. The reasons for these pro-longevity effects have been elusive, but one current model is that adaptive responses to mitochondrial inhibition promote organismal health and stress resistance. Here, we report an intriguing example of mitochondrial stress induced by inhibition of a cytosolic metabolic pathway that extends lifespan in worms. We find that inhibition of the pentose phosphate pathway, which is essential for cytosolic redox homeostasis, affects multiple parameters of mitochondrial function and activates a starvation-like response that promotes longevity through recycling of damaged cellular components and induction of the enzyme flavin-containing monooxygenase 2. These results establish novel links between the pentose phosphate pathway, mitochondrial function, redox homeostasis, and organismal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F. Bennett
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jane J. Kwon
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Christine Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Joshua Russell
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kathlyn Acosta
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Nikolay Burnaevskiy
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Matthew M. Crane
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Bitto
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Helen Vander Wende
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Marissa Simko
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Victor Pineda
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ryan Rossner
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Wasko
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Haeri Choi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Shiwen Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Shirley Park
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Gholamali Jafari
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Bryan Sands
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Carissa Perez Olsen
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Philip G. Morgan
- Center for Integrated Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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75
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Shen P, Hsieh TH, Yue Y, Sun Q, Clark JM, Park Y. Deltamethrin increases the fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 101:149-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tao J, Wu QY, Ma YC, Chen YL, Zou CG. Antioxidant response is a protective mechanism against nutrient deprivation in C. elegans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43547. [PMID: 28230214 PMCID: PMC5322524 DOI: 10.1038/srep43547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals often experience periods of nutrient deprivation; however, the molecular mechanisms by which animals survive starvation remain largely unknown. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the nuclear receptor DAF-12 acts as a dietary and environmental sensor to orchestrate diverse aspects of development, metabolism, and reproduction. Recently, we have reported that DAF-12 together with co-repressor DIN-1S is required for starvation tolerance by promoting fat mobilization. In this report, we found that genetic inactivation of the DAF-12 signaling promoted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during starvation. ROS mediated systemic necrosis, thereby inducing organismal death. The DAF-12/DIN-1S complex up-regulated the expression of antioxidant genes during starvation. The antioxidant enzyme GST-4 in turn suppressed ROS formation, thereby conferring worm survival. Our findings highlight the importance of antioxidant response in starvation tolerance and provide a novel insight into multiple organisms survive and adapt to periods of nutrient deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Qin-Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Yuan-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
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Bodofsky S, Koitz F, Wightman B. CONSERVED AND EXAPTED FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEAR RECEPTORS IN ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2017; 4:101305. [PMID: 29333434 PMCID: PMC5761748 DOI: 10.11131/2017/101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor gene family includes 18 members that are broadly conserved among multiple disparate animal phyla, indicating that they trace their evolutionary origins to the time at which animal life arose. Typical nuclear receptors contain two major domains: a DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal domain that may bind a lipophilic hormone. Many of these nuclear receptors play varied roles in animal development, including coordination of life cycle events and cellular differentiation. The well-studied genetic model systems of Drosophila, C. elegans, and mouse permit an evaluation of the extent to which nuclear receptor function in development is conserved or exapted (repurposed) over animal evolution. While there are some specific examples of conserved functions and pathways, there are many clear examples of exaptation. Overall, the evolutionary theme of exaptation appears to be favored over strict functional conservation. Despite strong conservation of DNA-binding domain sequences and activity, the nuclear receptors prove to be highly-flexible regulators of animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari Bodofsky
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, 2400 Chew St., Allentown, PA 18104
| | - Francine Koitz
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, 2400 Chew St., Allentown, PA 18104
| | - Bruce Wightman
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, 2400 Chew St., Allentown, PA 18104
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Lee K, Goh GYS, Wong MA, Klassen TL, Taubert S. Gain-of-Function Alleles in Caenorhabditis elegans Nuclear Hormone Receptor nhr-49 Are Functionally Distinct. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162708. [PMID: 27618178 PMCID: PMC5019492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) are transcription factors that regulate numerous physiological and developmental processes and represent important drug targets. NHR-49, an ortholog of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 (HNF4), has emerged as a key regulator of lipid metabolism and life span in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans. However, many aspects of NHR-49 function remain poorly understood, including whether and how it regulates individual sets of target genes and whether its activity is modulated by a ligand. A recent study identified three gain-of-function (gof) missense mutations in nhr-49 (nhr-49(et7), nhr-49(et8), and nhr-49(et13), respectively). These substitutions all affect the ligand-binding domain (LBD), which is critical for ligand binding and protein interactions. Thus, these alleles provide an opportunity to test how three specific residues contribute to NHR-49 dependent gene regulation. We used computational and molecular methods to delineate how these mutations alter NHR-49 activity. We find that despite originating from a screen favoring the activation of specific NHR-49 targets, all three gof alleles cause broad upregulation of NHR-49 regulated genes. Interestingly, nhr-49(et7) and nhr-49(et8) exclusively affect nhr-49 dependent activation, whereas the nhr-49(et13) surprisingly affects both nhr-49 mediated activation and repression, implicating the affected residue as dually important. We also observed phenotypic non-equivalence of these alleles, as they unexpectedly caused a long, short, and normal life span, respectively. Mechanistically, the gof substitutions altered neither protein interactions with the repressive partner NHR-66 and the coactivator MDT-15 nor the subcellular localization or expression of NHR-49. However, in silico structural modeling revealed that NHR-49 likely interacts with small molecule ligands and that the missense mutations might alter ligand binding, providing a possible explanation for increased NHR-49 activity. In sum, our findings indicate that the three nhr-49 gof alleles are non-equivalent, and highlight the conserved V411 residue affected by et13 as critical for gene activation and repression alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoung Lee
- Graduate Program in Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics and Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Grace Ying Shyen Goh
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics and Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcus Andrew Wong
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics and Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tara Leah Klassen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Graduate Program in Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics and Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Brunquell J, Morris S, Lu Y, Cheng F, Westerheide SD. The genome-wide role of HSF-1 in the regulation of gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:559. [PMID: 27496166 PMCID: PMC4975890 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heat shock response, induced by cytoplasmic proteotoxic stress, is one of the most highly conserved transcriptional responses. This response, driven by the heat shock transcription factor HSF1, restores proteostasis through the induction of molecular chaperones and other genes. In addition to stress-dependent functions, HSF1 has also been implicated in various stress-independent functions. In C. elegans, the HSF1 homolog HSF-1 is an essential protein that is required to mount a stress-dependent response, as well as to coordinate various stress-independent processes including development, metabolism, and the regulation of lifespan. In this work, we have performed RNA-sequencing for C. elegans cultured in the presence and absence of hsf-1 RNAi followed by treatment with or without heat shock. This experimental design thus allows for the determination of both heat shock-dependent and -independent biological targets of HSF-1 on a genome-wide level. RESULTS Our results confirm that C. elegans HSF-1 can regulate gene expression in both a stress-dependent and -independent fashion. Almost all genes regulated by HS require HSF-1, reinforcing the central role of this transcription factor in the response to heat stress. As expected, major categories of HSF-1-regulated genes include cytoprotection, development, metabolism, and aging. Within both the heat stress-dependent and -independent gene groups, significant numbers of genes are upregulated as well as downregulated, demonstrating that HSF-1 can both activate and repress gene expression either directly or indirectly. Surprisingly, the cellular process most highly regulated by HSF-1, both with and without heat stress, is cuticle structure. Via network analyses, we identify a nuclear hormone receptor as a common link between genes that are regulated by HSF-1 in a HS-dependent manner, and an epidermal growth factor receptor as a common link between genes that are regulated by HSF-1 in a HS-independent manner. HSF-1 therefore coordinates various physiological processes in C. elegans, and HSF-1 activity may be coordinated across tissues by nuclear hormone receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. CONCLUSION This work provides genome-wide HSF-1 regulatory networks in C. elegans that are both heat stress-dependent and -independent. We show that HSF-1 is responsible for regulating many genes outside of classical heat stress-responsive genes, including genes involved in development, metabolism, and aging. The findings that a nuclear hormone receptor may coordinate the HS-induced HSF-1 transcriptional response, while an epidermal growth factor receptor may coordinate the HS-independent response, indicate that these factors could promote cell non-autonomous signaling that occurs through HSF-1. Finally, this work highlights the genes involved in cuticle structure as important HSF-1 targets that may play roles in promoting both cytoprotection as well as longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Brunquell
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Stephanie Morris
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Yin Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health , University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health , University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Sandy D. Westerheide
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
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Tao J, Ma YC, Yang ZS, Zou CG, Zhang KQ. Octopamine connects nutrient cues to lipid metabolism upon nutrient deprivation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501372. [PMID: 27386520 PMCID: PMC4928904 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Starvation is probably the most common stressful situation in nature. In vertebrates, elevation of the biogenic amine norepinephrine levels is common during starvation. However, the precise role of norepinephrine in nutrient deprivation remains largely unknown. We report that in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, up-regulation of the biosynthesis of octopamine, the invertebrate counterpart of norepinephrine, serves as a mechanism to adapt to starvation. During nutrient deprivation, the nuclear receptor DAF-12, known to sense nutritional cues, up-regulates the expression of tbh-1 that encodes tyramine β-hydroxylase, a key enzyme for octopamine biosynthesis, in the RIC neurons. Octopamine induces the expression of the lipase gene lips-6 via its receptor SER-3 in the intestine. LIPS-6, in turn, elicits lipid mobilization. Our findings reveal that octopamine acts as an endocrine regulator linking nutrient cues to lipolysis to maintain energy homeostasis, and suggest that such a mechanism may be evolutionally conserved in diverse organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
| | - Zhong-Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
- College of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
- Corresponding author. (C.-G.Z.); (K.-Q.Z.)
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
- Corresponding author. (C.-G.Z.); (K.-Q.Z.)
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81
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Yu Z, Zhang J, Yin D. Multigenerational Effects of Heavy Metals on Feeding, Growth, Initial Reproduction and Antioxidants in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154529. [PMID: 27116222 PMCID: PMC4846010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies showed that toxicities of excessive metals lasted over generations. Yet, these studies mainly employed one-generation exposure, and the effects of multigenerational challenges need further studies. Presently, Caenorhabditis elegans were exposed to cadmium, copper, lead and zinc for four consecutive generations (G1 to G4) at environmental concentrations. The feeding, growth, initial reproduction, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined. All data were represented in the percentage of that in control (POC), and POC in the control was normalized to 100%. In G1 and G2, the POC values in feeding, growth and initial reproduction were generally within 10% of the control (100%), indicating non-significant effects. The POC values in SOD and CAT were significantly higher than 100%, showing stimulatory effects. In G3 and G4, the POC values in feeding, growth and initial reproduction were significantly lower than 100%, showing inhibitory effects which were more severe in G4 than in G3. Meanwhile, SOD and CAT continuously showed stimulatory effects, and the stimulatory effects on SOD increased from G1 to G4. The effects with multigenerational challenges were different from those in one-generation exposure. The effects in later generations demonstrated the importance of multigenerational challenges in judging long-term influences of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenYang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - DaQiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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Ratnappan R, Ward JD, Yamamoto KR, Ghazi A. Nuclear hormone receptors as mediators of metabolic adaptability following reproductive perturbations. WORM 2016; 5:e1151609. [PMID: 27073739 DOI: 10.1080/21624054.2016.1151609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we identified a group of nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) that promote longevity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans following germline-stem cell (GSC) loss. This group included NHR-49, the worm protein that performs functions similar to vertebrate PPARα, a key regulator of lipid metabolism. We showed that NHR-49/PPARα enhances mitochondrial β-oxidation and fatty acid desaturation upon germline removal, and through the coordinated enhancement of these processes allows the animal to retain lipid homeostasis and undergo lifespan extension. NHR-49/PPARα expression is elevated in GSC-ablated animals, in part, by DAF-16/FOXO3A and TCER-1/TCERG1, two other conserved, pro-longevity transcriptional regulators that are essential for germline-less longevity. In exploring the roles of the other pro-longevity NHRs, we discovered that one of them, NHR-71/HNF4, physically interacted with NHR-49/PPARα. NHR-71/HNF4 did not have a broad impact on the expression of β-oxidation and desaturation targets of NHR-49/PPARα. But, both NHR-49/PPARα and NHR-71/HNF4 were essential for the increased expression of DAF-16/FOXO3A- and TCER-1/TCERG1-downstream target genes. In addition, nhr-49 inactivation caused a striking membrane localization of KRI-1, the only known common upstream regulator of DAF-16/FOXO3A and TCER-1/TCERG1, suggesting that it may operate in a positive feedback loop to potentiate the activity of this pathway. These data underscore how selective interactions between NHRs that function as nodes in metabolic networks, confer functional specificity in response to different physiological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Ratnappan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jordan D Ward
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Keith R Yamamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arjumand Ghazi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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83
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Moreno-Arriola E, EL Hafidi M, Ortega-Cuéllar D, Carvajal K. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Regulates Oxidative Metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans through the NHR-49 and MDT-15 Transcriptional Regulators. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148089. [PMID: 26824904 PMCID: PMC4732773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular energy regulation relies on complex signaling pathways that respond to fuel availability and metabolic demands. Dysregulation of these networks is implicated in the development of human metabolic diseases such as obesity and metabolic syndrome. In Caenorhabditis elegans the AMP-activated protein kinase, AAK, has been associated with longevity and stress resistance; nevertheless its precise role in energy metabolism remains elusive. In the present study, we find an evolutionary conserved role of AAK in oxidative metabolism. Similar to mammals, AAK is activated by AICAR and metformin and leads to increased glycolytic and oxidative metabolic fluxes evidenced by an increase in lactate levels and mitochondrial oxygen consumption and a decrease in total fatty acids and lipid storage, whereas augmented glucose availability has the opposite effects. We found that these changes were largely dependent on the catalytic subunit AAK-2, since the aak-2 null strain lost the observed metabolic actions. Further results demonstrate that the effects due to AAK activation are associated to SBP-1 and NHR-49 transcriptional factors and MDT-15 transcriptional co-activator, suggesting a regulatory pathway that controls oxidative metabolism. Our findings establish C. elegans as a tractable model system to dissect the relationship between distinct molecules that play a critical role in the regulation of energy metabolism in human metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed EL Hafidi
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ortega-Cuéllar
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Carvajal
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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84
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Sim S, Hibberd ML. Caenorhabditis elegans susceptibility to gut Enterococcus faecalis infection is associated with fat metabolism and epithelial junction integrity. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:6. [PMID: 26769134 PMCID: PMC4714453 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut bacteria-host interactions have been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases, but few mechanisms have been described. The genetically tractable nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans can be infected with pathogenic bacteria, such as the human gut commensal Enterococcus faecalis, via feeding, making it a good model for studying these interactions. RESULTS An RNAi screen of 17 worm candidate genes revealed that knockdown of the transcription factor nhr-49, a master regulator of fat metabolism, shortens worm lifespan upon infection with E. faecalis (and other potentially pathogenic bacteria) compared to Escherichia coli. The functional similarity of nhr-49 to the mammalian peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) suggests that this is mediated through a link between fatty acid metabolism and innate immunity. In addition, knockdown of either dlg-1 or ajm-1, which encode physically interacting proteins in the C. elegans epithelial junction, also reduces worm lifespan upon E. faecalis challenge, demonstrating the importance of the intestinal epithelium as an immune barrier. CONCLUSIONS The protective roles identified for nhr-49, dlg-1, and ajm-1 suggest mechanistic interactions between the gut microbiota, host fatty acid metabolism, innate immunity, and epithelial junction integrity that are remarkably similar to those implicated in human metabolic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Sim
- Infectious Diseases, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.
| | - Martin L Hibberd
- Infectious Diseases, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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85
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Gomes LC, Odedra D, Dikic I, Pohl C. Autophagy and modular restructuring of metabolism control germline tumor differentiation and proliferation in C. elegans. Autophagy 2016; 12:529-46. [PMID: 26759963 PMCID: PMC4835962 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1136771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy can act either as a tumor suppressor or as a survival mechanism for established tumors. To understand how autophagy plays this dual role in cancer, in vivo models are required. By using a highly heterogeneous C. elegans germline tumor, we show that autophagy-related proteins are expressed in a specific subset of tumor cells, neurons. Inhibition of autophagy impairs neuronal differentiation and increases tumor cell number, resulting in a shorter life span of animals with tumors, while induction of autophagy extends their life span by impairing tumor proliferation. Fasting of animals with fully developed tumors leads to a doubling of their life span, which depends on modular changes in transcription including switches in transcription factor networks and mitochondrial metabolism. Hence, our results suggest that metabolic restructuring, cell-type specific regulation of autophagy and neuronal differentiation constitute central pathways preventing growth of heterogeneous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia C Gomes
- a Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University , Frankfurt (Main) , Germany.,b Institute of Biochemistry II, School of Medicine, Goethe University , Frankfurt (Main) , Germany
| | - Devang Odedra
- a Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University , Frankfurt (Main) , Germany.,b Institute of Biochemistry II, School of Medicine, Goethe University , Frankfurt (Main) , Germany
| | - Ivan Dikic
- a Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University , Frankfurt (Main) , Germany.,b Institute of Biochemistry II, School of Medicine, Goethe University , Frankfurt (Main) , Germany.,c Department of Immunology and Medical Genetics , University of Split, School of Medicine , Split , Croatia
| | - Christian Pohl
- a Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University , Frankfurt (Main) , Germany.,b Institute of Biochemistry II, School of Medicine, Goethe University , Frankfurt (Main) , Germany
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86
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Luck AN, Anderson KG, McClung CM, VerBerkmoes NC, Foster JM, Michalski ML, Slatko BE. Tissue-specific transcriptomics and proteomics of a filarial nematode and its Wolbachia endosymbiont. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:920. [PMID: 26559510 PMCID: PMC4642636 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Filarial nematodes cause debilitating human diseases. While treatable, recent evidence suggests drug resistance is developing, necessitating the development of novel targets and new treatment options. Although transcriptomic and proteomic studies around the nematode life cycle have greatly enhanced our knowledge, whole organism approaches have not provided spatial resolution of gene expression, which can be gained by examining individual tissues. Generally, due to their small size, tissue dissection of human-infecting filarial nematodes remains extremely challenging. However, canine heartworm disease is caused by a closely related and much larger filarial nematode, Dirofilaria immitis. As with many other filarial nematodes, D. immitis contains Wolbachia, an obligate bacterial endosymbiont present in the hypodermis and developing oocytes within the uterus. Here, we describe the first concurrent tissue-specific transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of a filarial nematode (D. immitis) and its Wolbachia (wDi) in order to better understand tissue functions and identify tissue-specific antigens that may be used for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Methods Adult D. immitis worms were dissected into female body wall (FBW), female uterus (FU), female intestine (FI), female head (FH), male body wall (MBW), male testis (MT), male intestine (MI), male head (MH) and 10.1186/s12864-015-2083-2 male spicule (MS) and used to prepare transcriptomic and proteomic libraries. Results Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of several D. immitis tissues identified many biological functions enriched within certain tissues. Hierarchical clustering of the D. immitis tissue transcriptomes, along with the recently published whole-worm adult male and female D. immitis transcriptomes, revealed that the whole-worm transcriptome is typically dominated by transcripts originating from reproductive tissue. The uterus appeared to have the most variable transcriptome, possibly due to age. Although many functions are shared between the reproductive tissues, the most significant differences in gene expression were observed between the uterus and testis. Interestingly, wDi gene expression in the male and female body wall is fairly similar, yet slightly different to that of Wolbachia gene expression in the uterus. Proteomic methods verified 32 % of the predicted D. immitis proteome, including over 700 hypothetical proteins of D. immitis. Of note, hypothetical proteins were among some of the most abundant Wolbachia proteins identified, which may fulfill some important yet still uncharacterized biological function. Conclusions The spatial resolution gained from this parallel transcriptomic and proteomic analysis adds to our understanding of filarial biology and serves as a resource with which to develop future therapeutic strategies against filarial nematodes and their Wolbachia endosymbionts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2083-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Luck
- Genome Biology Division, New England Biolabs, Inc., 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Kathryn G Anderson
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, 54901, USA
| | - Colleen M McClung
- Chemical Biology Division, New England Biolabs, Inc., 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Nathan C VerBerkmoes
- Chemical Biology Division, New England Biolabs, Inc., 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Jeremy M Foster
- Genome Biology Division, New England Biolabs, Inc., 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Michelle L Michalski
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, 54901, USA
| | - Barton E Slatko
- Genome Biology Division, New England Biolabs, Inc., 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA.
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Garcia-Segura L, Abreu-Goodger C, Hernandez-Mendoza A, Dimitrova Dinkova TD, Padilla-Noriega L, Perez-Andrade ME, Miranda-Rios J. High-Throughput Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans Starvation-Responsive microRNAs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142262. [PMID: 26554708 PMCID: PMC4640506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs of ~22 nucleotides in length that regulate gene expression by interfering with the stability and translation of mRNAs. Their expression is regulated during development, under a wide variety of stress conditions and in several pathological processes. In nature, animals often face feast or famine conditions. We observed that subjecting early L4 larvae from Caenorhabditis elegans to a 12-hr starvation period produced worms that are thinner and shorter than well-fed animals, with a decreased lipid accumulation, diminished progeny, reduced gonad size, and an increased lifespan. Our objective was to identify which of the 302 known miRNAs of C. elegans changed their expression under starvation conditions as compared to well-fed worms by means of deep sequencing in early L4 larvae. Our results indicate that 13 miRNAs (miR-34-3p, the family of miR-35-3p to miR-41-3p, miR-39-5p, miR-41-5p, miR-240-5p, miR-246-3p and miR-4813-5p) were upregulated, while 2 miRNAs (let-7-3p and miR-85-5p) were downregulated in 12-hr starved vs. well-fed early L4 larvae. Some of the predicted targets of the miRNAs that changed their expression in starvation conditions are involved in metabolic or developmental process. In particular, miRNAs of the miR-35 family were upregulated 6–20 fold upon starvation. Additionally, we showed that the expression of gld-1, important in oogenesis, a validated target of miR-35-3p, was downregulated when the expression of miR-35-3p was upregulated. The expression of another reported target, the cell cycle regulator lin-23, was unchanged during starvation. This study represents a starting point for a more comprehensive understanding of the role of miRNAs during starvation in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Garcia-Segura
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, D.F., México
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Depto. de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM e Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México, D.F., México
| | - Cei Abreu-Goodger
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), CINVESTAV, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Armando Hernandez-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Universidad Autónoma del Edo. de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | | | - Luis Padilla-Noriega
- Departamento de Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Martha Elva Perez-Andrade
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Depto. de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM e Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México, D.F., México
| | - Juan Miranda-Rios
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Depto. de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM e Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México, D.F., México
- * E-mail:
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88
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Lee J, Choe J, Kim J, Oh S, Park S, Kim S, Kim Y. Heat-killed Lactobacillus spp. cells enhance survivals of Caenorhabditis elegans against Salmonella and Yersinia infections. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61:523-30. [PMID: 26250615 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study examined the effect of feeding heat-killed Lactobacillus cells on the survival of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes after Salmonella Typhimurium and Yersinia enterocolitica infection. The feeding of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum 133 (LP133) and Lactobacillus fermentum 21 (LP21) cells to nematodes was shown to significantly increase the survival rate as well as stimulate the expression of pmk-1 gene that key factor for C. elegans immunity upon infection compared with control nematodes that were only fed Escherichia coli OP50 (OP50) cells. These results suggest that heat-killed LP133 and LF21 cells exert preventive or protective effects against the Gram-negative bacteria Salm. Typhimurium and Y. enterocolitica. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the LF21-mediated and LP133-mediated protection against bacterial infection in nematodes, transcriptional profiling was performed for each experimental group. These experiments showed that genes related to energy generation and ageing, regulators of insulin/IGF-1-like signalling, DAF genes, oxidation and reduction processes, the defence response and/or the innate immune response, and neurological processes were upregulated in nematodes that had been fed heat-killed Lactobacillus cells compared with nematodes that had been fed E. coli cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In this study, the feeding of heat-killed Lactobacillus bacteria to Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes was shown to decrease infection by Gram-negative bacteria and increase the host lifespan. C. elegans has a small, well-organized genome and is an excellent in vivo model organism; thus, these results will potentially shed light on important Lactobacillus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Choe
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Kim
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Oh
- Division of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - S Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - S Kim
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y Kim
- BK21 Plus Graduate Program, Department of Animal Science and Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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89
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Deline M, Keller J, Rothe M, Schunck WH, Menzel R, Watts JL. Epoxides Derived from Dietary Dihomo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid Induce Germ Cell Death in C. elegans. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15417. [PMID: 26486965 PMCID: PMC4614016 DOI: 10.1038/srep15417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fats are not created equally, slight differences in structure lead to crucial differences in function. Muticellular organisms use polyunsaturated fatty acid as substrates to produce potent signaling molecules crucial for many physiological processes, including reproduction. Here we explored the mechanism responsible for germ cell loss induced by dietary supplementation of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA, 20:3n-6) in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. In this study we found that C. elegans CYP-33E2 activity produces a range of epoxy and hydroxy metabolites from dietary DGLA. Knockdown of cyp-33E2 suppressed the DGLA-induced sterility phenotype. Additionally, direct exposure of two specific DGLA-derived epoxy products, 8,9- and 14,15-epoxyeicosadienoic acids, produced germ cell abnormalities in the C. elegans gonad. We propose that sterility is mediated by the production of toxic DGLA-derived epoxides that trigger germ cell destruction. These studies are the first to establish a biological activity for a CYP-produced metabolite of DGLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall Deline
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99614-6340, USA
| | - Julia Keller
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Biology, Ecology, Philippstr. 13, House 18, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Rothe
- Lipidomix GmbH, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf-Hagen Schunck
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Menzel
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Biology, Ecology, Philippstr. 13, House 18, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer L. Watts
- School of Molecular Biosciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99614-6340, USA
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90
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Rhoads TW, Prasad A, Kwiecien NW, Merrill AE, Zawack K, Westphall MS, Schroeder FC, Kimble J, Coon JJ. NeuCode Labeling in Nematodes: Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Impact of Ascaroside Treatment in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:2922-35. [PMID: 26392051 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.049684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an important model organism for biomedical research. We previously described NeuCode stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), a method for accurate proteome quantification with potential for multiplexing beyond the limits of traditional stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture. Here we apply NeuCode SILAC to profile the proteomic and phosphoproteomic response of C. elegans to two potent members of the ascaroside family of nematode pheromones. By consuming labeled E. coli as part of their diet, C. elegans nematodes quickly and easily incorporate the NeuCode heavy lysine isotopologues by the young adult stage. Using this approach, we report, at high confidence, one of the largest proteomic and phosphoproteomic data sets to date in C. elegans: 6596 proteins at a false discovery rate ≤ 1% and 6620 phosphorylation isoforms with localization probability ≥75%. Our data reveal a post-translational signature of pheromone sensing that includes many conserved proteins implicated in longevity and response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aman Prasad
- ‖Biochemistry, and **Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | | | | | - Kelson Zawack
- ‡‡Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | | | - Frank C Schroeder
- ‡‡Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Judith Kimble
- ‖Biochemistry, and **Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Joshua J Coon
- From the Departments of ‡Chemistry, §Biomolecular Chemistry, ¶Genome Center,
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91
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Imanikia S, Hylands P, Stürzenbaum SR. The double mutation of cytochrome P450's and fatty acid desaturases affect lipid regulation and longevity in C. elegans. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 2:172-178. [PMID: 29124160 PMCID: PMC5668661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance between energy uptake and energy expenditure can lead to obesity and increase the risk of coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, type II diabetes and some cancers. Given that key elements of the energy pathway are evolutionary conserved, invertebrate research is an attractive alternative that overcomes the many legislative, financial and experimental hurdles typical of research with higher metazoan animals. Recent studies have suggested that some members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily are involved in lipid metabolism in addition to the traditional xenobiotic activity. To investigate this notion in more detail, the present study aimed to pinpoint phenotypic, genetic and genomic-level responses of Caenorhabditis elegans using selected deletion mutants including fat-5 (a member of the Δ9 desaturases) and cyp-35A2 (a member of the cytochrome P450 family). The creation of a fat-5(tm420);cyp-35A2(gk317) mutant uncovered that the deletion of both genes resulted in a strain which is marked by an extended lifespan. Furthermore, it diminished the overall level of Nile Red positive compartments, which is indicative of a change in lipid metabolism. Comprehensive transcriptomics revealed that several genes involved in aging and lipid transport/homeostasis were modulated following the double deletion of fat-5 and cyp-35A2. Taken together, the results suggest the presence of a putative correlation between longevity and lipid regulation and given that both genes have human homologs, this finding may offer a new lead to investigate in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Imanikia
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Hylands
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen R. Stürzenbaum
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, London, UK
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92
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Larance M, Pourkarimi E, Wang B, Brenes Murillo A, Kent R, Lamond AI, Gartner A. Global Proteomics Analysis of the Response to Starvation in C. elegans. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1989-2001. [PMID: 25963834 PMCID: PMC4587315 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.044289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodic starvation of animals induces large shifts in metabolism but may also influence many other cellular systems and can lead to adaption to prolonged starvation conditions. To date, there is limited understanding of how starvation affects gene expression, particularly at the protein level. Here, we have used mass-spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics to identify global changes in the Caenorhabditis elegans proteome due to acute starvation of young adult animals. Measuring changes in the abundance of over 5,000 proteins, we show that acute starvation rapidly alters the levels of hundreds of proteins, many involved in central metabolic pathways, highlighting key regulatory responses. Surprisingly, we also detect changes in the abundance of chromatin-associated proteins, including specific linker histones, histone variants, and histone posttranslational modifications associated with the epigenetic control of gene expression. To maximize community access to these data, they are presented in an online searchable database, the Encyclopedia of Proteome Dynamics (http://www.peptracker.com/epd/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Larance
- From the ‡Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, United Kingdom, DD15EH
| | - Ehsan Pourkarimi
- From the ‡Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, United Kingdom, DD15EH
| | - Bin Wang
- From the ‡Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, United Kingdom, DD15EH
| | - Alejandro Brenes Murillo
- From the ‡Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, United Kingdom, DD15EH
| | - Robert Kent
- From the ‡Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, United Kingdom, DD15EH
| | - Angus I Lamond
- From the ‡Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, United Kingdom, DD15EH
| | - Anton Gartner
- From the ‡Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow St, Dundee, United Kingdom, DD15EH
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93
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Lakhina V, Arey RN, Kaletsky R, Kauffman A, Stein G, Keyes W, Xu D, Murphy CT. Genome-wide functional analysis of CREB/long-term memory-dependent transcription reveals distinct basal and memory gene expression programs. Neuron 2015; 85:330-45. [PMID: 25611510 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Induced CREB activity is a hallmark of long-term memory, but the full repertoire of CREB transcriptional targets required specifically for memory is not known in any system. To obtain a more complete picture of the mechanisms involved in memory, we combined memory training with genome-wide transcriptional analysis of C. elegans CREB mutants. This approach identified 757 significant CREB/memory-induced targets and confirmed the involvement of known memory genes from other organisms, but also suggested new mechanisms and novel components that may be conserved through mammals. CREB mediates distinct basal and memory transcriptional programs at least partially through spatial restriction of CREB activity: basal targets are regulated primarily in nonneuronal tissues, while memory targets are enriched for neuronal expression, emanating from CREB activity in AIM neurons. This suite of novel memory-associated genes will provide a platform for the discovery of orthologous mammalian long-term memory components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanisha Lakhina
- Department of Molecular Biology & LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rachel N Arey
- Department of Molecular Biology & LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Rachel Kaletsky
- Department of Molecular Biology & LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Amanda Kauffman
- Department of Molecular Biology & LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Geneva Stein
- Department of Molecular Biology & LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - William Keyes
- Department of Molecular Biology & LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Daniel Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology & LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Coleen T Murphy
- Department of Molecular Biology & LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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94
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Wang Z, Stoltzfus J, You YJ, Ranjit N, Tang H, Xie Y, Lok JB, Mangelsdorf DJ, Kliewer SA. The nuclear receptor DAF-12 regulates nutrient metabolism and reproductive growth in nematodes. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005027. [PMID: 25774872 PMCID: PMC4361679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate nutrient response is essential for growth and reproduction. Under favorable nutrient conditions, the C. elegans nuclear receptor DAF-12 is activated by dafachronic acids, hormones that commit larvae to reproductive growth. Here, we report that in addition to its well-studied role in controlling developmental gene expression, the DAF-12 endocrine system governs expression of a gene network that stimulates the aerobic catabolism of fatty acids. Thus, activation of the DAF-12 transcriptome coordinately mobilizes energy stores to permit reproductive growth. DAF-12 regulation of this metabolic gene network is conserved in the human parasite, Strongyloides stercoralis, and inhibition of specific steps in this network blocks reproductive growth in both of the nematodes. Our study provides a molecular understanding for metabolic adaptation of nematodes to their environment, and suggests a new therapeutic strategy for treating parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Wang
- Deparment of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Stoltzfus
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Young-jai You
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Najju Ranjit
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - James B. Lok
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David J. Mangelsdorf
- Deparment of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Kliewer
- Deparment of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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95
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Grants JM, Goh GYS, Taubert S. The Mediator complex of Caenorhabditis elegans: insights into the developmental and physiological roles of a conserved transcriptional coregulator. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:2442-53. [PMID: 25634893 PMCID: PMC4344494 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediator multiprotein complex (‘Mediator’) is an important transcriptional coregulator that is evolutionarily conserved throughout eukaryotes. Although some Mediator subunits are essential for the transcription of all protein-coding genes, others influence the expression of only subsets of genes and participate selectively in cellular signaling pathways. Here, we review the current knowledge of Mediator subunit function in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a metazoan in which established and emerging genetic technologies facilitate the study of developmental and physiological regulation in vivo. In this nematode, unbiased genetic screens have revealed critical roles for Mediator components in core developmental pathways such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. More recently, important roles for C. elegans Mediator subunits have emerged in the regulation of lipid metabolism and of systemic stress responses, engaging conserved transcription factors such as nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs). We emphasize instances where similar functions for individual Mediator subunits exist in mammals, highlighting parallels between Mediator subunit action in nematode development and in human cancer biology. We also discuss a parallel between the association of the Mediator subunit MED12 with several human disorders and the role of its C. elegans ortholog mdt-12 as a regulatory hub that interacts with numerous signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Grants
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Grace Y S Goh
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Stefan Taubert
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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96
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Han
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94035, USA
| | - Anne Brunet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94035, USA
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97
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Yu Z, Yin D, Deng H. The combinational effects between sulfonamides and metals on nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 111:66-71. [PMID: 25450916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As emerging pollutants, antibiotic sulfonamides are continuously emitted into the environment and encounter those already-existing contaminants, e.g., heavy metals, which may cause toxicity interactions in polluted habitats. So far, the sulfonamide mixture effects and the combinational effects between sulfonamides and metals have been seldom studied. In this study, lifespan, lethality (24 and 120 h), locomotion behavior and growth (96 h) of Caenorhabditis elegans were measured after exposure to mixtures containing sulfonamides (sulfadiazine, sulfapyridine, sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethazine as representatives) and/or metals (cadmium, copper, lead and zinc as representatives) at environmental concentrations. Results showed that sulfonamides did not cause acute (24 h) lethality at chosen concentrations, but they decreased the lifespan in a concentration dependent fashion. Moreover, sulfonamide mixtures caused synergisms at higher concentrations but antagonisms at lower concentrations on the subacute (120 h) lethal effects. The toxicity interactions of sulfonamide mixtures were addition action on body bending frequency, and antagonism on reversal movement and body length. In sulfonamide and metal mixtures, the toxicity interactions were different in acute and subacute lethal results, indicating the influence of the exposure time. According to the comparison among effects of mixtures containing sulfonamides and/or metals, subacute lethality of sulfonamides was enhanced by metals based on the synergistic mixture effects, while their inhibitions on the growth and behavior were weakened by metals based on the antagonistic mixture effects. Our findings highlighted studies on combinational effects between emerging and common contaminants for more accurate environmental risk evaluation, and also urged further mechanism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenYang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - DaQiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - HuiPing Deng
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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98
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Bond MR, Ghosh SK, Wang P, Hanover JA. Conserved nutrient sensor O-GlcNAc transferase is integral to C. elegans pathogen-specific immunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113231. [PMID: 25474640 PMCID: PMC4256294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Discriminating pathogenic bacteria from bacteria used as a food source is key to Caenorhabidits elegans immunity. Using mutants defective in the enzymes of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) cycling, we examined the role of this nutrient-sensing pathway in the C. elegans innate immune response. Genetic analysis showed that deletion of O-GlcNAc transferase (ogt-1) yielded animals hypersensitive to the human pathogen S. aureus but not to P. aeruginosa. Genetic interaction studies revealed that nutrient-responsive OGT-1 acts through the conserved β-catenin (BAR-1) pathway and in concert with p38 MAPK (PMK-1) to modulate the immune response to S. aureus. Moreover, whole genome transcriptional profiling revealed that O-GlcNAc cycling mutants exhibited deregulation of unique stress- and immune-responsive genes. The participation of nutrient sensor OGT-1 in an immunity module evolutionarily conserved from C. elegans to humans reveals an unexplored nexus between nutrient availability and a pathogen-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R. Bond
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Salil K. Ghosh
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - John A. Hanover
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Germline signals deploy NHR-49 to modulate fatty-acid β-oxidation and desaturation in somatic tissues of C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004829. [PMID: 25474470 PMCID: PMC4256272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In C. elegans, removal of the germline extends lifespan significantly. We demonstrate that the nuclear hormone receptor, NHR-49, enables the response to this physiological change by increasing the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial β-oxidation and fatty-acid desaturation. The coordinated augmentation of these processes is critical for germline-less animals to maintain their lipid stores and to sustain de novo fat synthesis during adulthood. Following germline ablation, NHR-49 is up-regulated in somatic cells by the conserved longevity determinants DAF-16/FOXO and TCER-1/TCERG1. Accordingly, NHR-49 overexpression in fertile animals extends their lifespan modestly. In fertile adults, nhr-49 expression is DAF-16/FOXO and TCER-1/TCERG1 independent although its depletion causes age-related lipid abnormalities. Our data provide molecular insights into how reproductive stimuli are integrated into global metabolic changes to alter the lifespan of the animal. They suggest that NHR-49 may facilitate the adaptation to loss of reproductive potential through synchronized enhancement of fatty-acid oxidation and desaturation, thus breaking down some fats ordained for reproduction and orchestrating a lipid profile conducive for somatic maintenance and longevity. Much is known about how increasing age impairs fertility but we know little about how reproduction influences rate of aging in animals. Studies in model organisms such as worms and flies have begun to shed light on this relationship. In worms, removing germ cells that give rise to sperm and oocytes extends lifespan, increases endurance and elevates fat. Fat metabolism and hormonal signals play major roles in this lifespan augmentation but the genetic mechanisms involved are poorly understood. We show that a gene, nhr-49, enhances worm lifespan following germ-cell removal. NHR-49 is increased in animals that lack germ cells by conserved longevity proteins, DAF-16 and TCER-1. NHR-49, in turn, increases levels of genes that help burn fat and convert saturated fats into unsaturated forms. Through synchronized enhancement of these processes, NHR-49 helps eliminate excess fat delegated for reproduction and converts lipids into forms that favor a long life. NHR-49 impacts these processes during aging in normal animals too, but using different regulatory mechanisms. Our data helps understand how normal lipid metabolic processes can be harnessed to adapt to physiological fluctuations brought on by changes in the reproductive status of animals.
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Patananan AN, Budenholzer LM, Eskin A, Torres ER, Clarke SG. Ethanol-induced differential gene expression and acetyl-CoA metabolism in a longevity model of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Gerontol 2014; 61:20-30. [PMID: 25449858 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that exposing adults of the soil-dwelling nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to concentrations of ethanol in the range of 100-400mM results in slowed locomotion, decreased fertility, and reduced longevity. On the contrary, lower concentrations of ethanol (0.86-68mM) have been shown to cause a two- to three-fold increase in the life span of animals in the stress resistant L1 larval stage in the absence of a food source. However, little is known about how gene and protein expression is altered by low concentrations of ethanol and the mechanism for the increased longevity. Therefore, we used biochemical assays and next generation mRNA sequencing to identify genes and biological pathways altered by ethanol. RNA-seq analysis of L1 larvae incubated in the presence of 17mM ethanol resulted in the significant differential expression of 649 genes, 274 of which were downregulated and 375 were upregulated. Many of the genes significantly altered were associated with the conversion of ethanol and triglycerides to acetyl-CoA and glucose, suggesting that ethanol is serving as an energy source in the increased longevity of the L1 larvae as well as a signal for fat utilization. We also asked if L1 larvae could sense ethanol and respond by directed movement. Although we found that L1 larvae can chemotax to benzaldehyde, we observed little or no chemotaxis to ethanol. Understanding how low concentrations of ethanol increase the lifespan of L1 larvae may provide insight into not only the longevity pathways in C. elegans, but also in those of higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ascia Eskin
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Eric Rommel Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Steven Gerard Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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