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Cervellati C, Trentini A, Pecorelli A, Valacchi G. Inflammation in Neurological Disorders: The Thin Boundary Between Brain and Periphery. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:191-210. [PMID: 32143546 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation is a major contributor in the pathogenesis of several highly prevalent, but also rare, neurological diseases. In particular, the neurodegenerative processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VAD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS) are fueled by neuroinflammation, which, in turn, is accompanied by a parallel systemic immune dysregulation. This cross-talk between periphery and the brain becomes substantial when the blood-brain barrier loses its integrity, as often occurs in the course of these diseases. It has been hypothesized that the perpetual bidirectional flux of inflammatory mediators is not a mere "static" collateral effect of the neurodegeneration, but represents a proactive phenomenon sparking and driving the neuropathological processes. However, the upstream/downstream relationship between inflammatory events and neurological pathology is still unclear. Recent Advances: Solid recent evidence clearly suggests that metabolic factors, systemic infections, Microbiota dysbiosis, and oxidative stress are implicated, although to a different extent, in the development in brain diseases. Critical Issues: Here, we reviewed the most solid published evidence supporting the implication of the axis systemic inflammation-neuroinflammation-neurodegeneration in the pathogenesis of AD, VAD, PD, and MS, highlighting the possible cause of the putative downstream component of the axis. Future Directions: Reaching a definitive clinical/epidemiological appreciation of the etiopathogenic significance of the connection between peripheral and brain inflammation in neurologic disorders is pivotal since it could open novel therapeutic avenues for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Animal Science Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Animal Science Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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52
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Hiremath N, Kate M, Mohimen A, Kesavadas C, Sylaja PN. Risk factors of white matter hyperintensities in South Asian patients with transient ischemic attack and minor stroke. Neuroradiology 2020; 62:1279-1284. [PMID: 32385557 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-020-02429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aging and increased burden of cardiovascular risk factors are associated with severity of white matter hyperintensity (WMH). We assessed the burden and risk factor profile of WMHs in South Asian patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and minor stroke. METHODS Patients with acute ischemic stroke with the National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score ≤ 5 who underwent MRI were included. The severity of WMHs was assessed based on age-related white matter change (ARWMC) scale (0-30). A score of > 8 or more was considered moderate-severe involvement. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association with risk factors. RESULTS A total of 424 patients with a mean ± SD age of 57.4 ± 14.5 years [females, 108 (25.5%)] were analyzed. Fifty-four (12.7%) patients had moderate or severe WMHs (ARWMC score > 8). Age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06; p = 0.004), hypertension (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-5.1; p = 0.03) and smoking tobacco (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.6; p = 0.003) were independently associated with ARWMC score > 8. The median (IQR) regional score in patients with ARWMC score > 8 was maximum in frontal areas 4 (4-6, p < 0.0001) and parietooccipital areas 4.5(4-6, p < 0.0001). The presence of microbleeds (OR 6.3, 95% CI 3.1-12.7; p < 0.0001) was independently associated with ARWMC score > 8. CONCLUSION South Asian patients with TIA and minor stroke are relatively young, and few patients have moderate and severe WMHs. Hypertension and tobacco smoking increases the risk of WMH. Targeting modifiable risk factors may reduce the burden of WMHs and vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Hiremath
- Comprehensive Stroke Care Program, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Mahesh Kate
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Aneesh Mohimen
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Chandrasekharan Kesavadas
- Department of Imaging Sciences and Interventional Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - P N Sylaja
- Comprehensive Stroke Care Program, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695011, India.
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53
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Tubi MA, Feingold FW, Kothapalli D, Hare ET, King KS, Thompson PM, Braskie MN. White matter hyperintensities and their relationship to cognition: Effects of segmentation algorithm. Neuroimage 2020; 206:116327. [PMID: 31682983 PMCID: PMC6981030 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are brain white matter lesions that are hyperintense on fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Larger WMH volumes have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and with cognitive decline. However, the relationship between WMH volumes and cross-sectional cognitive measures has been inconsistent. We hypothesize that this inconsistency may arise from 1) the presence of AD-specific neuropathology that may obscure any WMH effects on cognition, and 2) varying criteria for creating a WMH segmentation. Manual and automated programs are typically used to determine segmentation boundaries, but criteria for those boundaries can differ. It remains unclear whether WMH volumes are associated with cognitive deficits, and which segmentation criteria influence the relationships between WMH volumes and clinical outcomes. In a sample of 260 non-demented participants (ages 55-90, 141 males, 119 females) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), we compared the performance of five WMH segmentation methods, by relating the WMH volumes derived using each method to both clinical diagnosis and composite measures of executive function and memory. To separate WMH effects on cognition from effects related to AD-specific processes, we performed analyses separately in people with and without abnormal cerebrospinal fluid amyloid levels. WMH volume estimates that excluded more diffuse, lower-intensity lesions were more strongly correlated with clinical diagnosis and cognitive performance, and only in those without abnormal amyloid levels. These findings may inform best practices for WMH segmentation, and suggest that AD neuropathology may mask WMH effects on clinical diagnosis and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral A Tubi
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, 90292, USA
| | - Franklin W Feingold
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, 90292, USA; Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Deydeep Kothapalli
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, 90292, USA
| | - Evan T Hare
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, 90292, USA
| | - Kevin S King
- Huntington Medical Research Institute, Imaging Division, Pasadena, CA, 91105, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, 90292, USA
| | - Meredith N Braskie
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, 90292, USA.
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54
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White Matter and Neuroprotection in Alzheimer's Dementia. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030503. [PMID: 31979414 PMCID: PMC7038211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is the main component of the white matter of the central nervous system (CNS), allowing the proper electrical function of the neurons by ensheathing and insulating the axons. The extensive use of magnetic resonance imaging has highlighted the white matter alterations in Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases, alterations which are early, extended, and regionally selective. Given that the white matter turnover is considerable in the adulthood, and that myelin repair is currently recognized as being the only true reparative capability of the mature CNS, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), the cells that differentiate in oligodendrocyte, responsible for myelin formation and repair, are regarded as a potential target for neuroprotection. In this review, several aspects of the OPC biology are reviewed. The histology and functional role of OPCs in the neurovascular-neuroglial unit as described in preclinical and clinical studies on AD is discussed, such as the OPC vulnerability to hypoxia-ischemia, neuroinflammation, and amyloid deposition. Finally, the position of OPCs in drug discovery strategies for dementia is discussed.
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55
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Ivanova N, Liu Q, Agca C, Agca Y, Noble EG, Whitehead SN, Cechetto DF. White matter inflammation and cognitive function in a co-morbid metabolic syndrome and prodromal Alzheimer's disease rat model. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:29. [PMID: 31964387 PMCID: PMC6975033 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome, the development of which is associated with high-caloric Western diet (HCD) intake, represent a risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia including Alzheimer's disease (AD) later in life. This study aimed to investigate the effect of diet-induced metabolic disturbances on white matter neuroinflammation and cognitive function in a transgenic (TG) Fischer 344 rat carrying a human β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene with Swedish and Indiana mutations (APP21 TG), a model of pre-AD and MCI. METHODS TG and wildtype (WT) rats received either a HCD with 40% kJ from fat supplemented with 20% corn syrup drink or a standard diet for 12 weeks. Body weight, caloric intake, and blood pressure were measured repeatedly. End-point changes in glucose and lipid metabolism were also assessed. Open field task was used for assessment of activity; Morris water maze was used to assess spatial learning and memory. Cerebral white matter microglia and astrocytes, hippocampal neurons, and neuronal synapses were examined using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Rats maintained on the HCD developed significant obesity, visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia, but did not become hypertensive. Impaired glucose tolerance was observed only in WT rats on the HCD. Total microglia number, activated OX-6+ microglia, as well as GFAP+ astrocytes located predominantly in the white matter were greater in the APP21 TG rat model in comparison to WT rats. HCD-driven metabolic perturbations further exacerbated white matter microgliosis and microglia cell activation in the APP21 TG rats and led to detectable changes in spatial reference memory in the comorbid prodromal AD and metabolic syndrome group compared to WT control rats. Neuronal density in the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus was not different between the experimental groups. Synaptic density in the CA1 and CA3 hippocampal subregions was lower in the TG rats compared to WT rats; however, there was no additional effect of the co-morbidity on this measure. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that white matter neuroinflammation might be one of the possible processes of early interaction of metabolic syndrome with MCI and pre-AD and could be one of the early brain pathologies contributing to cognitive deficits observed in mild cognitive impairment and dementia, including AD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Ivanova
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
| | - Qingfan Liu
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Cansu Agca
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yuksel Agca
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Earl G Noble
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn Narain Whitehead
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - David Floyd Cechetto
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
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56
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Karamanova N, Truran S, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Madine J, Weissig V, Davies HA, Veldhuizen J, Nikkhah M, Hansen M, Zhang W, D'Souza K, Franco DA, Migrino RQ. Endothelial Immune Activation by Medin: Potential Role in Cerebrovascular Disease and Reversal by Monosialoganglioside-Containing Nanoliposomes. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e014810. [PMID: 31928157 PMCID: PMC7033828 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The function of medin, one of the most common human amyloid proteins that accumulates in the vasculature with aging, remains unknown. We aim to probe medin's role in cerebrovascular disease by comparing cerebral arterial medin content between cognitively normal and vascular dementia (VaD) patients and studying its effects on endothelial cell (EC) immune activation and neuroinflammation. We also tested whether monosialoganglioside‐containing nanoliposomes could reverse medin's adverse effects. Methods and Results Cerebral artery medin and astrocyte activation were measured and compared between VaD and cognitively normal elderly brain donors. ECs were exposed to physiologic dose of medin (5 μmol/L), and viability and immune activation (interleukin‐8, interleukin‐6, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1) were measured without or with monosialoganglioside‐containing nanoliposomes (300 μg/mL). Astrocytes were exposed to vehicle, medin, medin‐treated ECs, or their conditioned media, and interleukin‐8 production was compared. Cerebral collateral arterial and parenchymal arteriole medin, white matter lesion scores, and astrocyte activation were higher in VaD versus cognitively normal donors. Medin induced EC immune activation (increased interleukin‐8, interleukin‐6, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1) and reduced EC viability, which were reversed by monosialoganglioside‐containing nanoliposomes. Interleukin‐8 production was augmented when astrocytes were exposed to medin‐treated ECs or their conditioned media. Conclusions Cerebral arterial medin is higher in VaD compared with cognitively normal patients. Medin induces EC immune activation that modulates astrocyte activation, and its effects are reversed by monosialoganglioside‐containing nanoliposomes. Medin is a candidate novel risk factor for aging‐related cerebrovascular disease and VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mehdi Nikkhah
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Phoenix AZ.,Arizona State University Tempe AZ
| | | | | | | | | | - Raymond Q Migrino
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Phoenix AZ.,University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix Phoenix AZ
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57
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Zhang LY, Pan J, Mamtilahun M, Zhu Y, Wang L, Venkatesh A, Shi R, Tu X, Jin K, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY. Microglia exacerbate white matter injury via complement C3/C3aR pathway after hypoperfusion. Theranostics 2020; 10:74-90. [PMID: 31903107 PMCID: PMC6929610 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation participates in white matter injury after cerebral hypoperfusion. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we explore whether activated microglia aggravate white matter injury via complement C3-C3aR pathway after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 80) underwent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion for 7, 14, and 28 days. Cerebral vessel density and blood flow were examined by synchrotron radiation angiography and three-dimensional arterial spin labeling. Neurobehavioral assessments, CLARITY imaging, and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate activation of microglia and C3-C3aR pathway. Furthermore, C3aR knockout mice were used to establish the causal relationship of C3-C3aR signaling on microglia activation and white matter injury after hypoperfusion. Results: Cerebral vessel density and blood flow were reduced after hypoperfusion (p<0.05). Spatial learning and memory deficits and white matter injury were shown (p<0.05). These impairments were correlated with aberrant microglia activation and an increase in the number of reactive microglia adhering to and phagocytosed myelin in the hypoperfusion group (p<0.05), which were accompanied by the up-regulation of complement C3 and its receptors C3aR (p<0.05). Genetic deletion of C3ar1 significantly inhibited aberrant microglial activation and reversed white matter injury after hypoperfusion (p<0.05). Furthermore, the C3aR antagonist SB290157 decreased the number of microglia adhering to myelin (p<0.05), attenuated white matter injury and cognitive deficits in chronic hypoperfusion rats (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that aberrant activated microglia aggravate white matter injury via C3-C3aR pathway during chronic hypoperfusion. These findings indicate C3aR plays a critical role in mediating neuroinflammation and white matter injury through aberrant microglia activation, which provides a novel therapeutic target for the small vessel disease and vascular dementia.
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58
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Wei K, Tran T, Chu K, Borzage MT, Braskie MN, Harrington MG, King KS. White matter hypointensities and hyperintensities have equivalent correlations with age and CSF β-amyloid in the nondemented elderly. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01457. [PMID: 31692294 PMCID: PMC6908861 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION T1- and T2-weighted sequences from MRI often provide useful complementary information about tissue properties. Leukoaraiosis results in signal abnormalities on T1-weighted images, which are automatically quantified by FreeSurfer, but this marker is poorly characterized and is rarely used. We evaluated associations between white matter hyperintensity (WM-hyper) volume from FLAIR and white matter hypointensity (WM-hypo) volume from T1-weighted images and compared their associations with age and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) β-amyloid and tau. METHODS A total of 56 nondemented participants (68-94 years) were recruited and gave informed consent. All participants went through MR imaging on a GE 1.5T scanner and of these 47 underwent lumbar puncture for CSF analysis. WM-hypo was calculated using FreeSurfer analysis of T1 FSPGR 3D, and WM-hyper was calculated with the Lesion Segmentation Toolbox in the SPM software package using T2-FLAIR. RESULTS WM-hyper and WM-hypo were strongly correlated (r = .81; parameter estimate (p.e.): 1.53 ± 0.15; p < .0001). Age was significantly associated with both WM-hyper (r = .31, p.e. 0.078 ± 0.030, p = .013) and WM-hypo (r = .42, p.e. 0.055 ± 0.015, p < .001). CSF β-amyloid levels were predicted by WM-hyper (r = .33, p.e. -0.11 ± 0.044, p = .013) and WM-hypo (r = .42, p.e. -0.24 ± 0.073, p = .002). CSF tau levels were not correlated with either WM-hyper (p = .9) or WM-hypo (p = .99). CONCLUSIONS Strong correlations between WM-hyper and WM-hypo, and similar associations with age, abnormal β-amyloid, and tau suggest a general equivalence between these two imaging markers. Our work supports the equivalence of white matter hypointensity volumes derived from FreeSurfer for evaluating leukoaraiosis. This may have particular utility when T2-FLAIR is low in quality or absent, enabling analysis of older imaging data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wei
- Advanced Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Thao Tran
- Advanced Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Karen Chu
- Advanced Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Matthew T Borzage
- Fetal and Neonatal Institute, Division of Neonatology Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meredith N Braskie
- Department of Neurology, Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael G Harrington
- Neuroscience Department, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kevin S King
- Advanced Imaging and Spectroscopy Center, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Dalby RB, Eskildsen SF, Videbech P, Frandsen J, Mouridsen K, Sørensen L, Jeppesen P, Bek T, Rosenberg R, Østergaard L. Oxygenation differs among white matter hyperintensities, intersected fiber tracts and unaffected white matter. Brain Commun 2019; 1:fcz033. [PMID: 32954272 PMCID: PMC7425421 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
White matter hyperintensities of presumed vascular origin are frequently observed on magnetic resonance imaging in normal aging. They are typically found in cerebral small vessel disease and suspected culprits in the etiology of complex age- and small vessel disease-related conditions, such as late-onset depression. White matter hyperintensities may interfere with surrounding white matter metabolic demands by disrupting fiber tract integrity. Meanwhile, risk factors for small vessel disease are thought to reduce tissue oxygenation, not only by reducing regional blood supply, but also by impairing capillary function. To address white matter oxygen supply–demand balance, we estimated voxel-wise capillary density as an index of resting white matter metabolism, and combined estimates of blood supply and capillary function to calculate white matter oxygen availability. We conducted a cross-sectional study with structural, perfusion- and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in 21 patients with late-onset depression and 21 controls. We outlined white matter hyperintensities and used tractography to identify the tracts they intersect. Perfusion data comprised cerebral blood flow, blood volume, mean transit time and relative transit time heterogeneity—the latter a marker of capillary dysfunction. Based on these, white matter oxygenation was calculated as the steady state cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen under the assumption of normal tissue oxygen tension and vice versa. The number, volume and perfusion characteristics of white matter hyperintensities did not differ significantly between groups. Hemodynamic data showed white matter hyperintensities to have lower blood flow and blood volume, but higher relative transit time heterogeneity, than normal-appearing white matter, resulting in either reduced capillary metabolic rate of oxygen or oxygen tension. Intersected tracts showed significantly lower blood flow, blood volume and capillary metabolic rate of oxygen than normal-appearing white matter. Across groups, lower lesion oxygen tension was associated with higher lesion number and volume. Compared with normal-appearing white matter, tissue oxygenation is significantly reduced in white matter hyperintensities as well as the fiber tracts they intersect, independent of parallel late-onset depression. In white matter hyperintensities, reduced microvascular blood volume and concomitant capillary dysfunction indicate a severe oxygen supply–demand imbalance with hypoxic tissue injury. In intersected fiber tracts, parallel reductions in oxygenation and microvascular blood volume are consistent with adaptations to reduced metabolic demands. We speculate, that aging and vascular risk factors impair white matter hyperintensity perfusion and capillary function to create hypoxic tissue injury, which in turn affect the function and metabolic demands of the white matter tracts they disrupt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke B Dalby
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience & MINDLab, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus C., Denmark.,Centre for Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University Hospital, 8340 Risskov, Denmark.,Department of Neuroradiology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N., Denmark
| | - Simon F Eskildsen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience & MINDLab, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus C., Denmark
| | - Poul Videbech
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Depression Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jesper Frandsen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience & MINDLab, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus C., Denmark
| | - Kim Mouridsen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience & MINDLab, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus C., Denmark
| | - Leif Sørensen
- Department of Neuroradiology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N., Denmark
| | - Peter Jeppesen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N., Denmark
| | - Toke Bek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N., Denmark
| | - Raben Rosenberg
- Centre of Psychiatry Amager, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, 2300 Copenhagen S., Denmark
| | - Leif Østergaard
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience & MINDLab, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus C., Denmark.,Department of Neuroradiology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N., Denmark
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Lee J, Hamanaka G, Lo EH, Arai K. Heterogeneity of microglia and their differential roles in white matter pathology. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1290-1298. [PMID: 31733036 PMCID: PMC6887901 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells that play multiple roles in central nervous system (CNS) development and disease. Although the classical concept of microglia/macrophage activation is based on a biphasic beneficial‐versus‐deleterious polarization, growing evidence now suggests a much more heterogenous profile of microglial activation that underlie their complex roles in the CNS. To date, the majority of data are focused on microglia in gray matter. However, demyelination is a prominent pathologic finding in a wide range of diseases including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. In this mini‐review, we discuss newly discovered functional subsets of microglia that contribute to white matter response in CNS disease onset and progression. Microglia show different molecular patterns and morphologies depending on disease type and brain region, especially in white matter. Moreover, in later stages of disease, microglia demonstrate unconventional immuno‐regulatory activities such as increased phagocytosis of myelin debris and secretion of trophic factors that stimulate oligodendrocyte lineage cells to facilitate remyelination and disease resolution. Further investigations of these multiple microglia subsets may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to treat white matter pathology in CNS injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Lee
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Gen Hamanaka
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Mustapha M, Nassir CMNCM, Aminuddin N, Safri AA, Ghazali MM. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease (CSVD) - Lessons From the Animal Models. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1317. [PMID: 31708793 PMCID: PMC6822570 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) refers to a spectrum of clinical and imaging findings resulting from pathological processes of various etiologies affecting cerebral arterioles, perforating arteries, capillaries, and venules. Unlike large vessels, it is a challenge to visualize small vessels in vivo, hence the difficulty to directly monitor the natural progression of the disease. CSVD might progress for many years during the early stage of the disease as it remains asymptomatic. Prevalent among elderly individuals, CSVD has been alarmingly reported as an important precursor of full-blown stroke and vascular dementia. Growing evidence has also shown a significant association between CSVD's radiological manifestation with dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Although it remains contentious as to whether CSVD is a cause or sequelae of AD, it is not far-fetched to posit that effective therapeutic measures of CSVD would mitigate the overall burden of dementia. Nevertheless, the unifying theory on the pathomechanism of the disease remains elusive, hence the lack of effective therapeutic approaches. Thus, this chapter consolidates the contemporary insights from numerous experimental animal models of CSVD, to date: from the available experimental animal models of CSVD and its translational research value; the pathomechanical aspects of the disease; relevant aspects on systems biology; opportunities for early disease biomarkers; and finally, converging approaches for future therapeutic directions of CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaimi Mustapha
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Niferiti Aminuddin
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Amanina Ahmad Safri
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Mazira Mohamad Ghazali
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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Han T, Wang Q, Lai R, Zhang D, Diao Y, Yin Y. Nicotine Induced Neurocognitive Protection and Anti-inflammation Effect by Activating α 4β 2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Ischemic Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 22:919-924. [PMID: 31403667 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The main objective of this study was to explore the mechanism of nicotine improving cognitive impairments in ischemic rats.
Methods
Twenty adult male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats underwent ischemic model surgery by injecting endothelin-1 into the left thalamus, which were classified into four different groups with different intervention: nicotine (1.5 mg/kg/d), dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE; 3 mg/kg/d), nicotine (1.5 mg/kg/d) + DHβE (3 mg/kg/d), or saline, after ischemic model surgery. Another five male SD rats also underwent same surgery, while not injecting endothelin-1 but saline, as the control group. Morris water maze (MWM) test was adopted to assess the cognition. All the rats underwent the MWM test, micro positron emission tomography imaging with 2-[18F]-A-85380, and messenger RNA (mRNA) test of α 4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), β 2 nAChR, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6.
Results
The MWM test showed the rats given nicotine showing better memory than ischemic rats (p < .05), whereas the rats given DHβE or both nicotine and DHβE did not show any statistical difference from the ischemic rats (p > .05). Micro positron emission tomography imaging showed higher uptake of tracer in the left thalamus and whole brain in rats given nicotine than in ischemic rats, but the rats given DHβE or both nicotine and DHβE did not. By real-time PCR test, the mRNA of α 4 nAChR and β 2 nAChR in rats given nicotine increased significantly compared with ischemic rats and decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA (all ps < .05).
Conclusions
By activating α 4β 2 nAChRs, nicotine plays a role in inhibiting the inflammatory factors, which contributes to improving cognitive impairment in ischemic rats.
Implications
It is well acknowledged that vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease. Cholinergic agents have potential for the symptomatic treatment of the cognitive symptoms of dementia, but the exact mechanism still remains unclear. There are potential complex associations and interactions between VCI and inflammation. This study showed that nicotine had anti-inflammatory potency, which is most likely because of the activation of the nAChRs. By activating α4β2 nAChRs, nicotine played a role in inhibiting the inflammatory factors, which contribute to improving cognitive impairment in ischemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruihe Lai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Dalong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yao Diao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yafu Yin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Coelho S, Pozo JM, Costantini M, Highley JR, Mozumder M, Simpson JE, Ince PG, Frangi AF. Histological data of axons, astrocytes, and myelin in deep subcortical white matter populations. Data Brief 2019; 23:103762. [PMID: 31372422 PMCID: PMC6660516 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.103762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This immunohistochemistry dataset contains the main structures in deep subcortical white matter (axons, astrocytes, and myelinated axons) in a representative cohort of an ageing population. A set of samples from 90 subjects of the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (CFAS) were analysed, stratified into three groups of 30 subjects each, in relation to the presence of age-associated deep subcortical lesions. High-resolution microscopy data enables the extraction of valuable information, such as volume fractions, for the construction and validation of diffusion MRI (dMRI) models. The dataset provided here was used in Coelho et al. [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Coelho
- Centre for Computational Imaging & Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB) and Leeds Institute for Cardiac and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Computing & School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,CISTIB, Electronic and Electrical Engineering Department, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jose M Pozo
- Centre for Computational Imaging & Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB) and Leeds Institute for Cardiac and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Computing & School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,CISTIB, Electronic and Electrical Engineering Department, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marina Costantini
- CISTIB, Electronic and Electrical Engineering Department, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Robin Highley
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Meghdoot Mozumder
- CISTIB, Electronic and Electrical Engineering Department, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paul G Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alejandro F Frangi
- Centre for Computational Imaging & Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB) and Leeds Institute for Cardiac and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), School of Computing & School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,CISTIB, Electronic and Electrical Engineering Department, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Sheyn D, Mahajan ST, Hijaz A, Slopnick E, Chapman G, El-Nashar S, Mangel JM. Cerebral White Matter Disease and Response to Anti-Cholinergic Medication for Overactive Bladder in an Age-Matched Cohort. Int Urogynecol J 2019; 30:1755-1761. [PMID: 31152187 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-019-03988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if the presence of cerebral white matter disease (WMD) affects the response to anti-cholinergic medications. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort of age-matched patients treated for OAB with anti-cholinergic medications between January 2010 and December 2017. Inclusion criteria were a chief complaint of OAB, never evaluated by a urogynecologist for OAB, treated with a maximum dose for a minimum of 4 weeks, and underwent head computed tomography (CT) within 12 months of starting therapy. Patients with WMD were matched 1:1 by age and number of prior failed antimuscarinics to controls with normal head CTs. Exclusion criteria included incomplete documentation of therapeutic response, non-WMD CT abnormalities, and non-idiopathic OAB. The primary outcome was anti-cholinergic treatment failure. Pairwise analysis between groups was performed using Wilcoxon rank-sum and Fisher's exact test where appropriate. Univariate logistic regression was performed, and any variable that was associated with treatment failure and a p value ≤ 0.2 was included in the multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS Sixty-eight cases were matched with 68 controls. Patients with WMD were more likely to have undergone hysterectomy (57.4% vs. 41.2%, p = 0.04) and to use diuretics (31.1% vs. 19.1%, p = 0.04). Patients with WMD were more likely to fail treatment compared with controls (60.7% vs. 29.4%, p = 0.004). After adjusting for confounders, WMD was strongly associated with an increased probability of failure (aOR = 7.31, 95% CI: 1.49-12.20). Additional significant risk factors for treatment failure were the previous number of failed medications (aOR = 3.65 per medication, 95% CI: 1.48-9.01) and a rising HbA1c (aOR: 1.39 per 1.0% increase, 95% CI: 1.0-1.91). CONCLUSION WMD is independently associated with anti-muscarinic treatment failure in women with overactive bladder symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sheyn
- Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11000 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Sangeeta T Mahajan
- Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Adonis Hijaz
- Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11000 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Emily Slopnick
- Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11000 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Graham Chapman
- Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11000 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Sherif El-Nashar
- Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Mangel
- Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Metro Health Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Park JM, Kim YJ. [Effect of Ghrelin on Memory Impairment in a Rat Model of Vascular Dementia]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2019; 49:317-328. [PMID: 31266928 DOI: 10.4040/jkan.2019.49.3.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of ghrelin on memory impairment in a rat model of vascular dementia induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. METHODS Randomized controlled groups and the posttest design were used. We established the representative animal model of vascular dementia caused by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion and administered 80 μg/kg ghrelin intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. First, behavioral studies were performed to evaluate spatial memory. Second, we used molecular biology techniques to determine whether ghrelin ameliorates the damage to the structure and function of the white matter and hippocampus, which are crucial to learning and memory. RESULTS Ghrelin improved the spatial memory impairment in the Y-maze and Morris water maze test. In the white matter, demyelination and atrophy of the corpus callosum were significantly decreased in the ghrelin-treated group. In the hippocampus, ghrelin increased the length of hippocampal microvessels and reduced the microvessels pathology. Further, we confirmed angiogenesis enhancement through the fact that ghrelin treatment increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-related protein levels, which are the most powerful mediators of angiogenesis in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION We found that ghrelin affected the damaged myelin sheaths and microvessels by increasing angiogenesis, which then led to neuroprotection and improved memory function. We suggest that further studies continue to accumulate evidence of the effect of ghrelin. Further, we believe that the development of therapeutic interventions that increase ghrelin may contribute to memory improvement in patients with vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Park
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Jung Kim
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
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Hase Y, Chen A, Bates LL, Craggs LJL, Yamamoto Y, Gemmell E, Oakley AE, Korolchuk VI, Kalaria RN. Severe white matter astrocytopathy in CADASIL. Brain Pathol 2019; 28:832-843. [PMID: 29757481 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is characterized by strategic white matter (WM) hyperintensities on MRI. Pathological features include WM degeneration, arteriolosclerosis, lacunar infarcts, and the deposition of granular osmiophilic material. Based on the hypothesis that the gliovascular unit is compromised, we assessed the nature of astrocyte damage in the deep WM of CADASIL subjects. METHODS We evaluated post-mortem brains from CADASIL, cerebral small vessel disease, similar age cognitively normal and older control subjects. Standard immunohistochemical, immunofluorescent, and unbiased stereological methods were used to evaluate the distribution of astrocytes, microvessels, and autophagy markers in five different brain regions. RESULTS Compared to the controls, the deep WM of CADASIL subjects overall showed increased numbers of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive clasmatodendritic astrocytes (P=0.037) and a decrease in the percentage of normal appearing astrocytes (P=0.025). In accord with confluent WM hyperintensities, the anterior temporal pole contained abundant clasmatodendritic astrocytes with displaced aquaporin 4 immunoreactivity. Remarkably, we also found strong evidence for the immunolocalization of autophagy markers including microtubule-associated protein 1, light chain 3 (LC3), and sequestosome 1/p62 and Caspase-3 in GFAP-positive clasmatodendritic cells, particularly within perivascular regions of the deep WM. LC3 was co-localized in more than 90% of the GFAP-positive clasmatodendrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our novel findings show astrocytes undergo autophagy-like cell death in CADASIL, with the anterior temporal pole being highly vulnerable. We propose astrocytes transform from normal appearing type A to hypertrophic type B and eventually to clasmatodendritic type C cells. These observations also suggest the gliovascular unit of the deep WM is severely impaired in CADASIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Hase
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Aiqing Chen
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Letitia L Bates
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lucinda J L Craggs
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yumi Yamamoto
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elizabeth Gemmell
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Arthur E Oakley
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Neurovascular Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Alber J, Alladi S, Bae HJ, Barton DA, Beckett LA, Bell JM, Berman SE, Biessels GJ, Black SE, Bos I, Bowman GL, Brai E, Brickman AM, Callahan BL, Corriveau RA, Fossati S, Gottesman RF, Gustafson DR, Hachinski V, Hayden KM, Helman AM, Hughes TM, Isaacs JD, Jefferson AL, Johnson SC, Kapasi A, Kern S, Kwon JC, Kukolja J, Lee A, Lockhart SN, Murray A, Osborn KE, Power MC, Price BR, Rhodius-Meester HF, Rondeau JA, Rosen AC, Rosene DL, Schneider JA, Scholtzova H, Shaaban CE, Silva NC, Snyder HM, Swardfager W, Troen AM, van Veluw SJ, Vemuri P, Wallin A, Wellington C, Wilcock DM, Xie SX, Hainsworth AH. White matter hyperintensities in vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID): Knowledge gaps and opportunities. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2019; 5:107-117. [PMID: 31011621 PMCID: PMC6461571 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are frequently seen on brain magnetic resonance imaging scans of older people. Usually interpreted clinically as a surrogate for cerebral small vessel disease, WMHs are associated with increased likelihood of cognitive impairment and dementia (including Alzheimer's disease [AD]). WMHs are also seen in cognitively healthy people. In this collaboration of academic, clinical, and pharmaceutical industry perspectives, we identify outstanding questions about WMHs and their relation to cognition, dementia, and AD. What molecular and cellular changes underlie WMHs? What are the neuropathological correlates of WMHs? To what extent are demyelination and inflammation present? Is it helpful to subdivide into periventricular and subcortical WMHs? What do WMHs signify in people diagnosed with AD? What are the risk factors for developing WMHs? What preventive and therapeutic strategies target WMHs? Answering these questions will improve prevention and treatment of WMHs and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alber
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Suvarna Alladi
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Cerebrovascular Disease Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - David A. Barton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laurel A. Beckett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Sara E. Berman
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra E. Black
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Bos
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Alzheimer Centre Limburg, School for Mental Health & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gene L. Bowman
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Adam M. Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brandy L. Callahan
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Roderick A. Corriveau
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Silvia Fossati
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca F. Gottesman
- Division of Cerebrovascular Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deborah R. Gustafson
- Section for NeuroEpidemiology, State University of New York - Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Kathleen M. Hayden
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Alex M. Helman
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Timothy M. Hughes
- Department of Internal Medicine – Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Isaacs
- St George's University of London and Department of Neurology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Angela L. Jefferson
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Department of Medicine-Geriatrics, Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alifiya Kapasi
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Silke Kern
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jay C. Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Changwon Fatima Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Juraj Kukolja
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Athene Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Samuel N. Lockhart
- Department of Internal Medicine – Section of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anne Murray
- Berman Center for Outcomes and Clinical Research, 20298 Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katie E. Osborn
- Vanderbilt Memory & Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Melinda C. Power
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brittani R. Price
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hanneke F.M. Rhodius-Meester
- Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Allyson C. Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Douglas L. Rosene
- Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA
| | | | - C. Elizabeth Shaaban
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health & Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Narlon C.B.S. Silva
- School of Kinesiology, Western Centre for Public Health & Family Medicine, London, ON, Canada
| | - Heather M. Snyder
- Division of Medical and Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Walter Swardfager
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aron M. Troen
- Institute of Biochemistry Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Susanne J. van Veluw
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Anders Wallin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cheryl Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Donna M. Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sharon Xiangwen Xie
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Atticus H. Hainsworth
- Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London and Department of Neurology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Damulina A, Pirpamer L, Seiler S, Benke T, Dal-Bianco P, Ransmayr G, Struhal W, Hofer E, Langkammer C, Duering M, Fazekas F, Schmidt R. White Matter Hyperintensities in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Lesion Probability Mapping Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 68:789-796. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Damulina
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Pirpamer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan Seiler
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurosciences, Imaging of Dementia and Aging Laboratory, University of California at Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Benke
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter Dal-Bianco
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Ransmayr
- Department of Neurology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Walter Struhal
- Department of Neurology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Marco Duering
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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van Veluw SJ, Reijmer YD, van der Kouwe AJ, Charidimou A, Riley GA, Leemans A, Bacskai BJ, Frosch MP, Viswanathan A, Greenberg SM. Histopathology of diffusion imaging abnormalities in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology 2019; 92:e933-e943. [PMID: 30700595 PMCID: PMC6404469 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the underlying mechanism for altered white matter diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures at the histopathologic level in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). METHODS Formalin-fixed intact hemispheres from 9 CAA cases and 2 elderly controls were scanned at 3-tesla MRI, including a diffusion-weighted sequence. DTI measures (i.e., fractional anisotropy [FA] and mean diffusivity [MD]) and histopathology measures were obtained from 2 tracts: the anterior thalamic radiation and inferior longitudinal fasciculus. RESULTS FA was reduced in both tracts and MD was increased in cases with CAA compared to controls. Regional FA was significantly correlated with tissue rarefaction, myelin density, axonal density, and white matter microinfarcts. MD correlated significantly with tissue rarefaction, myelin density, and white matter microinfarcts, but not axonal density. FA and MD did not correlate with oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, or gliosis. Multivariate analysis revealed that tissue rarefaction (β = -0.32 ± 0.12, p = 0.009) and axonal density (β = 0.25 ± 0.12, p = 0.04) were both independently associated with FA, whereas myelin density was independently associated with MD (β = -0.32 ± 0.12, p = 0.013). Finally, we found an association between increased MD in the frontal white matter and CAA severity in the frontal cortex (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that overall tissue loss, and in particular axonal and myelin loss, are major components underlying CAA-related alterations in DTI properties observed in living patients. The findings allow for a more mechanistic interpretation of DTI parameters in small vessel disease and for mechanism-based selection of candidate treatments to prevent vascular cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne J van Veluw
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown.
| | - Yael D Reijmer
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Andre J van der Kouwe
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Grace A Riley
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Alexander Leemans
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Brian J Bacskai
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- From the J. Philip Kistler Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology (S.J.v.V., Y.D.R., A.C., G.A.R., A.V., S.M.G.), and Neuropathology Service, C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology (M.P.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (S.J.v.V., B.J.B., M.P.F.), Charlestown Navy Yard, MA; Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus (Y.D.R.), and Image Sciences Institute (A.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (A.J.v.d.K.), Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown
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Arba F, Piccardi B, Palumbo V, Giusti B, Nencini P, Gori AM, Sereni A, Nesi M, Pracucci G, Bono G, Bovi P, Fainardi E, Consoli D, Nucera A, Massaro F, Orlandi G, Perini F, Tassi R, Sessa M, Toni D, Abbate R, Inzitari D. Small Vessel Disease Is Associated with Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase-4 After Ischaemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 10:44-51. [PMID: 29687301 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Small vessel disease (SVD) is frequent in aging and stroke patients. Inflammation and remodeling of extracellular matrix have been suggested as concurrent mechanisms of SVD. We investigated the relationship between imaging features of SVD and circulating metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in patients with ischaemic stroke. In patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis, we took blood samples before intravenous thrombolysis and 90 days after the acute stroke and analysed levels of MMPs and TIMPs. We assessed leukoaraiosis, number of lacunes and brain atrophy on pre-treatment CT scan and graded global SVD burden combining such features. We investigated associations between single features, global SVD and MMPs and TIMPs at baseline and at follow-up, retaining univariate statistically significant associations in multivariate linear regression analysis and adjusting for clinical confounders. A total of 255 patients [mean (±SD) = 68.6 (± 12.7) years, 154 (59%) males] were included, 107 (42%) had no signs of SVD; 47 (19%) had from moderate to severe SVD burden. A total of 107 (42%) patients had no signs of SVD; 47 (19%) had from moderate to severe SVD burden. After adjustment, only TIMP-4 proved associations with SVD features. Brain atrophy was associated with baseline TIMP-4 (β = 0.20;p = 0.019) and leukoaraiosis with 90 days TIMP-4 (β = 0.19; p = 0.013). Global SVD score was not associated with baseline TIMP-4 levels (β = 0.10; p = 0.072), whereas was associated with 90 days TIMP-4 levels (β = 0.21; p = 0.003). Total SVD burden was associated with higher TIMP-4 levels 90 days after stroke, whereas was not during the acute phase. Our results support a biological relationship between SVD grade and TIMP-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Arba
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
- Stroke Unit and Neurology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Piccardi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Stroke Unit and Neurology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Vanessa Palumbo
- Stroke Unit and Neurology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Betti Giusti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Atherothrombotic Diseases Center, AOU Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nencini
- Stroke Unit and Neurology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Gori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Atherothrombotic Diseases Center, AOU Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alice Sereni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Atherothrombotic Diseases Center, AOU Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mascia Nesi
- Stroke Unit and Neurology, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pracucci
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bono
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy
| | - Paolo Bovi
- SSO Stroke Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Azienda Ospedaliera Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Fainardi
- Department of Neuroradiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Antonia Nucera
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Giovanni Orlandi
- Department of Neurosciences, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Perini
- UOC di Neurologia e Stroke Unit, Ospedale San Bortolo, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Rossana Tassi
- U.O.C. Stroke Unit, Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e Neurosensoriali, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Sessa
- U.O. Neurologia, DAI Neuroscienze-Riabilitazione, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Danilo Toni
- Emergency Department Stroke Unit, Department of Neurological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Abbate
- Centro Studi Medicina Avanzata (CESMAV), Florence, Italy
| | - Domenico Inzitari
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Florence, Italy
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Waller R, Baxter L, Fillingham DJ, Coelho S, Pozo JM, Mozumder M, Frangi AF, Ince PG, Simpson JE, Highley JR. Iba-1-/CD68+ microglia are a prominent feature of age-associated deep subcortical white matter lesions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210888. [PMID: 30682074 PMCID: PMC6347230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep subcortical lesions (DSCL) of the brain, are present in ~60% of the ageing population, and are linked to cognitive decline and depression. DSCL are associated with demyelination, blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and microgliosis. Microglia are the main immune cell of the brain. Under physiological conditions microglia have a ramified morphology, and react to pathology with a change to a more rounded morphology as well as showing protein expression alterations. This study builds on previous characterisations of DSCL and radiologically ‘normal-appearing’ white matter (NAWM) by performing a detailed characterisation of a range of microglial markers in addition to markers of vascular integrity. The Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (CFAS) provided control white matter (WM), NAWM and DSCL human post mortem tissue for immunohistochemistry using microglial markers (Iba-1, CD68 and MHCII), a vascular basement membrane marker (collagen IV) and markers of BBB integrity (fibrinogen and aquaporin 4). The immunoreactive profile of CD68 increased in a stepwise manner from control WM to NAWM to DSCL. This correlated with a shift from small, ramified cells, to larger, more rounded microglia. While there was greater Iba-1 immunoreactivity in NAWM compared to controls, in DSCL, Iba-1 levels were reduced to control levels. A prominent feature of these DSCL was a population of Iba-1-/CD68+ microglia. There were increases in collagen IV, but no change in BBB integrity. Overall the study shows significant differences in the immunoreactive profile of microglial markers. Whether this is a cause or effect of lesion development remains to be elucidated. Identifying microglia subpopulations based on their morphology and molecular markers may ultimately help decipher their function and role in neurodegeneration. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that Iba-1 is not a pan-microglial marker, and that a combination of several microglial markers is required to fully characterise the microglial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Waller
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Lynne Baxter
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Fillingham
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Coelho
- School of Computing, Center for Computational Imaging & Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine, The University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jose M. Pozo
- School of Computing, Center for Computational Imaging & Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine, The University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Meghdoot Mozumder
- Department of Engineering, Center for Computational Imaging & Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro F. Frangi
- School of Computing, Center for Computational Imaging & Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine, The University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G. Ince
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Julie E. Simpson
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - J. Robin Highley
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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72
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Shaaban CE, Jorgensen DR, Gianaros PJ, Mettenburg J, Rosano C. Cerebrovascular disease: Neuroimaging of cerebral small vessel disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 165:225-255. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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73
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Lee ES, Yoon JH, Choi J, Andika FR, Lee T, Jeong Y. A mouse model of subcortical vascular dementia reflecting degeneration of cerebral white matter and microcirculation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:44-57. [PMID: 29053032 PMCID: PMC6311665 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17736963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Subcortical vascular dementia(SVaD) is associated with white matter damage, lacunar infarction, and degeneration of cerebral microcirculation. Currently available mouse models can mimic only partial aspects of human SVaD features. Here, we combined bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) with a hyperlipidaemia model in order to develop a mouse model of SVaD; 10- to 12-week-old apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient or wild-type C57BL/6J mice were subjected to sham operation or chronic cerebral hypoperfusion with BCAS using micro-coils. Behavioural performance (locomotion, spatial working memory, and recognition memory), histopathological findings (white matter damage, microinfarctions, astrogliosis), and cerebral microcirculation (microvascular density and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity) were investigated. ApoE-deficient mice subjected to BCAS showed impaired locomotion, spatial working memory, and recognition memory. They also showed white matter damage, multiple microinfarctions, astrogliosis, reduction in microvascular density, and BBB breakdown. The combination of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and ApoE deficiency induced cognitive decline and cerebrovascular pathology, including white matter damage, multiple microinfarctions, and degeneration of cerebral microcirculation. Together, these features are all compatible with those of patients with SVaD. Thus, the proposed animal model is plausible for investigating SVaD pathophysiology and for application in preclinical drug studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eek-Sung Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and
Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon,
Republic of Korea
- KI for Health Science and Technology,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang
University Bucheon Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hui Yoon
- KI for Health Science and Technology,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
| | - Jiye Choi
- KI for Health Science and Technology,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
| | - Faris R Andika
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
| | - Taekwan Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center,
Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, Republic of
Korea
| | - Yong Jeong
- KI for Health Science and Technology,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering,
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of
Korea
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Wang F, Cao Y, Ma L, Pei H, Rausch WD, Li H. Dysfunction of Cerebrovascular Endothelial Cells: Prelude to Vascular Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:376. [PMID: 30505270 PMCID: PMC6250852 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, memory loss, and thinking or speech problems. VaD is usually caused by cerebrovascular disease, during which, cerebrovascular endothelial cells (CECs) are vulnerable. CEC dysfunction occurs before the onset of VaD and can eventually lead to dysregulation of cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier damage, followed by the activation of glia and inflammatory environment in the brain. White matter, neuronal axons, and synapses are compromised in this process, leading to cognitive impairment. The present review summarizes the mechanisms underlying CEC impairment during hypoperfusion and pathological role of CECs in VaD. Through the comprehensive examination and summarization, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) signaling pathway, and CEC-derived caveolin-1 (CAV-1) are proposed to serve as targets of new drugs for the treatment of VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixue Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wolf Dieter Rausch
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Local volume fraction distributions of axons, astrocytes, and myelin in deep subcortical white matter. Neuroimage 2018; 179:275-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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76
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Netto MB, de Oliveira Junior AN, Goldim M, Mathias K, Fileti ME, da Rosa N, Laurentino AO, de Farias BX, Costa AB, Rezin GT, Fortunato JJ, Giustina AD, Barichello T, Dal-Pizzol F, Petronilho F. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly rats. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:661-669. [PMID: 30041011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is defined by cognitive impairment determined by neuropsychological tests from before to after surgery. Several mechanisms have been proposed in this bidirectional communication between the immune system and the brain after surgery. We aimed at understanding the mechanisms underlying POCD elderly rats in an experimental tibial fracture model. Elderly male Wistar rats were subjected to tibial fracture (TF) model. Control (sham) and fracture (TF) groups were followed to determine nitrite/nitrate concentration; oxidative damage to lipids and proteins; the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase-SOD and catalase-CAT), mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, and creatine kinase (CK); and BDNF levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (at 24 h and at seven days) and cognitive function through habituation to the open field task and novel object recognition task (only at seven days). TF group presented increased concentration of nitrite/nitrate, hippocampal lipid peroxidation at seven days, protein oxidative damage in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus at 24 h, decreased antioxidant activity in both structures on the first postoperative day and compromised function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes as well as the CK enzyme. In addition, the levels of BDNF were reduced and memory function was impaired in the TF group. In conclusion, elderly rats submitted to an experimental model of tibial fracture displayed memory impairment accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced neurotrophin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Back Netto
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Aloir Neri de Oliveira Junior
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana Goldim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Khiany Mathias
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Fileti
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Naiana da Rosa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Olivia Laurentino
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Bianca Xavier de Farias
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Costa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Jucelia Jeremias Fortunato
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Della Giustina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of South Santa Catarina, Tubarão, SC, Brazil.
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Cuadrado-Godia E, Dwivedi P, Sharma S, Ois Santiago A, Roquer Gonzalez J, Balcells M, Laird J, Turk M, Suri HS, Nicolaides A, Saba L, Khanna NN, Suri JS. Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Review Focusing on Pathophysiology, Biomarkers, and Machine Learning Strategies. J Stroke 2018; 20:302-320. [PMID: 30309226 PMCID: PMC6186915 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2017.02922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) has a crucial role in lacunar stroke and brain hemorrhages and is a leading cause of cognitive decline and functional loss in elderly patients. Based on underlying pathophysiology, cSVD can be subdivided into amyloidal and non-amyloidal subtypes. Genetic factors of cSVD play a pivotal role in terms of unraveling molecular mechanism. An important pathophysiological mechanism of cSVD is blood-brain barrier leakage and endothelium dysfunction which gives a clue in identification of the disease through circulating biological markers. Detection of cSVD is routinely carried out by key neuroimaging markers including white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, small subcortical infarcts, perivascular spaces, cerebral microbleeds, and brain atrophy. Application of neural networking, machine learning and deep learning in image processing have increased significantly for correct severity of cSVD. A linkage between cSVD and other neurological disorder, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and non-cerebral disease, has also been investigated recently. This review draws a broad picture of cSVD, aiming to inculcate new insights into its pathogenesis and biomarkers. It also focuses on the role of deep machine strategies and other dimensions of cSVD by linking it with several cerebral and non-cerebral diseases as well as recent advances in the field to achieve sensitive detection, effective prevention and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cuadrado-Godia
- Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sanjiv Sharma
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering and Information Technology, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India
| | - Angel Ois Santiago
- Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Roquer Gonzalez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Balcells
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, IQS School of Engineering, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Laird
- Department of Cardiology, St. Helena Hospital, St. Helena, CA, USA
| | - Monika Turk
- Deparment of Neurology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Luca Saba
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Jasjit S Suri
- Stroke Monitoring Division, AtheroPoint, Roseville, CA, USA
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78
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Hunter S, Smailagic N, Brayne C. Dementia Research: Populations, Progress, Problems, and Predictions. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S119-S143. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-179927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally Hunter
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadja Smailagic
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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79
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Garwood CJ, Ratcliffe LE, Simpson JE, Heath PR, Ince PG, Wharton SB. Review: Astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease and other age-associated dementias: a supporting player with a central role. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 43:281-298. [PMID: 27442752 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have essential roles in the central nervous system and are also implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. Forming non-overlapping domains, astrocytes are highly complex cells. Immunohistochemistry to a variety of proteins can be used to study astrocytes in tissue, labelling different cellular components and sub-populations, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, ALDH1L1, CD44, NDRG2 and amino acid transporters, but none of these labels the entire astrocyte population. Increasing heterogeneity is recognized in the astrocyte population, a complexity that is relevant both to their normal function and pathogenic roles. They are involved in neuronal support, as active components of the tripartite synapse and in cell interactions within the neurovascular unit (NVU), where they are essential for blood-brain barrier maintenance and neurovascular coupling. Astrocytes change with age, and their responses may modulate the cellular effects of neurodegenerative pathologies, which alone do not explain all of the variance in statistical models of neurodegenerative dementias. Astrocytes respond to both the neurofibrillary tangles and plaques of Alzheimer's disease, to hyperphosphorylated tau and Aβ, eliciting an effect which may be neuroprotective or deleterious. Not only astrocyte hypertrophy, in the form of gliosis, occurs, but also astrocyte injury and atrophy. Loss of normal astrocyte functions may contribute to reduced support for neurones and dysfunction of the NVU. Understanding how astrocytes contribute to dementia requires an understanding of the underlying heterogeneity of astrocyte populations, and the complexity of their responses to pathology. Enhancing the supportive and neuroprotective components of the astrocyte response has potential translational applications in therapeutic approaches to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - L E Ratcliffe
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - J E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - P R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - P G Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | - S B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
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80
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Nasrabady SE, Rizvi B, Goldman JE, Brickman AM. White matter changes in Alzheimer's disease: a focus on myelin and oligodendrocytes. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:22. [PMID: 29499767 PMCID: PMC5834839 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is conceptualized as a progressive consequence of two hallmark pathological changes in grey matter: extracellular amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. However, over the past several years, neuroimaging studies have implicated micro- and macrostructural abnormalities in white matter in the risk and progression of AD, suggesting that in addition to the neuronal pathology characteristic of the disease, white matter degeneration and demyelination may be also important pathophysiological features. Here we review the evidence for white matter abnormalities in AD with a focus on myelin and oligodendrocytes, the only source of myelination in the central nervous system, and discuss the relationship between white matter changes and the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. We review several mechanisms such as ischemia, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, iron overload, Aβ toxicity and tauopathy, which could affect oligodendrocytes. We conclude that white matter abnormalities, and in particular myelin and oligodendrocytes, could be mechanistically important in AD pathology and could be potential treatment targets.
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81
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Sun T, Li YJ, Tian QQ, Wu Q, Feng D, Xue Z, Guo YY, Yang L, Zhang K, Zhao MG, Wu YM. Activation of liver X receptor β-enhancing neurogenesis ameliorates cognitive impairment induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Exp Neurol 2018; 304:21-29. [PMID: 29447944 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH), a leading cause of various cerebrovascular diseases, leads to cognitive dysfunction due to neuron loss and impaired neurogenesis. Liver X receptors (LXRs), including LXRα and LXRβ isoforms, are crucial for cholesterol metabolism, synaptic plasticity as well as neurogenesis. However, it is not clear the potential roles of LXRs in the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment induced by CCH. In this study, we demonstrated that LXRβ expression decreased in hippocampus of CCH mice. GW3965, a synthetic dual agonist for both LXRα and LXRβ, ameliorated impairment of learning and memory in CCH mice by promoting neuronal survival and neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation in dentate gyrus (DG) of CCH mice. The proliferative effects of GW3965 were further confirmed in cultured neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and showed in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, GW3965 phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt) at Ser473 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in NPCs. Furthermore, both LY294002, an inhibitor for phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), and short hairpin RNAs for LXRβ knockdown, abrogated GW3965-induced Akt phosphorylation, and therefore abolished GW3965-mediated proliferation-promoting of NPCs. All the data suggested that GW3965 ameliorated impaired cognitive functions in CCH by promoting NSC proliferation through PI3K/Akt pathway followed LXRβ activation. This study correlates a deficit of LXRβ in cognitive dysfunction in CCH with impaired neurogenesis in hippocampus, and LXRs may serve as a potential therapeutic target for chronic cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yu-Jiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Qin-Qin Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Qi Wu
- Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Zhe Xue
- Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Le Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road 1, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
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82
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Jorgensen DR, Shaaban CE, Wiley CA, Gianaros PJ, Mettenburg J, Rosano C. A population neuroscience approach to the study of cerebral small vessel disease in midlife and late life: an invited review. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H1117-H1136. [PMID: 29393657 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00535.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aging in later life engenders numerous changes to the cerebral microvasculature. Such changes can remain clinically silent but are associated with greater risk for negative health outcomes over time. Knowledge is limited about the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of potentially detrimental changes in the cerebral microvasculature that occur with advancing age. In this review, we summarize literature on aging of the cerebral microvasculature, and we propose a conceptual framework to fill existing research gaps and advance future work on this heterogeneous phenomenon. We propose that the major gaps in this area are attributable to an incomplete characterization of cerebrovascular pathology, the populations being studied, and the temporality of exposure to risk factors. Specifically, currently available measures of age-related cerebral microvasculature changes are indirect, primarily related to parenchymal damage rather than direct quantification of small vessel damage, limiting the understanding of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) itself. Moreover, studies seldom account for variability in the health-related conditions or interactions with risk factors, which are likely determinants of cSVD pathogenesis. Finally, study designs are predominantly cross-sectional and/or have relied on single time point measures, leaving no clear evidence of time trajectories of risk factors or of change in cerebral microvasculature. We argue that more resources should be invested in 1) developing methodological approaches and basic science models to better understand the pathogenic and etiological nature of age-related brain microvascular diseases and 2) implementing state-of-the-science population study designs that account for the temporal evolution of cerebral microvascular changes in diverse populations across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana R Jorgensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - C Elizabeth Shaaban
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Clayton A Wiley
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter J Gianaros
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Mettenburg
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Caterina Rosano
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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83
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Apostolidis A, Wagg A, Rahnam A'i MS, Panicker JN, Vrijens D, von Gontard A. Is there "brain OAB" and how can we recognize it? International Consultation on Incontinence-Research Society (ICI-RS) 2017. Neurourol Urodyn 2018; 37:S38-S45. [PMID: 29388707 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In light of mounting evidence supporting the association of brain regions with the control of urine storage and voiding, the high placebo effect in OAB studies as well as certain anecdotal observations from clinical practice with OAB patients, the role of the brain in OAB was explored. METHODS At the ICI-RS 2017 meeting, a panel of Functional Urologists and Basic Scientists presented literature data generating a proposal to discuss whether there is "brain OAB" and how we could recognize it. RESULTS Existing data point toward organic brain causes of OAB, in particular concerning white matter disease (WMD) and aging, but with currently speculative mechanisms. Imaging techniques have revealed connectivity changes between brain regions which may explain brain-peripheral interactions in OAB patients, further to acknowledged structural and functional changes in the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, psychological disorders like stress and depression have been identified as causes of OAB, with animal and human studies proposing a neurochemical and neuroendocrine pathophysiological basis, involving either the serotoninergic system or the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Finally, childhood data suggest that OAB could be a developmental disorder involving the CNS, although childhood OAB could be a different condition than that of adults in many children. CONCLUSIONS Future research should aim to identify the pathogenesis of WMD and the aging processes affecting the brain and the bladder, with possible benefits in prevention strategies, as well as connectivity disorders within the CNS, the pathophysiology of OAB in childhood and the neurochemical pathways connecting affective disorders with OAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Apostolidis
- 2nd Department of Urology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Adrian Wagg
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohammad S Rahnam A'i
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jalesh N Panicker
- Department of Uro-Neurology, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Desiree Vrijens
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander von Gontard
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
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84
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Hase Y, Horsburgh K, Ihara M, Kalaria RN. White matter degeneration in vascular and other ageing-related dementias. J Neurochem 2018; 144:617-633. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Hase
- Neurovascular Research Group; Institute of Neuroscience; Newcastle University; Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Neuroregeneration; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Raj N. Kalaria
- Neurovascular Research Group; Institute of Neuroscience; Newcastle University; Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
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85
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Kalaria RN. The pathology and pathophysiology of vascular dementia. Neuropharmacology 2017; 134:226-239. [PMID: 29273521 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is widely recognised as the second most common type of dementia. Consensus and accurate diagnosis of clinically suspected VaD relies on wide-ranging clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging measures in life but more importantly pathological confirmation. Factors defining subtypes of VaD include the nature and extent of vascular pathologies, degree of involvement of extra and intracranial vessels and the anatomical location of tissue changes as well as time after the initial vascular event. Atherosclerotic and cardioembolic diseases combined appear the most common subtypes of vascular brain injury. In recent years, cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) has gained prominence worldwide as an important substrate of cognitive impairment. SVD is characterised by arteriolosclerosis, lacunar infarcts and cortical and subcortical microinfarcts and diffuse white matter changes, which involve myelin loss and axonal abnormalities. Global brain atrophy and focal degeneration of the cerebrum including medial temporal lobe atrophy are also features of VaD similar to Alzheimer's disease. Hereditary arteriopathies have provided insights into the mechanisms of dementia particularly how arteriolosclerosis, a major contributor of SVD promotes cognitive impairment. Recently developed and validated neuropathology guidelines indicated that the best predictors of vascular cognitive impairment were small or lacunar infarcts, microinfarcts, perivascular space dilation, myelin loss, arteriolosclerosis and leptomeningeal cerebral amyloid angiopathy. While these substrates do not suggest high specificity, VaD is likely defined by key neuronal and dendro-synaptic changes resulting in executive dysfunction and related cognitive deficits. Greater understanding of the molecular pathology is needed to clearly define microvascular disease and vascular substrates of dementia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Cerebral Ischemia'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj N Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom.
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86
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Recent Advances in Leukoaraiosis: White Matter Structural Integrity and Functional Outcomes after Acute Ischemic Stroke. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017; 18:123. [PMID: 27796861 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-016-0803-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Leukoaraiosis, a radiographic marker of cerebral small vessel disease detected on T2-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as white matter hyperintensity (WMH), is a key contributor to the risk and severity of acute cerebral ischemia. Prior investigations have emphasized the pathophysiology of WMH development and progression; however, more recently, an association between WMH burden and functional outcomes after stroke has emerged. There is growing evidence that WMH represents macroscopic injury to the white matter and that the extent of WMH burden on MRI influences functional recovery in multiple domains following acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In this review, we discuss the current understanding of WMH pathogenesis and its impact on AIS and functional recovery.
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87
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Xiong Z, Lu W, Zhu L, Zeng L, Shi C, Jing Z, Xiang Y, Li W, Tsang CK, Ruan Y, Huang L. Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Treatment Enhances Hemodynamics and Ameliorates Memory Deficits in Rats with Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:238. [PMID: 28798681 PMCID: PMC5526838 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has revealed that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) activates a compensatory vascular mechanism attempting to maintain an optimal cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, this compensation fails to prevent neuronal death and cognitive impairment because neurons die prior to the restoration of normal CBF. Therefore, pharmacological invention may be critical to enhance the CBF for reducing neurodegeneration and memory deficit. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is a compound isolated from the seeds of Chinese celery and has been proven to be able to prevent neuronal loss, reduce inflammation and ameliorate memory deficits in acute ischemic animal models and stroke patients. In the present study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, immunohistochemistry and Morris water maze (MWM) to investigate whether NBP can accelerate CBF recovery, reduce neuronal death and improve cognitive deficits in CCH rats after permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). Rats were intravenously injected with NBP (5 mg/kg) daily for 14 days beginning the first day after BCCAO. The results showed that NBP shortened recovery time of CBF to pre-occlusion levels at 2 weeks following BCCAO, compared to 4 weeks in the vehicle group, and enhanced hemodynamic compensation through dilation of the vertebral arteries (VAs) and increase in angiogenesis. NBP treatment also markedly reduced reactive astrogliosis and cell apoptosis and protected hippocampal neurons against ischemic injury. The escape latency of CCH rats in the MWM was also reduced in response to NBP treatment. These findings demonstrate that NBP can accelerate the recovery of CBF and improve cognitive function in a rat model of CCH, suggesting that NBP is a promising therapy for CCH patients or vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Xiong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Zhu
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zeng
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Changzheng Shi
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Jing
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Xiang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Wenxian Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Chi Kwan Tsang
- Clinical Neuroscience Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Ruan
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantong, China.,Ministry of Education, CNS Regeneration International Collaborative Laboratory, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, Jinan University School of MedicineGuangzhou, China
| | - Li'an Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
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88
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Keith J, Gao FQ, Noor R, Kiss A, Balasubramaniam G, Au K, Rogaeva E, Masellis M, Black SE. Collagenosis of the Deep Medullary Veins: An Underrecognized Pathologic Correlate of White Matter Hyperintensities and Periventricular Infarction? J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:299-312. [PMID: 28431180 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are prevalent. Although arteriolar disease has been implicated in their pathogenesis, venous pathology warrants consideration. We investigated relationships of WMH with histologic venous, arteriolar and white matter abnormalities and correlated findings with premortem neuroimaging. Three regions of periventricular white matter were sampled from archived autopsy brains of 24 pathologically confirmed Alzheimer disease (AD) and 18 age-matched nonAD patients. Using trichrome staining, venous collagenosis (VC) of periventricular veins (<150 µm in diameter) was scored for severity of wall thickening and occlusion; percent stenosis by collagenosis of large caliber (>200 µm) veins (laVS) was measured. Correlations were made between WMH in premortem neuroimaging and vascular and white matter pathology. We found greater VC (U(114) = 2092.5, p = 0.005 and U(114) = 2121.5, p = 0.002 for small and medium caliber veins, respectively) and greater laVS (t(110) = 3.46, p = 0.001) in patients with higher WMH scores; WMH scores correlated with VC (rs(114) = 0.27, p = 0.004) and laVS (rs(110) = 0.38, p < 0.001). By multiple linear regression analysis, the strongest predictor of WMH score was laVS (β = 0.338, p < 0.0001). VC was frequent in patients with periventricular infarcts identified on imaging. We conclude that periventricular VC is associated with WMH in both AD and nonAD patients and the potential roles of VC in WMH pathogenesis merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Keith
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fu-Qiang Gao
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit, Heart and Stroke Foundation Center for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Science Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Raza Noor
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Kiss
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gayathiri Balasubramaniam
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelvin Au
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit, Heart and Stroke Foundation Center for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Science Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandra E Black
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Unit, Heart and Stroke Foundation Center for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Health Science Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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89
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Li X, Ren C, Li S, Han R, Gao J, Huang Q, Jin K, Luo Y, Ji X. Limb Remote Ischemic Conditioning Promotes Myelination by Upregulating PTEN/Akt/mTOR Signaling Activities after Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Aging Dis 2017; 8:392-401. [PMID: 28840054 PMCID: PMC5524802 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb Remote ischemic conditioning (LRIC) has been proved to be a promising neuroprotective method in white matter lesions after ischemia; however, its mechanism underlying protection after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether LRIC promoted myelin growth by activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway in a rat chronic hypoperfusion model. Thirty adult male Sprague Dawley underwent permanent double carotid artery (2VO), and limb remote ischemic conditioning was applied for 3 days after the 2VO surgery. Cognitive function, oligodendrocyte counts, myelin density, apoptosis and proliferation activity, as well as PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling activity were determined 4 weeks after treatment. We found that LRIC significantly inhibited oligodendrocytes apoptosis (p<0.05), promoted myelination (p<0.01) in the corpus callosum and improved spatial learning impairment (p<0.05) at 4 weeks after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Oligodendrocytes proliferation, along with demyelination, in corpus callosum were not obviously affected by LRIC (p>0.05). Western blot analysis indicated that LRIC upregulated PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling activities in corpus callosum (p<0.05). Our results suggest that LRIC exerts neuroprotective effect on white matter injuries through activating PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- 1Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- 1Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.,6Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Translational Medicine, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Sijie Li
- 5Emergency department, Xuanwu hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Rongrong Han
- 1Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jinhuan Gao
- 1Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Qingjian Huang
- 1Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- 4Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA
| | - Yinghao Luo
- 2Department of China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- 1Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.,3Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,6Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Translational Medicine, Beijing 100053, China
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90
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High-mobility group box-1 as an autocrine trophic factor in white matter stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4987-E4995. [PMID: 28584116 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702035114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of white matter integrity in health and disease is critical for a variety of neural functions. Ischemic stroke in the white matter frequently results in degeneration of oligodendrocytes (OLs) and myelin. Previously, we found that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expressed in OLs provides cell-autonomous protective effects on ischemic OL death and demyelination in white matter stroke. Here, we identified high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) as an endogenous TLR2 ligand that promotes survival of OLs under ischemic stress. HMGB1 rapidly accumulated in the culture medium of OLs exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). This conditioned medium exhibited a protective activity against ischemic OL death that was completely abolished by immunodepletion of HMGB1. Knockdown of HMGB1 or application of glycyrrhizin, a specific HMGB1 inhibitor, aggravated OGD-induced OL death, and recombinant HMGB1 application reduced the extent of OL death in a TLR2-dependent manner. We confirmed that cytosolic translocation of HMGB1 and activation of TLR2-mediated signaling pathways occurred in a focal white matter stroke model induced by endothelin-1 injection. Animals with glycyrrhizin coinjection showed an expansion of the demyelinating lesion in a TLR2-dependent manner, accompanied by aggravation of sensorimotor behavioral deficits. These results indicate that HMGB1/TLR2 activates an autocrine trophic signaling pathways in OLs and myelin to maintain structural and functional integrity of the white matter under ischemic conditions.
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91
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Divergent Influences of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Domains on Cognition and Gray and White Matter Morphology. Psychosom Med 2017; 79:541-548. [PMID: 28498826 PMCID: PMC5453811 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity are associated with preclinical alterations in cognition and brain structure; however, this often comes from studies of comprehensive risk scores or single isolated factors. We examined associations of empirically derived cardiovascular disease risk factor domains with cognition and brain structure. METHODS A total of 124 adults (age, 59.8 [13.1] years; 41% African American; 50% women) underwent neuropsychological and cardiovascular assessments and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Principal component analysis of nine cardiovascular disease risk factors resulted in a four-component solution representing 1, cholesterol; 2, glucose dysregulation; 3, metabolic dysregulation; and 4, blood pressure. Separate linear regression models for learning, memory, executive functioning, and attention/information processing were performed, with all components entered at once, adjusting for age, sex, and education. MRI analyses included whole-brain cortical thickness and tract-based fractional anisotropy adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS Higher blood pressure was associated with poorer learning (B = -0.19; p = .019), memory (B = -0.22; p = .005), and executive functioning performance (B = -0.14; p = .031), and lower cortical thickness within the right lateral occipital lobe. Elevated glucose dysregulation was associated with poorer attention/information processing performance (B = -0.21; p = .006) and lower fractional anisotropy in the right inferior and bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculi. Cholesterol was associated with higher cortical thickness within left caudal middle frontal cortex. Metabolic dysfunction was positively associated with right superior parietal lobe, left inferior parietal lobe, and left precuneus cortical thickness. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular domains were associated with distinct cognitive, gray, and white matter alterations and distinct age groups. Future longitudinal studies may assist in identifying vulnerability profiles that may be most important for individuals with multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors.
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92
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Goodall EF, Wang C, Simpson JE, Baker DJ, Drew DR, Heath PR, Saffrey MJ, Romero IA, Wharton SB. Age-associated changes in the blood-brain barrier: comparative studies in human and mouse. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2017; 44:328-340. [PMID: 28453876 PMCID: PMC5900918 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims While vascular pathology is a common feature of a range of neurodegenerative diseases, we hypothesized that vascular changes occur in association with normal ageing. Therefore, we aimed to characterize age‐associated changes in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in human and mouse cohorts. Methods Immunohistochemistry and Evans blue assays were used to characterize BBB dysfunction (tight junction protein expression and serum plasma protein accumulation), vascular pathology (pericyte loss and vascular density) and glial pathology (astrocyte and microglial density) in ageing neurological control human prefrontal cortex (a total of 23 cases from 5 age groups representing the spectrum of young adult to old age: 20–30 years, 31–45 years, 46–60 years, 61–75 years and 75+) and C57BL/6 mice (3 months, 12 months, 18 months and 24 months, n = 5/6 per group). Results Quantification of the tight junction protein ZO‐1 within the cortex and cerebellum of the mouse cohort showed a significant trend to both increased number (cortex P < 0.001, cerebellum P < 0.001) and length (cortex P < 0.001, cerebellum P < 0.001) of junctional breaks associated with increasing age. GFAP expression significantly correlated with ageing in the mice (P = 0.037). In the human cohort, assessment of human protein accumulation (albumin, fibrinogen and human IgG) demonstrated cells morphologically resembling clasmatodendritic astrocytes, indicative of BBB dysfunction. Semiquantitative assessment of astrogliosis in the cortex expression revealed an association with age (P = 0.003), while no age‐associated changes in microglial pathology, microvascular density or pericyte coverage were detected. Conclusions This study demonstrates BBB dysfunction in normal brain ageing, both in human and mouse cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Goodall
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - C Wang
- School of Life Science, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - J E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - D J Baker
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - D R Drew
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - P R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - M J Saffrey
- School of Life Science, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - I A Romero
- School of Life Science, Health and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - S B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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93
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Yang T, Sun Y, Lu Z, Leak RK, Zhang F. The impact of cerebrovascular aging on vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 34:15-29. [PMID: 27693240 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As human life expectancy rises, the aged population will increase. Aging is accompanied by changes in tissue structure, often resulting in functional decline. For example, aging within blood vessels contributes to a decrease in blood flow to important organs, potentially leading to organ atrophy and loss of function. In the central nervous system, cerebral vascular aging can lead to loss of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, eventually resulting in cognitive and sensorimotor decline. One of the major of types of cognitive dysfunction due to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). In spite of recent progress in clinical and experimental VCID research, our understanding of vascular contributions to the pathogenesis of VCID is still very limited. In this review, we summarize recent findings on VCID, with a focus on vascular age-related pathologies and their contribution to the development of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zhengyu Lu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
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94
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McAleese KE, Alafuzoff I, Charidimou A, De Reuck J, Grinberg LT, Hainsworth AH, Hortobagyi T, Ince P, Jellinger K, Gao J, Kalaria RN, Kovacs GG, Kövari E, Love S, Popovic M, Skrobot O, Taipa R, Thal DR, Werring D, Wharton SB, Attems J. Post-mortem assessment in vascular dementia: advances and aspirations. BMC Med 2016; 14:129. [PMID: 27600683 PMCID: PMC5011905 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0676-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrovascular lesions are a frequent finding in the elderly population. However, the impact of these lesions on cognitive performance, the prevalence of vascular dementia, and the pathophysiology behind characteristic in vivo imaging findings are subject to controversy. Moreover, there are no standardised criteria for the neuropathological assessment of cerebrovascular disease or its related lesions in human post-mortem brains, and conventional histological techniques may indeed be insufficient to fully reflect the consequences of cerebrovascular disease. DISCUSSION Here, we review and discuss both the neuropathological and in vivo imaging characteristics of cerebrovascular disease, prevalence rates of vascular dementia, and clinico-pathological correlations. We also discuss the frequent comorbidity of cerebrovascular pathology and Alzheimer's disease pathology, as well as the difficult and controversial issue of clinically differentiating between Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and mixed Alzheimer's disease/vascular dementia. Finally, we consider additional novel approaches to complement and enhance current post-mortem assessment of cerebral human tissue. CONCLUSION Elucidation of the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular disease, clarification of characteristic findings of in vivo imaging and knowledge about the impact of combined pathologies are needed to improve the diagnostic accuracy of clinical diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty E McAleese
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lea T Grinberg
- Departments of neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, USA.,Department of Pathology - LIM-22, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Atticus H Hainsworth
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Tibor Hortobagyi
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Paul Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Jing Gao
- Neurological Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Enikö Kövari
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Seth Love
- Clincial Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mara Popovic
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olivia Skrobot
- Clincial Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ricardo Taipa
- Unit of Neuropathology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- Department of Neuroscience, KU-Leuven and Department of Pathology, UZ-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Werring
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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95
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Sam K, Crawley AP, Poublanc J, Conklin J, Sobczyk O, Mandell DM, Duffin J, Venkatraghavan L, Fisher JA, Black SE, Mikulis DJ. Vascular Dysfunction in Leukoaraiosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37:2258-2264. [PMID: 27492072 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis has long been debated. This work addresses a less well-studied mechanism, cerebrovascular reactivity, which could play a leading role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Our aim was to evaluate blood flow dysregulation and its relation to leukoaraiosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cerebrovascular reactivity, the change in the blood oxygen level-dependent 3T MR imaging signal in response to a consistently applied step change in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, was measured in white matter hyperintensities and their contralateral spatially homologous normal-appearing white matter in 75 older subjects (age range, 50-91 years; 40 men) with leukoaraiosis. Additional quantitative evaluation of regions of leukoaraiosis was performed by using diffusion (n = 75), quantitative T2 (n = 54), and DSC perfusion MRI metrics (n = 25). RESULTS When we compared white matter hyperintensities with contralateral normal-appearing white matter, cerebrovascular reactivity was lower by a mean of 61.2% ± 22.6%, fractional anisotropy was lower by 44.9 % ± 6.9%, and CBF was lower by 10.9% ± 11.9%. T2 was higher by 61.7% ± 13.5%, mean diffusivity was higher by 59.0% ± 11.7%, time-to-maximum was higher by 44.4% ± 30.4%, and TTP was higher by 6.8% ± 5.8% (all P < .01). Cerebral blood volume was lower in white matter hyperintensities compared with contralateral normal-appearing white matter by 10.2% ± 15.0% (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Not only were resting blood flow metrics abnormal in leukoaraiosis but there is also evidence of reduced cerebrovascular reactivity in these areas. Studies have shown that reduced cerebrovascular reactivity is more sensitive than resting blood flow parameters for assessing vascular insufficiency. Future work is needed to examine the sensitivity of resting-versus-dynamic blood flow measures for investigating the pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sam
- From the Departments of Physiology (K.S., J.D., J.A.F.).,Division of Neuroradiology (K.S., A.P.C., J.P., J.C., O.S., D.M.M., D.J.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A P Crawley
- Medical Imaging (A.P.C., D.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neuroradiology (K.S., A.P.C., J.P., J.C., O.S., D.M.M., D.J.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Poublanc
- Division of Neuroradiology (K.S., A.P.C., J.P., J.C., O.S., D.M.M., D.J.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Conklin
- Division of Neuroradiology (K.S., A.P.C., J.P., J.C., O.S., D.M.M., D.J.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O Sobczyk
- Division of Neuroradiology (K.S., A.P.C., J.P., J.C., O.S., D.M.M., D.J.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D M Mandell
- Division of Neuroradiology (K.S., A.P.C., J.P., J.C., O.S., D.M.M., D.J.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Duffin
- From the Departments of Physiology (K.S., J.D., J.A.F.).,Department of Anesthesiology (J.D., L.V., J.A.F.), University Health Network and The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Venkatraghavan
- Department of Anesthesiology (J.D., L.V., J.A.F.), University Health Network and The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J A Fisher
- From the Departments of Physiology (K.S., J.D., J.A.F.).,Department of Anesthesiology (J.D., L.V., J.A.F.), University Health Network and The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S E Black
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit (S.E.B.), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D J Mikulis
- Medical Imaging (A.P.C., D.J.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Division of Neuroradiology (K.S., A.P.C., J.P., J.C., O.S., D.M.M., D.J.M.), Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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96
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Neuropathological diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia with implications for Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:659-85. [PMID: 27062261 PMCID: PMC4835512 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is recognised as a neurocognitive disorder, which is explained by numerous vascular causes in the general absence of other pathologies. The heterogeneity of cerebrovascular disease makes it challenging to elucidate the neuropathological substrates and mechanisms of VaD as well as vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Consensus and accurate diagnosis of VaD relies on wide-ranging clinical, neuropsychometric and neuroimaging measures with subsequent pathological confirmation. Pathological diagnosis of suspected clinical VaD requires adequate postmortem brain sampling and rigorous assessment methods to identify important substrates. Factors that define the subtypes of VaD include the nature and extent of vascular pathologies, degree of involvement of extra and intracranial vessels and the anatomical location of tissue changes. Atherosclerotic and cardioembolic diseases appear the most common substrates of vascular brain injury or infarction. Small vessel disease characterised by arteriolosclerosis and lacunar infarcts also causes cortical and subcortical microinfarcts, which appear to be the most robust substrates of cognitive impairment. Diffuse WM changes with loss of myelin and axonal abnormalities are common to almost all subtypes of VaD. Medial temporal lobe and hippocampal atrophy accompanied by variable hippocampal sclerosis are also features of VaD as they are of Alzheimer’s disease. Recent observations suggest that there is a vascular basis for neuronal atrophy in both the temporal and frontal lobes in VaD that is entirely independent of any Alzheimer pathology. Further knowledge on specific neuronal and dendro-synaptic changes in key regions resulting in executive dysfunction and other cognitive deficits, which define VCI and VaD, needs to be gathered. Hereditary arteriopathies such as cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy or CADASIL have provided insights into the mechanisms of dementia associated with cerebral small vessel disease. Greater understanding of the neurochemical and molecular investigations is needed to better define microvascular disease and vascular substrates of dementia. The investigation of relevant animal models would be valuable in exploring the pathogenesis as well as prevention of the vascular causes of cognitive impairment.
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97
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Flygt J, Gumucio A, Ingelsson M, Skoglund K, Holm J, Alafuzoff I, Marklund N. Human Traumatic Brain Injury Results in Oligodendrocyte Death and Increases the Number of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:503-15. [PMID: 27105664 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte (OL) death may contribute to white matter pathology, a common cause of network dysfunction and persistent cognitive problems in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) persist throughout the adult CNS and may replace dead OLs. OL death and OPCs were analyzed by immunohistochemistry of human brain tissue samples, surgically removed due to life-threatening contusions and/or focal brain swelling at 60.6 ± 75 hours (range 4-192 hours) postinjury in 10 severe TBI patients (age 51.7 ± 18.5 years). Control brain tissue was obtained postmortem from 5 age-matched patients without CNS disorders. TUNEL and CC1 co-labeling was used to analyze apoptotic OLs, which were increased in injured brain tissue (p < 0.05), without correlation with time from injury until surgery. The OPC markers Olig2, A2B5, NG2, and PDGFR-α were used. In contrast to the number of single-labeled Olig2, A2B5, NG2, and PDGFR-α-positive cells, numbers of Olig2 and A2B5 co-labeled cells were increased in TBI samples (p < 0.05); this was inversely correlated with time from injury to surgery (r = -0.8, p < 0.05). These results indicate that severe focal human TBI results in OL death and increases in OPCs postinjury, which may influence white matter function following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Flygt
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (JF, KS, JH, NM), and Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics (AG, MI), and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IA), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Astrid Gumucio
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (JF, KS, JH, NM), and Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics (AG, MI), and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IA), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (JF, KS, JH, NM), and Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics (AG, MI), and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IA), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Skoglund
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (JF, KS, JH, NM), and Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics (AG, MI), and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IA), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonatan Holm
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (JF, KS, JH, NM), and Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics (AG, MI), and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IA), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irina Alafuzoff
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (JF, KS, JH, NM), and Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics (AG, MI), and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IA), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Marklund
- From the Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (JF, KS, JH, NM), and Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics (AG, MI), and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IA), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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98
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Habes M, Erus G, Toledo JB, Zhang T, Bryan N, Launer LJ, Rosseel Y, Janowitz D, Doshi J, Van der Auwera S, von Sarnowski B, Hegenscheid K, Hosten N, Homuth G, Völzke H, Schminke U, Hoffmann W, Grabe HJ, Davatzikos C. White matter hyperintensities and imaging patterns of brain ageing in the general population. Brain 2016; 139:1164-79. [PMID: 26912649 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
White matter hyperintensities are associated with increased risk of dementia and cognitive decline. The current study investigates the relationship between white matter hyperintensities burden and patterns of brain atrophy associated with brain ageing and Alzheimer's disease in a large populatison-based sample (n = 2367) encompassing a wide age range (20-90 years), from the Study of Health in Pomerania. We quantified white matter hyperintensities using automated segmentation and summarized atrophy patterns using machine learning methods resulting in two indices: the SPARE-BA index (capturing age-related brain atrophy), and the SPARE-AD index (previously developed to capture patterns of atrophy found in patients with Alzheimer's disease). A characteristic pattern of age-related accumulation of white matter hyperintensities in both periventricular and deep white matter areas was found. Individuals with high white matter hyperintensities burden showed significantly (P < 0.0001) lower SPARE-BA and higher SPARE-AD values compared to those with low white matter hyperintensities burden, indicating that the former had more patterns of atrophy in brain regions typically affected by ageing and Alzheimer's disease dementia. To investigate a possibly causal role of white matter hyperintensities, structural equation modelling was used to quantify the effect of Framingham cardiovascular disease risk score and white matter hyperintensities burden on SPARE-BA, revealing a statistically significant (P < 0.0001) causal relationship between them. Structural equation modelling showed that the age effect on SPARE-BA was mediated by white matter hyperintensities and cardiovascular risk score each explaining 10.4% and 21.6% of the variance, respectively. The direct age effect explained 70.2% of the SPARE-BA variance. Only white matter hyperintensities significantly mediated the age effect on SPARE-AD explaining 32.8% of the variance. The direct age effect explained 66.0% of the SPARE-AD variance. Multivariable regression showed significant relationship between white matter hyperintensities volume and hypertension (P = 0.001), diabetes mellitus (P = 0.023), smoking (P = 0.002) and education level (P = 0.003). The only significant association with cognitive tests was with the immediate recall of the California verbal and learning memory test. No significant association was present with the APOE genotype. These results support the hypothesis that white matter hyperintensities contribute to patterns of brain atrophy found in beyond-normal brain ageing in the general population. White matter hyperintensities also contribute to brain atrophy patterns in regions related to Alzheimer's disease dementia, in agreement with their known additive role to the likelihood of dementia. Preventive strategies reducing the odds to develop cardiovascular disease and white matter hyperintensities could decrease the incidence or delay the onset of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Habes
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Germany Centre for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Guray Erus
- Centre for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jon B Toledo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- Centre for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nick Bryan
- Centre for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, USA
| | - Yves Rosseel
- Department of Data Analysis, Ghent University, Belgium
| | | | - Jimit Doshi
- Centre for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Greifswald, Germany German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Norbert Hosten
- Department of Radiology, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ulf Schminke
- Department of Neurology, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University of Greifswald, Germany German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Greifswald, Germany German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock/Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Centre for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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99
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Assessment of severity of leukoaraiosis: a diffusional kurtosis imaging study. Clin Imaging 2016; 40:732-8. [PMID: 27317218 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate the capabilities of diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) in detection of age-related white matter (WM) changes in elderly patients with leukoaraiosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fractional anisotropy (FA), kurtosis, and diffusion parameters in the frontal lobe and parietal lobe were compared between 14 patients at Fazekas scale 0 and 1, and 15 patients at Fazekas scale 2 and 3. RESULTS FA and DKI parameters were significantly altered in the ischemic lesions vs normal regions of WM in the severe patients. CONCLUSION DKI can provide sensitive imaging biomarkers for assessing the severity of leukoaraiosis in reference to Fazekas score.
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100
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Kalaria RN, Akinyemi R, Ihara M. Stroke injury, cognitive impairment and vascular dementia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:915-25. [PMID: 26806700 PMCID: PMC4827373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of ischaemic strokes is almost 4-fold greater than haemorrhagic strokes. Current evidence suggests that 25–30% of ischaemic stroke survivors develop immediate or delayed vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) or vascular dementia (VaD). Dementia after stroke injury may encompass all types of cognitive disorders. States of cognitive dysfunction before the index stroke are described under the umbrella of pre-stroke dementia, which may entail vascular changes as well as insidious neurodegenerative processes. Risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia after stroke are multifactorial including older age, family history, genetic variants, low educational status, vascular comorbidities, prior transient ischaemic attack or recurrent stroke and depressive illness. Neuroimaging determinants of dementia after stroke comprise silent brain infarcts, white matter changes, lacunar infarcts and medial temporal lobe atrophy. Until recently, the neuropathology of dementia after stroke was poorly defined. Most of post-stroke dementia is consistent with VaD involving multiple substrates. Microinfarction, microvascular changes related to blood–brain barrier damage, focal neuronal atrophy and low burden of co-existing neurodegenerative pathology appear key substrates of dementia after stroke injury. The elucidation of mechanisms of dementia after stroke injury will enable establishment of effective strategy for symptomatic relief and prevention. Controlling vascular disease risk factors is essential to reduce the burden of cognitive dysfunction after stroke. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia edited by M. Paul Murphy, Roderick A. Corriveau and Donna M. Wilcock. Ischaemic injury is common among long-term stroke survivors About 25% stroke survivors develop dementia with a much greater proportion developing cognitive impairment Risk factors of dementia after stroke include older age, vascular comorbidities, prior stroke and pre-stroke impairment Current imaging and pathological studies suggest 70% of dementia after stroke is vascular dementia Severe white matter changes and medial temporal lobe atrophy as sequelae after ischaemic injury are substrates of dementia Controlling vascular risk factors and prevention strategies related to lifestyle factors would reduce dementia after stroke
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj N Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom; Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
| | - Rufus Akinyemi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom; Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing & Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, United Kingdom; Neuroscience and Ageing Research Unit, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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