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García-Ceca J, Montero-Herradón S, Zapata AG. Intrathymic Selection and Defects in the Thymic Epithelial Cell Development. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102226. [PMID: 33023072 PMCID: PMC7601110 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intimate interactions between thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and thymocytes (T) have been repeatedly reported as essential for performing intrathymic T-cell education. Nevertheless, it has been described that animals exhibiting defects in these interactions were capable of a proper positive and negative T-cell selection. In the current review, we first examined distinct types of TECs and their possible role in the immune surveillance. However, EphB-deficient thymi that exhibit profound thymic epithelial (TE) alterations do not exhibit important immunological defects. Eph and their ligands, the ephrins, are implicated in cell attachment/detachment and govern, therefore, TEC–T interactions. On this basis, we hypothesized that a few normal TE areas could be enough for a proper phenotypical and functional maturation of T lymphocytes. Then, we evaluated in vivo how many TECs would be necessary for supporting a normal T-cell differentiation, concluding that a significantly low number of TEC are still capable of supporting normal T lymphocyte maturation, whereas with fewer numbers, T-cell maturation is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier García-Ceca
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (S.M.-H.)
- Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Montero-Herradón
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (S.M.-H.)
- Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín G. Zapata
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-C.); (S.M.-H.)
- Health Research Institute, Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-4979
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Liu T, Luo S, Libby P, Shi GP. Cathepsin L-selective inhibitors: A potentially promising treatment for COVID-19 patients. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107587. [PMID: 32470470 PMCID: PMC7255230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The widespread coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has already infected over 4 million people worldwide, with a death toll over 280,000. Current treatment of COVID-19 patients relies mainly on antiviral drugs lopinavir/ritonavir, arbidol, and remdesivir, the anti-malarial drugs hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, and traditional Chinese medicine. There are over 2,118 on-going clinical trials underway, but to date none of these drugs have consistently proven effective. Cathepsin L (CatL) is an endosomal cysteine protease. It mediates the cleavage of the S1 subunit of the coronavirus surface spike glycoprotein. This cleavage is necessary for coronavirus entry into human host cells, virus and host cell endosome membrane fusion, and viral RNA release for next round of replication. Here we summarize data regarding seven CatL-selective inhibitors that block coronavirus entry into cultured host cells and provide a mechanism to block SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Given the rapid growth of the SARS-CoV-2-positive population worldwide, ready-to-use CatL inhibitors should be explored as a treatment option. We identify ten US FDA-approved drugs that have CatL inhibitory activity. We provide evidence that supports the combined use of serine protease and CatL inhibitors as a possibly safer and more effective therapy than other available therapeutics to block coronavirus host cell entry and intracellular replication, without compromising the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Songyuan Luo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Parigiani MA, Ketscher A, Timme S, Bronsert P, Schlimpert M, Kammerer B, Jacquel A, Chaintreuil P, Reinheckel T. Conditional Gene Targeting Reveals Cell Type-Specific Roles of the Lysosomal Protease Cathepsin L in Mammary Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2004. [PMID: 32707827 PMCID: PMC7463523 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cathepsin L (Ctsl) is a cysteine protease mainly located within the endosomal/lysosomal cell compartment. High expression of Ctsl indicates poor prognosis in human breast cancer. However, the cell type-specific Ctsl functions responsible for this association remain elusive. Methods: Because constitutive Ctsl-/- mice develop a complex phenotype, we developed a conditional model allowing for cell type-specific inactivation of Ctsl in mammary epithelium or myeloid cells in the transgenic mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-polyoma middle T (PyMT) breast cancer model. Results: Ctsl ablation in mammary epithelial cells resulted in delayed initiation and end-stage of cancers. The latter displayed large dead cell areas. Inducible in vitro deletion of Ctsl in MMTV-PyMT-derived breast cancer cells revealed expansion of the acidic cell compartment, alteration of intracellular amino acid levels, and impaired mTOR signaling. In consequence, Ctsl-deficient cells exhibited slow growth rates and high apoptosis susceptibility. In contrast to Ctsl-deficient mammary epithelium, selective knockout of Ctsl in myeloid cells had no effects on primary tumors, but promoted lung metastasis formation. Conclusions: Our cell type-specific in vivo analysis provides strong evidence for a cancer cell-intrinsic, tumor-promoting role of Ctsl in primary breast cancer, whereas metastasis is negatively regulated by Ctsl expressed by bone marrow-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Parigiani
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (M.A.P.); (A.K.)
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schaenzle Str. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Anett Ketscher
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (M.A.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Sylvia Timme
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115A, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.T.); (P.B.)
- Tumorbank Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bronsert
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115A, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.T.); (P.B.)
- Tumorbank Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Schlimpert
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schaenzle Str. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schaenzle Str. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arnaud Jacquel
- Université Côte d’Azur, C3M Inserm U1065, 06204 Nice, France; (A.J.); (P.C.)
- INSERM U1065, C3M, Team: Myeloid Malignancies and Multiple Myeloma, 06204 Nice, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation ARC, 94803 Villejuif, France
| | - Paul Chaintreuil
- Université Côte d’Azur, C3M Inserm U1065, 06204 Nice, France; (A.J.); (P.C.)
- INSERM U1065, C3M, Team: Myeloid Malignancies and Multiple Myeloma, 06204 Nice, France
- Equipe Labellisée par la Fondation ARC, 94803 Villejuif, France
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (M.A.P.); (A.K.)
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schaenzle Str. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Hepatic Stellate Cells and Hepatocytes as Liver Antigen-Presenting Cells during B. abortus Infection. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070527. [PMID: 32629846 PMCID: PMC7399813 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In Brucellosis, the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the induction of liver fibrosis has been elucidated recently. Here, we study how the infection modulates the antigen-presenting capacity of LX-2 cells. Brucella abortus infection induces the upregulation of class II transactivator protein (CIITA) with concomitant MHC-I and -II expression in LX-2 cells in a manner that is independent from the expression of the type 4 secretion system (T4SS). In concordance, B. abortus infection increases the phagocytic ability of LX-2 cells and induces MHC-II-restricted antigen processing and presentation. In view of the ability of B. abortus-infected LX-2 cells to produce monocyte-attracting factors, we tested the capacity of culture supernatants from B. abortus-infected monocytes on MHC-I and -II expression in LX-2 cells. Culture supernatants from B. abortus-infected monocytes do not induce MHC-I and -II expression. However, these supernatants inhibit MHC-II expression induced by IFN-γ in an IL-10 dependent mechanism. Since hepatocytes constitute the most abundant epithelial cell in the liver, experiments were conducted to determine the contribution of these cells in antigen presentation in the context of B. abortus infection. Our results indicated that B. abortus-infected hepatocytes have an increased MHC-I expression, but MHC-II levels remain at basal levels. Overall, B. abortus infection induces MHC-I and -II expression in LX-2 cells, increasing the antigen presentation. Nevertheless, this response could be modulated by resident or infiltrating monocytes/macrophages.
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McDowell SH, Gallaher SA, Burden RE, Scott CJ. Leading the invasion: The role of Cathepsin S in the tumour microenvironment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118781. [PMID: 32544418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Elevated expression of the cysteine protease Cathepsin S has been correlated with a number of different cancer types in recent years. As tools have been developed to enable more accurate examination of individual cathepsin species, our knowledge and appreciation of the role that this protease plays in facilitating cancer has increased exponentially. This review focuses on our current understanding of the role of Cathepsin S within tumours and the surrounding microenvironment. While various publications have shown that Cathepsin S can be derived from tumour cells themselves, a plethora of more recent studies have identified that Cathepsin S can also be derived from other cell types within the tumour microenvironment including endothelial cells, macrophages and T cells. Furthermore, specific proteolytic substrates cleaved by Cathepsin S have also been identified which have reinforced our hypothesis that this protease facilitates key steps within tumours leading to their invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H McDowell
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK.
| | - Samantha A Gallaher
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK.
| | - Roberta E Burden
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Christopher J Scott
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK.
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56
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Tabish TA, Pranjol MZI, Whatmore JL, Zhang S. Status and Future Directions of Anti-metastatic Cancer Nanomedicines for the Inhibition of Cathepsin L. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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57
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A novel cystatin derived from Trichinella spiralis suppresses macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008192. [PMID: 32236093 PMCID: PMC7153903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis can modulate host immune responses to retain a suitable environment for its long-term survival. Incidentally, the parasite elicits regulatory effects through immunomodulatory molecule release, which can suppress host inflammation and may be used for the treatment of unrelated inflammatory diseases in someday. Here we identified and characterized a novel T. spiralis cystatin (TsCstN), which inhibits inflammation mediated by LPS-treated macrophages.Proteins contained in the excretory-secretory (ES) product of muscle-stage T. spiralis (ES-L1) were fractionated, and each was treated with mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (mBMDMs) before LPS stimulation. The fractions that exhibited high immunomodulatory property by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines or increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines were identified by mass spectrometry. Incidentally, the conserved hypothetical protein (Tsp_04814) was selected for further characterization as it presented the most significant MS score. An annotation of Tsp_04814 using protein structural homology comparison suggested that it has high structural similarity to human cystatin E/M (TM score 0.690). The recombinant T. spiralis novel cystatin (rTsCstN) was expressed in Escherichia coli at a molecular weight of approximately 13 kDa. Mouse anti-rTsCstN polyclonal antibody (pAb) could detect native TsCstN in crude worm antigens (CWA) and ES-L1 and be predominantly localized in the stichosome and subcuticular cells. rTsCstN inhibited cysteine proteases in vitro, especially cathepsin L, at an optimal pH of 6. Besides, rTsCstN could be internalized into mBMDMs, which were mostly distributed in the cytoplasm and lysosome both before and after LPS stimulation. To evaluate the rTsCstN immunomodulatory properties on mBMDMs, rTsCstN was incubated with mBMDM before LPS stimulation; this demonstrated that rTsCstN suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production and MHC class II expression.T. spiralis L1-derived TsCstN was characterized as a novel cysteine protease inhibitor. The protein elicits an anti-inflammatory property by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and interfering with the antigen presentation process through depletion of MHC class II expression.
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58
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Mahiddine K, Hassel C, Murat C, Girard M, Guerder S. Tissue-Specific Factors Differentially Regulate the Expression of Antigen-Processing Enzymes During Dendritic Cell Ontogeny. Front Immunol 2020; 11:453. [PMID: 32296417 PMCID: PMC7136460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) form a collection of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that are distributed throughout the body. Conventional DCs (cDCs), which include the cDC1 and cDC2 subsets, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) constitute the two major ontogenically distinct DC populations. The pDCs complete their differentiation in the bone marrow (BM), whereas the cDC subsets derive from pre-committed BM precursors, the pre-cDC, that seed lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues where they further differentiate into mature cDC1 and cDC2. Within different tissues, cDCs express distinct phenotype and function. Notably, cDCs in the thymus are exquisitely efficient at processing and presenting antigens in the class II pathway, whereas in the spleen they do so only upon maturation induced by danger signals. To appraise this functional heterogeneity, we examined the regulation of the expression of distinct antigen-processing enzymes during DC ontogeny. We analyzed the expression of cathepsin S (CTSS), cathepsin L (CTSL), and thymus-specific serine protease (TSSP), three major antigen-processing enzymes regulating class II presentation in cDC, by DC BM precursors and immature and mature cDCs from the spleen and thymus. We found that pre-cDCs in the BM express relatively high levels of these different proteases. Then, their expression is modulated in a tissue-specific and subset-specific manner with immature and mature thymic cDCs expressing overall higher levels than immature splenic cDCs. On the other hand, the TSSP expression level is selectively down-regulated in spleen pDCs, whereas CTSS and CTSL are both increased in thymic and splenic pDCs. Hence, tissue-specific factors program the expression levels of these different proteases during DC differentiation, thus conferring tissue-specific function to the different DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Mahiddine
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Chervin Hassel
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Murat
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Maeva Girard
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Guerder
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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59
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Dana D, Pathak SK. A Review of Small Molecule Inhibitors and Functional Probes of Human Cathepsin L. Molecules 2020; 25:E698. [PMID: 32041276 PMCID: PMC7038230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cathepsin L belongs to the cathepsin family of proteolytic enzymes with primarily an endopeptidase activity. Although its primary functions were originally thought to be only of a housekeeping enzyme that degraded intracellular and endocytosed proteins in lysosome, numerous recent studies suggest that it plays many critical and specific roles in diverse cellular settings. Not surprisingly, the dysregulated function of cathepsin L has manifested itself in several human diseases, making it an attractive target for drug development. Unfortunately, several redundant and isoform-specific functions have recently emerged, adding complexities to the drug discovery process. To address this, a series of chemical biology tools have been developed that helped define cathepsin L biology with exquisite precision in specific cellular contexts. This review elaborates on the recently developed small molecule inhibitors and probes of human cathepsin L, outlining their mechanisms of action, and describing their potential utilities in dissecting unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Dana
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sanjai K. Pathak
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
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60
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Kondo K, Ohigashi I, Takahama Y. Thymus machinery for T-cell selection. Int Immunol 2020; 31:119-125. [PMID: 30476234 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunocompetent and self-tolerant pool of naive T cells is formed in the thymus through the process of repertoire selection. T cells that are potentially capable of responding to foreign antigens are positively selected in the thymic cortex and are further selected in the thymic medulla to help prevent self-reactivity. The affinity between T-cell antigen receptors expressed by newly generated T cells and self-peptide-major histocompatibility complexes displayed in the thymic microenvironments plays a key role in determining the fate of developing T cells during thymic selection. Recent advances in our knowledge of the biology of thymic epithelial cells have revealed unique machinery that contributes to positive and negative selection in the thymus. In this article, we summarize recent findings on thymic T-cell selection, focusing on the machinery unique to thymic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kondo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
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61
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Chen J, Zhang L, Yang N, Cao M, Tian M, Fu Q, Su B, Li C. Characterization of the immune roles of cathepsin L in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) mucosal immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:322-335. [PMID: 31805413 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin L (CTSL) is one of the crucial enzymes in cathepsin family, which has been widely known for its involvement in the innate immunity. However, it still remains poorly understood how CTSL modulates the immune system of teleosts. In this study, we captured three cathepsin L genes (SmCTSL, SmCTSL.1 and SmCTSL1) from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). The coding sequences of SmCTSL, SmCTSL.1 and SmCTSL1 are 1,026 bp, 1,005 bp and 1,017 bp in length and encode 341, 334 and 338 amino acids, respectively. In details, transcripts of CTSL genes share same domains as other CTSL genes, one signal peptide, one propeptide and one papain family cysteine protease domain. Protein interaction network analysis indicated that turbot CTSL genes may play important roles in apoptotic signaling and involve in innate immune response. Evidence from subcellular localization demonstrated that the three Cathepsin L proteins were ubiquitous in nucleus and cytoplasm. The cathepsin L genes were widely expressed in all the tested tissues with the highest expression level of SmCTSL in spleen, and SmCTSL.1 and SmCTSL1 in intestine. Following Vibrio anguillarum, Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus iniae challenge, these cathepsin L genes were significantly regulated in mucosal tissues in all the challenges, especially significant down-regulation occurred rapidly in intestine in all the three challenges. In addition, the three cathepsin L genes showed strong binding ability to all the examined microbial ligands (LPS, PGN and LTA). Further studies should be used to analyze the specific function of these three cathepsin L genes. By then, we can use their function to maintain the integrity of the mucosal barrier, thereby promoting the disease resistance line and family selection in turbot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Chen
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Tian
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Su
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China.
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Dumont-Lagacé M, Daouda T, Depoërs L, Zumer J, Benslimane Y, Brochu S, Harrington L, Lemieux S, Perreault C. Qualitative Changes in Cortical Thymic Epithelial Cells Drive Postpartum Thymic Regeneration. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3118. [PMID: 32010151 PMCID: PMC6974522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
During gestation, sex hormones cause a significant thymic involution which enhances fertility. This thymic involution is rapidly corrected following parturition. As thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are responsible for the regulation of thymopoiesis, we analyzed the sequential phenotypic and transcriptomic changes in TECs during the postpartum period in order to identify mechanisms triggering postpartum thymic regeneration. In particular, we performed flow cytometry analyses and deep RNA-sequencing on purified TEC subsets at several time points before and after parturition. We report that pregnancy-induced involution is not caused by loss of TECs since their number does not change during or after pregnancy. However, during pregnancy, we observed a significant depletion of all thymocyte subsets downstream of the double-negative 1 (DN1) differentiation stage. Variations in thymocyte numbers correlated with conspicuous changes in the transcriptome of cortical TECs (cTECs). The transcriptomic changes affected predominantly cTEC expression of Foxn1, its targets and several genes that are essential for thymopoiesis. By contrast, medullary TECs (mTECs) showed very little transcriptomic changes in the early postpartum regenerative phase, but seemed to respond to the expansion of single-positive (SP) thymocytes in the late phase of regeneration. Together, these results show that postpartum thymic regeneration is orchestrated by variations in expression of a well-defined subset of cTEC genes, that occur very early after parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Dumont-Lagacé
- Immunobiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tariq Daouda
- Immunobiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Functional and Structural Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lucyle Depoërs
- Immunobiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jérémie Zumer
- Functional and Structural Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yahya Benslimane
- Telomere Length Homeostasis and Genomic Instability Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvie Brochu
- Immunobiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lea Harrington
- Telomere Length Homeostasis and Genomic Instability Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Lemieux
- Functional and Structural Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Claude Perreault
- Immunobiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Zhang X, Luo S, Wang M, Shi GP. Cysteinyl cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140360. [PMID: 31926332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl cathepsins are lysosomal/endosomal proteases that mediate bulk protein degradation in these intracellular acidic compartments. Yet, studies indicate that these proteases also appear in the nucleus, nuclear membrane, cytosol, plasma membrane, and extracellular space. Patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) show increased levels of cathepsins in the heart, aorta, and plasma. Plasma cathepsins often serve as biomarkers or risk factors of CVD. In aortic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and abdominal aneurysms, cathepsins play pathogenic roles, but many of the same cathepsins are cardioprotective in hypertensive, hypertrophic, and infarcted hearts. During the development of CVD, cathepsins are regulated by inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, hypertensive stimuli, oxidative stress, and many others. Cathepsin activities in inflammatory molecule activation, immunity, cell migration, cholesterol metabolism, neovascularization, cell death, cell signaling, and tissue fibrosis all contribute to CVD and are reviewed in this article in memory of Dr. Nobuhiko Katunuma for his contribution to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Songyuan Luo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
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64
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Koenig U, Robenek H, Barresi C, Brandstetter M, Resch GP, Gröger M, Pap T, Hartmann C. Cell death induced autophagy contributes to terminal differentiation of skin and skin appendages. Autophagy 2019; 16:932-945. [PMID: 31379249 PMCID: PMC7144843 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1646552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult mammalian skin, cells are constantly renewing, differentiating and moving upward, to finally die in a yet not fully understood manner. Here, we provide evidence that macroautophagy/autophagy has a dual role in the skin. In addition to its known catabolic protective role as an evolutionary conserved upstream regulator of lysosomal degradation, we show that autophagy induced cell death (CDA) occurs in epithelial lineage-derived organs, such as the inter-follicular epidermis, the sebaceous- and the Harderian gland. By utilizing GFP-LC3 transgenic and ATG7-deficient mice, we show that CDA is initiated during terminal differentiation at a stage when the cells have become highly resistant to apoptosis. In these transitional cells, the Golgi compartment expands, which accounts for the formation of primary lysosomes, and the nucleus starts to condense. During CDA a burst of autophagosome formation is observed, first the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is phagocytosed followed by autophagy of the nucleus. By this selective form of cell death, most of the cytoplasmic organelles are degraded, but structural proteins remain intact. In the absence of autophagy, consequently, parts of the ER, ribosomes, and chromatin remain. A burst of autophagy was stochastically observed in single cells of the epidermis and collectively in larger areas of ductal cells, arguing for a coordinated induction. We conclude that autophagy is an integral part of cell death in keratinocyte lineage cells and participates in their terminal cell fate. Abbreviations: Atg7: autophagy related 7; BECN1: beclin 1; CDA: cell death-induced autophagy; Cre: Cre-recombinase; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; ER: endoplasmatic reticulum; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HaGl: haderian gland; IVL: involucrin; KRT14: keratin 14; LD: lipid droplet; LSM: laser scanning microscope; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; PN: perinuclear space; RB: residual body; rER: rough endoplasmatic reticulum; SB: sebum; SG-SC: stratum granulosum – stratum corneum; SGl: sebaceous gland; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Koenig
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Dept. Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.,Previous Address: Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Horst Robenek
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Dept. Bone and Skeletal Research, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Caterina Barresi
- Previous Address: Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Current Address: Children´s Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlene Brandstetter
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guenter P Resch
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities GmbH, Vienna, Austria.,Current Address: Nexperion e.U.-Solutions for Electron Microscopy, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Gröger
- Imaging Unit, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Pap
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Dept. Molecular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Hartmann
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Dept. Bone and Skeletal Research, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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65
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Kalkan R, Becer E. RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway is an important for the epigenetic regulation of obesity. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5425-5432. [PMID: 31364017 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04997-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disorder that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that is involved in development of obesity and its metabolic complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the RANKL and c-Fos gene methylation on obesity with body mass index (BMI), lipid parameters, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), plasma leptin, adiponectin and resistin levels. The study included 68 obese and 46 non-obese subjects. Anthropometric parameters, including body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio, were assessed. Serum glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), plasma leptin, adiponectin and resistin levels were measured. Methylation status of RANKL and c-Fos gen were evaluated by MS-HRM. Statistically significant differences were observed between obese patients and the controls with respect to RANKL and c-Fos gene methylation status (p < 0.001). Also, statistically significant importance was observed RANKL gene methylation and increased level of leptin in obese subjects (p = 0.0081). At the same time, statistically significant association between methylation of c-Fos and increased level of adiponectin was observed in obese patients (p = 0.03) On the other hand, decreased level of resistin was observed where the c-Fos was unmetyladed in controls (p = 0.01). We conclude that methylation of RANKL and c-Fos genes have significant influences on obesity and adipokine levels. Based on literature this was the first study which shows the interactions between RANKL and c-Fos methylation and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasime Kalkan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eda Becer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Near East Boulevard, ZIP. 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus. .,Research Center of Experimental Health Sciences (DESAM), Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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66
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Bossowska-Nowicka M, Mielcarska MB, Struzik J, Jackowska-Tracz A, Tracz M, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Gieryńska M, Toka FN, Szulc-Dąbrowska L. Deficiency of Selected Cathepsins Does Not Affect the Inhibitory Action of ECTV on Immune Properties of Dendritic Cells. Immunol Invest 2019; 49:232-248. [PMID: 31240969 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1631843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV), an orthopoxvirus, undergoes productive replication in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), resulting in the inhibition of their innate and adaptive immune functions. ECTV replication rate in cDCs is increased due to downregulation of the expression of cathepsins - cystein proteases that orchestrate several steps during DC maturation. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine if downregulation of cathepsins, such as B, L or S, disrupts cDC capacity to induce activating signals in T cells or whether infection of cDCs with ECTV further weakens their functions as antigen-presenting cells. Our results showed that cDCs treated with siRNA against cathepsin B, L and S synthesize similar amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and exhibit comparable ability to mature and stimulate alloreactive CD4+ T cells, as untreated wild type (WT) cells. Moreover, ECTV inhibitory effect on cDC innate and adaptive immune functions, observed especially after LPS treatment, was comparable in both cathepsin-silenced and WT cells. Taken together, the absence of cathepsins B, L and S has minimal, if any, impact on the inhibitory effect of ECTV on cDC immune functions. We assume that the virus-mediated inhibition of cathepsin expression in cDCs represents more a survival mechanism than an immune evasion strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matylda B Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Struzik
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jackowska-Tracz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Tracz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina P Gregorczyk-Zboroch
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Gieryńska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix N Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts & Nevis, West Indies
| | - Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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67
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Luan R, Liang Z, Zhang Q, Sun L, Zhao Y. Molecular regulatory networks of thymic epithelial cell differentiation. Differentiation 2019; 107:42-49. [PMID: 31238242 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional mature T cells are generated in the thymus. Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) provide the essential microenvironment for T cell development and maturation. According to their function and localization, TECs are roughly divided into cortical TECs (cTECs) and medullary TECs (mTECs), which are responsible for positive and negative selection, respectively. This review summarizes the current understanding of TEC biology, the identification of fetal and adult bipotent TEC progenitors, and the signaling pathways that control the development and maturation of TECs. The understanding of the ontogeny, differentiation, maturation and function of cTECs lags behind that of mTECs. Better understanding TEC biology will provide clues about TEC development and the applications of thymus engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liguang Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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68
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In Vitro Digestion with Proteases Producing MHC Class II Ligands. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31147948 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9450-2_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Proteases generate peptides that bind to MHC class II molecules to interact with a wide diversity of CD4+ T cells. They are expressed in dedicated organelles: endosomes and lysosomes of professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPCs) such as B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The identification of endosomal proteases which produce antigenic peptides is important for example for better vaccination and to prevent autoimmune diseases. Here, we describe a panel of techniques (in vitro digestion assays of protein with recombinant proteases or purified endosomes/lysosomes, T cell stimulation) to monitor the production of MHC class II ligands.
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69
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Mao Z, Sang MM, Chen C, Zhu WT, Gong YS, Pei DS. CSN6 Promotes the Migration and Invasion of Cervical Cancer Cells by Inhibiting Autophagic Degradation of Cathepsin L. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1310-1324. [PMID: 31223289 PMCID: PMC6567803 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.32987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CSN6 is one subunit of the highly conserved constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) signalosome (CSN), which is overexpressed in many types of cancers, and has received great attention as a regulator of the degradation of cancer-related proteins, suggesting its importance in oncogenic activity. CSN6 has been shown to be overexpressed in cervical cancer (CC) and associated with CC development. CC remains to be one of the most aggressive cancers affecting women. Cathepsin L (CTSL), significantly associated with the autophagy, plays a critical role in degradation of extracellular matrix for metastasis. However, the detailed biological functions of CSN6 on CTSL in CC metastasis have not been well clarified. Our data has shown that CSN6 and CTSL are positively correlated. The overexpression of CSN6 and CTSL might be a strong indicator for CC enhanced aggressiveness. CSN6 could suppress the degradation of CTSL, then facilitated the migration and invasion of CC cells. Interestingly, our results indicated that autophagy is essential for decreasing CTSL, while CSN6 could inhibit the autophagy ability of CC cells. In addition, blocking of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway reversed CSN6-mediated autophagy inhibition. We further demonstrated that CSN6 positively regulated CTSL expression through an autophagy-lysosomal system. Taken together, we concluded that CSN6 might promote the migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells by inhibiting autophagic degradation of CTSL and serve as a potential gene therapy target for the treatment of CC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zun Mao
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao-Miao Sang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Tao Zhu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Sen Gong
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Pei
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
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70
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Bossowska-Nowicka M, Mielcarska MB, Romaniewicz M, Kaczmarek MM, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Struzik J, Grodzik M, Gieryńska MM, Toka FN, Szulc-Dąbrowska L. Ectromelia virus suppresses expression of cathepsins and cystatins in conventional dendritic cells to efficiently execute the replication process. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:92. [PMID: 31077130 PMCID: PMC6509786 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cathepsins are a group of endosomal proteases present in many cells including dendritic cells (DCs). The activity of cathepsins is regulated by their endogenous inhibitors – cystatins. Cathepsins are crucial to antigen processing during viral and bacterial infections, and as such are a prerequisite to antigen presentation in the context of major histocompatibility complex class I and II molecules. Due to the involvement of DCs in both innate and adaptive immune responses, and the quest to understand the impact of poxvirus infection on host cells, we investigated the influence of ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection on cathepsin and cystatin levels in murine conventional DCs (cDCs). ECTV is a poxvirus that has evolved many mechanisms to avoid host immune response and is able to replicate productively in DCs. Results Our results showed that ECTV-infection of JAWS II DCs and primary murine GM-CSF-derived bone marrow cells down-regulated both mRNA and protein of cathepsin B, L and S, and cystatin B and C, particularly during the later stages of infection. Moreover, the activity of cathepsin B, L and S was confirmed to be diminished especially at later stages of infection in JAWS II cells. Consequently, ECTV-infected DCs had diminished ability to endocytose and process a soluble antigen. Close examination of cellular protein distribution showed that beginning from early stages of infection, the remnants of cathepsin L and cystatin B co-localized and partially co-localized with viral replication centers (viral factories), respectively. Moreover, viral yield increased in cDCs treated with siRNA against cathepsin B, L or S and subsequently infected with ECTV. Conclusions Taken together, our results indicate that infection of cDCs with ECTV suppresses cathepsins and cystatins, and alters their cellular distribution which impairs the cDC function. We propose this as an additional viral strategy to escape immune responses, enabling the virus to replicate effectively in infected cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1471-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matylda B Mielcarska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Romaniewicz
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Monika M Kaczmarek
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Karolina P Gregorczyk-Zboroch
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Struzik
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Grodzik
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata M Gieryńska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Felix N Toka
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland.,Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
| | - Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska
- Division of Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland.
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71
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Cathepsin L promotes secretory IgA response by participating in antigen presentation pathways during Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215408. [PMID: 30986254 PMCID: PMC6464228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin L (CTSL) has been proved to help contain leishmaniasis and mycoplasma infection in mice by supporting cellular immune responses, but the regulatory functions of CTSL on mucosal immune responses haven't been tested and remain undefined. Here, we investigated the effects of CTSL on SIgA responses and invariant chain (Ii) degradations in the co-cultured swine dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells system in vitro. When the cells system were transfected with vector CTSL-GFP or incubated with recombinant CTSL (rCTSL) before they were infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M.hp), SIgA significantly increased and Ii chain was degraded into smaller intermediates, while SIgA decreased when CTSL was knockdown or inhibited with E64. To confirm the SIgA responses promoted by CTSL contribute to the resistance to mycoplasma pneumonia, pigs injected with rCTSL before they were challenged with M.hp, showed milder clinical symptoms and histopathological damage of lungs, less mycoplasma burden together with higher secretion of SIgA, percentages of CD4+ T cells and level of MHC II molecules comparing with the group without rCTSL. Collectively, these results suggested that rCTSL could provide effective protection for piglets against mycoplasma pneumonia by enhancing M.hp-specific mucosal immune responses through its role in antigen presentation by processing the invariant chain.
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72
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Kamarajah SK, Khoo S, Chan WK, Sthaneshwar P, Nik Mustapha NR, Mahadeva S. Limited applicability of cathepsin D for the diagnosis and monitoring of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. JGH OPEN 2019; 3:417-424. [PMID: 31633048 PMCID: PMC6788371 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aim To date, there are limited data on the applicability of cathepsin D for the diagnosis and monitoring of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Methods This study included patients with biopsy‐proven non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) diagnosed between November 2012 and October 2015. Serum cathepsin D levels were measured using the CatD enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (USCN Life Science, Wuhan, China) using stored samples collected on the same day of the liver biopsy procedure. The performance of cathepsin D in the diagnosis and monitoring of NASH was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results Data for 216 liver biopsies and 34 healthy controls were analyzed. The mean cathepsin D level was not significantly different between NAFLD patients and controls; between NASH and non‐NASH patients; and across the different steatosis, lobular inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning grades. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of cathepsin D for the diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH was 0.62 and 0.52, respectively. The AUROC of cathepsin D for the diagnosis of the different steatosis, lobular inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning grades ranged from 0.51 to 0.58. Of the 216 liver biopsies, 152 were paired liver biopsies from 76 patients who had a repeat liver biopsy after 48 weeks. There was no significant change in the cathepsin D level at follow‐up compared to baseline in patients who had histological improvement or worsening for steatosis, lobular inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning grades. Cathepsin D was poor for predicting improvement or worsening of steatosis and hepatocyte ballooning, with AUROC ranging from 0.47 to 0.54. It was fair for predicting worsening (AUROC 0.73) but poor for predicting improvement (AUROC 0.54) of lobular inflammation. Conclusion Cathepsin D was a poor biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of NASH in our cohort of Asian patients, somewhat inconsistent with previous observations in Caucasian patients. Further studies in different cohorts are needed to verify our observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivesh K Kamarajah
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.,College of Medical and Dental Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - Stanley Khoo
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Wah-Kheong Chan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Pavai Sthaneshwar
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | | | - Sanjiv Mahadeva
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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73
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M K MA, Kumaresan A, Yadav S, Mohanty TK, Datta TK. Comparative proteomic analysis of high- and low-fertile buffalo bull spermatozoa for identification of fertility-associated proteins. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:786-794. [PMID: 30820981 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study identified few potential proteins in the spermatozoa of buffalo bulls that can be used as an aid in fertility determination through comparative proteomics. The sperm proteome of high-fertile buffalo bulls was compared with that of low-fertile buffalo bulls using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), and the differentially expressed proteins were identified through mass spectrometric method. The protein interaction network and the functional bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed proteins were also carried out. In the spermatozoa of high-fertile bulls, 10 proteins were found overexpressed and 15 proteins were underexpressed at the level of twofold or more (p ≤ 0.05). The proteins overexpressed in high-fertile spermatozoa were PDZD8, GTF2F2, ZNF397, KIZ, LOH12CR1, ACRBP, PRSS37, CYP11B2, F13A1 and SPO11, whereas those overexpressed in low-fertile spermatozoa were MT1A, ATP5F1, CS, TCRB, PRODH2, HARS, IDH3A, SRPK3, Uncharacterized protein C9orf9 homolog isoform X4, TUBB2B, GPR4, PMP2, CTSL1, TPPP2 and EGFL6. The differential expression ranged from 2.0- to 6.1-fold between the two groups, where CYP11B2 was high abundant in high-fertile spermatozoa and MT1A was highly abundant in low-fertile spermatozoa. Most of the proteins overexpressed in low-fertile spermatozoa were related to energy metabolism and capacitation factors, pointing out the possible role of pre-mature capacitation and cryo-damages in reducing the fertility of cryopreserved buffalo spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aslam M K
- Animal Reproduction, Gynecology & Obstetrics, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Arumugam Kumaresan
- Animal Reproduction, Gynecology & Obstetrics, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Savita Yadav
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tushar K Mohanty
- Animal Reproduction, Gynecology & Obstetrics, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Tirtha K Datta
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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74
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Song Y, Fan H, Anderson MJ, Wright JG, Hua DH, Koehne J, Meyyappan M, Li J. Electrochemical Activity Assay for Protease Analysis Using Carbon Nanofiber Nanoelectrode Arrays. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3971-3979. [PMID: 30726059 PMCID: PMC6501207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong demand for bioanalytical techniques to rapidly detect protease activities with high sensitivity and high specificity. This study reports an activity-based electrochemical method toward this goal. Nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs) fabricated with embedded vertically aligned carbon nanofibers (VACNFs) are functionalized with specific peptide substrates containing a ferrocene (Fc) tag. The kinetic proteolysis curves are measured with continuously repeated ac voltammetry, from which the catalytic activity is derived as the inverse of the exponential decay time constant based on a heterogeneous Michaelis-Menten model. Comparison of three peptide substrates with different lengths reveals that the hexapeptide H2N-(CH2)4-CO-Pro-Leu-Arg-Phe-Gly-Ala-NH-CH2-Fc is the optimal probe for cathepsin B. The activity strongly depends on temperature and is the highest around the body temperature. With the optimized peptide substrate and measuring conditions, the limit of detection of cathepsin B activity and concentration can reach 2.49 × 10-4 s-1 and 0.32 nM, respectively. The peptide substrates show high specificity to the cognate proteases, with negligible cross-reactions among three cancer-related proteases cathepsin B, ADAM10, and ADAM17. This electrochemical method can be developed into multiplex chips for rapid profiling of protease activities in cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Huafang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Morgan J. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jestin Gage Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Duy H. Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Jessica Koehne
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - M. Meyyappan
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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75
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Sato T, Yamashina S, Izumi K, Ueno T, Koike M, Ikejima K, Peters C, Watanabe S. Cathepsin L-deficiency enhances liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Life Sci 2019; 221:293-300. [PMID: 30797017 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Cathepsin L (Ctsl) plays a pivotal role in lysosomal and autophagic proteolysis. Previous investigations revealed that partial hepatectomy (PH) decreases biosynthesis of cathepsins in liver, followed by suppression of lysosomal and autophagic proteolysis during liver regeneration. Conversely, it was reported that autophagy-deficiency suppressed liver regeneration. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine if Ctsl deficiency affects liver regeneration after PH. METHODS 70% of PH was performed in male Ctsl-deficient mice (Ctsl-/-) and wild-type littermates (Ctsl +/+) after PH. Mice were sacrificed and wet weight of the whole remaining liver was measured. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-immunostaining of liver sections was performed. Expression of cyclin D1, p62, LC-3, Nrf2, cleaved-Notch1, Hes1 was evaluated by western blot analysis. NQO1 mRNA expression was measured by realtime-PCR. RESULTS After a 70% of PH, the liver mass was significantly restored within 5 days in Ctsl-/- mice compared to wild-type. Ctsl-deficiency enhanced the increases in both the rate of BrdU-positive cells and cyclin D1 expression after PH more than wild-type mice. On the other hand, Ctsl-deficiency upregulated p62, cleaved-Notch1 and Hes1 expression after PH. Moreover, the protein level of Nrf2 in the nucleus and mRNA expression of NQO1 in the liver after PH was also up-regulated in Ctsl-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that accumulation of p62 due to loss of Ctsl plays an important role in liver regeneration through activation of Nrf2-Notch1 signaling. Taken together, Ctsl might be a new therapeutic target on disorder of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Shunhei Yamashina
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Izumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Division of Proteomics and Biomolecular Science, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masato Koike
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ikejima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Christoph Peters
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sumio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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Dana D, Garcia J, Bhuiyan AI, Rathod P, Joo L, Novoa DA, Paroly S, Fath KR, Chang EJ, Pathak SK. Cell penetrable, clickable and tagless activity-based probe of human cathepsin L. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:505-514. [PMID: 30802807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human cathepsin L is a ubiquitously expressed endopeptidase and is known to play critical roles in a wide variety of cellular signaling events. Its overexpression has been implicated in numerous human diseases, including highly invasive forms of cancer. Inhibition of cathepsin L is therefore considered a viable therapeutic strategy. Unfortunately, several redundant and even opposing roles of cathepsin L have recently emerged. Selective cathepsin L probes are therefore needed to dissect its function in context-specific manner before significant resources are directed into drug discovery efforts. Herein, the development of a clickable and tagless activity-based probe of cathepsin L is reported. The probe is highly efficient, active-site directed and activity-dependent, selective, cell penetrable, and non-toxic to human cells. Using zebrafish model, we demonstrate that the probe can inhibit cathepsin L function in vivo during the hatching process. It is anticipated that the probe will be a highly effective tool in dissecting cathepsin L biology at the proteome levels in both normal physiology and human diseases, thereby facilitating drug-discovery efforts targeting cathepsin L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyendu Dana
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA; Chemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jeremy Garcia
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Department of Biology, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA
| | - Ashif I Bhuiyan
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA; Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pratikkumar Rathod
- York College of the City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 94-20 Guy R. Brewer Blvd, Jamaica, NY 11451-0001, USA; Laguardia Community College, 31-10 Thomson Ave, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | - Laura Joo
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA
| | - Daniel A Novoa
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA
| | - Suneeta Paroly
- Bard High School Early College Queens, 30-20 Thomson Avenue, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | - Karl R Fath
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Department of Biology, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA; Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Emmanuel J Chang
- York College of the City University of New York, Department of Chemistry, 94-20 Guy R. Brewer Blvd, Jamaica, NY 11451-0001, USA; Chemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sanjai K Pathak
- Queens College of the City University of New York, Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367-1597, USA; Chemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA; Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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77
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Class II MHC antigen processing in immune tolerance and inflammation. Immunogenetics 2018; 71:171-187. [PMID: 30421030 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Presentation of peptide antigens by MHC-II proteins is prerequisite to effective CD4 T cell tolerance to self and to recognition of foreign antigens. Antigen uptake and processing pathways as well as expression of the peptide exchange factors HLA-DM and HLA-DO differ among the various professional and non-professional antigen-presenting cells and are modulated by cell developmental state and activation. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of these cell-specific factors in controlling the source and breadth of peptides presented by MHC-II under different conditions. During inflammation, increased presentation of selected self-peptides has implications for maintenance of peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity.
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78
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Abstract
Positive selection of T cells in the thymus is induced by low-affinity TCR recognition of self-peptide-MHC complexes expressed by cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs). cTECs express a specialized type of proteasomes, the thymoproteasome, which generates a unique spectrum of MHC class I-associated peptides and plays a critical role in thymic positive selection of CD8+ T cells. However, it remains unclear how the thymoproteasome contributes to the thymic positive selection. More than 30 years ago, the "peptidic self" hypothesis proposed that TCRs recognize MHC-presented peptides only, without interacting with MHC molecules, which turned out to be incorrect. Interestingly, however, by implying that a set of MHC-associated peptides forms immunological self, this hypothesis also predicted that positive selection in the thymus is the primary immune response to "foreign epitope" peptides during T cell development. The thymoproteasome-dependent unique self-peptides may create those foreign epitope peptides displayed in the thymus for positive selection of T cells.
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Abusarah J, Khodayarian F, Cui Y, El-Kadiry AEH, Rafei M. Thymic Rejuvenation: Are We There Yet? Gerontology 2018. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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80
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Mitophagy in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Triggers Adaptive Immunity during Tumorigenesis. Cell 2018; 174:88-101.e16. [PMID: 29909986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In colorectal cancer patients, a high density of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in tumors is associated with better prognosis. Using a Stat3 loss-of-function approach in two wnt/β-catenin-dependent autochthonous models of sporadic intestinal tumorigenesis, we unravel a complex intracellular process in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) that controls the induction of a CD8+ T cell based adaptive immune response. Elevated mitophagy in IECs causes iron(II)-accumulation in epithelial lysosomes, in turn, triggering lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Subsequent release of proteases into the cytoplasm augments MHC class I presentation and activation of CD8+ T cells via cross-dressing of dendritic cells. Thus, our findings highlight a so-far-unrecognized link between mitochondrial function, lysosomal integrity, and MHC class I presentation in IECs and suggest that therapies triggering mitophagy or inducing LMP in IECs may prove successful in shifting the balance toward anti-tumor immunity in colorectal cancer.
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81
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Lowry JR, Klegeris A. Emerging roles of microglial cathepsins in neurodegenerative disease. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:144-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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82
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Liu CL, Guo J, Zhang X, Sukhova GK, Libby P, Shi GP. Cysteine protease cathepsins in cardiovascular disease: from basic research to clinical trials. Nat Rev Cardiol 2018; 15:351-370. [DOI: 10.1038/s41569-018-0002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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83
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Lu HJ, Yan J, Jin PY, Zheng GH, Qin SM, Wu DM, Lu J, Zheng YL. MicroRNA-152 inhibits tumor cell growth while inducing apoptosis via the transcriptional repression of cathepsin L in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Cancer Biomark 2018; 21:711-722. [PMID: 29278883 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MicroRNAs are widely thought to play a regulatory role in gene expression. Although the more unique microRNA expression profiles have been reported in several tumors, there remains a scarcity of knowledge in relation to microRNA expression profiles in GISTs. During this study, through the alteration in the expression of microRNA-152 (miR-152) in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) cells, we subsequently evaluated its ability to influence the processes associated with cancer, including proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis, as well as the associated mechanisms. METHODS The expression of miR-152 and cathepsin L (CTSL) in GIST cell lines (GIST882, GIST430, GIST48 and GIST-T1) and normal gastric mucosal cell line RGM-1 were determined. A series of miR-152 mimics, miR-152 inhibitors, and siRNA against CTSL were introduced to treat GIST-T1 cells with the lowest miR-152 and the highest CTSL were assessed. Cell viability, cell cycle entry, apoptosis, and cell migration/invasion were all evaluated by means of CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry analyses of Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, and transwell assays. RESULTS The target prediction program and luciferase reporter gene assay verified CTSL is the target of miR-152. Regarding the biological significance of miR-152, siRNA knockdown and ectopic expression studies revealed that miR-152 mimic or siRNA against CTSL exposure reduced cell viability and migration/invasion, which resulted in more cells arrested at the S stage, and induced apoptosis. MiR-152 inhibitor exposure was observed to have induced effects on CTSL cells as opposed to those induced by that of the miR-152 mimics. In contrast, miR-152 downregulation abrogated the effects induced by siRNA against CTSL treatment. CONCLUSION The key findings of this study provided evidence suggesting that miR-152 functions by means of binding to CTSL to induce GIST cell apoptosis and inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion. The anti-tumor role of miR-152 makes it an attractive therapeutic target for GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Emergency Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pei-Ying Jin
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gui-Hong Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Su-Ming Qin
- Department of Oncology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276003, Shandong, China
| | - Dong-Mei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan-Lin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
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84
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Poreba M, Rut W, Vizovisek M, Groborz K, Kasperkiewicz P, Finlay D, Vuori K, Turk D, Turk B, Salvesen GS, Drag M. Selective imaging of cathepsin L in breast cancer by fluorescent activity-based probes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2113-2129. [PMID: 29719685 PMCID: PMC5896380 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04303a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly-selective fluorogenic substrate and activity-based probe for monitoring cathepsin L activity in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231.
Cysteine cathepsins normally function in the lysosomal degradation system where they are critical for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and the MHC II immune response, and have been found to have major roles in several diseases and in tumor progression. Selective visualization of individual protease activity within a complex proteome is of major importance to establish their roles in both normal and tumor cells, thereby facilitating our understanding of the regulation of proteolytic networks. A generally accepted means to monitor protease activity is the use of small molecule substrates and activity-based probes. However, there are eleven human cysteine cathepsins, with a few of them displaying overlapping substrate specificity, making the development of small molecules that selectively target a single cathepsin very challenging. Here, we utilized HyCoSuL, a positional scanning substrate approach, to develop a highly-selective fluorogenic substrate and activity-based probe for monitoring cathepsin L activity in the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Use of this probe enabled us to distinguish the activity of cathepsin L from that of other cathepsins, particularly cathepsin B, which is abundant and ubiquitously expressed in normal and transformed cell types. We found that cathepsin L localization in MDA-MB-231 cells greatly overlaps with that of cathepsin B, however, several cathepsin L-rich lysosomes lacked cathepsin B activity. Overall, these studies demonstrate that HyCoSuL-derived small molecule probes are valuable tools to image cathepsin L activity in living cells. This approach thus enables evaluation of cathepsin L function in tumorigenesis and is applicable to other cysteine cathepsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Poreba
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland . ; .,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 10901 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA
| | - Wioletta Rut
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland . ;
| | - Matej Vizovisek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology , Jožef Stefan Institute , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Katarzyna Groborz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland . ;
| | - Paulina Kasperkiewicz
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland . ; .,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 10901 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA
| | - Darren Finlay
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 10901 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 10901 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA
| | - Dusan Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology , Jožef Stefan Institute , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology , Jožef Stefan Institute , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Guy S Salvesen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 10901 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA
| | - Marcin Drag
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , Wroclaw University of Technology , Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland . ;
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85
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Zhu P, Zhang Z, Huang X, Liang S, Khandekar N, Song Z, Lin S. RANKL Reduces Body Weight and Food Intake via the Modulation of Hypothalamic NPY/CART Expression. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:969-977. [PMID: 30013437 PMCID: PMC6036154 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.24373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) modulates energy metabolism. However, how RANKL regulates energy homeostasis is still not clear. This study aims to investigate the central mechanisms by which central administration of RANKL inhibits food intake and causes weight loss in mice. We carried out a systematic and in-depth analysis of the neuronal pathways by which RANKL mediates catabolic effects. After intracerebroventricle (i.c.v.) injection of RANKL, the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA in the Arc was significantly decreased, while the CART mRNA expression dramatically increased in the Arc and DMH. However, the agouti-related protein (AgRP) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA had no significant changes compared with control groups. Together, the results suggest that central administration of RANKL reduces food intake and causes weight loss via modulating the hypothalamic NPY/CART pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China
| | - Xufeng Huang
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Shiyu Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China
| | - Neeta Khandekar
- Neurological Diseases Division, Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Zhiyuan Song
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, NSW 2522, Australia
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Yu S, Yu Y, Zhang W, Yuan W, Zhao N, Li Q, Cui Y, Wang Y, Li W, Sun Y, Liu T. FOXO3a promotes gastric cancer cell migration and invasion through the induction of cathepsin L. Oncotarget 2017; 7:34773-84. [PMID: 27127880 PMCID: PMC5085188 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box O3A (FOXO3a) is an important transcription factor involved in various human cancers. However, the role of FOXO3a in regulating the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells has not been clarified. Here, we report that FOXO3a overexpression promoted migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells by upregulating cathepsin L. FOXO3a knockdown suppressed migration and invasion and also downregulated cathepsin L expression in gastric cancer cells. Silencing cathepsin L in these cells suppressed FOXO3a overexpression-induced cell migration and invasion. Mechanistic studies revealed that FOXO3a increased cathepsin L promoter activation, and cathepsin L overexpression repressed E-cadherin expression, causing gastric cancer cells to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our data reveal a previously unexplored function of FOXO3a in gastric cancer invasion by regulating proteins involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and EMT. We suggest that FOXO3a may be of prognostic value and a potential therapeutic target in blocking tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyi Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Naiqing Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehong Cui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianshu Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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87
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Abstract
Thymocyte selection involves the positive and negative selection of the repertoire of T cell receptors (TCRs) such that the organism does not suffer autoimmunity, yet has the benefit of the ability to recognize any invading pathogen. The signal transduced through the TCR is translated into a number of different signaling cascades that result in transcription factor activity in the nucleus and changes to the cytoskeleton and motility. Negative selection involves inducing apoptosis in thymocytes that express strongly self-reactive TCRs, whereas positive selection must induce survival and differentiation programs in cells that are more weakly self-reactive. The TCR recognition event is analog by nature, but the outcome of signaling is not. A large number of molecules regulate the strength of the TCR-derived signal at various points in the cascades. This review discusses the various factors that can regulate the strength of the TCR signal during thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R J Gascoigne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Immunology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 11759;
| | - Vasily Rybakin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, REGA Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Oreste Acuto
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Brzostek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, and Immunology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 11759;
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88
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Tohda C, Tohda M. Extracellular cathepsin L stimulates axonal growth in neurons. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:613. [PMID: 29169406 PMCID: PMC5701428 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cathepsin L, a lysosomal endopeptidase expressed in most eukaryotic cells, is a member of the papain-like family of cysteine proteases. Although commonly recognized as a lysosomal protease, cathepsin L is also secreted and involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins. Previous studies demonstrated that the secretion of cathepsin L was stimulated by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and bFGF-enhanced axonal terminal sprouting of motor neurons. Based on these results, although it has never been directly investigated, we hypothesized that extracellular cathepsin L may induce axonal growth. Results To confirm the hypothesis, the axonal growth activity of recombinant cathepsin L was evaluated in cultured cortical and spinal cord neurons. Treatment with recombinant cathepsin L significantly enhanced axonal growth, but not dendritic growth. This result indicated that extracellular cathepsin L may act as a new neuronal network modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Tohda
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Michihisa Tohda
- Division of Medicinal Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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89
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Takada K, Kondo K, Takahama Y. Generation of Peptides That Promote Positive Selection in the Thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2215-2222. [PMID: 28264997 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To establish an immunocompetent TCR repertoire that is useful yet harmless to the body, a de novo thymocyte repertoire generated through the rearrangement of genes that encode TCR is shaped in the thymus through positive and negative selection. The affinity between TCRs and self-peptides associated with MHC molecules determines the fate of developing thymocytes. Low-affinity TCR engagement with self-peptide-MHC complexes mediates positive selection, a process that primarily occurs in the thymic cortex. Massive efforts exerted by many laboratories have led to the characterization of peptides that can induce positive selection. Moreover, it is now evident that protein degradation machineries unique to cortical thymic epithelial cells play a crucial role in the production of MHC-associated self-peptides for inducing positive selection. This review summarizes current knowledge on positive selection-inducing self-peptides and Ag processing machineries in cortical thymic epithelial cells. Recent studies on the role of positive selection in the functional tuning of T cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Takada
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kenta Kondo
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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90
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Breed ER, Lee ST, Hogquist KA. Directing T cell fate: How thymic antigen presenting cells coordinate thymocyte selection. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 84:2-10. [PMID: 28800929 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a self-tolerant and effective T cell receptor repertoire is dependent on interactions coordinated by various antigen presenting cells (APC) within the thymus. T cell receptor-self-peptide-MHC interactions are essential for determining T cell fate, however different cytokine and co-stimulatory signals provided by the diverse APCs within the thymus are also critical. Here, we outline the different localization and functional capabilities of thymic APCs. We also discuss how these distinct APCs work collectively to facilitate the establishment of a diverse T cell receptor repertoire that is tolerant to an array of different self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise R Breed
- The Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S Thera Lee
- The Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- The Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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91
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Theron M, Bentley D, Nagel S, Manchester M, Gerg M, Schindler T, Silva A, Ecabert B, Teixeira P, Perret C, Reis B. Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of RO5459072, a Small Molecule Inhibitor of Cathepsin S. Front Immunol 2017; 8:806. [PMID: 28769925 PMCID: PMC5512459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)-restricted antigen priming of CD4+ T cells is both involved in adaptive immune responses and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Degradation of invariant chain Ii, a protein that prevents premature peptide loading, is a prerequisite for nascent MHCII–peptide complex formation. A key proteolytic step in this process is mediated by cathepsin S. Inhibition of this cysteine protease is known to result in the intracellular accumulation of Lip10 in B cells. Here, we describe the development and application of a neoepitope-based flow cytometry assay measuring accumulation of Lip10. This novel method enabled the investigation of cathepsin S-dependent MHCII maturation in professional antigen-presenting cell (APC) subsets. Inhibition of cathepsin S by a specific inhibitor, RO5459072, in human PBMC ex vivo resulted in accumulation of Lip10 in B cells and myeloid dendritic cells, but not in plasmacytoid dendritic cells and only to a minor degree in monocytes. We qualified Lip10 as a pharmacodynamic biomarker by showing the cathepsin S inhibitor-dependent accumulation of Lip10 in vivo in cynomolgus monkeys treated with RO5459072. Finally, dosing of RO5459072 in a first-in-human clinical study (www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02295332) exhibited a dose-dependent increase in Lip10, confirming target engagement and demonstrating desired pharmacologic inhibition in vivo. The degree of cathepsin S antagonist-induced maximum Lip10 accumulation in APCs varied significantly between individuals both in vitro and in vivo. This finding has not been reported previously using alternative, less sensitive methods and demands further investigation as to the potential of this biomarker to predict response to treatment. These results will help guide subsequent clinical studies investigating the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship of cathepsin S inhibitor RO5459072 after multiple dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Theron
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Darren Bentley
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Nagel
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Manchester
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Gerg
- Roche Diagnostics, Roche Innovation Center Munich, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Penzberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schindler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Immunology and Inflammation, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana Silva
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Ecabert
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Priscila Teixeira
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Camille Perret
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Reis
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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92
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Yang L, Cui M, Zhang L, Song L. FOXM1 facilitates gastric cancer cell migration and invasion by inducing Cathepsin D. Oncotarget 2017; 8:68180-68190. [PMID: 28978107 PMCID: PMC5620247 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) has been reported as a vital transcription factor in different human malignancies. To date, the mechanisms of FOXM1 in modulating the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells have not been elucidated. In the present study, we found that overexpression of FOXM1 prompted cell migration and invasion of gastric cancer, and increased the expression of Cathepsin D (Cath-D). However, FOXM1 siRNA repressed cell migration and invasion, and also decreased the expression of Cath-D in gastric cancer cells. Blocking of Cath-D repressed FOXM1 overexpression-mediated cell migration and invasion. Mechanically, FOXM1 facilitated the activation of Cath-D promoter. Furthermore, overexpression of Cath-D affected the expression of E-cadherin, leading to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that FOXM1 promotes gastric cancer cell migration and invasion through inducing expression of Cath-D in gastric cancer. Thus, FOXM1 may be recommended as a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, Liaoning, China
| | - Ming Cui
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, Liaoning, China
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93
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Kramer L, Turk D, Turk B. The Future of Cysteine Cathepsins in Disease Management. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:873-898. [PMID: 28668224 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the key role of cathepsin K in bone resorption, cysteine cathepsins have been investigated by pharmaceutical companies as drug targets. The first clinical results from targeting cathepsins by activity-based probes and substrates are paving the way for the next generation of molecular diagnostic imaging, whereas the majority of antibody-drug conjugates currently in clinical trials depend on activation by cathepsins. Finally, cathepsins have emerged as suitable vehicles for targeted drug delivery. It is therefore timely to review the future of cathepsins in drug discovery. We focus here on inflammation-associated diseases because dysregulation of the immune system accompanied by elevated cathepsin activity is a common feature of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovro Kramer
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center of Excellence CIPKEBIP, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center of Excellence CIPKEBIP, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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94
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Schneppenheim J, Loock AC, Hüttl S, Schweizer M, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Oberg HH, Arnold P, Lehmann CHK, Dudziak D, Kabelitz D, Lucius R, Lennon-Duménil AM, Saftig P, Schröder B. The Influence of MHC Class II on B Cell Defects Induced by Invariant Chain/CD74 N-Terminal Fragments. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:172-185. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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95
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Kondo K, Takada K, Takahama Y. Antigen processing and presentation in the thymus: implications for T cell repertoire selection. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 46:53-57. [PMID: 28477557 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The processing and presentation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-associated antigens depend on the intracellular digestion of self- and nonself-proteins, the loading of digested peptides onto MHC molecules, and the traffic of peptide-MHC complexes to plasma membrane surface for display to interacting T cells. Recent studies have revealed unique machineries for antigen processing and presentation in thymic antigen-presenting cells that display self-antigens to developing thymocytes for the formation of functionally competent yet self-tolerant T cell repertoire. Here, we briefly summarize those machineries, focusing on the biology of cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kondo
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kensuke Takada
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18W9 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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96
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Takahama Y, Ohigashi I, Baik S, Anderson G. Generation of diversity in thymic epithelial cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:295-305. [PMID: 28317923 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the thymus, diverse populations of thymic epithelial cells (TECs), including cortical and medullary TECs and their subpopulations, have distinct roles in coordinating the development and repertoire selection of functionally competent and self-tolerant T cells. Here, we review the expanding diversity in TEC subpopulations in relation to their functions in T cell development and selection as well as their origins and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Takahama
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Song Baik
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Graham Anderson
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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97
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Orlowski GM, Sharma S, Colbert JD, Bogyo M, Robertson SA, Kataoka H, Chan FK, Rock KL. Frontline Science: Multiple cathepsins promote inflammasome-independent, particle-induced cell death during NLRP3-dependent IL-1β activation. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:7-17. [PMID: 28087651 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3hi0316-152r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile particles cause several chronic, inflammatory diseases, characterized by repeating cycles of particle phagocytosis and inflammatory cell death. Recent studies have proposed that these processes are driven by the NLRP3 inflammasome, a platform activated by phagocytosed particles, which controls both caspase-1-dependent cell death (pyroptosis) and mature IL-1β secretion. After phagocytosis, particles can disrupt lysosomes, and inhibitor studies have suggested that the resulting release of a lysosomal protease-cathepsin B-into the cytosol somehow activates NLRP3. However, using primary murine macrophages, we found that particle-induced cell death occurs independent of NLRP3/caspase-1 and depends instead on multiple, redundant cathepsins. In contrast, nigericin, a soluble activator of NLRP3 inflammasomes, induced cell death that was dependent on the NLRP3. Interestingly, nigericin-induced cell death depended partly on a single cathepsin, cathepsin X. By inhibiting or silencing multiple cathepsins in macrophages, several key proinflammatory events induced by sterile particles are blocked, including cell death, pro-IL-1β production, and IL-1β secretion. These data suggest that cathepsins might be potential therapeutic targets in particulate-mediated inflammatory disease. In support of this concept, we find that a broad-spectrum cathepsin inhibitor can suppress particle-induced IL-1-dependent peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Orlowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeff D Colbert
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; and
| | - Stephanie A Robertson
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francis K Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA;
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98
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Sponder M, Campean IA, Emich M, Fritzer-Szekeres M, Litschauer B, Bergler-Klein J, Graf S, Strametz-Juranek J. Long-term endurance training increases serum cathepsin S and decreases IL-6 and hsCRP levels. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2129-2134. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1258482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sponder
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Emich
- Austrian Armed Forces, Austrian Federal Ministry of Defence and Sports, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Fritzer-Szekeres
- Department of Medical-Chemical Laboratory Analysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Litschauer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Senta Graf
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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99
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Xu X, Greenland JR, Gotts JE, Matthay MA, Caughey GH. Cathepsin L Helps to Defend Mice from Infection with Influenza A. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164501. [PMID: 27716790 PMCID: PMC5055332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-derived proteases can augment or help to clear infections. This dichotomy is exemplified by cathepsin L (CTSL), which helps Hendra virus and SARS coronavirus to invade cells, but is essential for survival in mice with mycoplasma pneumonia. The present study tested the hypothesis that CTSL protects mice from serious consequences of infection by the orthomyxovirus influenza A, which is thought to be activated by host-supplied proteases other than CTSL. Ctsl-/- mice infected with influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1) had larger lung viral loads and higher mortality than infected Ctsl+/+ mice. Lung inflammation in surviving infected mice peaked 14 days after initial infection, accompanied marked focal distal airway bronchiolization and epithelial metaplasia followed by desquamation and fibrotic interstitial remodeling, and persisted for at least 6 weeks. Most deaths occurred during the second week of infection in both groups of mice. In contrast to mycoplasma pneumonia, infiltrating cells were predominantly mononuclear rather than polymorphonuclear. The histopathology of lung inflammation and remodeling in survivors was similar in Ctsl-/- and Ctsl+/+ mice, although Ctsl+/+ mice cleared immunoreactive virus sooner. Furthermore, Ctsl-/- mice had profound deficits in CD4+ lymphocytes before and after infection and weaker production of pathogen-specific IgG. Thus, CTSL appears to support innate as well as adaptive responses, which confer a survival advantage on mice infected with the orthomyxovirus influenza A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Greenland
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey E. Gotts
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Matthay
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - George H. Caughey
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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100
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Zhang TP, Li HM, Leng RX, Li XP, Li XM, Pan HF, Ye DQ. Plasma levels of adipokines in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Cytokine 2016; 86:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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