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Zhu Z, Gao S, Zhu H, Chen Y, Wu D, Chen Z, Huang Y, Wu X, Hu N, Chen D, Huang W, Chen H. Metformin improves fibroblast metabolism and ameliorates arthrofibrosis in rats. J Orthop Translat 2023; 40:92-103. [PMID: 37457314 PMCID: PMC10338908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging studies have suggested an essential role of fibroblast metabolic reprogramming in the pathogenesis of arthrofibrosis. The metabolic modulator metformin appears to be a therapeutic candidate for fibrotic disorders. However, whether metformin could alleviate arthrofibrosis has not been defined. In this study we have determined if treatment with metformin has beneficial effect on arthrofibrosis and its underlying mechanism. Methods Articular capsule samples were collected from patients with/without arthrofibrosis to perform gene and protein expression analysis. Arthrofibrosis animal model was established to examine the anti-fibrotic effect of metformin. Cell culture experiments were conducted to determine the mechanism by which metformin inhibits fibroblast activation. Results We found that glycolysis was upregulated in human fibrotic articular capsules. In an arthrofibrosis animal model, intra-articular injection of metformin mitigated inflammatory reactions, downregulated expression of both fibrotic and glycolytic markers, improved range of motion (ROM) of the joint, and reduced capsular fibrosis and thickening. At the cellular level, metformin inhibited the activation of fibroblasts and mitigated the abundant influx of glucose into activated fibroblasts. Interestingly, metformin prompted a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis in activated fibroblasts, resulting in the anti-fibrotic effect of metformin. Conclusion Metformin decreased glycolysis, causing a metabolic shift toward aerobic glycolysis in activated fibroblasts and has beneficial effect on the treatment of arthrofibrosis.The translational potential of this article: The findings of this study demonstrated the therapeutic effect of metformin on arthrofibrosis and defined novel targets for the treatment of articular fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengqiang Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dandong Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanran Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking University Fourth School of Clinical Medicine/Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Chen
- Research Center for Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Institue of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Sun ME, Zheng Q. The Tale of DJ-1 (PARK7): A Swiss Army Knife in Biomedical and Psychological Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087409. [PMID: 37108572 PMCID: PMC10138432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DJ-1 (also known as PARK7) is a multifunctional enzyme in human beings that is highly conserved and that has also been discovered in diverse species (ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes). Its complex enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities (such as anti-oxidation, anti-glycation, and protein quality control), as well as its role as a transcriptional coactivator, enable DJ-1 to serve as an essential regulator in multiple cellular processes (e.g., epigenetic regulations) and make it a promising therapeutic target for diverse diseases (especially cancer and Parkinson's disease). Due to its nature as a Swiss army knife enzyme with various functions, DJ-1 has attracted a large amount of research interest, from different perspectives. In this review, we give a brief summary of the recent advances with respect to DJ-1 research in biomedicine and psychology, as well as the progress made in attempts to develop DJ-1 into a druggable target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo E Sun
- Department of Psychology, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Qingfei Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Weber SL, Hustedt K, Schnepel N, Visscher C, Muscher-Banse AS. Modulation of GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 Pathway in the Liver and Induction of FGF21 in Young Goats Fed a Protein- and/or Phosphorus-Reduced Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087153. [PMID: 37108315 PMCID: PMC10138370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals respond to amino acid (AA) deficiency by initiating an AA response pathway (AAR) that involves the activation of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2), phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), and activation of transcription factor 4 (ATF4). In this study, the effects of protein (N) and/or phosphorus (P) restriction on the GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway in the liver and the induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in young goats were investigated. An N-reduced diet resulted in a decrease in circulating essential AA (EAA) and an increase in non-essential AA (NEAA), as well as an increase in hepatic mRNA expression of GCN2 and ATF4 and protein expression of GCN2. Dietary N restriction robustly increased both hepatic FGF21 mRNA expression and circulating FGF21 levels. Accordingly, numerous significant correlations demonstrated the effects of the AA profile on the AAR pathway and confirmed an association. Furthermore, activation of the AAR pathway depended on the sufficient availability of P. When dietary P was restricted, the GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway was not initiated, and no increase in FGF21 was observed. These results illustrate how the AAR pathway responds to N- and/or P-reduced diets in ruminants, thus demonstrating the complexity of dietary component changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Weber
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Hustedt
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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McGill CJ, Ewald CY, Benayoun BA. Sex-dimorphic expression of extracellular matrix genes in mouse bone marrow neutrophils. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.25.530027. [PMID: 36909511 PMCID: PMC10002647 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.25.530027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian innate immune system is sex-dimorphic. Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte in humans and represent innate immunity's first line of defense. We previously found that primary mouse bone marrow neutrophils show widespread sex-dimorphism throughout life, including at the transcriptional level. Extracellular matrix [ECM]-related terms were observed among the top sex-dimorphic genes. Since the ECM is emerging as an important regulator of innate immune responses, we sought to further investigate the transcriptomic profile of primary mouse bone marrow neutrophils at both the bulk and single-cell level to understand how biological sex may influence ECM component expression in neutrophils throughout life. Here, using curated gene lists of ECM components and unbiased weighted gene co-expression network analysis [WGCNA], we find that multiple ECM-related gene sets show widespread female-bias in expression in primary mouse neutrophils. Since many immune-related diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) are more prevalent in females, our work may provide insights into the pathogenesis of sex-dimorphic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra J McGill
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Collin Y Ewald
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Regeneration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Bérénice A Benayoun
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Molecular and Computational Biology Department, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Department, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- USC Stem Cell Initiative, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Bahudhanapati H, Kass DJ. Integrating the Integrated Stress Response. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:243-244. [PMID: 36520987 PMCID: PMC9989479 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0465ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harinath Bahudhanapati
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J Kass
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Santos-Ribeiro D, Lecocq M, de Beukelaer M, Verleden S, Bouzin C, Ambroise J, Dorfmuller P, Yakoub Y, Huaux F, Quarck R, Karmouty-Quintana H, Ghigna MR, Bignard J, Nadaud S, Soubrier F, Horman S, Perros F, Godinas L, Pilette C. Disruption of GCN2 Pathway Aggravates Vascular and Parenchymal Remodeling during Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:326-338. [PMID: 36476191 PMCID: PMC12042145 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0541oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) are chronic diseases of the pulmonary parenchyma and circulation, respectively, which may coexist, but underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Mutations in the GCN2 (general control nonderepressible 2) gene (EIF2AK4 [eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4]) were recently associated with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. The aim of this study is to explore the involvement of the GCN2/eIF2α (eukaryotic initiation factor 2α) pathway in the development of PH during PF, in both human disease and in a laboratory animal model. Lung tissue from patients with PF with or without PH was collected at the time of lung transplantation, and control tissue was obtained from tumor resection surgery. Experimental lung disease was induced in either male wild-type or EIF2AK4-mutated Sprague-Dawley rats, randomly receiving a single intratracheal instillation of bleomycin or saline. Hemodynamic studies and organ collection were performed 3 weeks after instillation. Only significant results (P < 0.05) are presented. In PF lung tissue, GCN2 protein expression was decreased compared with control tissue. GCN2 expression was reduced in CD31+ endothelial cells. In line with human data, GCN2 protein expression was decreased in the lung of bleomycin rats compared with saline. EIF2AK4-mutated rats treated with bleomycin showed increased parenchymal fibrosis (hydroxyproline concentrations) and vascular remodeling (media wall thickness) as well as increased right ventricular systolic pressure compared with wild-type animals. Our data show that GCN2 is dysregulated in both humans and in an animal model of combined PF and PH. The possibility of a causative implication of GCN2 dysregulation in PF and/or PH development should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stijn Verleden
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases & Thoracic Surgery, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, and
| | | | | | - Peter Dorfmuller
- Department of Pathology, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yousef Yakoub
- Louvain Center for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, and
| | - François Huaux
- Louvain Center for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, and
| | - Rozenn Quarck
- Clinical Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
- Division of Critical Care and
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria-Rosa Ghigna
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Département de Pathologie and
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | | | - Sophie Nadaud
- UMR_S 1166-ICAN, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Sandrine Horman
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederic Perros
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Laboratoire CarMeN, UMR INSERM U1060/INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Pierre-Bénite and Bron, France; and
| | - Laurent Godinas
- Clinical Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charles Pilette
- Pneumology, ENT and Dermatology
- Département de Pneumologie, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Metformin is the most prescribed drug for DM2, but its site and mechanism of action are still not well established. Here, we investigated the effects of metformin on basolateral intestinal glucose uptake (BIGU), and its consequences on hepatic glucose production (HGP). In diabetic patients and mice, the primary site of metformin action was the gut, increasing BIGU, evaluated through PET-CT. In mice and CaCo2 cells, this increase in BIGU resulted from an increase in GLUT1 and GLUT2, secondary to ATF4 and AMPK. In hyperglycemia, metformin increased the lactate (reducing pH and bicarbonate in portal vein) and acetate production in the gut, modulating liver pyruvate carboxylase, MPC1/2, and FBP1, establishing a gut-liver crosstalk that reduces HGP. In normoglycemia, metformin-induced increases in BIGU is accompanied by hypoglycemia in the portal vein, generating a counter-regulatory mechanism that avoids reductions or even increases HGP. In summary, metformin increases BIGU and through gut-liver crosstalk influences HGP.
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Li J, Li K, Tian Y, Zhao P, Liu X, Li M, Bai Y. Effective-compounds of Jinshui Huanxian formula ameliorates fibroblast activation in pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the activation of mTOR signaling. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154604. [PMID: 36610143 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jinshui Huanxian formula (JHF) ameliorates idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. Active compounds, including icariin, isoliquiritigenin, nobiletin, peimine, and paeoniflorin, deriving from JHF were combined as effective-component compatibility ECC of JHF II (ECC-JHF II), which is an effective therapeutic strategy for pulmonary fibrosis (PF) induced by bleomycin (BLM) in rats. PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of ECC-JHF II on pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS A model of PF in rats was established through intratracheal instillation of BLM. Pulmonary function, pathological changes, and collagen deposition were examined. The gene and protein expressions in fibroblast activation were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting respectively. RESULTS ECC-JHF II significantly improved BLM-induced PF in rats, manifested as decreased collagen deposition, reduced pathological damage and improved pulmonary function. Furthermore, ECC-JHF II inhibited fibroblast activation by reducing the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibronectin. We analyzed the targets of ECC-JHF II and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of fibroblast activation induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and found that ECC-JHF II might regulate fibroblast activation by EGFR, PI3K-Akt or mTOR signaling pathway. In vitro experiments, we also found that ECC-JHF II suppressed the mTOR pathway, such as downregulating the phosphorylation levels of p70S6K in fibroblast activation induced by TGF-β1. After activating mTOR signaling, the inhibition of ECC-JHF II on fibroblast activation was blocked. These results suggested that ECC-JHF II potently ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis in rats and effectively suppressed fibroblast activation by interfering with mTOR signaling. CONCLUSION We combined transcriptomics with the network analysis to predict the mechanism underlying ECC-JHF II suppression of fibroblast activation. In summary, ECC-JHF II improved BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis, which might be associated with the suppression of fibroblast activation by inhibiting the mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases co-constructed by Henan province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Kangchen Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases co-constructed by Henan province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yange Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases co-constructed by Henan province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases co-constructed by Henan province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xuefang Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases co-constructed by Henan province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Minyan Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases co-constructed by Henan province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yunping Bai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Respiratory Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases co-constructed by Henan province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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Tie Y, Tang F, Peng D, Zhang Y, Shi H. TGF-beta signal transduction: biology, function and therapy for diseases. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:45. [PMID: 36534225 PMCID: PMC9761655 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a crucial cytokine that get increasing concern in recent years to treat human diseases. This signal controls multiple cellular responses during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis through canonical and/or noncanonical signaling pathways. Dysregulated TGF-β signal plays an essential role in contributing to fibrosis via promoting the extracellular matrix deposition, and tumor progression via inducing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, immunosuppression, and neovascularization at the advanced stage of cancer. Besides, the dysregulation of TGF-beta signal also involves in other human diseases including anemia, inflammatory disease, wound healing and cardiovascular disease et al. Therefore, this signal is proposed to be a promising therapeutic target in these diseases. Recently, multiple strategies targeting TGF-β signals including neutralizing antibodies, ligand traps, small-molecule receptor kinase inhibitors targeting ligand-receptor signaling pathways, antisense oligonucleotides to disrupt the production of TGF-β at the transcriptional level, and vaccine are under evaluation of safety and efficacy for the forementioned diseases in clinical trials. Here, in this review, we firstly summarized the biology and function of TGF-β in physiological and pathological conditions, elaborated TGF-β associated signal transduction. And then, we analyzed the current advances in preclinical studies and clinical strategies targeting TGF-β signal transduction to treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tie
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Fan Tang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041 China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Orthopaedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dandan Peng
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Ye Zhang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021 China
| | - Huashan Shi
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041 China
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Wang L, Zhao W, Xia C, Li Z, Zhao W, Xu K, Wang N, Lian H, Rosas IO, Yu G. TRIB3 Mediates Fibroblast Activation and Fibrosis though Interaction with ATF4 in IPF. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415705. [PMID: 36555349 PMCID: PMC9778945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease characterized by fibroblast activation, excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, and progressive scarring; the pathogenesis remains elusive. The present study explored the role of Tribbles pseudokinase 3 (TRIB3), a well-known stress and metabolic sensor, in IPF. TRIB3 is down-regulated in the lungs of IPF patients in comparison to control subjects. Deficiency of TRIB3 markedly inhibited A549 epithelial cells' proliferation and migration, significantly reducing wound healing. Conversely, overexpression of TRIB3 promoted A549 cell proliferation and transmigration while it inhibited its apoptosis. Meanwhile, overexpressed TRIB3 inhibited fibroblast activation and decreased ECM synthesis and deposition in MRC5 cells. TRIB3 attenuated pulmonary fibrosis by negative regulation of ATF4, while TRIB3 expression markedly inhibited ATF4 promoter-driven transcription activity and down-regulated ATF4 expression. A co-culture system showed that TRIB3 is important to maintain the normal epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk and regulate fibroblast activation. Taken together, our data suggested that an axis of TRIB3-ATF4 is a key mediator in IPF which might be a potential target for fibroproliferative lung disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Cong Xia
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhongzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ningdan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Hui Lian
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ivan O. Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guoying Yu
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-373-3326340
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Chen P, Liu X, Gu C, Zhong P, Song N, Li M, Dai Z, Fang X, Liu Z, Zhang J, Tang R, Fan S, Lin X. A plant-derived natural photosynthetic system for improving cell anabolism. Nature 2022; 612:546-554. [PMID: 36477541 PMCID: PMC9750875 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Insufficient intracellular anabolism is a crucial factor involved in many pathological processes in the body1,2. The anabolism of intracellular substances requires the consumption of sufficient intracellular energy and the production of reducing equivalents. ATP acts as an 'energy currency' for biological processes in cells3,4, and the reduced form of NADPH is a key electron donor that provides reducing power for anabolism5. Under pathological conditions, it is difficult to correct impaired anabolism and to increase insufficient levels of ATP and NADPH to optimum concentrations1,4,6-8. Here we develop an independent and controllable nanosized plant-derived photosynthetic system based on nanothylakoid units (NTUs). To enable cross-species applications, we use a specific mature cell membrane (the chondrocyte membrane (CM)) for camouflage encapsulation. As proof of concept, we demonstrate that these CM-NTUs enter chondrocytes through membrane fusion, avoid lysosome degradation and achieve rapid penetration. Moreover, the CM-NTUs increase intracellular ATP and NADPH levels in situ following exposure to light and improve anabolism in degenerated chondrocytes. They can also systemically correct energy imbalance and restore cellular metabolism to improve cartilage homeostasis and protect against pathological progression of osteoarthritis. Our therapeutic strategy for degenerative diseases is based on a natural photosynthetic system that can controllably enhance cell anabolism by independently providing key energy and metabolic carriers. This study also provides an enhanced understanding of the preparation and application of bioorganisms and composite biomaterials for the treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenhui Gu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiyu Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mobai Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhanqiu Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqian Fang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoming Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shunwu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xianfeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Bennett CF, Ronayne CT, Puigserver P. Targeting adaptive cellular responses to mitochondrial bioenergetic deficiencies in human disease. FEBS J 2022; 289:6969-6993. [PMID: 34510753 PMCID: PMC8917243 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly appreciated as a central contributor to human disease. Oxidative metabolism at the mitochondrial respiratory chain produces ATP and is intricately tied to redox homeostasis and biosynthetic pathways. Metabolic stress arising from genetic mutations in mitochondrial genes and environmental factors such as malnutrition or overnutrition is perceived by the cell and leads to adaptive and maladaptive responses that can underlie pathology. Here, we will outline cellular sensors that react to alterations in energy production, organellar redox, and metabolites stemming from mitochondrial disease (MD) mutations. MD is a heterogeneous group of disorders primarily defined by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation from nuclear or mitochondrial-encoded gene mutations. Preclinical therapies that improve fitness of MD mouse models have been recently identified. Targeting metabolic/energetic deficiencies, maladaptive signaling processes, and hyper-oxygenation of tissues are all strategies aside from direct genetic approaches that hold therapeutic promise. A further mechanistic understanding of these curative processes as well as the identification of novel targets will significantly impact mitochondrial biology and disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Bennett
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Conor T Ronayne
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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63
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Jiménez JA, Lawlor ER, Lyssiotis CA. Amino acid metabolism in primary bone sarcomas. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1001318. [PMID: 36276057 PMCID: PMC9581121 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1001318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary bone sarcomas, including osteosarcoma (OS) and Ewing sarcoma (ES), are aggressive tumors with peak incidence in childhood and adolescence. The intense standard treatment for these patients consists of combined surgery and/or radiation and maximal doses of chemotherapy; a regimen that has not seen improvement in decades. Like other tumor types, ES and OS are characterized by dysregulated cellular metabolism and a rewiring of metabolic pathways to support the biosynthetic demands of malignant growth. Not only are cancer cells characterized by Warburg metabolism, or aerobic glycolysis, but emerging work has revealed a dependence on amino acid metabolism. Aside from incorporation into proteins, amino acids serve critical functions in redox balance, energy homeostasis, and epigenetic maintenance. In this review, we summarize current studies describing the amino acid metabolic requirements of primary bone sarcomas, focusing on OS and ES, and compare these dependencies in the normal bone and malignant tumor contexts. We also examine insights that can be gleaned from other cancers to better understand differential metabolic susceptibilities between primary and metastatic tumor microenvironments. Lastly, we discuss potential metabolic vulnerabilities that may be exploited therapeutically and provide better-targeted treatments to improve the current standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Jiménez
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Lawlor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States,Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Elizabeth R. Lawlor, ; Costas A. Lyssiotis,
| | - Costas A. Lyssiotis
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Elizabeth R. Lawlor, ; Costas A. Lyssiotis,
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64
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Saito S, Deskin B, Rehan M, Yadav S, Matsunaga Y, Lasky JA, Thannickal VJ. Novel mediators of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1229-1240. [PMID: 36043396 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis involving the lung may occur in many settings, including in association with known environmental agents, connective tissue diseases, and exposure to drugs or radiation therapy. The most common form is referred to as 'idiopathic' since a causal agent or specific association has not been determined; the strongest risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is aging. Emerging studies indicate that targeting certain components of aging biology may be effective in mitigating age-associated fibrosis. While transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a central mediator of fibrosis in almost all contexts, and across multiple organs, it is not feasible to target this canonical pathway at the ligand-receptor level due to the pleiotropic nature of its actions; importantly, its homeostatic roles as a tumor-suppressor and immune-modulator make this an imprudent strategy. However, defining targets downstream of its receptor(s) that mediate fibrogenesis, while relatively dispenable for tumor- and immune-suppressive functions may aid in developing safer and more effective therapies. In this review, we explore molecular targets that, although TGF-β1 induced/activated, may be relatively more selective in mediating tissue fibrosis. Additionally, we explore epigenetic mechanisms with global effects on the fibrogenic process, as well as metabolic pathways that regulate aging and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Saito
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A, and the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
| | - Brian Deskin
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A, and the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
| | - Mohammad Rehan
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A, and the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
| | - Santosh Yadav
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A, and the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
| | - Yasuka Matsunaga
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A, and the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
| | - Joseph A Lasky
- Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A, and the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A, and the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, U.S.A
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65
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Elucidation of an mTORC2-PKC-NRF2 pathway that sustains the ATF4 stress response and identification of Sirt5 as a key ATF4 effector. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:357. [PMID: 35963851 PMCID: PMC9376072 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cancer cells are dependent on glutamine metabolism for survival when challenged with oxidative stresses caused by reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation and matrix detachment. ATF4, a key stress responsive transcription factor, is essential for cancer cells to sustain glutamine metabolism when challenged with these various types of stress. While it is well documented how the ATF4 transcript is translated into protein as a stress response, an important question concerns how the ATF4 message levels are sustained to enable cancer cells to survive the challenges of nutrient deprivation and damaging reactive oxygen species. Here, we now identify the pathway in triple negative breast cancer cells that provides a sustained ATF4 response and enables their survival when encountering these challenges. This signaling pathway starts with mTORC2, which upon sensing cellular stresses arising from glutamine deprivation or an acute inhibition of glutamine metabolism, initiates a cascade of events that triggers an increase in ATF4 transcription. Surprisingly, this signaling pathway is not dependent on AKT activation, but rather requires the mTORC2 target, PKC, which activates the transcription factor Nrf2 that then induces ATF4 expression. Additionally, we identify a sirtuin family member, the NAD+-dependent de-succinylase Sirt5, as a key transcriptional target for ATF4 that promotes cancer cell survival during metabolic stress. Sirt5 plays fundamental roles in supporting cancer cell metabolism by regulating various enzymatic activities and by protecting an enzyme essential for glutaminolysis, glutaminase C (GAC), from degradation. We demonstrate that ectopic expression of Sirt5 compensates for knockdowns of ATF4 in cells exposed to glutamine deprivation-induced stress. These findings provide important new insights into the signaling cues that lead to sustained ATF4 expression as a general stress-induced regulator of glutamine metabolism, as well as highlight Sirt5 an essential effector of the ATF4 response to metabolic stress.
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66
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Faget DV, Stewart SA. Stress response regulates cancer fibroblasts. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:812-814. [PMID: 35654838 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00930-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas V Faget
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sheila A Stewart
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. .,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. .,ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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67
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Wang Q, Zhan S, Han F, Liu Y, Wu H, Huang Z. The Possible Mechanism of Physiological Adaptation to the Low-Se Diet and Its Health Risk in the Traditional Endemic Areas of Keshan Diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2069-2083. [PMID: 34365573 PMCID: PMC8349466 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element for humans and animals. As with oxygen and sulfur, etc., it belongs to the sixth main group of the periodic table of elements. Therefore, the corresponding amino acids, such as selenocysteine (Sec), serine (Ser), and cysteine (Cys), have similar spatial structure, physical, and chemical properties. In this review, we focus on the neglected but key role of serine in a possible mechanism of the physiological adaptation to Se-deficiency in human beings with an adequate intake of dietary protein: the insertion of Cys in place of Sec during the translation of selenoproteins dependent on the Sec insertion sequence element in the 3'UTR of mRNA at the UGA codon through a novel serine-dependent pathway for the de novo synthesis of the Cys-tRNA[Ser]Sec, similar to Sec-tRNA[Ser]Sec. We also discuss the important roles of serine in the metabolism of selenium directly or indirectly via GSH, and the maintenance of selenium homostasis regulated through the methylation modification of Sec-tRNA[Ser]Sec at the position 34U by SAM. Finally, we propose a hypothesis to explain why Keshan disease has gradually disappeared in China and predict the potential health risk of the human body in the physiological adaptation state of low selenium based on the results of animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuo Zhan
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Feng Han
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yiqun Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hongying Wu
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Rd, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Zhenwu Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Micronutrients Nutrition, National Health Commission of The People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.
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68
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Ebert SM, Rasmussen BB, Judge AR, Judge SM, Larsson L, Wek RC, Anthony TG, Marcotte GR, Miller MJ, Yorek MA, Vella A, Volpi E, Stern JI, Strub MD, Ryan Z, Talley JJ, Adams CM. Biology of Activating Transcription Factor 4 (ATF4) and Its Role in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. J Nutr 2022; 152:926-938. [PMID: 34958390 PMCID: PMC8970988 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a multifunctional transcription regulatory protein in the basic leucine zipper superfamily. ATF4 can be expressed in most if not all mammalian cell types, and it can participate in a variety of cellular responses to specific environmental stresses, intracellular derangements, or growth factors. Because ATF4 is involved in a wide range of biological processes, its roles in human health and disease are not yet fully understood. Much of our current knowledge about ATF4 comes from investigations in cultured cell models, where ATF4 was originally characterized and where further investigations continue to provide new insights. ATF4 is also an increasingly prominent topic of in vivo investigations in fully differentiated mammalian cell types, where our current understanding of ATF4 is less complete. Here, we review some important high-level concepts and questions concerning the basic biology of ATF4. We then discuss current knowledge and emerging questions about the in vivo role of ATF4 in one fully differentiated cell type, mammalian skeletal muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Ebert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Emmyon, Inc., Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Emmyon, Inc., Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Metabolism and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew R Judge
- Emmyon, Inc., Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah M Judge
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lars Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - George R Marcotte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Matthew J Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark A Yorek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Adrian Vella
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Emmyon, Inc., Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Nutrition, Metabolism and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer I Stern
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew D Strub
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zachary Ryan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Christopher M Adams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Emmyon, Inc., Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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69
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Liu H, Chen YG. The Interplay Between TGF-β Signaling and Cell Metabolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:846723. [PMID: 35359452 PMCID: PMC8961331 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.846723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays a critical role in the development and tissue homeostasis in metazoans, and deregulation of TGF-β signaling leads to many pathological conditions. Mounting evidence suggests that TGF-β signaling can actively alter metabolism in diverse cell types. Furthermore, metabolic pathways, beyond simply regarded as biochemical reactions, are closely intertwined with signal transduction. Here, we discuss the role of TGF-β in glucose, lipid, amino acid, redox and polyamine metabolism with an emphasis on how TGF-β can act as a metabolic modulator and how metabolic changes can influence TGF-β signaling. We also describe how interplay between TGF-β signaling and cell metabolism regulates cellular homeostasis as well as the progression of multiple diseases, including cancer.
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70
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Mei Q, Liu Z, Zuo H, Yang Z, Qu J. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Update on Pathogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:797292. [PMID: 35126134 PMCID: PMC8807692 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.797292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, lethal fibrotic lung disease that occurs primarily in middle-aged and elderly adults. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. With an increase in life expectancy, the economic burden of IPF is expected to continuously rise in the near future. Although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms underlying IPF remain not known. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of this devastating disease in last decade. The current paradigm assumes that IPF results from sustained or repetitive lung epithelial injury and subsequent activation of fibroblasts and myofibroblast differentiation. Persistent myofibroblast phenotype contributes to excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and aberrant lung repair, leading to tissue scar formation, distortion of the alveolar structure, and irreversible loss of lung function. Treatments of patients with IPF by pirfenidone and nintedanib have shown significant reduction of lung function decline and slowing of disease progression in patients with IPF. However, these drugs do not cure the disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances on the pathogenesis of IPF and highlight the development of novel therapeutic strategies against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jing Qu
- *Correspondence: Zhenhua Yang, ; Jing Qu,
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71
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A stromal Integrated Stress Response activates perivascular cancer-associated fibroblasts to drive angiogenesis and tumour progression. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:940-953. [PMID: 35654839 PMCID: PMC9203279 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bidirectional signalling between the tumour and stroma shapes tumour aggressiveness and metastasis. ATF4 is a major effector of the Integrated Stress Response, a homeostatic mechanism that couples cell growth and survival to bioenergetic demands. Using conditional knockout ATF4 mice, we show that global, or fibroblast-specific loss of host ATF4, results in deficient vascularization and a pronounced growth delay of syngeneic melanoma and pancreatic tumours. Single-cell transcriptomics of tumours grown in Atf4Δ/Δ mice uncovered a reduction in activation markers in perivascular cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Atf4Δ/Δ fibroblasts displayed significant defects in collagen biosynthesis and deposition and a reduced ability to support angiogenesis. Mechanistically, ATF4 regulates the expression of the Col1a1 gene and levels of glycine and proline, the major amino acids of collagen. Analyses of human melanoma and pancreatic tumours revealed a strong correlation between ATF4 and collagen levels. Our findings establish stromal ATF4 as a key driver of CAF functionality, malignant progression and metastasis.
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72
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Sharma S, Watanabe T, Nishimoto T, Takihara T, Mlakar L, Nguyen XX, Sanderson M, Su Y, Chambers RA, Feghali-Bostwick C. E4 engages uPAR and enolase-1 and activates urokinase to exert antifibrotic effects. JCI Insight 2021; 6:144935. [PMID: 34935642 PMCID: PMC8783693 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.144935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroproliferative disorders such as systemic sclerosis (SSc) have no effective therapies and result in significant morbidity and mortality. We recently demonstrated that the C-terminal domain of endostatin, known as E4, prevented and reversed both dermal and pulmonary fibrosis. Our goal was to identify the mechanism by which E4 abrogates fibrosis and its cell surface binding partner(s). Our findings show that E4 activated the urokinase pathway and increased the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) to type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) ratio. In addition, E4 substantially increased MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression and activity. In vivo, E4 reversed bleomycin induction of PAI-1 and increased uPA activity. In patients with SSc, the uPA/PAI-1 ratio was decreased in both lung tissues and pulmonary fibroblasts compared with normal donors. Proteins bound to biotinylated-E4 were identified as enolase-1 (ENO) and uPA receptor (uPAR). The antifibrotic effects of E4 required uPAR. Further, ENO mediated the fibrotic effects of TGF-β1 and exerted TGF-β1–independent fibrotic effects. Our findings suggest that the antifibrotic effect of E4 is mediated, in part, by regulation of the urokinase pathway and induction of MMP-1 and MMP-3 levels and activity in a uPAR-dependent manner, thus promoting extracellular matrix degradation. Further, our findings identify a moonlighting function for the glycolytic enzyme ENO in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailza Sharma
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Tomoya Watanabe
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Tetsuya Nishimoto
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Takahisa Takihara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Logan Mlakar
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Xinh-Xinh Nguyen
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Sanderson
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yunyun Su
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Roger A Chambers
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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73
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Zhu X, Jiang L, Long M, Wei X, Hou Y, Du Y. Metabolic Reprogramming and Renal Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:746920. [PMID: 34859009 PMCID: PMC8630632 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.746920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several causes of chronic kidney disease, but all of these patients have renal fibrosis. Although many studies have examined the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis, there are still no effective treatments. A healthy and balanced metabolism is necessary for normal cell growth, proliferation, and function, but metabolic abnormalities can lead to pathological changes. Normal energy metabolism is particularly important for maintaining the structure and function of the kidneys because they consume large amounts of energy. We describe the metabolic reprogramming that occurs during renal fibrosis, which includes changes in fatty acid metabolism and glucose metabolism, and the relationship of these changes with renal fibrosis. We also describe the potential role of novel drugs that disrupt this metabolic reprogramming and the development of fibrosis, and current and future challenges in the treatment of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Physical Examination Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengtuan Long
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuejiao Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Hou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yujun Du
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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74
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Yakupova EI, Zorov DB, Plotnikov EY. Bioenergetics of the Fibrosis. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:1599-1606. [PMID: 34937539 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921120099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is known that the development of fibrosis is associated with many diseases, being both a cause and effect of the damage to organs and tissues. Replacement of functional tissue with a scar can lead to organ dysfunction, which is often a life-threatening condition. The development of effective approaches for the prevention or treatment of fibrosis requires an in-depth understanding of all aspects of its pathogenesis, from epithelial-mesenchymal transformation to fibroblast proliferation. Fibrosis can be induced by trauma, ischemic injury, inflammation, and many other pathological states accompanied by repeated cycles of tissue damage and repair. Energy metabolism is the basis of functioning of all cells in an organism and its disruptions are associated with the development of different diseases, hence, it could be a target for the therapy of such pathological processes as ischemia/reperfusion, epilepsy, diabetes, cancer, and neurological disorders. The emergence of fibrosis is also associated with the changes in cell bioenergetics. In this work, we analyzed the changes in the energy metabolism that occur with the progression of fibrosis and evaluated the possibility of affecting energetics as target in the anti-fibrotic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira I Yakupova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Dmitry B Zorov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Egor Y Plotnikov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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75
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Byles V, Cormerais Y, Kalafut K, Barrera V, Hughes Hallett JE, Sui SH, Asara JM, Adams CM, Hoxhaj G, Ben-Sahra I, Manning BD. Hepatic mTORC1 signaling activates ATF4 as part of its metabolic response to feeding and insulin. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101309. [PMID: 34303878 PMCID: PMC8368025 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is dynamically regulated by fasting and feeding cycles in the liver to promote protein and lipid synthesis while suppressing autophagy. However, beyond these functions, the metabolic response of the liver to feeding and insulin signaling orchestrated by mTORC1 remains poorly defined. Here, we determine whether ATF4, a stress responsive transcription factor recently found to be independently regulated by mTORC1 signaling in proliferating cells, is responsive to hepatic mTORC1 signaling to alter hepatocyte metabolism. METHODS ATF4 protein levels and expression of canonical gene targets were analyzed in the liver following fasting and physiological feeding in the presence or absence of the mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin. Primary hepatocytes from wild-type or liver-specific Atf4 knockout (LAtf4KO) mice were used to characterize the effects of insulin-stimulated mTORC1-ATF4 function on hepatocyte gene expression and metabolism. Both unbiased steady-state metabolomics and stable-isotope tracing methods were employed to define mTORC1 and ATF4-dependent metabolic changes. RNA-sequencing was used to determine global changes in feeding-induced transcripts in the livers of wild-type versus LAtf4KO mice. RESULTS We demonstrate that ATF4 and its metabolic gene targets are stimulated by mTORC1 signaling in the liver, in a hepatocyte-intrinsic manner by insulin in response to feeding. While we demonstrate that de novo purine and pyrimidine synthesis is stimulated by insulin through mTORC1 signaling in primary hepatocytes, this regulation was independent of ATF4. Metabolomics and metabolite tracing studies revealed that insulin-mTORC1-ATF4 signaling stimulates pathways of nonessential amino acid synthesis in primary hepatocytes, including those of alanine, aspartate, methionine, and cysteine, but not serine. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that ATF4 is a novel metabolic effector of mTORC1 in the liver, extending the molecular consequences of feeding and insulin-induced mTORC1 signaling in this key metabolic tissue to the control of amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Byles
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yann Cormerais
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Krystle Kalafut
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor Barrera
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James E Hughes Hallett
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shannan Ho Sui
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gerta Hoxhaj
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Issam Ben-Sahra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brendan D Manning
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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76
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Vásquez-Trincado C, Patel M, Sivaramakrishnan A, Bekeová C, Anderson-Pullinger L, Wang N, Tang HY, Seifert EL. Adaptation of the heart to Frataxin depletion: Evidence that integrated stress response can predominate over mTORC1 activation. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 33:ddab216. [PMID: 34550363 PMCID: PMC11000666 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an inherited disorder caused by depletion of frataxin (FXN), a mitochondrial protein required for iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) biogenesis. Cardiac dysfunction is the main cause of death. Yet pathogenesis, and, more generally, how the heart adapts to FXN loss, remain poorly understood, though are expected to be linked to an energy deficit. We modified a transgenic (TG) mouse model of inducible FXN depletion that permits phenotypic evaluation of the heart at different FXN levels, and focused on substrate-specific bioenergetics and stress signaling. When FXN protein in the TG heart was 17% of normal, bioenergetics and signaling were not different from control. When, 8 weeks later, FXN was ~ 97% depleted in the heart, TG heart mass and cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area were less, without evidence of fibrosis or apoptosis. mTORC1 signaling was activated, as was the integrated stress response, evidenced by greater phosphorylation of eIF2α relative to total eIF2α, and decreased protein translation. We interpret these results to suggest that, in TG hearts, an anabolic stimulus was constrained by eIF2α phosphorylation. Cardiac contractility was maintained in the 97%-FXN-depleted hearts, possibly contributed by an unexpected preservation of β-oxidation, though pyruvate oxidation was lower. Bioenergetics alterations were matched by changes in the mitochondrial proteome, including a non-uniform decrease in abundance of ISC-containing proteins. Altogether, these findings suggest that the FXN depleted heart can suppress a major ATP demanding process such as protein translation, which, together with some preservation of β-oxidation, could be adaptive, at least in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Vásquez-Trincado
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Monika Patel
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Aishwarya Sivaramakrishnan
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Carmen Bekeová
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Lauren Anderson-Pullinger
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Nadan Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Erin L Seifert
- MitoCare Center for Mitochondrial Imaging Research and Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
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77
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Jiménez-Uribe AP, Gómez-Sierra T, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Orozco-Ibarra M, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Backstage players of fibrosis: NOX4, mTOR, HDAC, and S1P; companions of TGF-β. Cell Signal 2021; 87:110123. [PMID: 34438016 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fibrotic process could be easily defined as a pathological excess of extracellular matrix deposition, leading to disruption of tissue architecture and eventually loss of function; however, this process involves a complex network of several signal transduction pathways. Virtually almost all organs could be affected by fibrosis, the most affected are the liver, lung, skin, kidney, heart, and eyes; in all of them, the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) has a central role. The canonical and non-canonical signal pathways of TGF-β impact the fibrotic process at the cellular and molecular levels, inducing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the induction of profibrotic gene expression with the consequent increase in proteins such as alpha-smooth actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, collagen, and other extracellular matrix proteins. Recently, it has been reported that some molecules that have not been typically associated with the fibrotic process, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), histone deacetylases (HDAC), and sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P); are critical in its development. In this review, we describe and discuss the role of these new players of fibrosis and the convergence with TGF-β signaling pathways, unveiling new insights into the panorama of fibrosis that could be useful for future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tania Gómez-Sierra
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX 04510, Mexico
| | - Omar Emiliano Aparicio-Trejo
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Marisol Orozco-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Manuel Velasco Suárez, Av. Insurgentes Sur # 3877, La Fama, Alcaldía Tlalpan, CP 14269 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX 04510, Mexico.
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78
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Kay EJ, Koulouras G, Zanivan S. Regulation of Extracellular Matrix Production in Activated Fibroblasts: Roles of Amino Acid Metabolism in Collagen Synthesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:719922. [PMID: 34513697 PMCID: PMC8429785 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.719922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major component of the tumour microenvironment in most tumours, and are key mediators of the response to tissue damage caused by tumour growth and invasion, contributing to the observation that tumours behave as 'wounds that do not heal'. CAFs have been shown to play a supporting role in all stages of tumour progression, and this is dependent on the highly secretory phenotype CAFs develop upon activation, of which extracellular matrix (ECM) production is a key element. A collagen rich, stromal ECM has been shown to influence tumour growth and metastasis, exclude immune cells and impede drug delivery, and is associated with poor prognosis in many cancers. CAFs also extensively remodel their metabolism to support cancer cells, however, it is becoming clear that metabolic rewiring also supports intrinsic functions of activated fibroblasts, such as increased ECM production. In this review, we summarise how fibroblasts metabolically regulate ECM production, focussing on collagen production, at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational level, and discuss how this can provide possible strategies for effectively targeting CAF activation and formation of a tumour-promoting stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Kay
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Grigorios Koulouras
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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79
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Selvarajah B, Azuelos I, Anastasiou D, Chambers RC. Fibrometabolism-An emerging therapeutic frontier in pulmonary fibrosis. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/697/eaay1027. [PMID: 34429381 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the final pathological outcome and major cause of morbidity and mortality in many common and chronic inflammatory, immune-mediated, and metabolic diseases. Despite the growing incidence of fibrotic diseases and extensive research efforts, there remains a lack of effective therapies that improve survival. The application of omics technologies has revolutionized our approach to identifying previously unknown therapeutic targets and potential disease biomarkers. The application of metabolomics, in particular, has improved our understanding of disease pathomechanisms and garnered a wave of scientific interest in the role of metabolism in the biology of myofibroblasts, the key effector cells of the fibrogenic response. Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in metabolism not only are a feature of but also may play an influential role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, most notably in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most rapidly progressive and fatal of all fibrotic conditions. This review will detail the role of key metabolic pathways, their alterations in myofibroblasts, and the potential this new knowledge offers for the development of antifibrotic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brintha Selvarajah
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Ilan Azuelos
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | | | - Rachel C Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK.
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80
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Griffiths A, Wang J, Song Q, Iyamu ID, Liu L, Park J, Jiang Y, Huang R, Song Z. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) upregulation via the mTORC1-ATF4 pathway activation contributes to palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in hepatocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C585-C595. [PMID: 34378991 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00195.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Defined as the dysfunction and/or cell death caused by toxic lipids accumulation in hepatocytes, hepatic lipotoxicity plays a pathological role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying lipotoxicity remain to be elucidated. In this study, using AML12 cells, a non-transformed murine hepatocyte cell line, exposed to palmitate (a 16-C saturated fatty acid) as an experimental model, we investigated the role and mechanisms of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), a methyltransferase catalyzing nicotinamide methylation and degradation, in hepatic lipotoxicity. We initially identified activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) as a major transcription factor for hepatic NNMT expression. Here, we demonstrated that palmitate upregulates NNMT expression via activating ATF4 in a mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-dependent mechanism in that mTORC1 inhibition by both Torin1 and rapamycin attenuated ATF4 activation and NNMT upregulation. We further demonstrated that the mTORC1-dependent ATF4 activation is an integral signaling event of unfolded protein response (UPR) as both ATF4 activation and NNMT upregulation by tunicamycin, a well-documented endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer, are blunted when hepatocytes were pretreated with Torin1. Importantly, our data uncovered that NNMT upregulation contributes to palmitate-induced hepatotoxicity as NNMT inhibition, via either pharmacological (NNMT inhibitors) or genetic approach (siRNA transfection), provided protection against palmitate lipotoxicity. Our further mechanistic exploration identified protein kinase A (PKA) activation to contribute, at least, partially to the protective effect of NNMT inhibition against lipotoxicity. Collectively, our data demonstrated that NNMT upregulation by the mTORC1-ATF4 pathway activation contributes to the development of lipotoxicity in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Griffiths
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Medical College and The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Song
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Iredia D Iyamu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jooman Park
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yuwei Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Zhenyuan Song
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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81
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Ye Z, Hu Y. TGF‑β1: Gentlemanly orchestrator in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:132. [PMID: 34013369 PMCID: PMC8136122 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a worldwide disease characterized by the chronic and irreversible decline of lung function. Currently, there is no drug to successfully treat the disease except for lung transplantation. Numerous studies have been devoted to the study of the fibrotic process of IPF and findings showed that transforming growth factor‑β1 (TGF‑β1) plays a central role in the development of IPF. TGF‑β1 promotes the fibrotic process of IPF through various signaling pathways, including the Smad, MAPK, and ERK signaling pathways. There are intersections between these signaling pathways, which provide new targets for researchers to study new drugs. In addition, TGF‑β1 can affect the fibrosis process of IPF by affecting oxidative stress, epigenetics and other aspects. Most of the processes involved in TGF‑β1 promote IPF, but TGF‑β1 can also inhibit it. This review discusses the role of TGF‑β1 in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Ye
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
| | - Yongbin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, P.R. China
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82
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Zhan H, Chang X, Wang X, Yang M, Gao Q, Liu H, Li C, Li S, Sun Y. LncRNA MEG3 mediates nickel oxide nanoparticles-induced pulmonary fibrosis via suppressing TGF-β1 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1099-1110. [PMID: 33547861 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) causes pulmonary fibrosis via activating transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in rats, but its upstream regulatory mechanisms are unknown. This study aimed to explore the role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) in NiO NPs-induced collagen deposition. Male Wistar rats were intratracheally instilled with NiO NPs (0.015, 0.06, and 0.24 mg/kg b.w.) twice a week for 9 weeks. Human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549 cells) were cultured with NiO NPs (25, 50, and 100 μg/ml) to establish collagen deposition model. We discovered that NiO NPs-induced rat pulmonary fibrosis was accompanied by the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurrence and MEG3 down-regulation in rat lung tissues. In cell collagen deposition model, NiO NPs also evoked EMT and decreased MEG3 expression in a dose-dependent manner in A549 cells. By overexpressing MEG3 in A549 cells, we found that MEG3 inhibited the level of TGF-β1, EMT process and collagen formation. Moreover, our data showed that SB431542 (TGF-β1 inhibitor) had an inhibitory effect on NiO NPs-induced EMT and collagen formation. Our results indicated that MEG3 inhibited NiO NPs-induced collagen deposition by regulating TGF-β1-mediated EMT process, which may provide some clues for insighting into the mechanisms of NiO NPs-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Zhan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuhong Chang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Public Health, The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingbiao Sun
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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83
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Budi EH, Schaub JR, Decaris M, Turner S, Derynck R. TGF-β as a driver of fibrosis: physiological roles and therapeutic opportunities. J Pathol 2021; 254:358-373. [PMID: 33834494 DOI: 10.1002/path.5680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many chronic diseases are marked by fibrosis, which is defined by an abundance of activated fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in loss of normal function of the affected organs. The initiation and progression of fibrosis are elaborated by pro-fibrotic cytokines, the most critical of which is transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). This review focuses on the fibrogenic roles of increased TGF-β activities and underlying signaling mechanisms in the activated fibroblast population and other cell types that contribute to progression of fibrosis. Insight into these roles and mechanisms of TGF-β as a universal driver of fibrosis has stimulated the development of therapeutic interventions to attenuate fibrosis progression, based on interference with TGF-β signaling. Their promise in preclinical and clinical settings will be discussed. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erine H Budi
- Pliant Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Turner
- Pliant Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rik Derynck
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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84
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Hamanaka RB, Mutlu GM. The role of metabolic reprogramming and de novo amino acid synthesis in collagen protein production by myofibroblasts: implications for organ fibrosis and cancer. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1851-1862. [PMID: 33963932 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathologic condition resulting from aberrant wound healing responses that lead to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components, distortion of organ architecture, and loss of organ function. Fibrotic disease can affect every organ system; moreover, fibrosis is an important microenvironmental component of many cancers, including pancreatic, cervical, and hepatocellular cancers. Fibrosis is also an independent risk factor for cancer. Taken together, organ fibrosis contributes to up to 45% of all deaths worldwide. There are no approved therapies that halt or reverse fibrotic disease, highlighting the great need for novel therapeutic targets. At the heart of almost all fibrotic disease is the TGF-β-mediated differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, the primary cell type responsible for the production of collagen and other matrix proteins and distortion of tissue architecture. Recent advances, particularly in the field of lung fibrosis, have highlighted the role that metabolic reprogramming plays in the pathogenic phenotype of myofibroblasts, particularly the induction of de novo amino acid synthesis pathways that are required to support collagen matrix production by these cells. In this review, we will discuss the metabolic changes associated with myofibroblast differentiation, focusing on the de novo production of glycine and proline, two amino acids which compose over half of the primary structure of collagen protein. We will also discuss the important role that synthesis of these amino acids plays in regulating cellular redox balance and epigenetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Hamanaka
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC6026, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Gökhan M Mutlu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC6026, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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85
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Roque W, Romero F. Cellular metabolomics of pulmonary fibrosis, from amino acids to lipids. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C689-C695. [PMID: 33471621 PMCID: PMC8163573 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00586.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease of unknown etiology with limited treatment options. It is characterized by repetitive injury to alveolar epithelial cells and aberrant activation of numerous signaling pathways. Recent evidence suggests that metabolic reprogramming, metabolic dysregulation, and mitochondria dysfunction are distinctive features of the IPF lungs. Through numerous mechanisms, metabolomic abnormalities in alveolar epithelial cells, myofibroblast, macrophages, and fibroblasts contribute to the abnormal collagen synthesis and dysregulated airway remodeling described in lung fibrosis. This review summarizes the metabolomic changes in amino acids, lipids, glucose, and heme seen in IPF lungs. Simultaneously, we provide new insights into potential therapeutic strategies by targeting a variety of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Roque
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Freddy Romero
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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86
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Wu Y, Li Y, Bai Y, Jiang J, Wang X, Chen Y, Wang X, Huang G, Gan Y, Li Y, Guo S. Clinical significance of serum transforming growth factor-β1 and procollagen type I N-propeptide in post-tuberculosis tracheobronchial stenosis. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:570. [PMID: 33850542 PMCID: PMC8027726 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive strategies for monitoring post-tuberculosis (TB) tracheobronchial stenosis (PTTS) are clinically important but currently lacking. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and procollagen type I N-propeptide (PINP) have been identified as markers of fibrosis. The present study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of serum TGF-β1 and PINP in PTTS. Serum samples were collected from 119 patients with tracheobronchial TB after the condition was treated for at least 6 months (59 patients with airway stenosis and 60 patients with no stenosis). Serum TGF-β1 and PINP levels were measured using ELISA and compared between the groups. Relationships between serum TGF-β1 and PINP levels and clinical characteristics, interventional bronchoscopy and outcomes of airway stenosis were analysed. The correlation between TGF-β1 and PINP, and their diagnostic efficacy for airway stenosis were also analysed. The TGF-β1 and PINP levels in the airway stenosis group were higher than those in the non-stenosis group. Furthermore, airway stenosis with atelectasis or mucus plugging was associated with higher TGF-β1 levels, and airway stenosis with atelectasis, mucus plugging, right main bronchus stenosis or severe airway tracheal stenosis was associated with higher PINP levels. In addition, TGF-β1 and PINP levels increased after interventional bronchoscopy therapy and airway stenosis with recurrent stenosis was associated with higher baseline levels of both markers. Finally, TGF-β1 levels were positively correlated with PINP levels in patients with airway stenosis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of TGF-β1 and PINP for distinguishing airway stenosis from non-stenosis cases was 0.824 (95% CI: 0.748-0.900) and 0.863 (95% CI: 0.796-0.930), respectively. Therefore, TGF-β1 and PINP are potential biomarkers that may be useful for diagnosing and monitoring PTTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yishi Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jinyue Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Guichuan Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yiling Gan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - You Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shuliang Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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87
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Rathore R, Van Tine B. Targeting one-carbon metabolism requires mTOR inhibition: a new therapeutic approach in osteosarcoma. Mol Cell Oncol 2021; 8:1902250. [PMID: 34027041 PMCID: PMC8128185 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2021.1902250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The rate-limiting enzyme of serine biosynthesis, 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), contributes to rapid growth and proliferation when it is overexpressed in cancer. We recently described the metabolic adaptations that occur upon PHGDH inhibition in osteosarcoma. PHGDH inhibition causes metabolite accumulation that activates the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, sensitizing osteosarcoma to non-rapalog mTOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Rathore
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Brian Van Tine
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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88
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Cuthbertson CR, Arabzada Z, Bankhead A, Kyani A, Neamati N. A Review of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of One-Carbon Enzymes: SHMT2 and MTHFD2 in the Spotlight. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:624-646. [PMID: 33860190 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a key hallmark of cancer and shifts cellular metabolism to meet the demands of biomass production necessary for abnormal cell reproduction. One-carbon metabolism (1CM) contributes to many biosynthetic pathways that fuel growth and is comprised of a complex network of enzymes. Methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil were pioneering drugs in this field and are still widely used today as anticancer agents as well as for other diseases such as arthritis. Besides dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase, two other enzymes of the folate cycle arm of 1CM have not been targeted clinically: serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (MTHFD). An increasing body of literature suggests that the mitochondrial isoforms of these enzymes (SHMT2 and MTHFD2) are clinically relevant in the context of cancer. In this review, we focused on the 1CM pathway as a target for cancer therapy and, in particular, SHMT2 and MTHFD2. The function, regulation, and clinical relevance of SHMT2 and MTHFD2 are all discussed. We expand on previous clinical studies and evaluate the prognostic significance of these critical enzymes by performing a pan-cancer analysis of patient data from the The Cancer Genome Atlas and a transcriptional coexpression network enrichment analysis. We also provide an overview of preclinical and clinical inhibitors targeting the folate pathway, the methionine cycle, and folate-dependent purine biosynthesis enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Cuthbertson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zahra Arabzada
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Armand Bankhead
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Armita Kyani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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89
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Song Z, Wu T, Sun J, Wang H, Hua F, Nicolas YSM, Kc R, Chen K, Jin Z, Liu J, Zhang M. Metformin attenuates post-epidural fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad3 and HMGB1/TLR4 signaling pathways. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:3272-3283. [PMID: 33611840 PMCID: PMC8034438 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive post‐epidural fibrosis is a common cause of recurrent back pain after spinal surgery. Though various treatment methods have been conducted, the safe and effective drug for alleviating post‐epidural fibrosis remains largely unknown. Metformin, a medicine used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, has been noted to relieve fibrosis in various organs. In the present study, we aimed to explore the roles and mechanisms of metformin in scar formation in a mouse model of laminectomy. Post‐epidural fibrosis developed in a mouse model of laminectomy by spinous process and the T12‐L2 vertebral plate with a rongeur. With the administration of metformin, post‐epidural fibrosis was reduced, accompanied with decreased collagen and fibronectin in the scar tissues. Mechanistically, metformin decreased fibronectin and collagen deposition in fibroblast cells, and this effect was dependent on the HMGB1/TLR4 and TGF‐β1/Smad3 signalling pathways. In addition, metformin influenced the metabolomics of the fibroblast cells. Taken together, our study suggests that metformin may be a potential option to mitigate epidural fibrosis after laminectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Emergence Medicine, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinpeng Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Hua
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yap San Min Nicolas
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rupesh Kc
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingshun Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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90
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Abstract
Cells metabolize nutrients for biosynthetic and bioenergetic needs to fuel growth and proliferation. The uptake of nutrients from the environment and their intracellular metabolism is a highly controlled process that involves cross talk between growth signaling and metabolic pathways. Despite constant fluctuations in nutrient availability and environmental signals, normal cells restore metabolic homeostasis to maintain cellular functions and prevent disease. A central signaling molecule that integrates growth with metabolism is the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). mTOR is a protein kinase that responds to levels of nutrients and growth signals. mTOR forms two protein complexes, mTORC1, which is sensitive to rapamycin, and mTORC2, which is not directly inhibited by this drug. Rapamycin has facilitated the discovery of the various functions of mTORC1 in metabolism. Genetic models that disrupt either mTORC1 or mTORC2 have expanded our knowledge of their cellular, tissue, as well as systemic functions in metabolism. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the regulation and functions of mTORC2, particularly in metabolism, has lagged behind. Since mTOR is an important target for cancer, aging, and other metabolism-related pathologies, understanding the distinct and overlapping regulation and functions of the two mTOR complexes is vital for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the key discoveries and recent findings on the regulation and metabolic functions of the mTOR complexes. We highlight findings from cancer models but also discuss other examples of the mTOR-mediated metabolic reprogramming occurring in stem and immune cells, type 2 diabetes/obesity, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelia Szwed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Eugene Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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91
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Mencke P, Boussaad I, Romano CD, Kitami T, Linster CL, Krüger R. The Role of DJ-1 in Cellular Metabolism and Pathophysiological Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:347. [PMID: 33562311 PMCID: PMC7915027 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DJ-1 is a multifunctional protein associated with pathomechanisms implicated in different chronic diseases including neurodegeneration, cancer and diabetes. Several of the physiological functions of DJ-1 are not yet fully understood; however, in the last years, there has been increasing evidence for a potential role of DJ-1 in the regulation of cellular metabolism. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on specific functions of DJ-1 relevant to cellular metabolism and their role in modulating metabolic pathways. Further, we illustrate pathophysiological implications of the metabolic effects of DJ-1 in the context of neurodegeneration in Parkinson´s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Mencke
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Ibrahim Boussaad
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Chiara D. Romano
- Biospecimen Research Group, Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 3531 Dudelange, Luxembourg;
- Enzymology & Metabolism, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Toshimori Kitami
- RIKEN Outpost Laboratory, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Carole L. Linster
- Enzymology & Metabolism, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), 1210 Luxembourg (Belair), Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
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92
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Bottino C, Walzer T, Santoni A, Castriconi R. Editorial: TGF-β as a Key Regulator of NK and ILCs Development and Functions. Front Immunol 2021; 11:631712. [PMID: 33542726 PMCID: PMC7851045 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.631712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bottino
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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93
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Migneault F, Hébert MJ. Autophagy, tissue repair, and fibrosis: a delicate balance. Matrix Biol 2021; 100-101:182-196. [PMID: 33454422 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair and fibrosis, an abnormal form of repair, occur in most human organs in response to injury or inflammation. Fibroblasts play a major role in the normal repair process by differentiating into myofibroblasts that synthesize extracellular matrix (ECM) components and favor tissue remodeling to reestablish normal function and integrity. However, their persistent accumulation at the site of injury is a hallmark of fibrosis. Autophagy is a catabolic process that occurs in eukaryotic cells as a stress response to allow cell survival and maintenance of cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling intracellular components. Recent advances identify autophagy as an important regulator of myofibroblast differentiation, tissue remodeling, and fibrogenesis. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the interactions between autophagy, ECM, and fibrosis, and emphasize the molecular mechanisms involved in myofibroblast differentiation. We also describe the emerging concept of secretory autophagy as a new avenue for intercellular communication at the site of tissue injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Migneault
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Hébert
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM) and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada; Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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94
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Hamanaka RB, Mutlu GM. Metabolic requirements of pulmonary fibrosis: role of fibroblast metabolism. FEBS J 2021; 288:6331-6352. [PMID: 33393204 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathologic condition characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix and chronic scaring that can affect every organ system. Organ fibrosis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, contributing to as many as 45% of all deaths in the developed world. In the lung, many chronic lung diseases may lead to fibrosis, the most devastating being idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which affects approximately 3 million people worldwide and has a median survival of 3.8 years. Currently approved therapies for IPF do not significantly extend lifespan, and thus, there is pressing need for novel therapeutic strategies to treat IPF and other fibrotic diseases. At the heart of pulmonary fibrosis are myofibroblasts, contractile cells with characteristics of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, which are the primary cell type responsible for matrix deposition in fibrotic diseases. Much work has centered around targeting the extracellular growth factors and intracellular signaling regulators of myofibroblast differentiation. Recently, metabolic changes associated with myofibroblast differentiation have come to the fore as targetable mechanisms required for myofibroblast function. In this review, we will discuss the metabolic changes associated with myofibroblast differentiation, as well as the mechanisms by which these changes promote myofibroblast function. We will then discuss the potential for this new knowledge to lead to the development of novel therapies for IPF and other fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Hamanaka
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gökhan M Mutlu
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL, USA
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95
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McIlvenna LC, Patten RK, McAinch AJ, Rodgers RJ, Stepto NK, Moreno-Asso A. Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Alters Glucose Uptake but Not Insulin Signalling in Human Primary Myotubes From Women With and Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:732338. [PMID: 34707569 PMCID: PMC8544291 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.732338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), commonly have profound skeletal muscle insulin resistance which can worsen other clinical features. The heterogeneity of the condition has made it challenging to identify the precise mechanisms that cause this insulin resistance. A possible explanation for the underlying insulin resistance may be the dysregulation of Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGFβ) signalling. TGFβ signalling contributes to the remodelling of reproductive and hepatic tissues in women with PCOS. Given the systemic nature of TGFβ signalling and its role in skeletal muscle homeostasis, it may be possible that these adverse effects extend to other peripheral tissues. We aimed to determine if TGFβ1 could negatively regulate glucose uptake and insulin signalling in skeletal muscle of women with PCOS. We show that both myotubes from women with PCOS and healthy women displayed an increase in glucose uptake, independent of changes in insulin signalling, following short term (16 hr) TGFβ1 treatment. This increase occurred despite pro-fibrotic signalling increasing via SMAD3 and connective tissue growth factor in both groups following treatment with TGFβ1. Collectively, our findings show that short-term treatment with TGFβ1 does not appear to influence insulin signalling or promote insulin resistance in myotubes. These findings suggest that aberrant TGFβ signalling is unlikely to directly contribute to skeletal muscle insulin resistance in women with PCOS in the short term but does not rule out indirect or longer-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C. McIlvenna
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon K. Patten
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raymond J. Rodgers
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nigel K. Stepto
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alba Moreno-Asso
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Alba Moreno-Asso,
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96
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Sah N, Wu G, Bazer FW. Regulation of Gene Expression by Amino Acids in Animal Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1332:1-15. [PMID: 34251635 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids have pleiotropic roles in animal biology including protein and glucose synthesis, cellular metabolism, antioxidant reactions, immune enhancers, and inducers or suppressors of gene expression. Recent studies have revealed important roles of amino acids in the regulation of gene expression in animals. Discoveries of cellular amino acid sensors and their mechanistic pathways have broadened our understanding of how the body responds to the deprivation of nutrients and amino acids in particular. Alterations in concentrations of extracellular amino acids can modulate transcription, translation, posttranscriptional modifications, and epigenetic regulation of genes and proteins. Cells have intracellular amino acid sensors, for example, Sestrin2 for leucine and CASTOR2 for arginine, that respond to sufficiency or deficiency in amino acids, thereby inhibiting or activating downstream signals for gene expression, respectively. The sufficiency of an amino acid in cells ensures its binding to cognate sensors and suppression of inhibitors of MTOR, leading to increased global protein synthesis. On the other hand, deprivation of amino acids activates the amino acid response pathway (GCN2-eIF2a-ATF4), leading to increased selective translation of the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Deficiency of an amino acid itself or via the action of ATF4 suppression of MTORC1 activity limits global protein synthesis. ATF4, in response to low concentrations of cellular amino acids, mediates the transcription of groups of genes such as those for amino acid transport and biosynthesis (ASNS, CAT-1, SNAT2), autophagy (ATG3, ATG10, ATG12), and serine-glycine synthesis (PHGDH, PSAT1, PSPH, MTHFD2). Long-term amino acid starvation has a pronounced effect on cells: suppressed expression and translation of genes required for normal cell growth and metabolism and enhanced expression of genes required for cell adaptation and survival. Levels of amino acids also affect the posttranslational modifications of proteins through mechanisms such as acetylation, ADP-ribosylation, disulfide bond formation, glutamylation, and hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirvay Sah
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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97
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Guillotin D, Taylor AR, Platé M, Mercer PF, Edwards LM, Haggart R, Miele G, McAnulty RJ, Maher TM, Hynds RE, Jamal-Hanjani M, Marshall RP, Fisher AJ, Blanchard AD, Chambers RC. Transcriptome analysis of IPF fibroblastic foci identifies key pathways involved in fibrogenesis. Thorax 2021; 76:73-82. [PMID: 33214245 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-214902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblastic foci represent the cardinal pathogenic lesion in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and comprise activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, the key effector cells responsible for dysregulated extracellular matrix deposition in multiple fibrotic conditions. The aim of this study was to define the major transcriptional programmes involved in fibrogenesis in IPF by profiling unmanipulated myofibroblasts within fibrotic foci in situ by laser capture microdissection. METHODS The challenges associated with deriving gene calls from low amounts of RNA and the absence of a meaningful comparator cell type were overcome by adopting novel data mining strategies and by using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), as well as an eigengene-based approach to identify transcriptional signatures, which correlate with fibrillar collagen gene expression. RESULTS WGCNA identified prominent clusters of genes associated with cell cycle, inflammation/differentiation, translation and cytoskeleton/cell adhesion. Collagen eigengene analysis revealed that transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), RhoA kinase and the TSC2/RHEB axis formed major signalling clusters associated with collagen gene expression. Functional studies using CRISPR-Cas9 gene-edited cells demonstrated a key role for the TSC2/RHEB axis in regulating TGF-β1-induced mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 activation and collagen I deposition in mesenchymal cells reflecting IPF and other disease settings, including cancer-associated fibroblasts. CONCLUSION These data provide strong support for the human tissue-based and bioinformatics approaches adopted to identify critical transcriptional nodes associated with the key pathogenic cell responsible for fibrogenesis in situ and further identify the TSC2/RHEB axis as a potential novel target for interfering with excessive matrix deposition in IPF and other fibrotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Guillotin
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adam R Taylor
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - Manuela Platé
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul F Mercer
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lindsay M Edwards
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | | | | | - Robin J McAnulty
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Toby M Maher
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert E Hynds
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Mariam Jamal-Hanjani
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Richard P Marshall
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Transplantation, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andy D Blanchard
- Fibrosis Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | - Rachel C Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
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98
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Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) pathway is essential during embryo development and in maintaining normal homeostasis. During malignancy, the TGFβ pathway is co-opted by the tumor to increase fibrotic stroma, to promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition increasing metastasis and producing an immune-suppressed microenvironment which protects the tumor from recognition by the immune system. Compelling preclinical data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of blocking TGFβ function in cancer. However, the TGFβ pathway cannot be described as a driver of malignant disease. Two small molecule kinase inhibitors which block the serine-threonine kinase activity of TGFβRI on TGFβRII, a pan-TGFβ neutralizing antibody, a TGFβ trap, a TGFβ antisense agent, an antibody which stabilizes the latent complex of TGFβ and a fusion protein which neutralizes TGFβ and binds PD-L1 are in clinical development. The challenge is how to most effectively incorporate blocking TGFβ activity alone and in combination with other therapeutics to improve treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A Teicher
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, RM 4-W602, MSC 9735, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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99
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O'Leary EM, Tian Y, Nigdelioglu R, Witt LJ, Cetin-Atalay R, Meliton AY, Woods PS, Kimmig LM, Sun KA, Gökalp GA, Mutlu GM, Hamanaka RB. TGF-β Promotes Metabolic Reprogramming in Lung Fibroblasts via mTORC1-dependent ATF4 Activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:601-612. [PMID: 32668192 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0143oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal interstitial lung disease characterized by the TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β)-dependent differentiation of lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which leads to excessive deposition of collagen proteins and progressive scarring. We have previously shown that synthesis of collagen by myofibroblasts requires de novo synthesis of glycine, the most abundant amino acid found in collagen protein. TGF-β upregulates the expression of the enzymes of the de novo serine-glycine synthesis pathway in lung fibroblasts; however, the transcriptional and signaling regulators of this pathway remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that TGF-β promotes accumulation of ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), which is required for increased expression of the serine-glycine synthesis pathway enzymes in response to TGF-β. We found that induction of the integrated stress response (ISR) contributes to TGF-β-induced ATF4 activity; however, the primary driver of ATF4 downstream of TGF-β is activation of mTORC1 (mTOR Complex 1). TGF-β activates the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, and inhibition of PI3K prevents activation of downstream signaling and induction of ATF4. Using a panel of mTOR inhibitors, we found that ATF4 activation is dependent on mTORC1, independent of mTORC2. Rapamycin, which incompletely and allosterically inhibits mTORC1, had no effect on TGF-β-mediated induction of ATF4; however, Rapalink-1, which specifically targets the kinase domain of mTORC1, completely inhibited ATF4 induction and metabolic reprogramming downstream of TGF-β. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming in myofibroblasts and clarify contradictory published findings on the role of mTOR inhibition in myofibroblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M O'Leary
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yufeng Tian
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Recep Nigdelioglu
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois; and
| | - Leah J Witt
- Division of Geriatrics and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rengul Cetin-Atalay
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Angelo Y Meliton
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Parker S Woods
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lucas M Kimmig
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kaitlyn A Sun
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gizem A Gökalp
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gökhan M Mutlu
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert B Hamanaka
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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100
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Wu Q, Chen X, Li J, Sun S. Serine and Metabolism Regulation: A Novel Mechanism in Antitumor Immunity and Senescence. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1640-1653. [PMID: 33269112 PMCID: PMC7673844 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), serine is involved in the anabolism of multiple macromolecular substances by participating in one-carbon unit metabolism. Thus, rapidly proliferating cells such as tumor cells and activated immune cells are highly dependent on serine. Serine supports the proliferation of various immune cells through multiple pathways to enhance the antitumor immune response. Moreover, serine influences aging specificity in an epigenetic and metabolic manner. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the relationship between serine metabolism, antitumor immunity, and senescence. The metabolic regulation of serine seems to be a key point of intervention in antitumor immunity and aging-related disease, providing an opportunity for several novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- 1Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyue Chen
- 1Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- 1Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shengrong Sun
- 1Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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