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Qi XY, Qu SL, Xiong WH, Rom O, Chang L, Jiang ZS. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:134. [PMID: 30305178 PMCID: PMC6180425 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), the adipose tissue that surrounds most of the vasculature, has emerged as an active component of the blood vessel wall regulating vascular homeostasis and affecting the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although PVAT characteristics resemble both brown and white adipose tissues, recent evidence suggests that PVAT develops from its own distinct precursors implying a closer link between PVAT and vascular system. Under physiological conditions, PVAT has potent anti-atherogenic properties mediated by its ability to secrete various biologically active factors that induce non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolize fatty acids. In contrast, under pathological conditions (mainly obesity), PVAT becomes dysfunctional, loses its thermogenic capacity and secretes pro-inflammatory adipokines that induce endothelial dysfunction and infiltration of inflammatory cells, promoting atherosclerosis development. Since PVAT plays crucial roles in regulating key steps of atherosclerosis development, it may constitute a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Here, we review the current literature regarding the roles of PVAT in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Qi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Wen-Hao Xiong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Oren Rom
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammatory cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension through effects on renal blood flow and sodium handling. This review will update recent advances that explore the renal actions of immune cells and cytokines in the pathogenesis of hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Populations of cells from both the innate and adaptive immune systems contribute to hypertension by modulating functions of the vasculature and epithelial cells in the kidney. Macrophages and T lymphocytes can directly regulate the hypertensive response and consequent target organ damage. Dendritic cells and B lymphocytes can alter blood pressure (BP) indirectly by facilitating T-cell activation. Proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 17, interleukin 1, and interferon-γ augment BP and/or renal injury when produced by T helper 1 cells, T helper 17 cells, and macrophages. In contrast, interleukin 10 improves vascular and renal functions in preclinical hypertension studies. The effects of transforming growth factor-β are complex because of its profibrotic and immunosuppressive functions that also depend on the localization and concentration of this pleiotropic cytokine. SUMMARY Preclinical studies point to a key role for cytokines in hypertension via their actions in the kidney. Consistent with this notion, anti-inflammatory therapies can attenuate BP elevation in human patients with rheumatologic disease. Conversely, impaired natriuresis may further polarize both T lymphocytes and macrophages toward a proinflammatory state, in a pathogenic, feed-forward loop of immune activation and BP elevation. Understanding the precise renal actions of cytokines in hypertension will be necessary to inhibit cytokine-dependent hypertensive responses while preserving systemic immunity and tumor surveillance.
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Abstract
The development of stress drives a host of biological responses that include the overproduction of a family of proteins named heat shock proteins (HSPs), because they were initially studied after heat exposure. HSPs are evolutionarily preserved proteins with a high degree of interspecies homology. HSPs are intracellular proteins that also have extracellular expression. The primary role of HSPs is to protect cell function by preventing irreversible protein damage and facilitating molecular traffic through intracellular pathways. However, in addition to their chaperone role, HSPs are immunodominant molecules that stimulate natural as well as disease-related immune reactivity. The latter may be a consequence of molecular mimicry, generating cross-reactivity between human HSPs and the HSPs of infectious agents. Autoimmune reactivity driven by HSPs could also be the result of enhancement of the immune response to peptides generated during cellular injury and of their role in the delivery of peptides to the major histocompatibility complex in antigen-presenting cells. In humans, HSPs have been found to participate in the pathogenesis of a large number of diseases. This review is focused on the role of HSPs in atherosclerosis and essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rodríguez-Iturbe
- 1 Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC-Zulia), Nephrology Service Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia , Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - R J Johnson
- 2 Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO, USA
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Don-Doncow N, Zhang Y, Matuskova H, Meissner A. The emerging alliance of sphingosine-1-phosphate signalling and immune cells: from basic mechanisms to implications in hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1989-2001. [PMID: 29856066 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a considerable role in hypertension. In particular, T-lymphocytes are recognized as important players in its pathogenesis. Despite substantial experimental efforts, the molecular mechanisms underlying the nature of T-cell activation contributing to an onset of hypertension or disease perpetuation are still elusive. Amongst other cell types, lymphocytes express distinct profiles of GPCRs for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) - a bioactive phospholipid that is involved in many critical cell processes and most importantly majorly regulates T-cell development, lymphocyte recirculation, tissue-homing patterns and chemotactic responses. Recent findings have revealed a key role for S1P chemotaxis and T-cell mobilization for the onset of experimental hypertension, and elevated circulating S1P levels have been linked to several inflammation-associated diseases including hypertension in patients. In this article, we review the recent progress towards understanding how S1P and its receptors regulate immune cell trafficking and function and its potential relevance for the pathophysiology of hypertension. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hana Matuskova
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja Meissner
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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55
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Byrne CJ, Khurana S, Kumar A, Tai TC. Inflammatory Signaling in Hypertension: Regulation of Adrenal Catecholamine Biosynthesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:343. [PMID: 30013513 PMCID: PMC6036303 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is increasingly recognized for its role in the genesis and progression of hypertension. The adrenal gland is a major site that coordinates the stress response via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adrenal system. Catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla function in the neuro-hormonal regulation of blood pressure and have a well-established link to hypertension. The immune system has an active role in the progression of hypertension and cytokines are powerful modulators of adrenal cell function. Adrenal medullary cells integrate neural, hormonal, and immune signals. Changes in adrenal cytokines during the progression of hypertension may promote blood pressure elevation by influencing catecholamine biosynthesis. This review highlights the potential interactions of cytokine signaling networks with those of catecholamine biosynthesis within the adrenal, and discusses the role of cytokines in the coordination of blood pressure regulation and the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J. Byrne
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Sandhya Khurana
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Aseem Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - T. C. Tai
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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56
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Guzik TJ, Skiba DS, Touyz RM, Harrison DG. The role of infiltrating immune cells in dysfunctional adipose tissue. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1009-1023. [PMID: 28838042 PMCID: PMC5852626 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, characterized by loss of its homeostatic functions, is a hallmark of non-communicable diseases. It is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation and is observed in obesity, metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and diabetes. While classically it has been identified by increased cytokine or chemokine expression, such as increased MCP-1, RANTES, IL-6, interferon (IFN) gamma or TNFα, mechanistically, immune cell infiltration is a prominent feature of the dysfunctional AT. These immune cells include M1 and M2 macrophages, effector and memory T cells, IL-10 producing FoxP3+ T regulatory cells, natural killer and NKT cells and granulocytes. Immune composition varies, depending on the stage and the type of pathology. Infiltrating immune cells not only produce cytokines but also metalloproteinases, reactive oxygen species, and chemokines that participate in tissue remodelling, cell signalling, and regulation of immunity. The presence of inflammatory cells in AT affects adjacent tissues and organs. In blood vessels, perivascular AT inflammation leads to vascular remodelling, superoxide production, endothelial dysfunction with loss of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, contributing to vascular disease, atherosclerosis, and plaque instability. Dysfunctional AT also releases adipokines such as leptin, resistin, and visfatin that promote metabolic dysfunction, alter systemic homeostasis, sympathetic outflow, glucose handling, and insulin sensitivity. Anti-inflammatory and protective adiponectin is reduced. AT may also serve as an important reservoir and possible site of activation in autoimmune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Thus, reciprocal regulation between immune cell infiltration and AT dysfunction is a promising future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Guzik
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.,Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominik S Skiba
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.,Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - David G Harrison
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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57
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Peiseler M, Kubes P. Macrophages play an essential role in trauma-induced sterile inflammation and tissue repair. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2018; 44:335-349. [DOI: 10.1007/s00068-018-0956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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58
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Yang GH, Zhou X, Ji WJ, Liu JX, Sun J, Shi R, Jiang TM, Li YM. Effects of a low salt diet on isolated systolic hypertension: A community-based population study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0342. [PMID: 29620663 PMCID: PMC5902269 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has shown that long-term sodium reduction can not only reduce blood pressure, but also provide cardiovascular benefits. To date, there is little evidence related to the effects of salt reduction on isolated systolic hypertension (ISH).A total of 126 hypertensive patients were divided into an ISH group (n = 51) and a non-ISH (NISH) group (n = 75). The members of each group were then randomly assigned to low sodium salt (LSSalt) or normal salt (NSalt) diets for 6 months. Their blood pressure was measured every 2 months. Serum plasma renin-angiotensin activity, blood biochemical assays and urinary measurements were determined at the baseline and at the end of the 6 months.At the end of the study, the mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the ISH LSSalt group had significantly decreased by 10.18 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.13 to 17.2, P = .006) compared with that of the ISH NSalt group, while the mean SBP only decreased by 5.10 mm Hg (95% CI: -2.02 to 12.2, P = .158) in the NISH LSSalt group compared with that of the NISH NSalt group. The mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) had no significant differences in the ISH and NISH groups. No obvious renin angiotensin system activation was found after LSSalt intervention. Regarding the urinary excretion of electrolytes and blood biochemical assays, the LSSalt treatment had the same effects on the ISH group as on the NISH group.The present study showed that the SBP of ISH patients was significantly decreased with the LSSalt intervention, while neither the SBP of the NISH patients nor the DBP of either group were similarly decreased, which indicated that ISH patients were more sensitive to salt restriction.
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59
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Novel haemodialysis (HD) treatment employing molecular hydrogen (H 2)-enriched dialysis solution improves prognosis of chronic dialysis patients: A prospective observational study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:254. [PMID: 29321509 PMCID: PMC5762770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed unique biological characteristics of molecular hydrogen (H2) as an anti-inflammatory agent. We developed a novel haemodialysis (E-HD) system delivering an H2 (30-80 ppb)-enriched dialysis solution by water electrolysis, and conducted a non-randomized, non-blinded, prospective observational study exploring its clinical impact. Prevalent chronic HD patients were allocated to either the E-HD (n = 161) group or the conventional HD (C-HD: n = 148) group, and received the respective HD treatments during the study. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality and development of non-lethal cardio-cerebrovascular events (cardiac disease, apoplexy, and leg amputation due to peripheral artery disease). During the 3.28-year mean observation period, there were no differences in dialysis parameters between the two groups; however, post-dialysis hypertension was ameliorated with significant reductions in antihypertensive agents in the E-HD patients. There were 91 events (50 in the C-HD group and 41 in the E-HD group). Multivariate analysis of the Cox proportional hazards model revealed E-HD as an independent significant factor for the primary endpoint (hazard ratio 0.59; [95% confidence interval: 0.38-0.92]) after adjusting for confounding factors (age, cardiovascular disease history, serum albumin, and C-reactive protein). HD applying an H2-dissolved HD solution could improve the prognosis of chronic HD patients.
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60
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Mui RK, Fernandes RN, Garver HG, Van Rooijen N, Galligan JJ. Macrophage-dependent impairment of α 2-adrenergic autoreceptor inhibition of Ca 2+ channels in sympathetic neurons from DOCA-salt but not high-fat diet-induced hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H863-H877. [PMID: 29351460 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00536.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DOCA-salt and obesity-related hypertension are associated with inflammation and sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. Prejunctional α2-adrenergic receptors (α2ARs) provide negative feedback to norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerves through inhibition of N-type Ca2+ channels. Increased neuronal norepinephrine release in DOCA-salt and obesity-related hypertension occurs through impaired α2AR signaling; however, the mechanisms involved are unclear. Mesenteric arteries are resistance arteries that receive sympathetic innervation from the superior mesenteric and celiac ganglia (SMCG). We tested the hypothesis that macrophages impair α2AR-mediated inhibition of Ca2+ channels in SMCG neurons from DOCA-salt and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hypertensive rats. Whole cell patch-clamp methods were used to record Ca2+ currents from SMCG neurons maintained in primary culture. We found that DOCA-salt, but not HFD-induced, hypertension caused macrophage accumulation in mesenteric arteries, increased SMCG mRNA levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and impaired α2AR-mediated inhibition of Ca2+ currents in SMCG neurons. α2AR dysfunction did not involve changes in α2AR expression, desensitization, or downstream signaling factors. Oxidative stress impaired α2AR-mediated inhibition of Ca2+ currents in SMCG neurons and resulted in receptor internalization in human embryonic kidney-293T cells. Systemic clodronate-induced macrophage depletion preserved α2AR function and lowered blood pressure in DOCA-salt rats. HFD caused hypertension without obesity in Sprague-Dawley rats and hypertension with obesity in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. HFD-induced hypertension was not associated with inflammation in SMCG and mesenteric arteries or α2AR dysfunction in SMCG neurons. These results suggest that macrophage-mediated α2AR dysfunction in the mesenteric circulation may only be relevant to mineralocorticoid-salt excess. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we identify a contribution of macrophages to hypertension development through impaired α2-adrenergic receptor (α2AR)-mediated inhibition of sympathetic nerve terminal Ca2+ channels in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Impaired α2AR function may involve oxidative stress-induced receptor internalization. α2AR dysfunction may be unique to mineralocorticoid-salt excess, as it does not occur in obesity-related hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Mui
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Roxanne N Fernandes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Hannah G Garver
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Nico Van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - James J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
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61
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Arnold C, Demirel E, Feldner A, Genové G, Zhang H, Sticht C, Wieland T, Hecker M, Heximer S, Korff T. Hypertension‐evoked RhoA activity in vascular smooth muscle cells requires RGS5. FASEB J 2018; 32:2021-2035. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700384rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Arnold
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and PathophysiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Eda Demirel
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and PathophysiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Anja Feldner
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and PathophysiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Guillem Genové
- Center of Medical ResearchHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Integrated Cardiometabolic CenterKarolinska InstituteHuddingeSweden
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Department of Physiology, Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence for Cardiovascular ResearchUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and PathophysiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Scott Heximer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Thomas Korff
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and PathophysiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
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62
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Nosalski R, Guzik TJ. Perivascular adipose tissue inflammation in vascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3496-3513. [PMID: 28063251 PMCID: PMC5610164 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. In vascular pathologies, perivascular adipose tissue increases in volume and becomes dysfunctional, with altered cellular composition and molecular characteristics. PVAT dysfunction is characterized by its inflammatory character, oxidative stress, diminished production of vaso-protective adipocyte-derived relaxing factors and increased production of paracrine factors such as resistin, leptin, cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and chemokines [RANTES (CCL5) and MCP-1 (CCL2)]. These adipocyte-derived factors initiate and orchestrate inflammatory cell infiltration including primarily T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells and NK cells. Protective factors such as adiponectin can reduce NADPH oxidase superoxide production and increase NO bioavailability in the vessel wall, while inflammation (e.g. IFN-γ or IL-17) induces vascular oxidases and eNOS dysfunction in the endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells and adventitial fibroblasts. All of these events link the dysfunctional perivascular fat to vascular dysfunction. These mechanisms are important in the context of a number of cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Inflammatory changes in PVAT's molecular and cellular responses are uniquely different from classical visceral or subcutaneous adipose tissue or from adventitia, emphasizing the unique structural and functional features of this adipose tissue compartment. Therefore, it is essential to develop techniques for monitoring the characteristics of PVAT and assessing its inflammation. This will lead to a better understanding of the early stages of vascular pathologies and the development of new therapeutic strategies focusing on perivascular adipose tissue. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue - Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Nosalski
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesUniversity of GlasgowScotlandUK
- Department of Internal and Agricultural MedicineJagiellonian University, Collegium MedicumKrakowPoland
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical SciencesUniversity of GlasgowScotlandUK
- Department of Internal and Agricultural MedicineJagiellonian University, Collegium MedicumKrakowPoland
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63
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Srikakulapu P, Upadhye A, Rosenfeld SM, Marshall MA, McSkimming C, Hickman AW, Mauldin IS, Ailawadi G, Lopes MBS, Taylor AM, McNamara CA. Perivascular Adipose Tissue Harbors Atheroprotective IgM-Producing B Cells. Front Physiol 2017; 8:719. [PMID: 28970806 PMCID: PMC5609437 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue surrounding major arteries (Perivascular adipose tissue or PVAT) has long been thought to exist to provide vessel support and insulation. Emerging evidence suggests that PVAT regulates artery physiology and pathology, such as, promoting atherosclerosis development through local production of inflammatory cytokines. Yet the immune subtypes in PVAT that regulate inflammation are poorly characterized. B cells have emerged as important immune cells in the regulation of visceral adipose tissue inflammation and atherosclerosis. B cell-mediated effects on atherosclerosis are subset-dependent with B-1 cells attenuating and B-2 cells aggravating atherosclerosis. While mechanisms whereby B-2 cells aggravate atherosclerosis are less clear, production of immunoglobulin type M (IgM) antibodies is thought to be a major mechanism whereby B-1 cells limit atherosclerosis development. B-1 cell-derived IgM to oxidation specific epitopes (OSE) on low density lipoproteins (LDL) blocks oxidized LDL-induced inflammatory cytokine production and foam cell formation. However, whether PVAT contains B-1 cells and whether atheroprotective IgM is produced in PVAT is unknown. Results of the present study provide clear evidence that the majority of B cells in and around the aorta are derived from PVAT. Interestingly, a large proportion of these B cells belong to the B-1 subset with the B-1/B-2 ratio being 10-fold higher in PVAT relative to spleen and bone marrow. Moreover, PVAT contains significantly greater numbers of IgM secreting cells than the aorta. ApoE−/− mice with B cell-specific knockout of the gene encoding the helix-loop-helix factor Id3, known to have attenuated diet-induced atherosclerosis, have increased numbers of B-1b cells and increased IgM secreting cells in PVAT relative to littermate controls. Immunostaining of PVAT on human coronary arteries identified fat associated lymphoid clusters (FALCs) harboring high numbers of B cells, and flow cytometry demonstrated the presence of T cells and B cells including B-1 cells. Taken together, these results provide evidence that murine and human PVAT harbor B-1 cells and suggest that local IgM production may serve to provide atheroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Srikakulapu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Aditi Upadhye
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sam M Rosenfeld
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Melissa A Marshall
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Chantel McSkimming
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alexandra W Hickman
- Department of Surgery, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ileana S Mauldin
- Department of Surgery, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Gorav Ailawadi
- Department of Surgery, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, United States
| | - M Beatriz S Lopes
- Department of Pathology and Neurological Surgery, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Angela M Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Coleen A McNamara
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, United States
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64
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Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Pons H, Johnson RJ. Role of the Immune System in Hypertension. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1127-1164. [PMID: 28566539 PMCID: PMC6151499 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure is present in more than one billion adults worldwide and is the most important modifiable risk factor of death resulting from cardiovascular disease. While many factors contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension, a role of the immune system has been firmly established by a large number of investigations from many laboratories around the world. Immunosuppressive drugs and inhibition of individual cytokines prevent or ameliorate experimental hypertension, and studies in genetically-modified mouse strains have demonstrated that lymphocytes are necessary participants in the development of hypertension and in hypertensive organ injury. Furthermore, immune reactivity may be the driving force of hypertension in autoimmune diseases. Infiltration of immune cells, oxidative stress, and stimulation of the intrarenal angiotensin system are induced by activation of the innate and adaptive immunity. High blood pressure results from the combined effects of inflammation-induced impairment in the pressure natriuresis relationship, dysfunctional vascular relaxation, and overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Imbalances between proinflammatory effector responses and anti-inflammatory responses of regulatory T cells to a large extent determine the severity of inflammation. Experimental and human studies have uncovered autoantigens (isoketal-modified proteins and heat shock protein 70) of potential clinical relevance. Further investigations on the immune reactivity in hypertension may result in the identification of new strategies for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Renal Service, Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia, and Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela; and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Anschutz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hector Pons
- Renal Service, Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia, and Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela; and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Anschutz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Renal Service, Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia, and Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela; and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Anschutz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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COPD and stroke: are systemic inflammation and oxidative stress the missing links? Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1039-50. [PMID: 27215677 PMCID: PMC4876483 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow limitation and loss of lung function, and is currently the third largest cause of death in the world. It is now well established that cardiovascular-related comorbidities such as stroke contribute to morbidity and mortality in COPD. The mechanisms linking COPD and stroke remain to be fully defined but are likely to be interconnected. The association between COPD and stroke may be largely dependent on shared risk factors such as aging and smoking, or the association of COPD with traditional stroke risk factors. In addition, we propose that COPD-related systemic inflammation and oxidative stress may play important roles by promoting cerebral vascular dysfunction and platelet hyperactivity. In this review, we briefly discuss the pathogenesis of COPD, acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) and cardiovascular comorbidities associated with COPD, in particular stroke. We also highlight and discuss the potential mechanisms underpinning the link between COPD and stroke, with a particular focus on the roles of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress.
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66
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Nosalski R, McGinnigle E, Siedlinski M, Guzik TJ. Novel Immune Mechanisms in Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2017; 11:12. [PMID: 28360962 PMCID: PMC5339316 DOI: 10.1007/s12170-017-0537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypertension is a common disorder with substantial impact on public health due to highly elevated cardiovascular risk. The mechanisms still remain unclear and treatments are not sufficient to reduce risk in majority of patients. Inflammatory mechanisms may provide an important mechanism linking hypertension and cardiovascular risk. We aim to review newly identified immune and inflammatory mechanisms of hypertension with focus on their potential therapeutic impact. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to the established role of the vasculature, kidneys and central nervous system in pathogenesis of hypertension, low-grade inflammation contributes to this disorder as indicated by experimental models and GWAS studies pointing to SH2B3 immune gene as top key driver of hypertension. Immune responses in hypertension are greatly driven by neoantigens generated by oxidative stress and modulated by chemokines such as RANTES, IP-10 and microRNAs including miR-21 and miR-155 with other molecules under investigation. Cells of both innate and adoptive immune system infiltrate vasculature and kidneys, affecting their function by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species. SUMMARY Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of hypertension provide a link between high blood pressure and increased cardiovascular risk, and reduction of blood pressure without attention to these underlying mechanisms is not sufficient to reduce risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Nosalski
- BHF Centre for Excellence Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland UK
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Eilidh McGinnigle
- BHF Centre for Excellence Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland UK
| | - Mateusz Siedlinski
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz J. Guzik
- BHF Centre for Excellence Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland UK
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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67
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The role of chemokines in hypertension and consequent target organ damage. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:404-411. [PMID: 28279813 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells infiltrate the kidney, vasculature, and central nervous system during hypertension, consequently amplifying tissue damage and/or blood pressure elevation. Mononuclear cell motility depends partly on chemokines, which are small cytokines that guide cells through an increasing concentration gradient via ligation of their receptors. Tissue expression of several chemokines is elevated in clinical and experimental hypertension. Likewise, immune cells have enhanced chemokine receptor expression during hypertension, driving immune cell infiltration and inappropriate inflammation in cardiovascular control centers. T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages are pivotal mediators of hypertensive inflammation, and these cells migrate in response to several chemokines. As powerful drivers of diapedesis, the chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 have long been implicated in hypertension, but experimental data highlight divergent, context-specific effects of these chemokines on blood pressure and tissue injury. Several other chemokines, particularly those of the CXC family, contribute to blood pressure elevation and target organ damage. Given the significant interplay and chemotactic redundancy among chemokines during disease, future work must not only describe the actions of individual chemokines in hypertension, but also characterize how manipulating a single chemokine modulates the expression and/or function of other chemokines and their cognate receptors. This information will facilitate the design of precise chemotactic immunotherapies to limit cardiovascular and renal morbidity in hypertensive patients.
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68
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Wright MD, Binger KJ. Macrophage heterogeneity and renin-angiotensin system disorders. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:445-454. [PMID: 28176018 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are heterogeneous innate immune cells which are important in both the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and its disruption, by promoting tissue inflammation and fibrosis. The renin-angiotensin system is central to the pathophysiology of a large suite of diseases, which are driven in part by large amounts of tissue inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we review recent advances in understanding macrophage heterogeneity in origin and function, and how these may lead to new insights into the pathogenesis of these chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Wright
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina J Binger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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69
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Ba H, Li B, Li X, Li C, Feng A, Zhu Y, Wang J, Li Z, Yin B. Transmembrane tumor necrosis factor-α promotes the recruitment of MDSCs to tumor tissue by upregulating CXCR4 expression via TNFR2. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 44:143-152. [PMID: 28092866 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accumulated in tumor sites promote immune evasion. We found that TNFR deficiency-induced rejection of transplanted tumor was accompanied with markedly decreased accumulation of MDSCs. However, the mechanism(s) behind this phenomenon is not completely understood. Here, we demonstrated that TNFR deficiency did not affect the amount of MDSCs in bone marrow (BM), but decreased accumulation of Gr-1+CD11b+ MDSCs in the spleen and tumor tissues. The chemotaxis of Tnfr-/- MDSCs was prominently decreased in response to both tumor cell culture supernatants and tumor tissue homogenates from Tnfr-/- and wild-type mice, indicating an effect of TNFR signaling on chemokine receptor expression in MDSCs. We used real-time PCR to detect gene expression for several chemokine receptors in MDSCs from BM and found that CXCR4 was the most affected molecule at the transcriptional level in Tnfr-/- MDSCs. Neutralizing CXCR4 in wild-type MDSCs by a specific antibody blocked their chemotactic migration. Interestingly, it was tmTNF-α, but not sTNF-α, that induced CXCR4 expression in MDSCs. This effect of tmTNF-α was totally blocked in TNFR2-/- but not in TNFR1-/- MDSCs, and partially inhibited by PDTC or SB203580, an inhibitor of NF-κB or p38 MAPK pathway, respectively. Adoptive transfer of wild-type MDSCs restored MDSCs accumulation in tumors of Tnfr-/- mice, but this could be partially blocked by treatment with a CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100. Our data suggest that tmTNF-α upregulates CXCR4 expression that promotes chemotaxis of MDSCs to tumor, and give a new insight into a novel mechanism by which tmTNF-α facilitates tumor immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Ba
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Baihua Li
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Department of Hematology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, Hubei 443003, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Anlin Feng
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Yazhen Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Zhuoya Li
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Bingjiao Yin
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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70
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Cheng B, Chen HC, Chou IW, Tang TWH, Hsieh PCH. Harnessing the early post-injury inflammatory responses for cardiac regeneration. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:7. [PMID: 28086885 PMCID: PMC5237143 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac inflammation is considered by many as the main driving force in prolonging the pathological condition in the heart after myocardial infarction. Immediately after cardiac ischemic injury, neutrophils are the first innate immune cells recruited to the ischemic myocardium within the first 24 h. Once they have infiltrated the injured myocardium, neutrophils would then secret proteases that promote cardiac remodeling and chemokines that enhance the recruitment of monocytes from the spleen, in which the recruitment peaks at 72 h after myocardial infarction. Monocytes would transdifferentiate into macrophages after transmigrating into the infarct area. Both neutrophils and monocytes-derived macrophages are known to release proteases and cytokines that are detrimental to the surviving cardiomyocytes. Paradoxically, these inflammatory cells also play critical roles in repairing the injured myocardium. Depletion of either neutrophils or monocytes do not improve overall cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Instead, the left ventricular function is further impaired and cardiac fibrosis persists. Moreover, the inflammatory microenvironment created by the infiltrated neutrophils and monocytes-derived macrophages is essential for the recruitment of cardiac progenitor cells. Recent studies also suggest that treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs may cause cardiac dysfunction after injury. Indeed, clinical studies have shown that traditional ant-inflammatory strategies are ineffective to improve cardiac function after infarction. Thus, the focus should be on how to harness these inflammatory events to either improve the efficacy of the delivered drugs or to favor the recruitment of cardiac progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - H C Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - I W Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defence Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Tony W H Tang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Patrick C H Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defence Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan. .,Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. .,Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
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71
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Ling YH, Krishnan SM, Chan CT, Diep H, Ferens D, Chin-Dusting J, Kemp-Harper BK, Samuel CS, Hewitson TD, Latz E, Mansell A, Sobey CG, Drummond GR. Anakinra reduces blood pressure and renal fibrosis in one kidney/DOCA/salt-induced hypertension. Pharmacol Res 2016; 116:77-86. [PMID: 27986554 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a clinically-utilised IL-1 receptor antagonist, anakinra, reduces renal inflammation, structural damage and blood pressure (BP) in mice with established hypertension. METHODS Hypertension was induced in male mice by uninephrectomy, deoxycorticosterone acetate (2.4mg/d,s.c.) and replacement of drinking water with saline (1K/DOCA/salt). Control mice received uninephrectomy, a placebo pellet and normal drinking water. 10days post-surgery, mice commenced treatment with anakinra (75mg/kg/d, i.p.) or vehicle (0.9% saline, i.p.) for 11days. Systolic BP was measured by tail cuff while qPCR, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were used to measure inflammatory markers, collagen and immune cell infiltration in the kidneys. RESULTS By 10days post-surgery, 1K/DOCA/salt-treated mice displayed elevated systolic BP (148.3±2.4mmHg) compared to control mice (121.7±2.7mmHg; n=18, P<0.0001). The intervention with anakinra reduced BP in 1K/DOCA/salt-treated mice by ∼20mmHg (n=16, P<0.05), but had no effect in controls. In 1K/DOCA/salt-treated mice, anakinra modestly reduced (∼30%) renal expression of some (CCL5, CCL2; n=7-8; P<0.05) but not all (ICAM-1, IL-6) inflammatory markers, and had no effect on immune cell infiltration (n=7-8, P>0.05). Anakinra reduced renal collagen content (n=6, P<0.01) but paradoxically appeared to exacerbate the renal and glomerular hypertrophy (n=8-9, P<0.001) that accompanied 1K/DOCA/salt-induced hypertension. CONCLUSION Despite its anti-hypertensive and renal anti-fibrotic actions, anakinra had minimal effects on inflammation and leukocyte infiltration in mice with 1K/DOCA/salt-induced hypertension. Future studies will assess whether the anti-hypertensive actions of anakinra are mediated by protective actions in other BP-regulating or salt-handling organs such as the arteries, skin and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Hann Ling
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Shalini M Krishnan
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Christopher T Chan
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Henry Diep
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Dorota Ferens
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jaye Chin-Dusting
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Barbara K Kemp-Harper
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Timothy D Hewitson
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School,Worcester, Massachusetts, USA; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Ashley Mansell
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia.
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72
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Rudemiller NP, Crowley SD. Interactions Between the Immune and the Renin-Angiotensin Systems in Hypertension. Hypertension 2016; 68:289-96. [PMID: 27354427 PMCID: PMC4945449 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.06591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Rudemiller
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham VA and Duke University Medical Centers, Durham, NC
| | - Steven D Crowley
- From the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Durham VA and Duke University Medical Centers, Durham, NC.
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73
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Olmes G, Büttner-Herold M, Ferrazzi F, Distel L, Amann K, Daniel C. CD163+ M2c-like macrophages predominate in renal biopsies from patients with lupus nephritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:90. [PMID: 27091114 PMCID: PMC4835936 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-0989-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis, in particular their differentiation to a certain subtype (e.g., M1- or M2-like) modulating the inflammatory reaction, is unknown. Here we investigated whether the differentiation in M1- or M2-like macrophages depends on the stage of lupus nephritis and whether this correlates with clinical parameters. Method Using immunohistochemical analysis we analyzed renal biopsies from 68 patients with lupus nephritis (ISN/RPS classes II–V) for infiltration with M1-like (iNOS+/CD68+), M2a-like (CD206+/CD68+), M2c-like macrophages (CD163+/CD68+), and FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells. In addition, clinical parameters at the time of renal biopsy, i.e., blood pressure, proteinuria and serum urea were correlated with the macrophage infiltration using the Spearman test. Results The mean number of CD68+ macrophages was related to the diagnosed ISN/RPS class, showing the highest macrophage infiltration in biopsies with diffuse class IV and the lowest number in ISN/RPS class V. In all ISN/RPS classes we detected more M2c-like CD163+/CD68+ than M2a-like CD206+/CD68+ cells, while M1-macrophages played only a minor role. Cluster analysis using macrophage subtype numbers in different renal compartments revealed three main clusters showing cluster 1 dominated by class V. Clusters 2 and 3 were dominated by lupus class IV indicating that this class can be further differentiated by its macrophage population. The number of tubulointerstitial FoxP3+ cells correlated with all investigated macrophage subtypes showing the strongest association to numbers of M2a-like macrophages. Kidney function, as assessed by serum creatinine and serum urea, correlated positively with the number of total CD68+, M2a-like and M2c-like macrophages in the tubulointerstitium. In addition, total CD68+ and M2c-like macrophage numbers highly correlated with Austin activity score. Interestingly, in hypertensive lupus patients only the number of M2a-like macrophages was significantly increased compared to biopsies from normotensive lupus patients. Conclusion M2-like macrophages are the dominant subpopulation in human lupus nephritis and particularly, M2a subpopulations were associated with disease progression, but their role in disease progression remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Olmes
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maike Büttner-Herold
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fulvia Ferrazzi
- Institute of Human Genetics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Daniel
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Chan JK, Glass GE, Ersek A, Freidin A, Williams GA, Gowers K, Espirito Santo AI, Jeffery R, Otto WR, Poulsom R, Feldmann M, Rankin SM, Horwood NJ, Nanchahal J. Low-dose TNF augments fracture healing in normal and osteoporotic bone by up-regulating the innate immune response. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:547-61. [PMID: 25770819 PMCID: PMC4492816 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which trauma initiates healing remains unclear. Precise understanding of these events may define interventions for accelerating healing that could be translated to the clinical arena. We previously reported that addition of low-dose recombinant human TNF (rhTNF) at the fracture site augmented fracture repair in a murine tibial fracture model. Here, we show that local rhTNF treatment is only effective when administered within 24 h of injury, when neutrophils are the major inflammatory cell infiltrate. Systemic administration of anti-TNF impaired fracture healing. Addition of rhTNF enhanced neutrophil recruitment and promoted recruitment of monocytes through CCL2 production. Conversely, depletion of neutrophils or inhibition of the chemokine receptor CCR2 resulted in significantly impaired fracture healing. Fragility, or osteoporotic, fractures represent a major medical problem as they are associated with permanent disability and premature death. Using a murine model of fragility fractures, we found that local rhTNF treatment improved fracture healing during the early phase of repair. If translated clinically, this promotion of fracture healing would reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with delayed patient mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Chan
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graeme E Glass
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adel Ersek
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Freidin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Garry A Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kate Gowers
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Rosemary Jeffery
- Histopathology Laboratory and In Situ Hybridisation Service, Cancer Research UK - London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - William R Otto
- Histopathology Laboratory and In Situ Hybridisation Service, Cancer Research UK - London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Richard Poulsom
- Histopathology Laboratory and In Situ Hybridisation Service, Cancer Research UK - London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Marc Feldmann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sara M Rankin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole J Horwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Raof NA, Rajamani D, Chu HC, Gurav A, Johnson JM, LoGerfo FW, Pradhan-Nabzdyk L, Bhasin M. The effects of transfection reagent polyethyleneimine (PEI) and non-targeting control siRNAs on global gene expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:20. [PMID: 26728506 PMCID: PMC4700750 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful platform utilized to target transcription of specific genes and downregulate the protein product. To achieve effective silencing, RNAi is usually applied to cells or tissue with a transfection reagent to enhance entry into cells. A commonly used control is the same transfection reagent plus a "noncoding RNAi". However, this does not control for the genomic response to the transfection reagent alone or in combination with the noncoding RNAi. These control effects while not directly targeting the gene in question may influence expression of other genes that in turn alter expression of the target. The current study was prompted by our work focused on prevention of vascular bypass graft failure and our experience with gene silencing in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs) where we suspected that off target effects through this mechanism might be substantial. We have used Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology and bioinformatics analysis to examine the genomic response of HAoSMCs to the transfection reagent alone (polyethyleneimine (PEI)) or in combination with commercially obtained control small interfering RNA (siRNAs) (Dharmacon and Invitrogen). RESULTS Compared to untreated cells, global gene expression of HAoSMcs after transfection either with PEI or in combination with control siRNAs displayed significant alterations in gene transcriptome after 24 h. HAoSMCs transfected by PEI alone revealed alterations of 213 genes mainly involved in inflammatory and immune responses. HAoSMCs transfected by PEI complexed with siRNA from either Dharmacon or Invitrogen showed substantial gene variation of 113 and 85 genes respectively. Transfection of cells with only PEI or with PEI and control siRNAs resulted in identification of 20 set of overlapping altered genes. Further, systems biology analysis revealed key master regulators in cells transfected with control siRNAs including the cytokine, Interleukin (IL)-1, transcription factor GATA Binding Protein (GATA)-4 and the methylation enzyme, Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH-2) a cytokine with an apical role in initiating the inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS Significant off-target effects in HAoSMCs transfected with PEI alone or in combination with control siRNAs may lead to misleading conclusions concerning the effectiveness of a targeted siRNA strategy. The lack of structural information about transfection reagents and "non coding" siRNA is a hindrance in the development of siRNA based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurazhani A Raof
- The Frank W. LoGerfo Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Stoneman 8 M-10E, Boston, 02215, MA, USA.
| | - Deepa Rajamani
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Genomics and Proteomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Hsun-Chieh Chu
- The Frank W. LoGerfo Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Stoneman 8 M-10E, Boston, 02215, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Aniket Gurav
- The Frank W. LoGerfo Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Stoneman 8 M-10E, Boston, 02215, MA, USA.
| | - Joel M Johnson
- The Frank W. LoGerfo Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Stoneman 8 M-10E, Boston, 02215, MA, USA.
| | - Frank W LoGerfo
- The Frank W. LoGerfo Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Stoneman 8 M-10E, Boston, 02215, MA, USA.
| | - Leena Pradhan-Nabzdyk
- The Frank W. LoGerfo Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Stoneman 8 M-10E, Boston, 02215, MA, USA.
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Genomics and Proteomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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76
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Lother A, Fürst D, Bergemann S, Gilsbach R, Grahammer F, Huber TB, Hilgendorf I, Bode C, Moser M, Hein L. Deoxycorticosterone Acetate/Salt–Induced Cardiac But Not Renal Injury Is Mediated By Endothelial Mineralocorticoid Receptors Independently From Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2016; 67:130-8. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Achim Lother
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (A.L., I.H., C.B., M.M.), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L., D.F., S.B., R.G., L.H.), Renal Division, Department of Medicine (F.G., T.B.H.), and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (T.B.H., L.H.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Fürst
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (A.L., I.H., C.B., M.M.), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L., D.F., S.B., R.G., L.H.), Renal Division, Department of Medicine (F.G., T.B.H.), and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (T.B.H., L.H.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stella Bergemann
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (A.L., I.H., C.B., M.M.), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L., D.F., S.B., R.G., L.H.), Renal Division, Department of Medicine (F.G., T.B.H.), and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (T.B.H., L.H.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Gilsbach
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (A.L., I.H., C.B., M.M.), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L., D.F., S.B., R.G., L.H.), Renal Division, Department of Medicine (F.G., T.B.H.), and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (T.B.H., L.H.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Grahammer
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (A.L., I.H., C.B., M.M.), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L., D.F., S.B., R.G., L.H.), Renal Division, Department of Medicine (F.G., T.B.H.), and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (T.B.H., L.H.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B. Huber
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (A.L., I.H., C.B., M.M.), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L., D.F., S.B., R.G., L.H.), Renal Division, Department of Medicine (F.G., T.B.H.), and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (T.B.H., L.H.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Hilgendorf
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (A.L., I.H., C.B., M.M.), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L., D.F., S.B., R.G., L.H.), Renal Division, Department of Medicine (F.G., T.B.H.), and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (T.B.H., L.H.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (A.L., I.H., C.B., M.M.), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L., D.F., S.B., R.G., L.H.), Renal Division, Department of Medicine (F.G., T.B.H.), and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (T.B.H., L.H.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Moser
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (A.L., I.H., C.B., M.M.), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L., D.F., S.B., R.G., L.H.), Renal Division, Department of Medicine (F.G., T.B.H.), and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (T.B.H., L.H.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Hein
- From the Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center (A.L., I.H., C.B., M.M.), Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L., D.F., S.B., R.G., L.H.), Renal Division, Department of Medicine (F.G., T.B.H.), and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (T.B.H., L.H.), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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77
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Meijles
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA.
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78
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Tissue factor pathway inhibitor gene transfer prevents vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by interfering with the MCP-3/CCR2 pathway. J Transl Med 2015; 95:1246-57. [PMID: 26302185 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation substantially contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. The importance of inflammation in VSMC proliferation is now being recognized. Preventing the inflammatory response is one therapeutic strategy that can be used to inhibit atherosclerosis in the clinic. The present study, using RNA interference and gene transfer techniques, was conducted to investigate the effect of monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3) on VSMC proliferation that is a result of TNF-α stimulation, and whether overexpression of the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) gene could prevent VSMC proliferation by blocking the MCP-3/CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) pathway. Mouse VSMCs were infected in vitro with recombinant adenoviruses containing either mouse MCP-3-shRNA (Ad-MCP-3-shRNA), the TFPI gene (Ad-TFPI), or the negative control, which was shRNA encoding the sequence for EGFP (Ad-EGFP) or DMEM only. The cells were then stimulated with TNF-α for different time periods on the third day after gene transfer. The data show that VSMC proliferation in the Ad-MCP-3-shRNA and Ad-TFPI groups was markedly decreased using BrdU ELISA and MTT assays; MCP-3-shRNA and TFPI inhibited the expression of MCP-3 and CCR2 after long-term stimulation and inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT after short-term stimulation, as shown by ELISA and western blot analysis. This study provides convincing evidence that clarifies the effect of the proinflammatory factor MCP-3 in promoting VSMC proliferation. Our data also show, for the first time, that TFPI has an anti-proliferative role in TNF-α stimulated-VSMCs at least partly by interfering with the MCP-3/CCR2 pathway and then via suppression of the ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. We conclude that TFPI gene transfer may be a safe and effective therapeutic tool for treating atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia.
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79
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Zhang MZ, Yao B, Wang Y, Yang S, Wang S, Fan X, Harris RC. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 in hematopoietic cells results in salt-sensitive hypertension. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4281-94. [PMID: 26485285 DOI: 10.1172/jci81550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) production with either nonselective or selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity can induce or exacerbate salt-sensitive hypertension. This effect has been previously attributed to inhibition of intrinsic renal COX-2 activity and subsequent increase in sodium retention by the kidney. Here, we found that macrophages isolated from kidneys of high-salt-treated WT mice have increased levels of COX-2 and microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Furthermore, BM transplantation (BMT) from either COX-2-deficient or mPGES-1-deficient mice into WT mice or macrophage-specific deletion of the PGE2 type 4 (EP4) receptor induced salt-sensitive hypertension and increased phosphorylation of the renal sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC). Kidneys from high-salt-treated WT mice transplanted with Cox2-/- BM had increased macrophage and T cell infiltration and increased M1- and Th1-associated markers and cytokines. Skin macrophages from high-salt-treated mice with either genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of the COX-2 pathway expressed decreased M2 markers and VEGF-C production and exhibited aberrant lymphangiogenesis. Together, these studies demonstrate that COX-2-derived PGE2 in hematopoietic cells plays an important role in both kidney and skin in maintaining homeostasis in response to chronically increased dietary salt. Moreover, these results indicate that inhibiting COX-2 expression or activity in hematopoietic cells can result in a predisposition to salt-sensitive hypertension.
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80
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Macrophages dictate the progression and manifestation of hypertensive heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2015; 203:381-95. [PMID: 26539962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation has been implicated in the initiation, progression and manifestation of hypertensive heart disease. We sought to determine the role of monocytes/macrophages in hypertension and pressure overload induced left ventricular (LV) remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS We used two models of LV hypertrophy (LVH). First, to induce hypertension and LVH, we fed Sabra salt-sensitive rats with a high-salt diet. The number of macrophages increased in the hypertensive hearts, peaking at 10 weeks after a high-salt diet. Surprisingly, macrophage depletion, by IV clodronate (CL) liposomes, inhibited the development of hypertension. Moreover, macrophage depletion reduced LVH by 17% (p<0.05), and reduced cardiac fibrosis by 75%, compared with controls (p=0.001). Second, to determine the role of macrophages in the development and progression of LVH, independent of high-salt diet, we depleted macrophages in mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction and pressure overload. Significantly, macrophage depletion, for 3 weeks, attenuated LVH: a 12% decrease in diastolic and 20% in systolic wall thickness (p<0.05), and a 13% in LV mass (p=0.04), compared with controls. Additionally, macrophage depletion reduced cardiac fibrosis by 80% (p=0.006). Finally, macrophage depletion down-regulated the expression of genes associated with cardiac remodeling and fibrosis: transforming growth factor beta-1 (by 80%) collagen type III alpha-1 (by 71%) and atrial natriuretic factor (by 86%). CONCLUSIONS Macrophages mediate the development of hypertension, LVH, adverse cardiac remodeling, and fibrosis. Macrophages, therefore, should be considered as a therapeutic target to reduce the adverse consequences of hypertensive heart disease.
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81
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Thang LV, Demel SL, Crawford R, Kaminski NE, Swain GM, Van Rooijen N, Galligan JJ. Macrophage depletion lowers blood pressure and restores sympathetic nerve α2-adrenergic receptor function in mesenteric arteries of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1186-97. [PMID: 26320034 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00283.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that vascular macrophage infiltration and O2 (-) release impairs sympathetic nerve α2-adrenergic autoreceptor (α2AR) function in mesenteric arteries (MAs) of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Male rats were uninephrectomized or sham operated (sham). DOCA pellets were implanted subcutaneously in uninephrectomized rats who were provided high-salt drinking water or high-salt water with apocynin. Sham rats received tap water. Blood pressure was measured using radiotelemetry. Treatment of sham and DOCA-salt rats with liposome-encapsulated clodronate was used to deplete macrophages. After 3-5, 10-13, and 18-21 days of DOCA-salt treatment, MAs and peritoneal fluid were harvested from euthanized rats. Norepinephrine (NE) release from periarterial sympathetic nerves was measured in vitro using amperometry with microelectrodes. Macrophage infiltration into MAs as well as TNF-α and p22(phox) were measured using immunohistochemistry. Peritoneal macrophage activation was measured by flow cytometry. O2 (-) was measured using dihydroethidium staining. Hypertension developed over 28 days, and apocynin reduced blood pressure on days 18-21. O2 (-) and macrophage infiltration were greater in DOCA-salt MAs compared with sham MAs after day 10. Peritoneal macrophage activation occurred after day 10 in DOCA-salt rats. Macrophages expressing TNF-α and p22(phox) were localized near sympathetic nerves. Impaired α2AR function and increased NE release from sympathetic nerves occurred in MAs from DOCA-salt rats after day 18. Macrophage depletion reduced blood pressure and vascular O2 (-) while restoring α2AR function in DOCA-salt rats. Macrophage infiltration into the vascular adventitia contributes to increased blood pressure in DOCA-salt rats by releasing O2 (-), which disrupts α2AR function, causing enhanced NE release from sympathetic nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc V Thang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Stacie L Demel
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Robert Crawford
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Greg M Swain
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; and
| | - Nico Van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan;
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82
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Krishnan SM, Dowling JK, Ling YH, Diep H, Chan CT, Ferens D, Kett MM, Pinar A, Samuel CS, Vinh A, Arumugam TV, Hewitson TD, Kemp-Harper BK, Robertson AAB, Cooper MA, Latz E, Mansell A, Sobey CG, Drummond GR. Inflammasome activity is essential for one kidney/deoxycorticosterone acetate/salt-induced hypertension in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:752-65. [PMID: 26103560 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammasomes are multimeric complexes that facilitate caspase-1-mediated processing of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Clinical hypertension is associated with renal inflammation and elevated circulating levels of IL-1β and IL-18. Therefore, we investigated whether hypertension in mice is associated with increased expression and/or activation of the inflammasome in the kidney, and if inhibition of inflammasome activity reduces BP, markers of renal inflammation and fibrosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wild-type and inflammasome-deficient ASC(-/-) mice were uninephrectomized and received deoxycorticosterone acetate and saline to drink (1K/DOCA/salt). Control mice were uninephrectomized but received a placebo pellet and water. BP was measured by tail cuff; renal expression of inflammasome subunits and inflammatory markers was measured by real-time PCR and immunoblotting; macrophage and collagen accumulation was assessed by immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS 1K/DOCA/salt-induced hypertension in mice was associated with increased renal mRNA expression of inflammasome subunits NLRP3, ASC and pro-caspase-1, and the cytokine, pro-IL-1β, as well as protein levels of active caspase-1 and mature IL-1β. Following treatment with 1K/DOCA/salt, ASC(-/-) mice displayed blunted pressor responses and were also protected from increases in renal expression of IL-6, IL-17A, CCL2, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and accumulation of macrophages and collagen. Finally, treatment with a novel inflammasome inhibitor, MCC950, reversed hypertension in 1K/DOCA/salt-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Renal inflammation, fibrosis and elevated BP induced by 1K/DOCA/salt treatment are dependent on inflammasome activity, highlighting the inflammasome/IL-1β pathway as a potential therapeutic target in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Krishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - J K Dowling
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Y H Ling
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - H Diep
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - C T Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - D Ferens
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - M M Kett
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - A Pinar
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - C S Samuel
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - A Vinh
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - T V Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - T D Hewitson
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - B K Kemp-Harper
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - A A B Robertson
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M A Cooper
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - E Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Mansell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - C G Sobey
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Surgery, Monash Medical Centre, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - G R Drummond
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Surgery, Monash Medical Centre, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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83
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Krishnan SM, Sobey CG, Latz E, Mansell A, Drummond GR. IL-1β and IL-18: inflammatory markers or mediators of hypertension? Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:5589-602. [PMID: 25117218 PMCID: PMC4290704 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in the kidneys and vascular wall is a major contributor to hypertension. However, the stimuli and cellular mechanisms responsible for such inflammatory responses remain poorly defined. Inflammasomes are crucial initiators of sterile inflammation in other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and gout. These pattern recognition receptors detect host-derived danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as microcrystals and reactive oxygen species, and respond by inducing activation of caspase-1. Caspase-1 then processes the cytokines pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into their active forms thus triggering inflammation. While IL-1β and IL-18 are known to be elevated in hypertensive patients, no studies have examined whether this occurs downstream of inflammasome activation or whether inhibition of inflammasome and/or IL-1β/IL-18 signalling prevents hypertension. In this review, we will discuss some known actions of IL-1β and IL-18 on leukocyte and vessel wall function that could potentially underlie a prohypertensive role for these cytokines. We will describe the major classes of inflammasome-activating DAMPs and present evidence that at least some of these are elevated in the setting of hypertension. Finally, we will provide information on drugs that are currently used to inhibit inflammasome/IL-1β/IL-18 signalling and how these might ultimately be used as therapeutic agents for the clinical management of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Krishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
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84
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Chu HX, Broughton BR, Ah Kim H, Lee S, Drummond GR, Sobey CG. Evidence That Ly6C
hi
Monocytes Are Protective in Acute Ischemic Stroke by Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization. Stroke 2015; 46:1929-37. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Ly6C
hi
monocytes are generally thought to exert a proinflammatory role in acute tissue injury, although their impact after injuries to the central nervous system is poorly defined. CC chemokine receptor 2 is expressed on Ly6C
hi
monocytes and plays an essential role in their extravasation and transmigration into the brain after cerebral ischemia. We used a selective CC chemokine receptor 2 antagonist, INCB3344, to assess the effect of Ly6C
hi
monocytes recruited into the brain early after ischemic stroke.
Methods—
Male C57Bl/6J mice underwent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 1 hour followed by 23 hours of reperfusion. Mice were administered either vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide/carboxymethylcellulose) or INCB3344 (10, 30 or 100 mg/kg IP) 1 hour before ischemia and at 2 and 6 hours after ischemia. At 24 hours, we assessed functional outcomes, infarct volume, and quantified the immune cells in blood and brain by flow cytometry or immunofluorescence. Gene expression of selected inflammatory markers was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
Results—
Ly6C
hi
monocytes were increased 3-fold in the blood and 10-fold in the brain after stroke, and these increases were selectively prevented by INCB3344 in a dose-dependent manner. Mice treated with INCB3344 exhibited markedly worse functional outcomes and larger infarct volumes, in association with reduced M2 polarization and increased peroxynitrite production in macrophages, compared with vehicle-treated mice.
Conclusions—
Our data suggest that Ly6C
hi
monocytes exert an acute protective effect after ischemic stroke to limit brain injury and functional deficit that involves promotion of M2 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah X. Chu
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad R.S. Broughton
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seyoung Lee
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher G. Sobey
- From the Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology (H.X.C., B.R.S.B., H.A.K., S.L., G.R.D., C.G.S.) and Vascular Biology and Immunopharmacology Group, Department of Surgery, Southern Clinical School (G.R.D., C.G.S.), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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85
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Moore JP, Vinh A, Tuck KL, Sakkal S, Krishnan SM, Chan CT, Lieu M, Samuel CS, Diep H, Kemp-Harper BK, Tare M, Ricardo SD, Guzik TJ, Sobey CG, Drummond GR. M2 macrophage accumulation in the aortic wall during angiotensin II infusion in mice is associated with fibrosis, elastin loss, and elevated blood pressure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H906-17. [PMID: 26071547 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00821.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages accumulate in blood vessels during hypertension. However, their contribution to vessel remodeling is unknown. In the present study, we examined the polarization state of macrophages (M1/M2) in aortas of mice during hypertension and investigated whether antagonism of chemokine receptors involved in macrophage accumulation reduces vessel remodeling and blood pressure (BP). Mice treated with ANG II (0.7 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1), 14 days) had elevated systolic BP (158 ± 3 mmHg) compared with saline-treated animals (122 ± 3 mmHg). Flow cytometry revealed that ANG II infusion increased numbers of CD45(+)CD11b(+)Ly6C(hi) monocytes and CD45(+)CD11b(+)F4/80(+) macrophages by 10- and 2-fold, respectively. The majority of macrophages were positive for the M2 marker CD206 but negative for the M1 marker inducible nitric oxide synthase. Expression of other M2 genes (arginase-1, Fc receptor-like S scavenger receptor, and receptor-1) was elevated in aortas from ANG II-treated mice, whereas M1 genes [TNF and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2] were unaltered. A PCR array to identify chemokine receptor targets for intervention revealed chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) to be upregulated in aortas from ANG II-treated mice, while flow cytometry identified Ly6C(hi) monocytes as the main CCR2-expressing cell type. Intervention with a CCR2 antagonist (INCB3344; 30 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)), 7 days after the commencement of ANG II infusion, reduced aortic macrophage numbers. INCB334 also reduced aortic collagen deposition, elastin loss, and BP in ANG II-treated mice. Thus, ANG II-dependent hypertension in mice is associated with Ly6C(hi) monocyte and M2 macrophage accumulation in the aorta. Inhibition of macrophage accumulation with a CCR2 antagonist prevents ANG II-induced vessel fibrosis and elevated BP, highlighting this as a promising approach for the future treatment of vessel remodeling/stiffening in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Moore
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony Vinh
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kellie L Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samy Sakkal
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shalini M Krishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher T Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maggie Lieu
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henry Diep
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Marianne Tare
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon D Ricardo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Cracow, Poland; and
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Surgery, Monash Medical Centre, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Surgery, Monash Medical Centre, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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86
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Miguel CD, Rudemiller NP, Abais JM, Mattson DL. Inflammation and hypertension: new understandings and potential therapeutic targets. Curr Hypertens Rep 2015; 17:507. [PMID: 25432899 PMCID: PMC4418473 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research studying the role of inflammation in hypertension and cardiovascular disease has flourished in recent years; however, the exact mechanisms by which the activated immune cells lead to the development and maintenance of hypertension remain to be elucidated. The objectives of this brief review are to summarize and discuss the most recent findings in the field, with special emphasis on potential therapeutics to treat or prevent hypertension. This review will cover novel immune cell subtypes recently associated to the disease including the novel role of cytokines, toll-like receptors, and inflammasomes in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen De Miguel
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Justine M. Abais
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - David L. Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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87
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88
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Oriowo MA. Perivascular adipose tissue, vascular reactivity and hypertension. Med Princ Pract 2015; 24 Suppl 1:29-37. [PMID: 24503717 PMCID: PMC6489082 DOI: 10.1159/000356380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most blood vessels are surrounded by a variable amount of adventitial adipose tissue, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), which was originally thought to provide mechanical support for the vessel. It is now known that PVAT secretes a number of bioactive substances including vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor, interleukin-6, plasminogen activator substance, resistin and angiotensinogen. Several studies have shown that PVAT significantly modulated vascular smooth muscle contractions induced by a variety of agonists and electrical stimulation by releasing adipocyte-derived relaxing (ADRF) and contracting factors. The identity of ADRF is not yet known. However, several vasodilators have been suggested including adiponectin, angiotensin 1-7, hydrogen sulfide and methyl palmitate. The anticontractile effect of PVAT is mediated through the activation of potassium channels since it is abrogated by inhibiting potassium channels. Hypertension is characterized by a reduction in the size and amount of PVAT and this is associated with the attenuated anticontractile effect of PVAT in hypertension. However, since a reduction in size and amount of PVAT and the attenuated anticontractile effect of PVAT were already evident in prehypertensive rats with no evidence of impaired release of ADRF, there is the possibility that the anticontractile effect of PVAT was not directly related to an altered function of the adipocytes per se. Hypertension is characterized by low-grade inflammation and infiltration of macrophages. One of the adipokines secreted by macrophages is TNF-α. It has been shown that exogenously administered TNF-α enhanced agonist-induced contraction of a variety of vascular smooth muscle preparations and reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation. Other procontractile factors released by the PVAT include angiotensin II and superoxide. It is therefore possible that the loss could be due to an increased amount of these proinflammatory and procontractile factors. More studies are definitely required to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabayoje A Oriowo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
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89
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Wei Z, Spizzo I, Diep H, Drummond GR, Widdop RE, Vinh A. Differential phenotypes of tissue-infiltrating T cells during angiotensin II-induced hypertension in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114895. [PMID: 25501574 PMCID: PMC4263711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension remains the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Experimental hypertension is associated with increased T cell infiltration into blood pressure-controlling organs, such as the aorta and kidney; importantly in absence of T cells of the adaptive immune system, experimental hypertension is significantly blunted. However, the function and phenotype of these T cell infiltrates remains speculative and undefined in the setting of hypertension. The current study compared T cell-derived cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from normotensive and hypertensive mice. Splenic, blood, aortic, kidney and brain T cells were isolated from C57BL/6J mice following 14-day vehicle or angiotensin (Ang) II (0.7 mg/kg/day, s.c.) infusion. T cell infiltration was increased in aorta, kidney and brain from hypertensive mice. Cytokine analysis in stimulated T cells indicated an overall Th1 pro-inflammatory phenotype, but a similar proportion (flow cytometry) and quantity (cytometric bead array) of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-17 between vehicle- and Ang II- treated groups. Strikingly, elevated T cell-derived production of a chemokine, chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), was observed in aorta (∼6-fold) and kidney in response to Ang II, but not in brain, spleen or blood. Moreover, T cell-derived ROS production in aorta was elevated ∼3 -fold in Ang II-treated mice (n = 7; P<0.05). Ang II-induced hypertension does not affect the overall T cell cytokine profile, but enhanced T cell-derived ROS production and/or leukocyte recruitment due to elevated CCL2, and this effect may be further amplified with increased infiltration of T cells. We have identified a potential hypertension-specific T cell phenotype that may represent a functional contribution of T cells to the development of hypertension, and likely several other associated vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iresha Spizzo
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henry Diep
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony Vinh
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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90
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Abstract
A large number of investigations have demonstrated the participation of the immune system in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Studies focusing on macrophages and Toll-like receptors have documented involvement of the innate immunity. The requirements of antigen presentation and co-stimulation, the critical importance of T cell-driven inflammation, and the demonstration, in specific conditions, of agonistic antibodies directed to angiotensin II type 1 receptors and adrenergic receptors support the role of acquired immunity. Experimental findings support the concept that the balance between T cell-induced inflammation and T cell suppressor responses is critical for the regulation of blood pressure levels. Expression of neoantigens in response to inflammation, as well as surfacing of intracellular immunogenic proteins, such as heat shock proteins, could be responsible for autoimmune reactivity in the kidney, arteries, and central nervous system. Persisting, low-grade inflammation in these target organs may lead to impaired pressure natriuresis, an increase in sympathetic activity, and vascular endothelial dysfunction that may be the cause of chronic elevation of blood pressure in essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Rodríguez-Iturbe
- Hospital Universitario y Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela;
| | - Héctor Pons
- Hospital Universitario y Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Yasmir Quiroz
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
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91
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P. Brandes
- From the Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität, Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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92
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Quan J, Morrison NA, Johnson NW, Gao J. MCP-1 as a Potential Target to Inhibit the Bone Invasion by Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:1787-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Quan
- Guanghua School of Stomatology; Hospital of Stomatology; Sun Yat-sen University & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510055 China
- School of Medical Science; Griffith University; QLD 4222 Australia
| | | | | | - Jin Gao
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health; Griffith University; QLD 4222 Australia
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93
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in vascular disease. While there are many possible sources of ROS, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases play a central role. They are a source of "kindling radicals," which affect other enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase endothelial nitric oxide synthase or xanthine oxidase. This is important, as risk factors for atherosclerosis (hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking) regulate the expression and activity of NADPH oxidases in the vessel wall. RECENT ADVANCES There are seven isoforms in mammals: Nox1, Nox2, Nox3, Nox4, Nox5, Duox1 and Duox2. Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, and Nox5 are expressed in endothelium, vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, or perivascular adipocytes. Other homologues have not been found or are expressed at very low levels; their roles have not been established. Nox1/Nox2 promote the development of endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and inflammation. Nox4 may have a role in protecting the vasculature during stress; however, when its activity is increased, it may be detrimental. Calcium-dependent Nox5 has been implicated in oxidative damage in human atherosclerosis. CRITICAL ISSUES NADPH oxidase-derived ROS play a role in vascular pathology as well as in the maintenance of normal physiological vascular function. We also discuss recently elucidated mechanisms such as the role of NADPH oxidases in vascular protection, vascular inflammation, pulmonary hypertension, tumor angiogenesis, and central nervous system regulation of vascular function and hypertension. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Understanding the role of individual oxidases and interactions between homologues in vascular disease is critical for efficient pharmacological regulation of vascular NADPH oxidases in both the laboratory and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Konior
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine , Cracow, Poland
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94
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Huynh K, Bernardo BC, McMullen JR, Ritchie RH. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and new treatment strategies targeting antioxidant signaling pathways. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:375-415. [PMID: 24462787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality among the diabetic population. Both experimental and clinical evidence suggest that diabetic subjects are predisposed to a distinct cardiomyopathy, independent of concomitant macro- and microvascular disorders. 'Diabetic cardiomyopathy' is characterized by early impairments in diastolic function, accompanied by the development of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The pathophysiology underlying diabetes-induced cardiac damage is complex and multifactorial, with elevated oxidative stress as a key contributor. We now review the current evidence of molecular disturbances present in the diabetic heart, and their role in the development of diabetes-induced impairments in myocardial function and structure. Our focus incorporates both the contribution of increased reactive oxygen species production and reduced antioxidant defenses to diabetic cardiomyopathy, together with modulation of protein signaling pathways and the emerging role of protein O-GlcNAcylation and miRNA dysregulation in the progression of diabetic heart disease. Lastly, we discuss both conventional and novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of left ventricular dysfunction in diabetic patients, from inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system, through recent evidence favoring supplementation of endogenous antioxidants for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Novel therapeutic strategies, such as gene therapy targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase PI3K(p110α) signaling pathway, and miRNA dysregulation, are also reviewed. Targeting redox stress and protective protein signaling pathways may represent a future strategy for combating the ever-increasing incidence of heart failure in the diabetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Huynh
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Julie R McMullen
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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95
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A flow cytometric method for the analysis of macrophages in the vascular wall. J Immunol Methods 2013; 396:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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96
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Ryan MJ. An update on immune system activation in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Hypertension 2013; 62:226-30. [PMID: 23734005 PMCID: PMC4365420 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ryan
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS 39216-4505.
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