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Raffay TM, Martin RJ, Reynolds JD. Can nitric oxide-based therapy prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia? Clin Perinatol 2012; 39:613-38. [PMID: 22954273 PMCID: PMC3437658 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A growing understanding of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) biology is helping to explain how and when exogenous NO may confer benefit or harm; this knowledge is also helping to identify new better-targeted NO-based therapies. In this review, results of the bronchopulmonary dysplasia clinical trials that used inhaled NO in the preterm population are placed in context, the biologic basis for novel NO therapeutics is considered, and possible future directions for NO-focused clinical and basic research in developmental lung disease are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Raffay
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Medical Center/University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Medical Center/University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - James D. Reynolds
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Case Medical Center/University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
,Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Medical Center/University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio
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Abstract
Diagnosis and treatment of asthma are currently based on assessment of patient symptoms and physiologic tests of airway reactivity. Research over the past decade has identified an array of biochemical and cellular biomarkers, which reflect the heterogeneous and multiple mechanistic pathways that may lead to asthma. These mechanistic biomarkers offer hope for optimal design of therapies targeting the specific pathways that lead to inflammation. This article provides an overview of blood, urine, and airway biomarkers; summarizes the pathologic pathways that they signify; and begins to describe the utility of biomarkers in the future care of patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serpil C. Erzurum
- Professor and Chair, Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, and the Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Gaston
- Professor, Department of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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53
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Di Giacomo G, Rizza S, Montagna C, Filomeni G. Established Principles and Emerging Concepts on the Interplay between Mitochondrial Physiology and S-(De)nitrosylation: Implications in Cancer and Neurodegeneration. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:361872. [PMID: 22927857 PMCID: PMC3425078 DOI: 10.1155/2012/361872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is a posttranslational modification of cysteine residues that has been frequently indicated as potential molecular mechanism governing cell response upon redox unbalance downstream of nitric oxide (over)production. In the last years, increased levels of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) have been tightly associated with the onset of nitroxidative stress-based pathologies (e.g., cancer and neurodegeneration), conditions in which alterations of mitochondrial homeostasis and activation of cellular processes dependent on it have been reported as well. In this paper we aim at summarizing the current knowledge of mitochondria-related proteins undergoing S-nitrosylation and how this redox modification might impact on mitochondrial functions, whose impairment has been correlated to tumorigenesis and neuronal cell death. In particular, emphasis will be given to the possible, but still neglected implication of denitrosylation reactions in the modulation of mitochondrial SNOs and how they can affect mitochondrion-related cellular process, such as oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Di Giacomo
- Research Centre IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
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54
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Fitzpatrick AM, Jones DP, Brown LAS. Glutathione redox control of asthma: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:375-408. [PMID: 22304503 PMCID: PMC3353819 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways associated with airway hyper-responsiveness and airflow limitation in response to specific triggers. Whereas inflammation is important for tissue regeneration and wound healing, the profound and sustained inflammatory response associated with asthma may result in airway remodeling that involves smooth muscle hypertrophy, epithelial goblet-cell hyperplasia, and permanent deposition of airway extracellular matrix proteins. Although the specific mechanisms responsible for asthma are still being unraveled, free radicals such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are important mediators of airway tissue damage that are increased in subjects with asthma. There is also a growing body of literature implicating disturbances in oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions and impaired antioxidant defenses as a risk factor for asthma development and asthma severity. Ultimately, these redox-related perturbations result in a vicious cycle of airway inflammation and injury that is not always amenable to current asthma therapy, particularly in cases of severe asthma. This review will discuss disruptions of redox signaling and control in asthma with a focus on the thiol, glutathione, and reduced (thiol) form (GSH). First, GSH synthesis, GSH distribution, and GSH function and homeostasis are discussed. We then review the literature related to GSH redox balance in health and asthma, with an emphasis on human studies. Finally, therapeutic opportunities to restore the GSH redox balance in subjects with asthma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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55
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Choi LS, Bayley H. S-nitrosothiol chemistry at the single-molecule level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7972-6. [PMID: 22763944 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Sheung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13TA UK
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56
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57
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Glutathione in cerebral microvascular endothelial biology and pathobiology: implications for brain homeostasis. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:434971. [PMID: 22745639 PMCID: PMC3382959 DOI: 10.1155/2012/434971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the vascular endothelium of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is central to cerebrovascular homeostasis. Given the function of the BBB as a physical and metabolic barrier that buffers the systemic environment, oxidative damage to the endothelial monolayer will have significant deleterious impact on the metabolic, immunological, and neurological functions of the brain. Glutathione (GSH) is a ubiquitous major thiol within mammalian cells that plays important roles in antioxidant defense, oxidation-reduction reactions in metabolic pathways, and redox signaling. The existence of distinct GSH pools within the subcellular organelles supports an elegant mode for independent redox regulation of metabolic processes, including those that control cell fate. GSH-dependent homeostatic control of neurovascular function is relatively unexplored. Significantly, GSH regulation of two aspects of endothelial function is paramount to barrier preservation, namely, GSH protection against oxidative endothelial cell injury and GSH control of postdamage cell proliferation in endothelial repair and/or wound healing. This paper highlights our current insights and hypotheses into the role of GSH in cerebral microvascular biology and pathobiology with special focus on endothelial GSH and vascular integrity, oxidative disruption of endothelial barrier function, GSH regulation of endothelial cell proliferation, and the pathological implications of GSH disruption in oxidative stress-associated neurovascular disorders, such as diabetes and stroke.
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58
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Marozkina NV, Wei C, Yemen S, Wallrabe H, Nagji AS, Liu L, Morozkina T, Jones DR, Gaston B. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase in human lung cancer. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:63-70. [PMID: 21816964 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0147oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) reductase regulates cell signaling pathways relevant to asthma and protects cells from nitrosative stress. Recent evidence suggests that this enzyme may prevent human hepatocellular carcinoma arising in the setting of chronic hepatitis. We hypothesized that GSNO reductase may also protect the lung against potentially carcinogenic reactions associated with nitrosative stress. We report that wild-type Ras is S-nitrosylated and activated by nitrosative stress and that it is denitrosylated by GSNO reductase. In human lung cancer, the activity and expression of GSNO reductase are decreased. Further, the distribution of the enzyme (including its colocalization with wild-type Ras) is abnormal. We conclude that decreased activity of GSNO reductase could leave the human lung vulnerable to the oncogenic effects of nitrosative stress, as is the case in the liver. This potential should be considered when developing therapies that inhibit pulmonary GSNO reductase to treat asthma and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya V Marozkina
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908-0386, USA
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59
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Green LS, Chun LE, Patton AK, Sun X, Rosenthal GJ, Richards JP. Mechanism of inhibition for N6022, a first-in-class drug targeting S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. Biochemistry 2012; 51:2157-68. [PMID: 22335564 DOI: 10.1021/bi201785u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N6022 is a novel, first-in-class drug with potent inhibitory activity against S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), an enzyme important in the metabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and in the maintenance of nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis. Inhibition of GSNOR by N6022 and related compounds has shown safety and efficacy in animal models of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and inflammatory bowel disease [Sun, X., et al. (2011) ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2, 402-406]. N6022 is currently in early phase clinical studies in humans. We show here that N6022 is a tight-binding, specific, and fully reversible inhibitor of GSNOR with an IC(50) of 8 nM and a K(i) of 2.5 nM. We accounted for the fact that the NAD(+)- and NADH-dependent oxidation and reduction reactions, catalyzed by GSNOR are bisubstrate in nature in our calculations. N6022 binds in the GSNO substrate binding pocket like a competitive inhibitor, although in kinetic assays it behaves with a mixed uncompetitive mode of inhibition (MOI) toward the GSNO substrate and a mixed competitive MOI toward the formaldehyde adduct, S-hydroxymethylglutathione (HMGSH). N6022 is uncompetitive with cofactors NAD(+) and NADH. The potency, specificity, and MOI of related GSNOR inhibitor compounds are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis S Green
- N30 Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
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60
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Enzymatic mechanisms regulating protein S-nitrosylation: implications in health and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:233-44. [PMID: 22361849 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide participates in cellular signal transduction largely through S-nitrosylation of allosteric and active-site cysteine thiols within proteins, forming S-nitroso-proteins (SNO-proteins). S-nitrosylation of proteins has been demonstrated to affect a broad range of functional parameters including enzymatic activity, subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions, and protein stability. Analogous to other ubiquitous posttranslational modifications that are regulated enzymatically, including phosphorylation and ubiquitinylation, accumulating evidence suggests the existence of enzymatic mechanisms for regulating protein S-nitrosylation. In particular, studies have led to the identification of multiple enzymes (nitrosylases and denitrosylases) that participate in targeted S-nitrosylation or denitrosylation of proteins in physiological settings. Nitrosylases are best characterized in the context of transnitrosylation in which a SNO-protein transfers an NO group to an acceptor protein (Cys-to-Cys transfer), but examples of transnitrosylation catalyzed by metalloproteins (Metal-to-Cys transfer) also exist. By contrast, denitrosylases remove the NO group from SNO-proteins, ultimately using reducing equivalents derived from NADH or NADPH. Here, we focus on the recent discoveries of nitrosylases and denitrosylases and the notion that their aberrant activities may play roles in health and disease.
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61
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Kuipers I, Bracke KR, Brusselle GG, Wouters EFM, Reynaert NL. Smoke decreases reversible oxidations S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation in mice. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:164-73. [PMID: 22145974 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.647011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke causes irreversible oxidations in lungs, but its impact on reversible and physiologically relevant redox-dependent protein modifications remains to be investigated. Here the effect of cigarette smoke exposure in mice was investigated on the covalent binding of glutathione to protein thiols, known as S-glutathionylation (PSSG), which can be reversed by glutaredoxins (Grx). Also, protein S-nitrosylation (PSNO) which is the modification of protein thiols by NO and which is reversed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) 5 was examined. Both PSSG and PSNO levels in lung tissue were markedly decreased after 4 weeks of cigarette smoke exposure. This coincided with attenuated protein free thiol levels and increased protein carbonylation. The expression of NOX4, DHE sensitive oxidant production and iNOS levels were induced by smoke, whereas Grx1 mRNA expression and activity were attenuated. Free GSH levels, protein expression and activity of ADH5 were unaffected by smoke. Taken together, smoke exposure decreases reversible cysteine oxidations PSSG and PSNO and enhances protein carbonylation. These alterations are not associated with differences in some of the regulatory enzymes, but are likely the result of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Kuipers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nutrim School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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62
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Di Giacomo G, Rizza S, Montagna C, Filomeni G. Established Principles and Emerging Concepts on the Interplay between Mitochondrial Physiology and S-(De)nitrosylation: Implications in Cancer and Neurodegeneration. Int J Cell Biol 2012. [PMID: 22927857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is a posttranslational modification of cysteine residues that has been frequently indicated as potential molecular mechanism governing cell response upon redox unbalance downstream of nitric oxide (over)production. In the last years, increased levels of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) have been tightly associated with the onset of nitroxidative stress-based pathologies (e.g., cancer and neurodegeneration), conditions in which alterations of mitochondrial homeostasis and activation of cellular processes dependent on it have been reported as well. In this paper we aim at summarizing the current knowledge of mitochondria-related proteins undergoing S-nitrosylation and how this redox modification might impact on mitochondrial functions, whose impairment has been correlated to tumorigenesis and neuronal cell death. In particular, emphasis will be given to the possible, but still neglected implication of denitrosylation reactions in the modulation of mitochondrial SNOs and how they can affect mitochondrion-related cellular process, such as oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Di Giacomo
- Research Centre IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
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63
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Tse SM, Tantisira K, Weiss ST. The pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of asthma therapy. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2011; 11:383-92. [PMID: 21987090 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2011.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of several classes of asthma medications and their overall effectiveness, a significant portion of patients fail to respond to these therapeutic agents. Evidence suggests that genetic factors may partly mediate the heterogeneity in asthma treatment response. This review discusses important findings in asthma pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic studies conducted to date, examines limitations of these studies and, finally, proposes future research directions in this field. The focus will be on the three major classes of asthma medications: β-adrenergic receptor agonists, inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers. Although many studies are limited by small sample sizes and replication of the findings is needed, several candidate genes have been identified. High-throughput technologies are also allowing for large-scale genetic investigations. Thus, the future is promising for a personalized treatment of asthma, which will improve therapeutic outcomes, minimize side effects and lead to a more cost-effective care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Tse
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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64
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d’Ischia M, Napolitano A, Manini P, Panzella L. Secondary Targets of Nitrite-Derived Reactive Nitrogen Species: Nitrosation/Nitration Pathways, Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms and Toxicological Implications. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:2071-92. [DOI: 10.1021/tx2003118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco d’Ischia
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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65
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The role of thioredoxin in the regulation of cellular processes by S-nitrosylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:689-700. [PMID: 21878369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S-nitrosylation (or S-nitrosation) by Nitric Oxide (NO), i.e., the covalent attachment of a NO group to a cysteine thiol and formation of S-nitrosothiols (R-S-N=O or RSNO), has emerged as an important feature of NO biology and pathobiology. Many NO-related biological functions have been directly associated with the S-nitrosothiols and a considerable number of S-nitrosylated proteins have been identified which can positively or negatively regulate various cellular processes including signaling and metabolic pathways. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Taking account of the recent progress in the field of research, this review focuses on the regulation of cellular processes by S-nitrosylation and Trx-mediated cellular homeostasis of S-nitrosothiols. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Thioredoxin (Trx) system in mammalian cells utilizes thiol and selenol groups to maintain a reducing intracellular environment to combat oxidative/nitrosative stress. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and Trx system perform the major role in denitrosylation of S-nitrosylated proteins. However, under certain conditions, oxidized form of mammalian Trx can be S-nitrosylated and then it can trans-S-nitrosylate target proteins, such as caspase 3. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Investigations on the role of thioredoxin system in relation to biologically relevant RSNOs, their functions, and the mechanisms of S-denitrosylation facilitate the development of drugs and therapies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Regulation of Cellular Processes.
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66
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Discovery of potent and novel S-nitrosoglutathione reductase inhibitors devoid of cytochrome P450 activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5849-53. [PMID: 21855338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The pyrrole based N6022 was recently identified as a potent, selective, reversible, and efficacious S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) inhibitor and is currently undergoing clinical development for the treatment of acute asthma. GSNOR is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family (ADH) and regulates the levels of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) through catabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Reduced levels of GSNO, as well as other nitrosothiols (SNOs), have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases including those of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. Preservation of endogenous SNOs through GSNOR inhibition presents a novel therapeutic approach with broad applicability. We describe here the synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of novel pyrrole based analogues of N6022 focusing on removal of cytochrome P450 inhibition activities. We identified potent and novel GSNOR inhibitors having reduced CYP inhibition activities and demonstrated efficacy in a mouse ovalbumin (OVA) model of asthma.
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67
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Foster MW, Yang Z, Potts EN, Michael Foster W, Que LG. S-nitrosoglutathione supplementation to ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged mice ameliorates methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L739-44. [PMID: 21784966 PMCID: PMC3213990 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00134.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenous bronchodilator present in micromolar concentrations in airway lining fluid. Airway GSNO levels decrease in severe respiratory failure and asthma, which is attributable to increased metabolism by GSNO reductase (GSNOR). Indeed, we have found that GSNOR expression and activity correlate inversely with lung S-nitrosothiol (SNO) content and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine (MCh) challenge in humans with asthmatic phenotypes (Que LG, Yang Z, Stamler JS, Lugogo NL, Kraft M. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180: 226-231, 2009). Accordingly, we hypothesized that local aerosol delivery of GSNO could ameliorate AHR and inflammation in the ovalbumin-sensitized and -challenged (OVA) mouse model of allergic asthma. Anesthetized, paralyzed, and tracheotomized 6-wk-old male control and OVA C57BL/6 mice were administered a single 15-s treatment of 0-100 mM GSNO. Five minutes later, airway resistance to MCh was measured and SNOs were quantified in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Duration of protection was evaluated following nose-only exposure to 10 mM GSNO for 10 min followed by measurements of airway resistance, inflammatory cells, and cytokines and chemokines at up to 4 h later. Acute delivery of GSNO aerosol protected OVA mice from MCh-induced AHR, with no benefit seen above 20 mM GSNO. The antibronchoconstrictive effects of GSNO aerosol delivered via nose cone were sustained for at least 4 h. However, administration of GSNO did not alter total BAL cell counts or cell differentials and had modest effects on cytokine and chemokine levels. In conclusion, in the OVA mouse model of allergic asthma, aerosolized GSNO has rapid and sustained antibronchoconstrictive effects but does not substantially alter airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Foster
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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68
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Marozkina NV, Gaston B. S-Nitrosylation signaling regulates cellular protein interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:722-9. [PMID: 21745537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S-Nitrosothiols are made by nitric oxide synthases and other metalloproteins. Unlike nitric oxide, S-nitrosothiols are involved in localized, covalent signaling reactions in specific cellular compartments. These reactions are enzymatically regulated. SCOPE S-Nitrosylation affects interactions involved in virtually every aspect of normal cell biology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Regulation of Cellular Processes by S-nitrosylation. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE S-Nitrosylation is a regulated signaling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya V Marozkina
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, PO Box 800386, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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69
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Gaston B. The biochemistry of asthma. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:1017-24. [PMID: 21718756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is not one disease. Different patients have biochemically distinct phenotypes. SCOPE OF REVIEW Biomarker analysis was developed to identify inflammation in the asthmatic airway. It has led to a renewed interest in biochemical abnormalities in the asthmatic airway. The biochemical determinants of asthma heterogeneity are many. Examples include decreased activity of superoxide dismutases; increased activity of eosinophil peroxidase, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, and arginases; decreased airway pH; and increased levels of asymmetric dimethyl arginine. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS New discoveries suggest that biomarkers such as exhaled nitric oxide reflect complex airway biochemistry. This biochemistry can be informative and therapeutically relevant. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Improved understanding of airway biochemistry will lead to new tests to identify biochemically unique subpopulations of patients with asthma. It will also likely lead to new, targeted treatments for these specific asthma subpopulations. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gaston
- Universit of Virginia School of Medicine, Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Charlottes, VA 22908-0386, USA.
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70
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Ghosh S, Erzurum SC. Nitric oxide metabolism in asthma pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1810:1008-16. [PMID: 21718755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease is typically characterized by bronchoconstriction and airway hyper-reactivity. SCOPE OF REVIEW A wealth of studies applying chemistry, molecular and cell biology to animal model systems and human asthma over the last decade has revealed that asthma is associated with increased synthesis of the gaseous molecule nitric oxide (NO). MAJOR CONCLUSION The high NO levels in the oxidative environment of the asthmatic airway lead to greater formation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and subsequent oxidation and nitration of proteins, which adversely affect protein functions that are biologically relevant to chronic inflammation. In contrast to the high levels of NO and nitrated products, there are lower levels of beneficial S-nitrosothiols (RSNO), which mediate bronchodilation, due to greater enzymatic catabolism of RSNO in the asthmatic airways. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review discusses the rapidly accruing data linking metabolic products of NO as critical determinants in the chronic inflammation and airway reactivity of asthma. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudakshina Ghosh
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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71
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Liang J, Jiang D, Jung Y, Xie T, Ingram J, Church T, Degan S, Leonard M, Kraft M, Noble PW. Role of hyaluronan and hyaluronan-binding proteins in human asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:403-411.e3. [PMID: 21570715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristics of human asthma are chronic inflammation and airway remodeling. Hyaluronan, a major extracellular matrix component, accumulates during inflammatory lung diseases, including asthma. Hyaluronan fragments stimulate macrophages to produce inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that hyaluronan and its receptors would play a role in human asthma. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of hyaluronan and hyaluronan-binding proteins in human asthma. METHODS Twenty-one subjects with asthma and 25 healthy control subjects underwent bronchoscopy with endobronchial biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage. Fibroblasts were cultured, and hyaluronan and hyaluronan synthase expression was determined at baseline and after exposure to several mediators relevant to asthma pathobiology. The expression of hyaluronan-binding proteins CD44, TLR (Toll-like receptor)-2, and TLR4 on bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages was determined by flow cytometry. IL-8 production by macrophages in response to hyaluronan fragment stimulation was compared. RESULTS Airway fibroblasts from patients with asthma produced significantly increased concentrations of lower-molecular-weight hyaluronan compared with those of normal fibroblasts. Hyaluronan synthase 2 mRNA was markedly increased in asthmatic fibroblasts. Asthmatic macrophages showed a decrease in cell surface CD44 expression and an increase in TLR2 and TLR4 expression. Macrophages from subjects with asthma showed an increase in responsiveness to low-molecular-weight hyaluronan stimulation, as demonstrated by increased IL-8 production. CONCLUSION Hyaluronan homeostasis is deranged in asthma, with increased production by fibroblasts and decreased CD44 expression on alveolar macrophages. Upregulation of TLR2 and TLR4 on macrophages with increased sensitivity to hyaluronan fragments suggests a novel proinflammatory mechanism by which persistence of hyaluronan fragments could contribute to chronic inflammation and airway remodeling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiurong Liang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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72
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Sun X, Wasley JWF, Qiu J, Blonder JP, Stout AM, Green LS, Strong SA, Colagiovanni DB, Richards JP, Mutka SC, Chun L, Rosenthal GJ. Discovery of s-nitrosoglutathione reductase inhibitors: potential agents for the treatment of asthma and other inflammatory diseases. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:402-6. [PMID: 24900320 PMCID: PMC4018076 DOI: 10.1021/ml200045s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
S-Nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) regulates S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) and nitric oxide (NO) in vivo through catabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). GSNOR and the anti-inflammatory and smooth muscle relaxant activities of SNOs, GSNO, and NO play significant roles in pulmonary, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function. In GSNOR knockout mice, basal airway tone is reduced and the response to challenge with bronchoconstrictors or airway allergens is attenuated. Consequently, GSNOR has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for several clinically important human diseases. As such, small molecule inhibitors of GSNOR were developed. These GSNOR inhibitors were potent, selective, and efficacious in animal models of inflammatory disease characterized by reduced levels of GSNO and bioavailable NO. N6022, a potent and reversible GSNOR inhibitor, reduced bronchoconstriction and pulmonary inflammation in a mouse model of asthma and demonstrated an acceptable safety profile. N6022 is currently in clinical development as a potential agent for the treatment of acute asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xicheng Sun
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Jan W. F. Wasley
- Simpharma LLC, 1 Stone Fence Lane, Guilford, Connecticut 06437, United States
| | - Jian Qiu
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Joan P. Blonder
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Adam M. Stout
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Louis S. Green
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Sarah A. Strong
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Dorothy B. Colagiovanni
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Jane P. Richards
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Sarah C. Mutka
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Lawrence Chun
- Emerald BioStructures, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110, United States
| | - Gary J. Rosenthal
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, 3122 Sterling Circle, Suite 200, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
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73
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Sun X, Qiu J, Strong SA, Green LS, Wasley JWF, Colagiovanni DB, Mutka SC, Blonder JP, Stout AM, Richards JP, Chun L, Rosenthal GJ. Structure-activity relationships of pyrrole based S-nitrosoglutathione reductase inhibitors: pyrrole regioisomers and propionic acid replacement. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3671-5. [PMID: 21570838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
S-Nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family (ADH) that regulates the levels of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) through catabolism of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). GSNO and SNOs are implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases including those in respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. The pyrrole based N6022 was recently identified as a potent, selective, reversible, and efficacious GSNOR inhibitor which is currently undergoing clinical development. We describe here the synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of novel pyrrole based analogues of N6022 focusing on scaffold modification and propionic acid replacement. We identified equally potent and novel GSNOR inhibitors having pyrrole regioisomers as scaffolds using a structure based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xicheng Sun
- N30 Pharmaceuticals LLC, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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74
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Lee BJ, Jeung YJ, Lee JY, Choi DC. Increased S-nitrosothiol levels in nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis compared with cough variant asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 156:99-103. [PMID: 21447965 DOI: 10.1159/000321919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis (NAEB) and cough variant asthma (CVA) are common causes of chronic cough. Both are characterized by eosinophilic inflammation in the airways. However, airway hyperresponsiveness, which is a characteristic feature of CVA, is not observed in NAEB. We hypothesized that endogenous bronchodilator S-nitrosothiol (SNO) levels are different between patients with NAEB and CVA. METHODS SNO concentrations in sputum supernatant were measured using a commercially available kit in 20 NAEB and 21 CVA patients. RESULTS The mean sputum eosinophil counts and exhaled nitric oxide values were similar in patients with NAEB (12.4 ± 2.3%, 80.6 ± 8.1 ppb) and CVA (15.3 ± 3.7%, 97.7 ± 9.2 ppb). By contrast, SNO levels in the airway lining fluid of NAEB patients were substantially higher than those of CVA patients (87.1 ± 9.8 vs. 46.8 ± 4.8 μM; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS SNOs may be an important factor in determining the development of airway hyperresponsiveness in the presence of eosinophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Jae Lee
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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75
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Liu L, Teague WG, Erzurum S, Fitzpatrick A, Mantri S, Dweik RA, Bleecker ER, Meyers D, Busse WW, Calhoun WJ, Castro M, Chung KF, Curran-Everett D, Israel E, Jarjour WN, Moore W, Peters SP, Wenzel S, Hunt JF, Gaston B. Determinants of exhaled breath condensate pH in a large population with asthma. Chest 2011; 139:328-336. [PMID: 20966042 PMCID: PMC3032364 DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH is 2 log orders below normal during acute asthma exacerbations and returns to normal with antiinflammatory therapy. However, the determinants of EBC pH, particularly in stable asthma, are poorly understood. We hypothesized that patients with severe asthma would have low EBC pH and that there would be an asthma subpopulation of patients with characteristically low values. METHODS We studied the association of EBC pH with clinical characteristics in 572 stable subjects enrolled in the Severe Asthma Research Program. These included 250 subjects with severe asthma, 291 with nonsevere asthma, and 31 healthy control subjects. RESULTS Overall, EBC in this population of stable, treated study subjects was not lower in severe asthma (8.02; interquartile range [IQR], 7.61-8.41) or nonsevere asthma (7.90; IQR, 7.52-8.20) than in control subjects (7.9; IQR, 7.40-8.20). However, in subjects with asthma the data clustered below and above pH 6.5. Subjects in the subpopulation with pH < 6.5 had lower fraction of exhaled NO (FeNO) values (FeNO = 22.6 ± 18.1 parts per billion) than those with pH ≥ 6.5 (39.9 ± 40.2 parts per billion; P < .0001). By multiple linear regression, low EBC pH was associated with high BMI, high BAL neutrophil counts, low prebronchodilator FEV(1) ratio, high allergy symptoms, race other than white, and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. CONCLUSION Asthma is a complex syndrome. Subjects who are not experiencing an exacerbation but have low EBC pH appear to be a unique subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Serpil Erzurum
- Department of Pathobiology, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | - Raed A Dweik
- Department of Pathobiology, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Deborah Meyers
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - William W Busse
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Mario Castro
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | | | | | | | - W Nizar Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Wendy Moore
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Stephen P Peters
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - John F Hunt
- Department of Pediatrics, Charlottesville, VA
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76
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Brown-Steinke K, deRonde K, Yemen S, Palmer LA. Gender differences in S-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity in the lung. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14007. [PMID: 21103380 PMCID: PMC2982841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
S-nitrosothiols have been implicated in the etiology of various pulmonary diseases. Many of these diseases display gender preferences in presentation or altered severity that occurs with puberty, the mechanism by which is unknown. Estrogen has been shown to influence the expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) which is associated with increased S-nitrosothiol production. The effects of gender hormones on the expression and activity of the de-nitrosylating enzyme S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNO-R) are undefined. This report evaluates the effects of gender hormones on the activity and expression of GSNO-R and its relationship to N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH). GSNO-R activity was elevated in lung homogenates from female compared to male mice. Increased activity was not due to changes in GSNO-R expression, but correlated with GSNO-R S-nitrosylation: females were greater than males. The ability of GSNO-R to be activated by S-nitrosylation was confirmed by: 1) the ability of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) to increase the activity of GSNO-R in murine pulmonary endothelial cells and 2) reduced activity of GSNO-R in lung homogenates from eNOS−/− mice. Gender differences in GSNO-R activity appear to explain the difference in the ability of NAC to induce PH: female and castrated male animals are protected from NAC-induced PH. Castration results in elevated GSNO-R activity that is similar to that seen in female animals. The data suggest that GSNO-R activity is modulated by both estrogens and androgens in conjunction with hormonal regulation of eNOS to maintain S-nitrosothiol homeostasis. Moreover, disruption of this eNOS-GSNO-R axis contributes to the development of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Brown-Steinke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kimberly deRonde
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sean Yemen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Palmer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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77
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Ozawa K. [Regulation of seven-transmembrane receptor (GPCR) by nitric oxide]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2010; 136:98-102. [PMID: 20702969 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.136.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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78
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Nitric oxide in exhaled breath is poorly correlated to sputum eosinophils in patients with prednisone-dependent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:404-6. [PMID: 20621343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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79
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Hellgren M, Carlsson J, Östberg LJ, Staab CA, Persson B, Höög JO. Enrichment of ligands with molecular dockings and subsequent characterization for human alcohol dehydrogenase 3. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3005-15. [PMID: 20405162 PMCID: PMC11115504 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0370-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) has been assigned a role in nitric oxide homeostasis due to its function as an S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. As altered S-nitrosoglutathione levels are often associated with disease, compounds that modulate ADH3 activity might be of therapeutic interest. We performed a virtual screening with molecular dockings of more than 40,000 compounds into the active site of human ADH3. A novel knowledge-based scoring method was used to rank compounds, and several compounds that were not known to interact with ADH3 were tested in vitro. Two of these showed substrate activity (9-decen-1-ol and dodecyltetraglycol), where calculated binding scoring energies correlated well with the logarithm of the k (cat)/K (m) values for the substrates. Two compounds showed inhibition capacity (deoxycholic acid and doxorubicin), and with these data three different lines for specific inhibitors for ADH3 are suggested: fatty acids, glutathione analogs, and cholic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Hellgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Carlsson
- IFM Bioinformatics, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Linus J. Östberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia A. Staab
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Present Address: Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Bengt Persson
- IFM Bioinformatics, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Olov Höög
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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80
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Teague WG. Exhaled nitric oxide in wheezy infants: a marker of inflammation determined by airways acidification and S-nitrosothiol degradation? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:1235-6. [PMID: 20513520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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81
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GSNO reductase and beta2-adrenergic receptor gene-gene interaction: bronchodilator responsiveness to albuterol. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2010; 20:351-8. [PMID: 20335826 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328337f992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-acting inhaled beta2-agonists such as albuterol are used for bronchodilation and are the mainstay of asthma treatment worldwide. There is significant variation in bronchodilator responsiveness to albuterol not only between individuals but also across racial/ethnic groups. The beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) is the target for beta2-agonist drugs. The enzyme, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), which regulates levels of the endogenous bronchodilator S-nitrosoglutathione, has been shown to modulate the response to beta2-agonists. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that there are pharmacogenetic interactions between GSNOR and beta2AR gene variants that are associated with variable response to albuterol. METHODS We performed family-based analyses to test for association between GSNOR gene variants and asthma and related phenotypes in 609 Puerto Rican and Mexican families with asthma. In addition, we tested these individuals for pharmacogenetic interaction between GSNOR and beta2AR gene variants and responsiveness to albuterol using linear regression. Cell transfection experiments were performed to test the potential effect of the GSNOR gene variants. RESULTS Among Puerto Ricans, several GSNOR SNPs and a haplotype in the 3'UTR were significantly associated with increased risk for asthma and lower bronchodilator responsiveness (P=0.04-0.007). The GSNOR risk haplotype affects expression of GSNOR mRNA and protein, suggesting a gain of function. Furthermore, gene-gene interaction analysis provided evidence of pharmacogenetic interaction between GSNOR and beta2AR gene variants and the response to albuterol in Puerto Rican (P=0.03), Mexican (P=0.15) and combined Puerto Rican and Mexican asthmatics (P=0.003). Specifically, GSNOR+17059*beta2AR+46 genotype combinations (TG+GG*AG and TG+GG*GG) were associated with lower bronchodilator response. CONCLUSION Genotyping of GSNOR and beta2AR genes may be useful in identifying Latino individuals, who might benefit from adjuvant therapy for refractory asthma.
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82
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Olson N, Kasahara DI, Hristova M, Bernstein R, Janssen-Heininger Y, van der Vliet A. Modulation of NF-κB and hypoxia-inducible factor--1 by S-nitrosoglutathione does not alter allergic airway inflammation in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:813-23. [PMID: 20693401 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0035oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-2 and production of nitric oxide (NO) are common features of allergic airway disease. Conditions of severe asthma are associated with deficiency of airway S-nitrosothiols, a biological product of NO that can suppress inflammation by S-nitrosylation of the proinflammatory transcription factor, NF-κB. Therefore, restoration of airway S-nitrosothiols might have therapeutic benefit, and this was tested in a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic inflammation. Naive or OVA-sensitized animals were administered S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO; 50 μl, 10 mM) intratracheally before OVA challenge and analyzed 48 hours later. GSNO administration enhanced lung tissue S-nitrosothiol levels and reduced NF-κB activity in OVA-challenged animals compared with control animals, but did not lead to significant changes in total bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts, differentials, or mucus metaplasia markers. Administration of GSNO also altered the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, leading to HIF-1 activation in naive mice, but suppressed HIF-1 activation in OVA-challenged mice. We assessed the contribution of endogenous NOS2 in regulating NF-κB and/or HIF-1 activation and allergic airway inflammation using NOS2(-/-) mice. Although OVA-induced NF-κB activation was slightly increased in NOS2(-/-) mice, associated with small increases in bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils, other markers of allergic inflammation and HIF-1 activation were similar in NOS2(-/-) and wild-type mice. Collectively, our studies indicate that instillation of GSNO can suppress NF-κB activation during allergic airway inflammation, but does not significantly affect overall markers of inflammation or mucus metaplasia, thus potentially limiting its therapeutic potential due to effects on additional signaling pathways, such as HIF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nels Olson
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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83
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Greenwald R, Fitzpatrick AM, Gaston B, Marozkina NV, Erzurum S, Teague WG. Breath formate is a marker of airway S-nitrosothiol depletion in severe asthma. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11919. [PMID: 20689836 PMCID: PMC2912922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with severe asthma have poor symptom control and elevated markers of airway oxidative and nitrosative stress. Paradoxically, they have decreased airway levels of S-nitrosothiols (SNOs), a class of endogenous airway smooth muscle relaxants. This deficiency results from increased activity of an enzyme that both reduces SNOs to ammonia and oxidizes formaldehyde to formic acid, a volatile carboxylic acid that is more easily detected in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) than SNOs. We therefore hypothesize that depletion of airway SNOs is related to asthma pathology, and breath formate concentration may be a proxy measure of SNO catabolism. METHODS AND FINDINGS We collected EBC samples from children and adolescents, including 38 with severe asthma, 46 with mild-to-moderate asthma and 16 healthy adolescent controls, and the concentration of ionic constituents was quantified using ion chromatography. The concentrations of EBC components with volatile conjugates were log-normally distributed. Formate was the principal ion that displayed a significant difference between asthma status classifications. The mean EBC formate concentration was 40% higher in samples collected from all asthmatics than from healthy controls (mean = 5.7 microM, mean+/-standard deviation = 3.1-10.3 microM vs. 4.0, 2.8-5.8 microM, p = 0.05). EBC formate was higher in severe asthmatics than in mild-to-moderate asthmatics (6.8, 3.7-12.3 microM vs. 4.9, 2.8-8.7 microM, p = 0.012). In addition, formate concentration was negatively correlated with methacholine PC(20) (r = -0.39, p = 0.002, asthmatics only), and positively correlated with the NO-derived ion nitrite (r = 0.46, p<0.0001) as well as with total serum IgE (r = 0.28, p = 0.016, asthmatics only). Furthermore, formate was not significantly correlated with other volatile organic acids nor with inhaled corticosteroid dose. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that EBC formate concentration is significantly higher in the breath of children with asthma than in those without asthma. In addition, amongst asthmatics, formate is elevated in the breath of those with severe asthma compared to those with mild-to-moderate asthma. We suggest that this difference is related to asthma pathology and may be a product of increased catabolism of endogenous S-nitrosothiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roby Greenwald
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Gaston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Nadzeya V. Marozkina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Serpil Erzurum
- Department of Medicine and Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - W. Gerald Teague
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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84
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Moore WC, Pascual RM. Update in asthma 2009. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:1181-7. [PMID: 20516492 PMCID: PMC3269238 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201003-0321up] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy C Moore
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine and Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Diseases, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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Takahashi N, Ogino K, Takemoto K, Hamanishi S, Wang DH, Takigawa T, Shibamori M, Ishiyama H, Fujikura Y. Direct inhibition of arginase attenuated airway allergic reactions and inflammation in a Dermatophagoides farinae-induced NC/Nga mouse model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L17-24. [PMID: 20382750 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00216.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of arginase I has been a focus of research into the pathogenesis of experimental asthma, because arginase deprives nitric oxide synthase (NOS) of arginine and therefore participates in the attenuation of bronchodilators such as nitric oxide (NO). The present study used an intranasal mite-induced NC/Nga mouse model of asthma to investigate the contribution of arginase to the asthma pathogenesis, using an arginase inhibitor, N(omega)-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine (nor-NOHA). The treatment with nor-NOHA inhibited the increase in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. NOx levels in the lung were elevated despite suppressed NOS2 mRNA expression. Accompanied by the attenuated activity of arginase, the expression of arginase I at both the mRNA and protein level was downregulated. The levels of mRNA for T helper 2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and for chemotactants such as eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-2, were reduced. Moreover, the accumulation of inflammatory cells and the ratio of goblet cells in the bronchiole were decreased. The study concluded that the depletion of NO caused by arginase contributes to AHR and inflammation, and direct administration of an arginase inhibitor to the airway may be beneficial and could be of use in treating asthma due to its anti-inflammatory and airway-relaxing effects, although it is not clear whether the anti-inflammatory effect is direct or indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takahashi
- Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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86
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Degano B. Exhaled NO in asthma: still in touch or definitively out of bounds? Allergy 2010; 65:281-2. [PMID: 19886917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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87
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Thompson CM, Ceder R, Grafström RC. Formaldehyde dehydrogenase: beyond phase I metabolism. Toxicol Lett 2009; 193:1-3. [PMID: 19963048 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde dehydrogenase, formally Class III alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH3), has recently been discovered to partially regulate nitrosothiol homeostasis by catalyzing the reduction of the endogenous nitrosylating agent S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). Several studies have implicated this enzyme, and in particular GSNO reduction, as playing an important role in conditions such as asthma, cardiovascular disease, and immune function. While ADH3 has received considerable attention in the biomedical literature where it is often referred to as GSNO reductase (GSNOR), ADH3-mediated GSNO reduction has received comparatively less attention in the environmental toxicology community. Herein, evidences for a role of ADH3 in cell signaling through thiol homeostasis is highlighted, underscoring that the enzyme functions more broadly than to metabolize formaldehyde.
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88
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Thompson CM, Grafström RC. Commentary: mechanistic considerations for associations between formaldehyde exposure and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Environ Health 2009; 8:53. [PMID: 19939253 PMCID: PMC2788541 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-8-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to formaldehyde has been linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. To date, mechanistic explanations for this association have primarily focused on formaldehyde-induced cytotoxicity, regenerative hyperplasia and DNA damage. However, recent studies broaden the potential mechanisms as it is now well established that formaldehyde dehydrogenase, identical to S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, is an important mediator of cGMP-independent nitric oxide signaling pathways. We have previously described mechanisms by which formaldehyde can influence nitrosothiol homeostasis thereby leading to changes in pulmonary physiology. Considering evidences that nitrosothiols govern the Epstein-Barr virus infection cycle, and that the virus is strongly implicated in the etiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, studies are needed to examine the potential for formaldehyde to reactivate the Epstein-Barr virus as well as additively or synergistically interact with the virus to potentiate epithelial cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Thompson
- ToxStrategies, Inc, 23501 Cinco Ranch Blvd, Suite G265, Katy, TX 77494, USA
| | - Roland C Grafström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Medical Biotechnology, PO Box 106, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
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89
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Abstract
The ubiquitous cellular influence of nitric oxide (NO) is exerted substantially through protein S-nitrosylation. Whereas NO is highly promiscuous, physiological S-nitrosylation is typically restricted to one or very few Cys residue(s) in target proteins. The molecular basis for this specificity may derive from properties of the target protein, the S-nitrosylating species, or both. Here, we describe a protein microarray-based approach to investigate determinants of S-nitrosylation by biologically relevant low-mass S-nitrosothiols (SNOs). We identify large sets of yeast and human target proteins, among which those with active-site Cys thiols residing at N termini of alpha-helices or within catalytic loops were particularly prominent. However, S-nitrosylation varied substantially even within these families of proteins (e.g., papain-related Cys-dependent hydrolases and rhodanese/Cdc25 phosphatases), suggesting that neither secondary structure nor intrinsic nucleophilicity of Cys thiols was sufficient to explain specificity. Further analyses revealed a substantial influence of NO-donor stereochemistry and structure on efficiency of S-nitrosylation as well as an unanticipated and important role for allosteric effectors. Thus, high-throughput screening and unbiased proteome coverage reveal multifactorial determinants of S-nitrosylation (which may be overlooked in alternative proteomic analyses), and support the idea that target specificity can be achieved through rational design of S-nitrosothiols.
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90
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Foster MW, Hess DT, Stamler JS. Protein S-nitrosylation in health and disease: a current perspective. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:391-404. [PMID: 19726230 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein S-nitrosylation constitutes a large part of the ubiquitous influence of nitric oxide on cellular signal transduction and accumulating evidence indicates important roles for S-nitrosylation both in normal physiology and in a broad spectrum of human diseases. Here we review recent findings that implicate S-nitrosylation in cardiovascular, pulmonary, musculoskeletal and neurological (dys)function, as well as in cancer. The emerging picture shows that, in many cases, pathophysiology correlates with hypo- or hyper-S-nitrosylation of specific protein targets rather than a general cellular insult due to loss of or enhanced nitric oxide synthase activity. In addition, it is increasingly evident that dysregulated S-nitrosylation can not only result from alterations in the expression, compartmentalization and/or activity of nitric oxide synthases, but can also reflect a contribution from denitrosylases, including prominently the S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)-metabolizing enzyme GSNO reductase. Finally, because exogenous mediators of protein S-nitrosylation or denitrosylation can substantially affect the development or progression of disease, potential therapeutic agents that modulate S-nitrosylation could well have broad clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Foster
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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91
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Laver JR, Stevanin TM, Messenger SL, Lunn AD, Lee ME, Moir JWB, Poole RK, Read RC. Bacterial nitric oxide detoxification prevents host cell S-nitrosothiol formation: a novel mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis. FASEB J 2009; 24:286-95. [PMID: 19720623 PMCID: PMC2820398 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-128330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is an important mediator of multiple nitric oxide-dependent biological processes, including eukaryotic cellular events such as macrophage apoptosis and proinflammatory signaling. Many pathogenic bacteria possess NO detoxification mechanisms, such as the nitric oxide reductase (NorB) of Neisseria meningitidis and the flavohemoglobins (Hmp) of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli, which serve to protect the microorganism from nitrosative stress within the intracellular environment. In this study, we demonstrate that expression of meningococcal NorB increases the rate at which low-molecular-weight S-nitrosothiol (SNO) decomposes in vitro. To determine whether this effect occurs in cells during infection by bacteria, we induced SNO formation in murine macrophages by activation with lipopolysaccharide and γ-interferon and observed a reduced abundance of SNO during coincubation with N. meningitidis, S. enterica, or E. coli. In each case, this effect was shown to be dependent on bacterial NO detoxification genes, which act to prevent SNO formation through the removal of NO. This may represent a novel mechanism of host cell injury by bacteria.—Laver, J. R., Stevanin, T. M., Messenger, S. L., Dehn Lunn, A., Lee, M. E., Moir, J. W. B., Poole, R. K., Read, R. C. Bacterial nitric oxide detoxification prevents host cell S-nitrosothiol formation: a novel mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Laver
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Beech Hill Rd., Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK.
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92
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93
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Thompson CM, Sonawane B, Grafström RC. The ontogeny, distribution, and regulation of alcohol dehydrogenase 3: implications for pulmonary physiology. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1565-71. [PMID: 19460944 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.027904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Class III alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH3), also termed formaldehyde dehydrogenase or S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, plays a critical role in the enzymatic oxidation of formaldehyde and reduction of nitrosothiols that regulate bronchial tone. Considering reported associations between formaldehyde vapor exposure and childhood asthma risk, and thus potential involvement of ADH3, we reviewed the ontogeny, distribution, and regulation of mammalian ADH3. Recent studies indicate that multiple biological and chemical stimuli influence expression and activity of ADH3, including the feedback regulation of nitrosothiol metabolism. The levels of ADH3 correlate with, and potentially influence, bronchial tone; however, data gaps remain with respect to the expression of ADH3 during postnatal and early childhood development. Consideration of ADH3 function relative to the respiratory effects of formaldehyde, as well as to other chemical and biological exposures that might act in an additive or synergistic manner with formaldehyde, might be critical to gain better insight into the association between formaldehyde exposure and childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Thompson
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
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