Lead toxicity: a review

DNA methylation biomarkers for cumulative lead exposures and cognitive impairment

BACKGROUND

Recent evidence suggests that cumulative low-level lead exposure has adverse effects on cognitive function in the elderly. To date, the few studies that have measured bone lead exposure relied on K-X-ray fluorescence (KXRF), methods that are mostly unavailable in large community-based studies. Here, we employ a methylation-based estimation method for bone and blood lead in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort.

METHODS

Tibia, patella, and blood lead levels were estimated using blood DNA methylation (DNAm) biomarkers in 625 participants from the ADNI cohort. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Longitudinal analyses were conducted using linear mixed-effect regression models. Participants had different years of baseline (2010-2014) and follow-up visits (2014-2015).

RESULTS

DNAm derived tibia and patella lead levels were negatively associated with MoCA scores throughout follow-up, while DNAm derived blood lead level was not associated with MoCA scores. On average, we observed lower MoCA scores with increasing DNAm tibia lead (per interquartile range (IQR): β = -0.23; 95% CI: -0.44, -0.03) and DNAm patella lead, albeit the latter was weaker (per IQR: β = -0.19; 95% CI: -0.41, 0.04). When stratifying by gender, women showed a stronger decrease in cognitive function with increasing DNAm tibia lead (per IQR β = -0.34; 95% CI: -0.65, -0.04) than men (per IQR β = -0.15; 95% CI: -0.42, 0.13). The estimated decrease in MoCA scores per DNAm tibia lead IQR increase was stronger among participants with one or two APOE4 alleles (per IQR β = -0.37; 95% CI: -0.74, -0.01) than those with zero alleles (per IQR β = -0.14; 95% CI: -0.38, 0.10).

CONCLUSION

These findings strengthen the evidence that cumulative long-term lead exposure levels are associated with decreased cognitive function in the elderly, especially among women and carriers of one or two APOE4 alleles. These findings based on whole blood methylation data corroborate previous epidemiologic studies that used KXRF for measuring bone lead.

Sustainability pathways for perovskite photovoltaics

Solar energy is the fastest-growing source of electricity generation globally. As deployment increases, photovoltaic (PV) panels need to be produced sustainably. Therefore, the resource utilization rate and the rate at which those resources become available in the environment must be in equilibrium while maintaining the well-being of people and nature. Metal halide perovskite (MHP) semiconductors could revolutionize PV technology due to high efficiency, readily available/accessible materials and low-cost production. Here we outline how MHP-PV panels could scale a sustainable supply chain while appreciably contributing to a global renewable energy transition. We evaluate the critical material concerns, embodied energy, carbon impacts and circular supply chain processes of MHP-PVs. The research community is in an influential position to prioritize research efforts in reliability, recycling and remanufacturing to make MHP-PVs one of the most sustainable energy sources on the market.

Colorimetric Detection of Cu2+ and Ag+ Ions Using Multi-Responsive Schiff Base Chemosensor: A Versatile Approach for Environmental Monitoring

In this study, we have synthesized a novel Schiff base-centered chemosensor, designated as SB, with the chemical name ((E)-1-(((6-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl) imino)methyl)naphthalen-2-ol). This chemosensor was structurally characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. After structural characterization the chemosensor SB was subsequently employed for the detection of Cu2+ and Ag+, using fluorescence spectroscopy. The chemosensor SB showed excellent ability to recognize the target metal ions, leading to fluorescence enhancement and color change from yellow to yellowish orange for Cu2+ and yellow to radish for Ag+ ions. The detection capabilities of this chemosensor were impressive, showing excellent selectivity and an exceptionally low detection limit of 0.0016 µM for Cu2+ and 0.00389 µM for Ag+. Most notably, our approach enables the quantitative detection both metal ions in different water and soil samples at trace level. This achievement holds great promise for analytical applications and offers significant contributions to the field of chemical sensing and environmental protection.

Urban wall lizards are resilient to high levels of blood lead

Living in urban environments presents many challenges to wildlife, including exposure to potentially toxic pollutants. For example, the heavy metal lead (Pb) introduces numerous health problems to all animals, including humans. The little work that has been conducted on lead toxicity in reptiles suggests that lizards may be extraordinarily resilient to very high levels of lead pollution, by either avoiding or mitigating the toxicity. To assess the impact of lead exposure, we measured field blood levels and tested for the effects on ecologically-relevant performance measures in common wall lizards (Podarcis muralis) - a small reptile particularly capable of thriving in urban environments. We captured lizards from roadside and park habitats across Cincinnati, Ohio, USA and quantified the concentration of lead in blood samples (n = 71 adult lizards). Lizards from roadside populations had higher blood lead concentrations than lizards from park populations, and females had higher blood lead concentrations than males regardless of habitat type. We then tested two aspects of lizard performance important for survival: (1) balance, a cognitively-demanding task, to assess the effect of lead on cognition (n = 41), and (2) running endurance, an aerobic exercise dependent on oxygen (n = 43), to assess the impact of lead on blood oxygen-carrying capacity. We then used correlation analyses to quantify the relationship between lead levels and these ecologically-relevant performance measures. There was no effect of blood lead levels on running endurance, but contrary to our predictions there was a slight positive effect on balance performance, whereby lizards with higher blood lead concentrations slipped less often than lizards with lower blood lead concentrations. Understanding the effects of lead toxicity and resilience in a particularly resistant animal could help us better respond to public health and environmental pollution concerns.

Lead toxicity in plants: mechanistic insights into toxicity, physiological responses of plants and mitigation strategies

Soil toxicity is a major environmental issue that leads to numerous harmful effects on plants and human beings. Every year a huge amount of Pb is dumped into the environment either from natural sources or anthropogenically. Being a heavy metal it is highly toxic and non-biodegradable but remains in the environment for a long time. It is considered a neurotoxic and exerts harmful effects on living beings. In the present review article, investigators have emphasized the side effects of Pb on the plants. Further, the authors have focused on the various sources of Pb in the environment. Investigators have emphasized the various responses including molecular, biochemical, and morphological of plants to the toxic levels of Pb. Further emphasis was given to the effect of elevated levels of Pb on the microbial population in the rhizospheres. Further, emphasized the various remediation strategies for the Pb removal from the soil and water sources.

Trace Element Speciation and Nutrient Distribution in Boerhavia elegans: Evaluation and Toxic Metal Concentration Across Plant Tissues

This study investigated the elemental composition of Boerhavia elegans, addressing the gap in comprehensive trace element profiling of this medicinal plant. The research aimed to determine the distribution of macronutrients, micronutrients, and beneficial and potentially toxic elements across different plant parts (seeds, leaves, stems, and roots). Using ICP-OES analysis, two digestion methods were employed to capture both complex and labile elements. The study revealed distinct elemental distribution patterns, with iron and nickel concentrating in stems, manganese and zinc in leaves, and copper in roots. Magnesium emerged as the most abundant macronutrient, particularly in leaves. Importantly, all detected toxic elements (arsenic, chromium, lead, and cadmium) were below WHO safety limits. These findings provide crucial insights into the nutritional and safety profile of B. elegans, potentially informing its use in traditional medicine and highlighting its potential as a source of essential elements.

Lead removal by its precipitation with biogenic sulfide in a membrane biofilm reactor

We evaluated the feasibility of using hydrogen (H2)-based membrane biofilm reactors (MBfRs) to promote the growth of hydrogenotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) to remove lead (Pb) through its precipitation as lead sulfide (PbS) via biogenic sulfide (HS-) production. Two MBfRs (R1 and R2) were set-up to treat synthetic water rich in sulfate (SO42-) (585 mg/L) and Pb (50, 100, or 250 mg/L). R1 had one influent that had the Pb and synthetic media mixed together; R2 received the Pb solution and synthetic medium through separate influent lines. Oxygen (O2) and nitrate (NO3-) were secondary electron acceptors in R1 and R2, respectively. R1 and R2 produced enough HS- (> 73 mg/L) to precipitate Pb, and Pb removal reached >97 %. Chemical equilibrium calculations identified which solids were possible in each stage of operation. Precipitation of Pb with phosphate (PO43-) occurred in the feed solution in R1, but phosphate precipitation was avoided in the R2 influent. The predominant Pb precipitate inside R2 was PbS, which was confirmed by SEM-EDX analysis. The microbial communities of R1 and R2 were dominated by two SRB - Desulfomicrobium and Fusibacter - along with sulfur oxidizer Thiovirga and denitrifier Thauera. Although the presence of electron acceptors other than SO42- enabled other respiratory metabolisms, they did not prevent SO42- reduction to HS- or the precipitation of PbS.

Association Between Lead Exposure and Red Blood Cell Folate Concentrations in U.S. Children Aged 2-17 Years: An Analysis of Data from NHANES 2007-2018

The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of low blood lead levels (BLLs) on the red blood cell folate concentrations in U.S. children aged 2-17 years. All data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) over six consecutive cycles from 2007-2008 to 2017-2018. A total of 12,739 children with BLLs lower than 10 µg/dL (geometric mean: 0.66 µg/dL) were included in the dataset. BLLs were categorized into three tertiles (tertile 1: <0.55 µg/dL; tertile 2: 0.55-0.95 µg/dL; and tertile 3: ≥0.95 µg/dL). The multivariate linear regression model analysis indicates a negative relationship between BLLs and red blood cell folate concentrations. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, red blood cell folate concentrations were lower in children in the BLL tertile 2 (β-coefficient = -0.0450; 95% CI: -0.0676, -0.0224) and BLL tertile 3 groups (β-coefficient = -0.0775; 95% CI: -0.1032, -0.0517) compared to children in the BLL tertile 1 group. When stratified by age, gender, and race/Hispanic origin, the subgroup analysis consistently revealed a negative relationship between BLLs and red blood cell folate concentrations, with red blood cell folate concentrations being lower (p < 0.05) in children in the BLL tertile 3 group compared to children in the tertile 1 group. Further investigation is needed to explore the mechanism underlying the potential relationship between BLLs and red blood cell folate concentrations and determine whether folate plays an active role beneficial for preventing the harmful effects of lead on children.

Lead exposure leads to premature neural differentiation via inhibiting Wnt signaling

Heavy metals, such as Lead (Pb), are ubiquitous environmental pollutants that is a considerable problem worldwide. Increasing evidences suggest that Pb exposure negatively impact central nervous system. However, the exact toxic mechanism of Pb on early human brain development remain unclear due to the limitations of animal models and 2D cell models. In this study, we used human cortical organoids to reveal that Pb had specific early neurodevelopmental toxicity during the neural differentiation stage. We observed that short-term Pb exposure (10 days) is sufficient to induce premature neuronal differentiation. Mechanistically, Pb exposure downregulates the Wnt signaling in cortical organoids, and the activation of Wnt signaling reverses the neurodevelopmental phenotype. In support, Pb exposure during pregnancy lead to premature neuronal differentiation and reduced neurogenesis in mice. In conclusion, our study reveals the neuropathogenesis of Pb exposure and uncovers the potential intervention role of Wnt activation.

Removal of Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury in Monometallic and Trimetallic Aqueous Systems Using Chenopodium album L

The presence of heavy metals in water represents a risk to the life of all species on the planet. Phytoremediation is an effective alternative to remove heavy metals from contaminated aqueous environments. In the present research, Chenopodium album L. was examined for the remediation of waters contaminated with Cd, Pb, and Hg. Studies were carried out in waters containing each metal separately (monometallic aqueous systems) and in mixtures (trimetallic aqueous systems). First, the adaptation of Chenopodium album to different concentrations of Hoagland's nutrient solution (HNS) was evaluated, then, a phytotoxicity study was carried out to determine the appropriate concentrations of each metal to test the tolerance of the plant during the accumulation study, and finally, the bioaccumulation capacity of Chenopodium album for Cd, Pb, and Hg was evaluated. Chenopodium album showed tolerance to levels of 5 mg/L Hg and 10 mg/L Cd and Pb in 25% HNS. The bioaccumulation tests showed that Chenopodium album can remediate Cd, Pb, and Hg contaminated waters in both monometallic and trimetallic aqueous systems. These findings suggest important future applications in the food industry for the production of Chenopodium album as we demonstrate that this species adapts and grows in hydroponic media. In particular, the ability of Chenopodium album to adapt to extreme conditions could be exploited for further studies on phytoremediation of heavy metals in river water, irrigation water, wastewater, effluents, and mine tailings.

Sex and tissue-specificity of piRNA regulation in adult mice following perinatal lead (Pb) exposure

Lead (Pb) is a neurotoxicant with early life exposure linked to long-term health effects. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that associate with PIWIL proteins to induce DNA methylation. It remains unknown whether Pb exposure influences piRNA expression. This study evaluated how perinatal Pb exposure (32 ppm in drinking water) impacts piRNA expression in adult mice and assessed piRNA dysregulation as a potential mechanism for Pb-induced toxicity. Pb exposure effects on piRNA expression and associated gene repression in the germline (testis/ovary) and soma (liver and brain) were evaluated. Small RNA sequencing was used to determine differentially expressed piRNAs, RT-qPCR to examine piRNA target expression, and whole genome bisulfite sequencing to evaluate target DNA methylation status. Three piRNAs (mmpiR-1500602, mmpiR-0201406, and mmpiR-0200026) were significant after multiple testing correction (all downregulated in the male Pb-exposed brain in comparison to control; FDR < 0.05). Within piOxiDB, TAO Kinase 3 was identified as a downstream mRNA target for one of the three Pb-sensitive piRNA. The Pb-exposed male brain exhibited increased Taok3 expression (p < 0.05) and decreased DNA methylation (FDR < 0.01). The results demonstrate that perinatal Pb exposure stably influences longitudinal piRNA expression in a tissue- and sex-specific manner, potentially via DNA methylation-directed mechanisms.

Unraveling the enigma of cardiac damage caused by lead: Understanding the intricate relationship between oxidative stress and other multifactorial mechanisms

Lead (Pb) exposure remains a pressing concern in the realm of public health, with a mounting body of evidence underscoring its adverse impact on cardiovascular well-being. The exposure to Lead instigates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to consequential cellular and physiological damage and a perturbation in redox equilibrium. The resultant oxidative stress, induced by ROS, disrupts endothelial functionality, propagates inflammatory processes, and initiates vascular remodeling, collectively contributing to the advancement of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The objective of this current review is to comprehensively expound upon the intricate mechanisms through which Lead induced toxicity affects cardiac cells. Additionally, it briefly addresses the ramifications of Lead exposure on the development of three interconnected cardiovascular conditions: atherosclerosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. Furthermore, the discourse delves into the specific repercussions of Lead exposure on lipid metabolism, blood pressure regulation, and cardiac performance, culminating in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic plaque formation, elevated blood pressure, and an augmented risk of myocardial infarction. By understanding these intricate mechanisms, targeted interventions may be devised to counteract the deleterious effects of Lead on cardiovascular health. Thus, this review offers novel avenues for preventive and therapeutic strategies, ultimately serving to alleviate the burden of cardiovascular diseases associated with Lead toxicity.

Protective Role of Vitamin B6 Against Teratogenic Effects Induced by Lead in Chick Embryo

BACKGROUND

Heavy metals like lead (Pb) have been used by humans for a very long time, but throughout the industrial revolution, their use expanded, increasing exposure to the metal. Lead, however, has no biological purpose in the human body and is hazardous when it gets into soft tissues and organs. Lead is still used in a variety of industries, including battery manufacturing and car maintenance, despite efforts to limit its usage.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigates the teratogenic and morphometric effects of lead on chick embryos and the potential ameliorative effects of vitamin B6.

METHODS

Two hundred fertilized eggs from the golden black chicken were divided into four groups: control, lead acetate, vitamin B6, and lead + vitamin B6.

RESULTS

On the 14th day, embryos were analyzed. Significant reductions in body weight and size were observed in the lead-exposed group (33.93 ± 1.27 g) compared to the control (41.12 ± 0.97 g). Pronounced deformities included rudimentary beaks, protruding eyes, tridactyl limbs, hydrocephaly, and neck deformities. Appendicular deformities like phocomelia, amelia, and abnormal phalanges growth were also noted. Vitamin B6 demonstrated therapeutic benefits, significantly improving mean embryo weight in the Lead + Vitamin B6 group (42.37 ± 0.99 g). The lead-exposed group showed a reduction in maxilla length (3.61 ± 1.30 mm) compared to the Lead + Vitamin B6 group (7.57 ± 0.79 mm). This group also showed reduced severity of muscular dystrophy and bone thinning, with signs of recovery in beak and bone sizes.

CONCLUSIONS

The study highlights vitamin B6's beneficial impact in mitigating lead's toxic effects on chick embryonic development.

A Prospective Study of a Custom-Made Eco-Friendly Thyroid Shield: A Breakthrough in Radiation Protection

Background The thyroid gland is the most susceptible organ to radiation during the exposure of teeth because the thyroid area appears to be within the primary beam, and the dose levels are relatively high even after using collimation. This study aims to develop an eco-friendly thyroid shield by reusing lead foils from intra-oral periapical radiographic films and evaluate its effectiveness in intraoral radiography. Methods A total of 16 patients undergoing endodontic procedures who gave written consent to participate in the study were included and divided into four categories: anterior, canine, premolar, and molar. After preparing a thyroid shield by reutilizing the lead foils, its effectiveness was checked and compared with that of a commercially available thyroid collar (CTC) by measuring the equivalent dose at the position of the thyroid gland while taking radiographs for all four categories. Instruments used included lead foils, cardboard, a CTC, a custom-made thyroid shield (CTS), a dosimeter, and X-ray film. Later, they were divided into three groups: Group I (without), Group II (with CTC), and Group III (with CTS). Results During the radiography, the CTS (Group III) reduced the radiation dose at the thyroid level by approximately 89% and was more effective than the CTC (Group II) in dose reduction when size 2 intraoral periapical (IOPA) radiographs were used. Conclusion The results of this study concluded that the CTS, besides its low cost and ease of preparation, is eco-friendly and more effective than the CTC in terms of dose reduction.

Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes decussatus from Faro Lake (Messina), Italy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential bioaccumulation of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in the haemolymph and corpus of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes decussatus from Lake Faro. The lake is particularly prone to the accumulation of substances that are potentially toxic to aquatic organisms, due to the input of pollutants from urban and agricultural sources and the low rate of water exchange. The combination of saltwater from the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Strait of Messina and freshwater from hilly aquifers has created brackish conditions in the lake, resulting in an area of high commercial shellfish productivity. As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined using a single quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer; Hg was determined using a direct mercury analyser (DMA-80). Physicochemical parameters of the water from Lake Faro were also performed. Statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism 9.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., Boston, MA, USA) and Shapiro-Wilk normality was applied. Concentrations of Cd, Hg and Pb below the permitted MRLs in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Tapes decussatus used as ''biological indicators'' show that Lake Faro is not at risk of contamination by these pollutants and, moreover, is free of health problems for the consumer based on regulatory limits.

Fabrication of chitosan coated bentonite clay multifunctional nanosorbents from waste biomass for the effective elimination of hazardous pollutants from waterbodies: A fixed bed biosorption, mechanism, and mathematical model study

The anthropogenic activity and hasty fluctuating technologies have been responsible for the generation of massive effluent which is so hazardous due to the loading of several toxicants. While most industries usually discharge it directly into the environment resulting in harsh damage to the ecology/public security. Therefore, it is critical to treat with a sustainable/cost-effective technique. Here, a new route of fabrication of chitosan-coated activated natural bentonite clay (CCANBC) bionanocomposites/bionanosorbents from waste biomass has been developed. Their potential application for the simultaneous removal of Ni2+ and Eosin Y from wastewater were investigated. The effective parameters like concentration (10-30 ppm), flow rate (2-4 mL/min), and bed height (0.5-1.5 cm) were inspected. The bionanosorbents were characterized by FTIR-ATR, XRD, FESEM, TGA, and BET analysis. Additionally, the effluents were explored by AAS and UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy. According to the findings it has been stated that the CCANBC bionanosorbents possessed significant dynamic edges, greater crystallinity (94.27 %), and higher thermal stability. They have exhibited a remarkable 2D honeycomb-like mesoporous microstructure with substantial specific surface area (19.29 m2/g). These outstanding features could be responsible for the dramatic adsorption enactment around 186.42 and 238.37 mg/g for Ni2+ and Eosin Y. The obtained data were evaluated by several mathematical models for better understanding the experimental BTC curve, reaction mechanism, and adsorption isotherm.

A comprehensive toxicological analysis of panel of unregulated e-cigarettes to human health

Electronic cigarettes, commonly referred to as e-cigarettes have gained popularity over recent years especially among young individuals. In the light of the escalating prevalence of the use of these products and their potential for long-term health effects, in this study as the first of its kind a comprehensive toxicological profiling of the liquid from a panel of unregulated e-cigarettes seized in the UK was undertaken using an in vitro co-culture model of the upper airways. The data showed that e-cigarettes caused a dose dependent increase in cell death and inflammation manifested by enhanced release of IL1ß and IL6. Furthermore, the e-cigarettes induced oxidative stress as demonstrated by a reduction of intracellular glutathione and an increase in generation of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, the assessment of genotoxicity showed significant DNA strand breaks (following exposure to Tigerblood flavoured e-cigarette). Moreover, relevant to the toxicological observations, was the detection of varying and frequently high levels of hazardous metals including cadmium, copper, nickel and lead. This study highlights the importance of active and ongoing collaborations between academia, governmental organisations and policy makers (Trading standards, Public Health) and national health service in tackling vape addiction and better informing the general public regarding the risks associated with e-cigarette usage.

Health risk assessment of lead, cadmium, heavy metals and metalloids in residential paint flakes from indoor wall surfaces

Paint components pose risky metals like lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury that endanger occupants, mainly children and pregnant women. To assess the levels and health risks of 14 metals in paint flakes from indoor walls of residential houses in four states in South-western Nigeria. Flaked paints were collected from 144 houses where children reside. Metals were analysed using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. The cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and chromium (Cr) levels (mg/kg) ranged from 1239.9 to 2254.2, 1126.5 to 3080.3, 822.1 to 1492.0, and 2.5 to 60.6 in all the state capitals examined, respectively. All samples examined in this study were above the regulated permissible limits. The US Environmental Protection Agency estimated health risk assessment model was used to calculate the chronic daily intake, hazard quotient, hazard index (HI), and lifetime cancer risk (LCR). HI > 1 was highest in the ingestion route (2.592341: adults, 24.5153: children), and the LCR in children and adults followed the order of LCRingestion > LCRinhalation > LCRdermal. The probability of developing cancer over a lifetime, Total Lifetime Cancer Risk, for children exceeded the limit range for Pb, Mn, and Zn in the paint flakes from all the buildings, while almost all buildings where children resided exceeded the limit range for Cd. The study revealed that paint flakes from indoor walls pose a significant source of metal contamination and health risk, especially for children. In Nigeria, there is a need for stricter regulation and monitoring of metal content in paints and paint flakes.

Robust Anticorrosive Polymer Thin Film for Reliable Protection of Ingestible Devices

Ingestible devices (ID) provide a safe and noninvasive method for monitoring, diagnosing, and delivering drugs to specific sites in the human body, particularly within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, the GI environment is highly acidic and humid, which can cause IDs to fail, and their corrosion in the acidic environment can cause leaching of toxic metal ions, thereby substantially limiting their long-term use. Thus, an efficient method is required to protect IDs, especially in the chemically and mechanically harsh GI environment. However, an anticorrosive polymer coating that can safeguard IDs in the GI environment without delamination or performance degradation has not been developed to date. The protective layer must satisfy several critical requirements, e.g., high biocompatibility, mechanical durability, and superior anticorrosion performance. This paper reports a highly cross-linked but submicron-thick siloxane-based anticorrosive polymer thin film that can be deposited directly onto IDs without damaging them. The 500 nm-thick cross-linked polymer coating demonstrates exceptional corrosion resistance and chemical and mechanical stability in the GI environment without cytotoxicity. A printed circuit board (PCB) coated with the developed ultrathin protective film sustained performance after exposure to a pH 1.00 phosphate buffered saline solution at 37 °C for 72 h without leaching of metal ions. The ID continued to operate effectively under such challenging conditions; thus, the developed film is suitable for applications that require prolonged functionality, e.g., diagnostics, drug delivery, and continuous health monitoring in the GI tract.

A critical review on the removal of lead (heavy metal) by using various adsorbents from aqueous solution

One of the biggest problems globally is the presence of lead in water resources. Due to increased Industrialization, the presence of the heavy metal lead in the environment is a severe worry. Excessive lead poisoning harms all the aquatic systems, which poses a concern for human health and damages this ecosystem through eutrophication. Various techniques are used to collect and remove lead from wastewater to protect aquatic bodies. Adsorption is among the finest methods for eliminating lead from wastewater since it is easy to use, effective, universal, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly. Adsorption is one of the most efficient and effective techniques employed even at low temperatures, as we will explore in this paper. The removal of lead (heavy metal) by adsorption utilizing various adsorbents, including cellulose, industrial by-products, forest wastes, and biotechnology wastes, was evaluated in this paper at various levels from the numerous research and literature. Then, various adsorbent types were assessed in terms of removal efficiency, adsorption capacity, temperature, optimal pH, sorbent dose, and contact time. The paper also examines or researches adsorbent concentration, critical studies, and lead removal percentage. The growth of low-cost adsorbents offers challenges for lead recovery and removal in the near and far future.

The relationships between blood lead levels and nocturia prevalence in adults: A retrospective study

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between blood lead levels and the prevalence of nocturia in American adults.

METHODS

We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2020, focusing on individuals aged 20 years or older (n = 11,919). Blood lead levels were categorized into two groups (<2 µg/dL and ≥2 µg/dL), and the presence of nocturia was assessed based on questionnaire responses. We used multivariable logistic regression models to explore the association between blood lead levels and nocturia while adjusting for various covariates, including sex, ratio of family income to poverty (RIP), lipid profile, age, body mass index (BMI), race, citizenship, sleep trouble, diabetes, and hypertension. To verify whether certain covariates influence blood lead levels and the risk of nocturia, we conducted subgroup analyses.

RESULTS

Of the study participants, 31.70% reported experiencing nocturia. Individuals with higher blood lead levels (≥2 µg/dL) exhibited a higher likelihood of experiencing nocturia compared to those with lower levels (<2 µg/dL) in all three models (Model 1: OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.29-1.66, p < 0.0001; Model 2: OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.09-1.44, p = 0.002; Model 3: OR 1.22, 95%CI 1.06-1.41, p = 0.01). Subgroup analyses revealed that factors such as age, sex, sleep trouble, diabetes, hypertension, BMI, RIP, and race did not affect the association between blood lead levels and the risk of nocturia (P for interaction >0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

This study reported the correlation between blood lead levels and nocturia. We found that compared to blood lead levels below 2 µg/dL, when lead levels reached or exceeded 2 µg/dL, the risk of nocturia occurrence increased by 22%.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

This study is based on existing data from a public database and not from a specific clinical trial; hence, clinical registration information is not provided.

Turmeric products: Evaluation of curcumin and trace elements

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is valued for its coloring properties, flavor enhancement, functionality, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which help prevent various diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of curcumin and trace elements (Cr, Co, Ni, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Hg, and Pb) in 30 samples of turmeric capsules. The quantification of curcumin was performed by spectrophotometry, with results ranging from 0.03 g/100 g to 37.6 g/100 g. The concentration of trace elements was determined by ICP-MS after acid digestion of the samples. Except for the elements Sb and Hg, which showed levels below the quantification limits (0.002 and 0.008 mg/kg, respectively), the results were: Cr (<0.008-0.083 mg/kg), Co (<0.003-0.78 mg/kg), Ni (<0.008-1.61 mg/kg), As (<0.003-0.083 mg/kg), Mo (<0.008-1.21 mg/kg), Cd (<0.002-0.076 mg/kg), Ba (<0.008-23.48 mg/kg), and Pb (<0.008-0.619 mg/kg). The interaction between curcumin and the trace elements was complex, with no direct relationship found between them. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of curcumin varied from 0.004 to 2.684 mg/kg of body weight, with 13 samples below 10 % of the acceptable daily intake (ADI), 12 samples between 10 % and 50 % of the ADI, and three samples above 50 %. For trace elements, Co showed the highest contribution, corresponding to 2.72 % of the health-based guidance value established by EFSA. A careful approach in marketing turmeric-based products is fundamental to ensure their quality, efficacy, and safety for consumers.

Fluorescence Turn-Off-On Sensing Strategy for the Detection of Pb2+ and Metalaxyl Fungicide Using Yellow Fluorescent Carbon Dots From Cordia dichotoma Fruits

In this work, a facile and rapid fluorescence turn-off-on sensing method was developed for the detection of Pb2+ and metalaxyl fungicide in environmental samples using yellow carbon dots (CDs) from Cordia dichotoma fruits. The prepared C. dichotoma-CDs showed the emission band (𝜆Em) at 535 nm under 448 nm of excitation wavelength. The fluorescence intensity of C. dichotoma-CDs quenches by Pb2+ ion and then restores by metalaxyl fungicide, favoring to develop a fluorescence turn-off-on sensing strategy. The intensity ratios (I0/I and I/I0) are linear against Pb2+ (0.01-50 μM) and metalaxyl fungicide (0.025-10 μM) concentrations, offering the detection limits of 0.0054 and 0.0087 μM for Pb2+ and metalaxyl fungicide, respectively. Additionally, the potential application of C. dichotoma-CD-based fluorescence turn-off-on sensing approach was effectively demonstrated for Pb2+ and metalaxyl fungicide assays in real samples, which confirms that C. dichotoma-CDs act as "turn-off-on" fluorescent probe for assaying of Pb2+ and metalaxyl fungicide, respectively.

Lead content in cinnamon and its health risk assessment for Ecuadorian consumers

Lead (Pb) is a poisonous metal that affects organs and the nervous system. Its presence in spices such as cinnamon has been identified as a potential human exposure pathway. In late October 2023, a safety alert was issued in the United States regarding four children with elevated Pb levels in their blood after consuming apple-cinnamon fruit puree manufactured and exported by an Ecuadorian company. Thus, this study aimed to determine the Pb content in 61 ground and stick cinnamon samples, from different commercial brands and lots sold in Ecuador. Results showed that ground cinnamon samples had almost twice the level of Pb (0.80 ± 0.75 mg/kg) than stick samples (0.36 ± 0.28 mg/kg). Three ground samples had Pb content above the maximum level established by Ecuadorian and European Union regulations (2.0 mg/kg). A Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences in Pb content between ground and stick cinnamon (p < 0.05). The HQ values showed negligible non-carcinogenic effects for children and adults, even at the highest Pb content. However, the carcinogenic risk of ground cinnamon at maximum and mean Pb concentrations was found for the population. Our study highlights the deficiencies in current surveillance systems and the lack of effective national regulations for exposure to foodborne metals.

Content of Selected Harmful Metals (Zn, Pb, Cd) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Honeys from Apiaries Located in Urbanized Areas

The chemical composition of honey, and therefore its quality and properties, is influenced by many factors, including its botanical origin and the harvesting conditions-the location of the apiary, access to melliferous plants, the proximity of industrial infrastructure and communication routes, etc. This quality may be reduced by undesirable, toxic compounds that penetrate honey from a contaminated environment, such as heavy metals and residues from other environmental pollutants. Therefore, the aim of our research was to assess the quality of honeys from urbanized areas-in particular, to assess contamination with heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (PAHs). In total, 35 samples from six different apiaries located in urbanized areas were examined. The content of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn) was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), and the content of total PAHs as the sum of the concentrations of the compounds benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The average zinc content ranged from about 2 to 4.5 mg/kg, the average lead content ranged from 3.5 µg/kg to 388 µg/kg and the average cadmium content ranged from 0.5 to 14 µg/kg. It was found that all honeys contained certain amounts of harmful metals, and only lead exceeded the permissible limits. None of the samples tested contained sum content of PAHs exceeding 10 µg/kg of honey. Contrary to our expectations, the results obtained indicate that honeys from urbanized areas do not contain these harmful substances. In general, the presence of harmful metals does not, however, reduce honey's quality or its health value.

Lead-Free Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes

Metal halide perovskites have been identified as a promising class of materials for light-emitting applications. The development of lead-based perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) has led to substantial improvements, with external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) now surpassing 30% and operational lifetimes comparable to those of organic LEDs (OLEDs). However, the concern over the potential toxicity of lead has motivated a search for alternative materials that are both eco-friendly and possess excellent optoelectronic properties, with lead-free perovskites emerging as a strong contender. In this review, the properties of various lead-free perovskite emitters are analyzed, with a particular emphasis on the more well-reported tin-based variants. Recent progress in enhancing device efficiencies through refined crystallization processes and the optimization of device configurations is also discussed. Additionally, the remaining challenges are examined, and propose strategies that may lead to stable device operation. Looking forward, the potential future developments for lead-free PeLEDs are considered, including the extension of spectral range, the adoption of more eco-friendly deposition techniques, and the exploration of alternative materials.

Assessment of the calcium-silicate Polonite as a sorbent for thin-layer capping of metal contaminated sediment

Sediments contaminated with hazardous metals pose risks to humans and wildlife, yet viable management options are scarce. In a series of laboratory experiments, we characterized Polonite® - an activated calcium-silicate - as a novel sorbent for thin-layer capping of metal-contaminated sediments. We tested a fine-grained by-product from the Polonite production as a cheap and sustainable sorbent. First, Polonite was reacted with solutions of Cu, Pb, and Zn, and the surface chemistry of the Polonite was examined using, e.g., scanning electron microscopy to investigate metal sorption mechanisms. Batch experiments were conducted by adding Polonite to industrially contaminated harbor sediment to determine sorption kinetics and isotherms. Importantly, we measured if the Polonite could reduce metal bioavailability to sediment fauna by performing digestive fluid extraction (DFE). Finally, a cap placement technique was studied by applying a Polonite slurry in sedimentation columns. The results showed rapid metal sorption to Polonite via several mechanisms, including hydroxide and carbonate precipitation, and complexation with metal oxides on the Polonite surface. Isotherm data revealed that the sediment uptake capacity (Kf) for Cu, Pb, and Zn increased by a factor of 25, 21, and 14, respectively, after addition of 5% Polonite. The bioavailability of Cu, Pb, and Zn was reduced by 70%, 65%, and 54%, respectively, after a 25% Polonite addition. In conclusion, we propose that sediment treatment with low doses of the Polonite by-product can be a cheap, sustainable, and effective remediation method compared to other more intrusive methods such as dredging or conventional isolation capping.

Lead (Pb) in biological samples in association with cancer risk and mortality: A systematic literature review

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal and pervasive environmental contaminant, and a class 2 A carcinogen according to the IARC classification, yet its link with cancer at several body sites remains uncertain. Here, we aimed at summarizing the scientific evidence regarding its association with cancer risk and mortality, focusing on studies that carried out Pb measurements in biological samples.

METHODS

We reviewed articles published in PubMed and EMBASE until January 2nd, 2024, that quantified the epidemiological association between Pb measured in blood, urine, nails, and other biological media, and cancer risk and mortality (overall and by cancer site/type).

RESULTS

We included 46 articles (out of 8022 screened) published in 1995-2023 and reporting on investigations conducted in fifteen countries. In terms of design, 20 were prospective, 24 were retrospective case-control studies, and 2 were cross-sectional. Pb levels were determined in blood in the majority of studies (n=28). The most consistent evidence was for the association of Pb with cancer of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the oesophagus, stomach (RR ranging from 0.80 to 2.66), colon-rectum, and pancreas; and of the bladder and urinary tract (RR from 1.10 to 2.89). For other specific malignancies, the data were conflicting or too limited to draw reliable conclusions. Finally, increased Pb concentration in blood and urine was consistently associated with higher overall cancer incidence and mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Lead is a widespread and highly persistent environmental pollutant associated with cancer at multiple body sites. Comprehensive primary prevention interventions aiming at reducing opportunities for Pb exposure need to be continuously promoted and implemented.

Impact of Occupational Cement Dust Exposure on Hematological Health Parameters: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction Contact with the dust of cement consisting of toxic components brings about inflammatory damage (often irreversible) to the body of a human being. The circulatory system exhibits sensitivity to inflammatory changes in the body, and one of the earliest changes may be observed in the blood parameters like mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). MCHC and MCH are possibly easily accessible and affordable parameters that can detect harmful changes in the body before any irreversible damage occurs. Objectives This research aimed to seek the changes in MCHC and MCH upon occupational contact with the toxic dust of cement. Methods The execution of this research was done in the Department of Physiology, Dhaka Medical College, Bangladesh, and a cement plant in Munshiganj, Bangladesh. This research was carried out between September 2017 and August 2018. Individuals (20 to 50 years old, 92 male adults) participated and were grouped into the group with occupational cement dust impact (46 subjects) and the group without occupational dust of cement impact (46 subjects). Data was collected in a pre-designed questionnaire. An independent sample t-test was conducted to analyze statistical and demographic data like body mass index and blood pressure. A multivariate regression model was applied to note the impact of cement dust on the group working in this dusty environment. Again, a multivariate regression model was employed to observe whether the duration of exposure to this dust affected MCHC and MCH. The significance level was demarcated at p < 0.05 Stata-15 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX, US) for statistical analysis, and GraphPad Prism v8.3.2 (Insight Venture Management, LLC, New York, NY, US) was employed to present the data graphically when required. Results There was a reduction in MCHC by 0.58 g/dL and MCH levels by 0.68 pg in the cement dust-exposed subjects when compared to controls, but not significant (95% CI: -0.93, 2.10; p  = 0.448 and 95% CI: -0.37, 1.73; p = 0.203, respectively). However, MCHC was reduced significantly by 0.51 g/dL (p = 0.011) with the duration of exposure to the dust. Conclusion The study showed that MCHC was significantly reduced with the duration of exposure to cement dust in cement plant workers. Such alterations may hamper heme synthesis, hemolysis, and inflammatory changes in the body.

Organic food and internal exposure to pollutants among Flemish adolescents

Contrary to the initial hypothesis, Flemish adolescents who reported consuming organic food at least 7.5 times per week did not exhibit reduced internal exposure to the tested recently used pesticides. After adjustment for gender, age, country of origin, socioeconomic status, body mass index, consumption of high-fat foods and foods linked to organic food consumption, and concerning organochlorine derivatives and lead, additional adjustment for the duration of breastfeeding expressed in weeks, they displayed slightly elevated internal exposure to organochlorine derivatives, lead, methyl arsenate, and toxic relevant arsenic. A comparison was also made between the correlation of internal exposure to pollutants with the frequency of organic food consumption on one hand and the total consumption of equivalent products from all sources on the other. Regarding potatoes, vegetables, and fruits, no clear trends were observed. Regarding eggs, there was a trend towards higher internal exposures with organic food consumption, significant for trans-nonachlor, PCB118, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and marginally significant for glyphosate. For dairy, there was a trend towards higher internal exposures with organic food consumption, significant for perfluorononanoic acid and marginally significant for PCB153. Regarding nuts and seeds, the higher internal exposure to dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and the lower exposure to 3-phenoxybenzoic acid were marginally significant, while there was also a trend towards higher internal exposure to other pollutants with organic food consumption, significant for PCB118, PCB153, and sum PCBs, and marginally significant for trans-nonachlor. Concerning breakfast cereals and muesli, no clear trends were observed.

Effect of environmental air pollutants on placental function and pregnancy outcomes: a molecular insight

Air pollution has become a major health concern, particularly for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and pregnant women. Studies have reported a strong association between prenatal exposure to air pollutants and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including lower birth weight, reduced fetal growth, and an increased frequency of preterm births. This review summarizes the harmful effects of air pollutants, such as particulate matter, on pregnancy and outlines the mechanistic details associated with these adverse outcomes. Particulate pollutant matter may be able to cross the placenta barrier, and alterations in placental functions are central to the detrimental effects of these pollutants. In addition to associations with preeclampsia and gestational hypertension, air pollutants also induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and epigenetic alteration in the placenta. These pollutants can also affect placental homeostasis and endocrine function, contributing to pregnancy complications and possible transgenerational effects. Prenatal air pollution exposure has been linked to reduced cognitive and motor function in infants and newborns, increasing the predisposition to autism spectrum disorders and other neuropsychiatric disorders. This review also summarizes the use of various animal models to study the harmful effects of air pollution on pregnancy and postnatal outcomes. These findings provide valuable insight into the molecular events associated with the process and can aid in risk mitigation and adopting safety measures. Implementing effective environmental protocols and taking appropriate steps may reduce the global disease burden, particularly for developing nations with poor regulatory compliance and large populations of pregnant women.

Influence of lead on cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and its implications in neurodegenerative disorders

Lead (Pb2+) is one of the most common toxic metals present in the environment, and lead exposure causes serious health issues in humans. Lead is widely used because of its physio-chemical characteristics, which include softness, corrosion resistance, ductility, and low conductivity. Lead affects almost all human organs, specifically the central nervous system. Lead neurotoxicity is connected to various neural pathways, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein level alterations, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) pathway changes, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) changes. Lead primarily affects protein kinase C (PKC) through the replacement of calcium (Ca2+) ions in the CREB pathway. In this review, we have discussed the effect of lead on the CREB pathway and its implications on the nervous system, highlighting its effects on learning, synaptic plasticity, memory, and cognitive deficits. This review provides an understanding of the lead-induced alterations in the CREB pathway, which can lead to the future prospect of its use as a diagnostic marker as well as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative disorders.

Blood Lead Testing and Follow-up Testing Among Children Hospitalized for Lead Poisoning

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

US children experience lead poisoning, which has detrimental health effects and significant individual and societal costs. This study aimed to describe the sociodemographic and hospitalization characteristics of children hospitalized for lead poisoning and assess the proportion of inpatients who received blood lead testing and appropriate follow-up testing before hospitalization.

METHODS

2015-2021 hospital discharge data were linked to lead surveillance data for Pennsylvania children aged 0 to 5 years. Demographics, hospitalization characteristics, and lead testing data from children with a primary diagnosis code of lead poisoning were used. The number of hospitalizations, associated hospital length of stay and charges, and the proportion of inpatients who received lead testing and follow-up testing after identification of high blood lead levels before hospitalization were analyzed by selected characteristics.

RESULTS

During the study period, there were 93 children hospitalized for lead poisoning, incurring 443 inpatient days and approximately 6 million dollars in inpatient charges. Of these inpatients, 69.9% were males, 36.6% were non-Hispanic Black, 67.7% were aged 0 to 2 years, 14% had repeated admissions, and 88.2% of admissions were paid by Medicaid. In addition, 20.4% did not have lead testing, and 34.4% had appropriate follow-up testing before hospitalization. Non-Hispanic whites and children with developmental, behavioral, and emotional disorders had relatively low proportions of having appropriate follow-up testing.

CONCLUSIONS

Severe childhood lead poisoning is a significant health and economic burden, especially among children with Medicaid. Further improvements in blood lead testing and follow-up testing can help prevent childhood lead poisoning.

Silicon mediated heavy metal stress amelioration in fruit crops

Fruit crops are essential for human nutrition and health, yet high level of heavy metal levels in soils can degrade fruit quality. These metals accumulate in plant roots and tissues due to factors like excessive fertilizer and pesticide use, poor waste management, and unscientific agricultural practices. Such accumulation can adversely affect plant growth, physiology, and yield. Consuming fruits contaminated with toxic metals poses significant health risks, including nervous system disorders and cancer. Various strategies, such as organic manuring, biomaterials, and modified cultivation practices have been widely researched to reduce heavy metal accumulation. Recently, silicon (Si) application has emerged as a promising and cost-effective solution for addressing biological and environmental challenges in food crops. Si, which can be applied to the soil, through foliar application or a combination of both, helps reduce toxic metal concentrations in soil and plants. Despite its potential, there is currently no comprehensive review that details Si's role in mitigating heavy metal stress in fruit crops. This review aims to explore the potential of Si in reducing heavy metal-induced damage in fruit crops while enhancing growth by alleviating heavy metal toxicity.

Investigation of microplastics and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in sediments of two rivers in Southwestern Nigeria

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging and ubiquitous contaminants, known to accumulate in river sediments. In many developing nations, the absence of policies for managing plastic waste puts the inland river ecosystems at risk of excessive abundance of plastics and MPs. However, only limited studies have reported MPs in river environments in these countries. The current study therefore examined the abundance and nature of MPs and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the sediments of the Odo-Ona and Ogun Rivers in Southwest Nigeria. MPs were extracted from the sediments using the density separation method and categorized according to their size, colour and shapes. The range of MP abundances found in the Ogun River sediments was 66.6 ± 12.2 to 311 ± 20.8 particles/kg, while that of the Odo-Ona River ranged from 133 ± 50 to 433 ± 100 particles/kg. The MPs polymer analyses revealed the presence of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyamide (PA) particles in the sediments. PE was most abundant in the two rivers, constituting 72.8% and 59.7% of MPs (with 0.5 - 5 mm size), recovered from the Odo-Ona and Ogun Rivers, respectively. High concentrations of Cr and Pb with ranges of 10.3 - 48.3 and 10.1 - 211 mg/kg, respectively, were detected in the sediments and were associated with anthropogenic effects. This study reveals the impact of indiscriminate waste dumping on the water bodies, and calls for strict enforcement of environmental laws in the country.

Dynamic Surface Incorporation of Pb2+ Ions at the Actively Dissolving Calcite (104) Surface

The reaction of dissolved Pb2+ with calcite surfaces at near-equilibrium conditions involves adsorption of Pb2+ and precipitation of secondary heteroepitaxial Pb-carbonate minerals. A more complex behavior is observed under far-from-equilibrium conditions, including strong inhibition of calcite dissolution, development of microtopography, and near-surface incorporation of multiple monolayers (ML) of Pb2+ without precipitation of secondary phases [where 1 ML ≡ 1 Ca/20.2 Å2, the crystallographic site density of the calcite (104) lattice plane]. However, the mechanistic controls governing far-from-equilibrium reactivity are not well understood. Here, we observe the interfacial incorporation of dissolved Pb2+ during the dissolution of calcite (104) surfaces at pH ∼ 3.7 in a flow-through reaction cell, revealing the formation of a ∼1 nm thick Pb-rich calcite layer with a total Pb coverage of ∼1.4 ML. These observations of the sorbed Pb distribution used resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity, X-ray fluorescence, and nanoinfrared atomic force microscopy. We propose that this altered surface layer represents a novel sorption mode that is stabilized by conditions of sustained disequilibrium. This behavior may significantly impact the transport of dissolved metals during disequilibrium processes occurring in acid mine drainage and subsurface CO2 injection and, if appropriately accounted for, could improve the predictive capability of geochemical reactive-transport models.

Heavy metals in urban soil: Contamination levels, spatial distribution and human health risk assessment (the case of Ufa city, Russia)

The article examines the concentration of 9 heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ba and V) and As in the soil cover of the urban area in one of the largest cities in Russia, Ufa (the Republic of Bashkortostan). It is compared with aggregated data of concentrations on urbanized areas in surface soils throughout the world. For elements exceeding the average background values in soils of the urban area (Cr, Ni, Cu and Co), the average concentrations in the city soils were 346, 101, 51 and 18 ppm, respectively. Using enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), and concentration coefficients (CC), Cr and Ni were identified as elements entering the soil cover as a result of anthropogenic pollution. Although the level of their enrichment and contamination of soils in the most territory of the city corresponds to the moderate class, there are sites with critical threshold values. Spatial analysis of heavy metals distribution was carried out based on the results of pollution load index (PLI) and ecological risk factor (Er) calculations with the use of graphical presentation of results, which allowed specific and detailed description of sites calling for special attention. The use of cluster analysis allowed dividing the sample of chemical elements into groups with probably similar sources of entry into the environment. Monte Carlo modeling of risk calculation showed negligible non-cancer risks for both adult and child populations in most of the city. While children's exposure to Cr was of concern in the more residential part of the city, free of large industrial plants, As posed a threat with respect to cancer risks in the southern part of the city, with elevated concentrations and other HMs in vicinity of the oil refineries.

Microbial strategies for lead remediation in agricultural soils and wastewater: mechanisms, applications, and future directions

High lead (Pb) levels in agricultural soil and wastewater threaten ecosystems and organism health. Microbial remediation is a cost-effective, efficient, and eco-friendly alternative to traditional physical or chemical methods for Pb remediation. Previous research indicates that micro-organisms employ various strategies to combat Pb pollution, including biosorption, bioprecipitation, biomineralization, and bioaccumulation. This study delves into recent advancements in Pb-remediation techniques utilizing bacteria, fungi, and microalgae, elucidating their detoxification pathways and the factors that influence Pb removal through specific case studies. It investigates how bacteria immobilize Pb by generating nanoparticles that convert dissolved lead (Pb-II) into less harmful forms to mitigate its adverse impacts. Furthermore, the current review explores the molecular-level mechanisms and genetic engineering techniques through which microbes develop resistance to Pb. We outline the challenges and potential avenues for research in microbial remediation of Pb-polluted habitats, exploring the interplay between Pb and micro-organisms and their potential in Pb removal.

Ionic Liquid-Solidified Floating Organic Drop Microextraction for the Preconcentration of Lead in Environmental Water Samples Prior to Its Determination with Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

This research investigates the utilization of an ionic liquid combination of solidified floating organic drop micro-extraction (IL-SFODME) to augment the concentration of trace amounts of lead, working as a preliminary stage before electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) analysis without the use of chelating agents. Key parameters impacting the microextraction efficiency-including pH, the volume of the ionic liquid (1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, HMIMPF6), temperature, extraction time, and stirring speed-were methodically examined to determine optimal conditions. Under detected optimized conditions, an enhancement factor of 71.2 was obtained for a 15 mL sample solution. The calibration curve exhibited linearity within the concentration range of 0.2-2.5 µg/L, with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.054 µg/L and a quantification limit (10σ) of 0.18 µg/L. For seven replicate measurements of 0.5 µg/L lead, the relative standard deviation (RSD) was ±2.30%. This method was effectively implemented to extract and quantify lead in both reference water and different real water samples, showcasing significantly efficient extraction performance.

Lead exposure estimation through a physiologically based toxicokinetic model using human biomonitoring data and comparison with scenario-based exposure assessment: A case study in Korean adults

Pb toxicity is linked to cardiovascular and nephrotoxicity issues. Exposure to this heavy metal can occur through food and drinking water. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate Pb exposure and assess health risks in Korean adults using a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model. Human blood Pb concentrations were monitored using the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) Cycle 4. The average Pb exposure in Korean adults was 0.520 μg/kg bw/day. The PBTK results were compared with scenario-based results from the 2021 risk assessment report of five heavy metals, including Pb, conducted by the MFDS. Exposure determined through reverse dosimetry was approximately two times higher than scenario-based exposure (0.264 μg/kg bw/day). The higher exposure levels obtained during PBTK analysis may be attributed to sustained exposure within historically more contaminated living environments and the long half-life of Pb. These findings suggest that the PBTK-based method can quantify aggregated exposure levels in the body over time, potentially serving as a complementary tool to address the constraints of scenario-based assessment methods for integrated risk assessment. Moreover, this model is convenient and cost-effective compared with scenario-based exposure estimation. These findings can facilitate the application of model for tracking continuous national changes in hazardous substance levels.

Validation of a low-cost lead hazard screening kit for the home environment

The main sources of lead exposure for children occur in the home environment, yet no low-cost analytical methods exist to screen homes for lead hazards. Previously, an inexpensive (~$20), quantitative lead screening kit was developed in which residents collect soil, paint, and dust samples that are returned to a laboratory for lead analysis using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). This screening kit was initially validated in 2020; it was determined that in situ and ex situ XRF lead measurements on the same samples exhibited strong sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. As a follow-up to the initial validation, an implementation study and further statistical analyses were conducted. Correlation analysis using the results from nearly 400 screening kits identified an overall lack of correlation between sample types, reinforcing the utility of all eight sample locations. Principal component analysis searched for underlying correlations in sample types and provided evidence that both interior and exterior paint are major sources of lead hazards for Indiana homes. The implementation study compared the results of the government-standard lead inspection and risk assessment (LIRA) and the lead screening kit in 107 Indiana homes. In the United States, the LIRA is a thorough inspection of paint, dust, and soil that is usually state mandated in response to a child's elevated blood level and is used to identify where remediation efforts should be focused. The lead screening kit and LIRA agreed on the presence of lead in 79 of the 107 homes tested (74%). Discrepancies in agreement are likely the result of differences in the sample location and number of samples collected by each method. Overall, these results suggest that the lead screening kit is an acceptable resource that could be used to expand the services health departments provide for lead prevention. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1504-1513. © 2024 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

Role of Nitric Oxide, TNF-α and Caspase-3 in Lead Acetate-Exposed Rats Pretreated with Aqueous Rosmarinus officinalis Leaf Extract

Lead (Pb) toxicity is a worldwide significant public health challenge causing several neurological disorders. Reports indicate that plants rich in antioxidants, such as Rosmarinus officinalis (RO), can counteract Pb accumulation and its toxicity in the brain. Due to a dearth of literature evidence demonstrating the protective activity of RO against Pb toxicity, this study investigated such activity in Wistar rats. Thirty-six Wistar rats were allocated into six groups (n=6), namely I (control), II (lead acetate [Pb]; 100 mg/kg b.w.), III (100 mg/kg of RO and 100 mg/kg of Pb), IV (200 mg/kg of RO and 100 mg/kg of Pb), V (100 mg/kg b.w. of RO) and VI (200 mg/kg b.w. of RO). After 28 days, neurobehavioural, antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, apoptotic and inflammatory activities as well as the histology of the cerebellum were evaluated. Body weight, locomotion and exploration as well as antioxidant enzymes were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in Pb-exposed rats when compared to control. Conversely, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and caspase-3 activities were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in the Pb-exposed rats when compared to control. These parameters were, however, significantly (p<0.05) attenuated in the RO-pretreated rats when compared to Pb-exposed rats. Cerebellar histology of the Pb-exposed rats showed severe degeneration of the Purkinje cells whereas the RO-pretreated rats showed better cerebellar architecture. These findings demonstrate that the neuroprotective activity of RO is facilitated via its effective antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.

Combined Toxic Effects of Lead and Glyphosate on Apis cerana cerana

Glyphosate (GY) is the most widely used herbicide in agriculture worldwide. Lead is a common heavy metal in the natural environment. Honeybees, as pollinators, are exposed to these pollutants. So far, few reports have evaluated the toxic effects of GY mixed with heavy metals on honeybees (Apis cerana cerana). This study found that the acute toxicity of lead (LC50 = 1083 mg/L) is much greater than that of GY (LC50 = 4764 mg/L) at 96 h. The acute toxicities of the mixed substances were as follows: LC50 = 621 mg/L of lead and LC50 = 946 mg/L of GY. The combination of lead and GY was more toxic than either of the individual substances alone. Compared to the individual toxicity, combined treatment significantly affected the bees' learning and cognitive abilities and changed the relative expression of genes related to immune defense and detoxification metabolism in A. c. cerana. The combination of lead and GY seriously affected the behavior and physiology of the studied honeybees. This study provides basic data for further research on the combined effects of GY and heavy metals on bee health. It also serves as a reference for effective colony protection.

The dark side of beauty: an in-depth analysis of the health hazards and toxicological impact of synthetic cosmetics and personal care products

Over the past three decades, the popularity of cosmetic and personal care products has skyrocketed, largely driven by social media influence and the propagation of unrealistic beauty standards, especially among younger demographics. These products, promising enhanced appearance and self-esteem, have become integral to contemporary society. However, users of synthetic, chemical-based cosmetics are exposed to significantly higher risks than those opting for natural alternatives. The use of synthetic products has been associated with a variety of chronic diseases, including cancer, respiratory conditions, neurological disorders, and endocrine disruption. This review explores the toxicological impact of beauty and personal care products on human health, highlighting the dangers posed by various chemicals, the rise of natural ingredients, the intricate effects of chemical mixtures, the advent of nanotechnology in cosmetics, and the urgent need for robust regulatory measures to ensure safety. The paper emphasizes the necessity for thorough safety assessments, ethical ingredient sourcing, consumer education, and collaboration between governments, regulatory bodies, manufacturers, and consumers. As we delve into the latest discoveries and emerging trends in beauty product regulation and safety, it is clear that the protection of public health and well-being is a critical concern in this ever-evolving field.

Analysis of serum lead, copper, iron, and zinc and hematological parameters in battery smelting workers: assessing lead toxicity

The present study is conducted to know the serum lead, copper, iron, and zinc levels, in parallel to hematological parameters, in battery smelting workers to assess lead toxicity. Battery smelting is known to expose workers to high levels of lead, which can have significant negative health effects. Blood samples from 150 participants, including 75 battery smelting workers and 75 controls, were analyzed for metal concentrations and hematological indices. The results revealed significantly elevated levels of lead in the serum of battery smelting workers as compared to control group. Elevated lead levels were also correlated with significantly decreased hemoglobin levels and hematocrit values, manifesting potential anemia in these workers. In addition, disarrangements in serum copper, iron, and zinc levels were also observed, proposing a possible interaction between lead exposure and the metabolism of these essential metals. These findings highlight the need for regular monitoring of battery smelting facilities and environment and to take improved protective measures to prevent lead toxicity and its associated hematological disturbances. This study aims to analyze the effect of occupational lead exposure on blood levels of lead, zinc, iron, and copper in battery workers compared to normal subjects and evaluate their blood counts.

N-doped nano-casted carbon monolith for Pb (II) removal and photocatalytic degradation of thiamethoxam from aqueous solution

Single rock-like N-doped carbon monolith (ND-PFCM) was successfully constructed via nanocasting method. Phenol formaldehyde resin was taken as carbon source and nitrogen was incorporated in monoliths through NaNH2 activation. The synthesized monoliths were used for the removal of Pb (II) from aqueous solution. Various characterization techniques, namely Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) UV-DRS, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), were utilized to characterize synthesized monolithic samples. The different parameters such as pH, adsorbent dosage, and time were enquired on the removal efficiency of monoliths toward Pb(II). ND-PFCM exhibited the highest adsorption capacity of 330.03 mg g-1 in 180 min at pH 6. This is attributed to the fact that the better texture properties and presence of nitrogen functional groups enhance the uptake of Pb (II) ions on the monolith surface. In the kinetic studies, pseudo-second-order model fitted best with the experimental data. Furthermore, the removal of thiamethoxam (TM) from aqueous solution was done by using different weight ratios of ND-PFCM under the visible light. The maximum removal efficiency of 97.35% with rate constant of 0.02085 min-1 was obtained in 160 min. Moreover, monoliths exhibited good reusability for five consecutive cycles. The findings suggest that the synthesized monoliths exhibit characteristics suitable and eco-friendly for sustainable use in water treatment applications.

Chronic Lead Toxicity in a Family: A Case Report

Lead poisoning, also known as plumbism, is a significant global health concern, occurring more commonly in the pediatric age group. The widespread use of lead in developing and developed countries due to industrialization has led to the contamination of the environment and lead toxicity. With the increasing number of cases, it is very important to identify and treat lead toxicity at the earliest to prevent detrimental side effects like neurocognitive impairment, developmental regression, coma, and death. This case report depicts a family whose parents are employed in the battery recycling sector, putting them and their children at risk for lead poisoning.

Maternal diet quality during pregnancy and biomarkers of potentially toxic trace element exposure: Data from the ELFE cohort

The contribution of the diet to potentially toxic trace element exposure in pregnancy has been rarely addressed. The objective of the present study was to determine the association between the maternal diet during pregnancy and biomarkers of exposure for arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) at delivery. As was assessed in maternal urine, Hg in maternal hair, and Pb in cord blood, as a proxy for in utero exposure. Based on 2995 women from the ELFE nationwide birth cohort, higher scores for dietary patterns considered healthy were associated with higher concentrations of As and Hg in maternal matrices. Levels of cord blood Pb were inconsistently associated with dietary patterns considered healthy, and lower with a dietary pattern driven by milk and breakfast cereals. Lower levels of Hg were associated with higher Western dietary pattern scores. In conclusion, higher levels of maternal urinary As and hair Hg are associated with diets considered as "Healthy", while cord blood Pb was not strongly correlated with dietary exposure.