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Bandyopadhyay AS, Zipursky S. A novel tool to eradicate an ancient scourge: the novel oral polio vaccine type 2 story. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:e67-e71. [PMID: 36162417 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00582-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The recent detection of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) in London (UK) and a case of paralytic polio in New York (USA) have highlighted how the scourge of poliomyelitis has not been totally overcome and remains an international problem, not confined to Afghanistan and Pakistan (where wild-type 1 poliovirus remains endemic) or as outbreaks of circulating VDPV in countries in Africa. To address the risk of circulating VDPVs, a global collaborative effort over the past decade has enabled the development of novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) that is as immunogenic as the current Sabin strain and so equally effective, while being less likely to revert to neurovirulence than Sabin oral polio vaccines. The successful development of nOPV2-the first such vaccine against type 2 poliovirus and the first vaccine ever authorised by the WHO Prequalification team through its Emergency Use Listing procedure-has led to the deployment of approximately 450 million doses of nOPV2 for outbreak control in 21 countries. It also paved the way for the subsequent Emergency Use Listing approval of COVID-19 vaccines in the global pandemic. Monitoring the use of nOPV2 has confirmed it is more genetically stable and less likely to result in VDPV than the Sabin strain, suggesting that the target of the global eradication of poliomyelitis might be a little more attainable than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Zipursky
- Polio Eradication, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
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52
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Barber C, Crank K, Papp K, Innes GK, Schmitz BW, Chavez J, Rossi A, Gerrity D. Community-Scale Wastewater Surveillance of Candida auris during an Ongoing Outbreak in Southern Nevada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:1755-1763. [PMID: 36656763 PMCID: PMC9893721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Candida auris is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and an emerging global public health threat, given its high mortality among infected individuals, antifungal resistance, and persistence in healthcare environments. This study explored the applicability of wastewater surveillance for C. auris in a metropolitan area with reported outbreaks across multiple healthcare facilities. Influent or primary effluent samples were collected over 10 weeks from seven sewersheds in Southern Nevada. Pelleted solids were analyzed using an adapted quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay targeting the ITS2 region of the C. auris genome. Positive detection was observed in 72 of 91 samples (79%), with higher detection frequencies in sewersheds serving healthcare facilities involved in the outbreak (94 vs 20% sample positivity). Influent wastewater concentrations ranged from 2.8 to 5.7 log10 gene copies per liter (gc/L), and primary clarification achieved an average log reduction value (LRV) of 1.24 ± 0.34. Presumptive negative surface water and wastewater controls were non-detect. These results demonstrate that wastewater surveillance may assist in tracking the spread of C. auris and serve as an early warning tool for public health action. These findings provide the foundation for future application of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to community- or facility-level surveillance of C. auris and other high consequence, healthcare-associated infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Barber
- School
of Public Health, University of Nevada Las
Vegas, 4700 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89119, United States
- Southern
Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193, United States
| | - Katherine Crank
- Southern
Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193, United States
| | - Katerina Papp
- Southern
Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193, United States
| | - Gabriel K. Innes
- Yuma
Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8th Street, Yuma, Arizona 85364, United States
| | - Bradley W. Schmitz
- Yuma
Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture (YCEDA), University of Arizona, 6425 W. 8th Street, Yuma, Arizona 85364, United States
| | - Jorge Chavez
- Utah
Department of Health and Human Services, Utah Public Health Laboratory, 4431 South 2700 West, Taylorsville, Utah 84129, United States
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Utah
Department of Health and Human Services, Utah Public Health Laboratory, 4431 South 2700 West, Taylorsville, Utah 84129, United States
| | - Daniel Gerrity
- Southern
Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193, United States
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53
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Chong CY, Kam KQ, Yung CF. Combating a resurgence of poliomyelitis through public health surveillance and vaccination. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2023. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2022390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Poliomyelitis, or polio, is a highly infectious disease and can result in permanent flaccid paralysis of the limbs. Singapore was certified polio-free by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 29 October 2000, together with 36 other countries in the Western Pacific Region. The last imported case of polio in Singapore was in 2006. Fortunately, polio is vaccine-preventable—the world saw the global eradication of wild poliovirus types 2 and 3 achieved in 2015 and 2019, respectively. However, in late 2022, a resurgence of paralytic polio cases from vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) was detected in countries like Israel and the US (specifically, New York); VDPV was also detected during routine sewage water surveillance with no paralysis cases in London, UK. Without global eradication, there is a risk of re-infection from importation and spread of wild poliovirus or VDPV, or new emergence and circulation of VDPV. During the COVID-19 pandemic, worldwide routine childhood vaccination coverage fell by 5% to 81% in 2020–2021. Fortunately, Singapore has maintained a constantly high vaccination coverage of 96% among 1-year-old children as recorded in 2021. All countries must ensure high poliovirus vaccination coverage in their population to eradicate poliovirus globally, and appropriate interventions must be taken to rectify this if the coverage falters. In 2020, WHO approved the emergency use listing of a novel oral polio vaccine type 2 for countries experiencing circulating VDPV type 2 outbreaks. Environmental and wastewater surveillance should be implemented to allow early detection of “silent” poliovirus transmission in the population, instead of relying on clinical surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis based on case definition alone.
Keywords: Acute flaccid paralysis, infectious diseases, polio vaccine, poliovirus, surveillance
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Zaman K, Bandyopadhyay AS, Hoque M, Gast C, Yunus M, Jamil KM, Mainou BA, Konopka-Anstadt JL, Hendley WS, Vincent A, Clemens R, Clemens SAC, Ross AG, Clemens JD, Tritama E. Evaluation of the safety, immunogenicity, and faecal shedding of novel oral polio vaccine type 2 in healthy newborn infants in Bangladesh: a randomised, controlled, phase 2 clinical trial. Lancet 2023; 401:131-139. [PMID: 36495882 PMCID: PMC9860215 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV2) from Sabin oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs) are the leading cause of poliomyelitis. A novel type 2 OPV (nOPV2) has been developed to be more genetically stable with similar tolerability and immunogenicity to that of Sabin type 2 vaccines to mitigate the risk of cVDPV2. We aimed to assess these aspects of nOPV2 in poliovirus vaccine-naive newborn infants. METHODS In this randomised, double-blind, controlled, phase 2 trial we enrolled newborn infants at the Matlab Health Research Centre, Chandpur, Bangladesh. We included infants who were healthy and were a single birth after at least 37 weeks' gestation. Infants were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive either two doses of nOPV2 or placebo, administered at age 0-3 days and at 4 weeks. Exclusion criteria included receipt of rotavirus or any other poliovirus vaccine, any infection or illness at the time of enrolment (vomiting, diarrhoea, or intolerance to liquids), diagnosis or suspicion of any immunodeficiency disorder in the infant or a close family member, or any contraindication for venipuncture. The primary safety outcome was safety and tolerability after one and two doses of nOPV2, given 4 weeks apart in poliovirus vaccine-naive newborn infants and the primary immunogenicity outcome was the seroconversion rate for neutralising antibodies against type 2 poliovirus, measured 28 days after the first and second vaccinations with nOPV2. Study staff recorded solicited and unsolicited adverse events after each dose during daily home visits for 7 days. Poliovirus neutralising antibody responses were measured in sera drawn at birth and at age 4 weeks and 8 weeks. This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04693286. FINDINGS Between Sept 21, 2020, and Aug 16, 2021, we screened 334 newborn infants, of whom three (<1%) were found to be ineligible and one (<1%) was withdrawn by the parents; the remaining 330 (99%) infants were assigned to receive nOPV2 (n=220 [67%]) or placebo (n=110 [33%]). nOPV2 was well tolerated; 154 (70%) of 220 newborn infants in the nOPV2 group and 78 (71%) of 110 in the placebo group had solicited adverse events, which were all mild or moderate in severity. Severe unsolicited adverse events in 11 (5%) vaccine recipients and five (5%) placebo recipients were considered unrelated to vaccination. 306 (93%) of 330 infants had seroprotective maternal antibodies against type 2 poliovirus at birth, decreasing to 58 (56%) of 104 in the placebo group at 8 weeks. In the nOPV2 group 196 (90%) of 217 infants seroconverted by week 8 after two doses, when 214 (99%) had seroprotective antibodies. INTERPRETATION nOPV2 was well tolerated and immunogenic in newborn infants, with two doses, at birth and 4 weeks, resulting in almost 99% of infants having protective neutralising antibodies. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaelqu Zaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Chandpur, Bangladesh
| | | | - Masuma Hoque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Chandpur, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Yunus
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Chandpur, Bangladesh
| | - Khondoker M Jamil
- National Polio and Measles Laboratory, Institute of Public Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Annelet Vincent
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ralf Clemens
- Global Research in Infectious Diseases, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sue Ann Costa Clemens
- Global Research in Infectious Diseases, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Paediatrics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Allen G Ross
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Chandpur, Bangladesh; Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - John D Clemens
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Chandpur, Bangladesh; International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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Hill HA, Chen M, Elam-Evans LD, Yankey D, Singleton JA. Vaccination Coverage by Age 24 Months Among Children Born During 2018-2019 - National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2019-2021. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2023; 72:33-38. [PMID: 36634013 PMCID: PMC9869730 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7202a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Millions of young children are vaccinated safely in the United States each year against a variety of potentially dangerous infectious diseases (1). The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends routine vaccination against 14 diseases during the first 24 months of life* (2). This report describes vaccination coverage by age 24 months using data from the National Immunization Survey-Child (NIS-Child).† Compared with coverage among children born during 2016-2017, coverage among children born during 2018-2019 increased for a majority of recommended vaccines. Coverage was >90% for ≥3 doses of poliovirus vaccine (93.4%), ≥3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) (92.7%), ≥1 dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) (91.6%), and ≥1 dose of varicella vaccine (VAR) (91.1%); coverage was lowest for ≥2 doses of hepatitis A vaccine (HepA) (47.3%). Vaccination coverage overall was similar or higher among children reaching age 24 months during March 2020 or later (during the COVID-19 pandemic) than among those reaching age 24 months before March 2020 (prepandemic); however, coverage with the combined 7-vaccine series§ among children living below the federal poverty level or in rural areas decreased by 4-5 percentage points during the pandemic (3). Among children born during 2018-2019, coverage disparities were observed by race and ethnicity, poverty status, health insurance status, and Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) residence. Coverage was typically higher among privately insured children than among children with other insurance or no insurance. Persistent disparities by health insurance status indicate the need to improve access to vaccines through the Vaccines for Children (VFC) program.¶ Providers should review children's histories and recommend needed vaccinations during every clinical encounter and address parental hesitancy to help reduce disparities and ensure that all children are protected from vaccine-preventable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Hill
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Michael Chen
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - Laurie D. Elam-Evans
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - David Yankey
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
| | - James A. Singleton
- Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC
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Tan KS, Ang AXY, Tay DJW, Somani J, Ng AJY, Peng LL, Chu JJH, Tambyah PA, Allen DM. Detection of hospital environmental contamination during SARS-CoV-2 Omicron predominance using a highly sensitive air sampling device. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1067575. [PMID: 36703815 PMCID: PMC9873263 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1067575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives The high transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 has exposed weaknesses in our infection control and detection measures, particularly in healthcare settings. Aerial sampling has evolved from passive impact filters to active sampling using negative pressure to expose culture substrate for virus detection. We evaluated the effectiveness of an active air sampling device as a potential surveillance system in detecting hospital pathogens, for augmenting containment measures to prevent nosocomial transmission, using SARS-CoV-2 as a surrogate. Methods We conducted air sampling in a hospital environment using the AerosolSenseTM air sampling device and compared it with surface swabs for their capacity to detect SARS-CoV-2. Results When combined with RT-qPCR detection, we found the device provided consistent SARS-CoV-2 detection, compared to surface sampling, in as little as 2 h of sampling time. The device also showed that it can identify minute quantities of SARS-CoV-2 in designated "clean areas" and through a N95 mask, indicating good surveillance capacity and sensitivity of the device in hospital settings. Conclusion Active air sampling was shown to be a sensitive surveillance system in healthcare settings. Findings from this study can also be applied in an organism agnostic manner for surveillance in the hospital, improving our ability to contain and prevent nosocomial outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sen Tan
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,*Correspondence: Kai Sen Tan ✉
| | - Alicia Xin Yu Ang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Douglas Jie Wen Tay
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jyoti Somani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alexander Jet Yue Ng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Lee Peng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Collaborative and Translation Unit for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul Anantharajah Tambyah
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Michael Allen
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore,David Michael Allen ✉
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Hill DT, Larsen DA. Using geographic information systems to link population estimates to wastewater surveillance data in New York State, USA. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001062. [PMID: 36962986 PMCID: PMC10021809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sewer systems provide many services to communities that have access to them beyond removal of waste and wastewater. Understanding of these systems' geographic coverage is essential for wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), which requires accurate estimates for the population contributing wastewater. Reliable estimates for the boundaries of a sewer service area or sewershed can be used to link upstream populations to wastewater samples taken at treatment plants or other locations within a sewer system. These geographic data are usually managed by public utilities, municipal offices, and some government agencies, however, there are no centralized databases for geographic information on sewer systems in New York State. We created a database for all municipal sewersheds in New York State for the purpose of supporting statewide wastewater surveillance efforts to support public health. We used a combination of public tax records with sewer access information, physical maps, and municipal records to organize and draw digital boundaries compatible with geographic information systems. The methods we employed to create these data will be useful to inform similar efforts in other jurisdictions and the data have many public health applications as well as being informative for water/environmental research and infrastructure projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Hill
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - David A Larsen
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
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Clark JR, Terwilliger A, Avadhanula V, Tisza M, Cormier J, Javornik-Cregeen S, Ross MC, Hoffman KL, Troisi C, Hanson B, Petrosino J, Balliew J, Piedra PA, Rios J, Deegan J, Bauer C, Wu F, Mena KD, Boerwinkle E, Maresso AW. Wastewater pandemic preparedness: Toward an end-to-end pathogen monitoring program. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1137881. [PMID: 37026145 PMCID: PMC10070845 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1137881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular analysis of public wastewater has great potential as a harbinger for community health and health threats. Long-used to monitor the presence of enteric viruses, in particular polio, recent successes of wastewater as a reliable lead indicator for trends in SARS-CoV-2 levels and hospital admissions has generated optimism and emerging evidence that similar science can be applied to other pathogens of pandemic potential (PPPs), especially respiratory viruses and their variants of concern (VOC). However, there are substantial challenges associated with implementation of this ideal, namely that multiple and distinct fields of inquiry must be bridged and coordinated. These include engineering, molecular sciences, temporal-geospatial analytics, epidemiology and medical, and governmental and public health messaging, all of which present their own caveats. Here, we outline a framework for an integrated, state-wide, end-to-end human pathogen monitoring program using wastewater to track viral PPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Clark
- TAILOR Labs, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Austen Terwilliger
- TAILOR Labs, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vasanthi Avadhanula
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Tisza
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, CMMR, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Juwan Cormier
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, CMMR, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sara Javornik-Cregeen
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, CMMR, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Matthew Clayton Ross
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, CMMR, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kristi Louise Hoffman
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, CMMR, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Catherine Troisi
- UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Epidemic Public Health Institute (TEPHI), UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Blake Hanson
- UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Epidemic Public Health Institute (TEPHI), UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joseph Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, CMMR, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John Balliew
- El Paso Water Utility, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Pedro A. Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Pediatrics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Janelle Rios
- UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Epidemic Public Health Institute (TEPHI), UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer Deegan
- Texas Epidemic Public Health Institute (TEPHI), UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cici Bauer
- UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Epidemic Public Health Institute (TEPHI), UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fuqing Wu
- UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Epidemic Public Health Institute (TEPHI), UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kristina D. Mena
- UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Epidemic Public Health Institute (TEPHI), UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, United States
- Texas Epidemic Public Health Institute (TEPHI), UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anthony W. Maresso
- TAILOR Labs, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Anthony W. Maresso
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Younger DS. Critical illness-associated weakness and related motor disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:707-777. [PMID: 37562893 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Weakness of limb and respiratory muscles that occurs in the course of critical illness has become an increasingly common and serious complication of adult and pediatric intensive care unit patients and a cause of prolonged ventilatory support, morbidity, and prolonged hospitalization. Two motor disorders that occur singly or together, namely critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy, cause weakness of limb and of breathing muscles, making it difficult to be weaned from ventilatory support, commencing rehabilitation, and extending the length of stay in the intensive care unit, with higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Recovery can take weeks or months and in severe cases, and may be incomplete or absent. Recent findings suggest an improved prognosis of critical illness myopathy compared to polyneuropathy. Prevention and treatment are therefore very important. Its management requires an integrated team approach commencing with neurologic consultation, creatine kinase (CK) measurement, detailed electrodiagnostic, respiratory and neuroimaging studies, and potentially muscle biopsy to elucidate the etiopathogenesis of the weakness in the peripheral and/or central nervous system, for which there may be a variety of causes. These tenets of care are being applied to new cases and survivors of the coronavirus-2 disease pandemic of 2019. This chapter provides an update to the understanding and approach to critical illness motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Neuroscience, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, United States.
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Rubenstein A, Wood SK, Jhumkhawala V, DiCorcia MJ, Maki DG, Hennekens CH. Newest Guidance and Evidence for Health Care Providers: COVID-19 and Other Vaccines. Am J Med 2023; 136:3-5. [PMID: 36202212 PMCID: PMC9527196 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rubenstein
- Clinical Research Coordinator, Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
| | - Sarah K Wood
- Professor of Pediatrics and Interim Chair, Department of Women's & Children's Health, Vice Dean for Medical Education, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Fla
| | - Vama Jhumkhawala
- M1 medical student, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Fla
| | - Mark J DiCorcia
- Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assistant Dean for Medical Education, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Fla
| | - Dennis G Maki
- Ovid O. Meyer Professor of Medicine, and Director, COVID-19 Intensive Care Unit, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Charles H Hennekens
- First Sir Richard Doll Professor of Medicine and Senior Academic Adviser to the Dean, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Fla
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Keck JW, Berry SM. Wastewater Surveillance-"Messy" Science With Public Health Potential. Am J Public Health 2023; 113:6-8. [PMID: 36356276 PMCID: PMC9755940 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.307141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James W Keck
- James W. Keck is with the Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Scott M. Berry is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky
| | - Scott M Berry
- James W. Keck is with the Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington. Scott M. Berry is with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky
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62
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Wang ME, Ratner AJ. Clinical progress note: Poliomyelitis. J Hosp Med 2023; 18:61-64. [PMID: 36314273 DOI: 10.1002/jhm.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Adam J Ratner
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Thompson KM. Effectiveness of a new vaccine for outbreak response and the increasingly complicated polio endgame. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e1697-e1698. [PMID: 36400075 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hoar C, McClary-Gutierrez J, Wolfe MK, Bivins A, Bibby K, Silverman AI, McLellan SL. Looking Forward: The Role of Academic Researchers in Building Sustainable Wastewater Surveillance Programs. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:125002. [PMID: 36580023 PMCID: PMC9799055 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In just over 2 years, tracking the COVID-19 pandemic through wastewater surveillance advanced from early reports of successful SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in untreated wastewater to implementation of programs in at least 60 countries. Early wastewater monitoring efforts primarily originated in research laboratories and are now transitioning into more formal surveillance programs run in commercial and public health laboratories. A major challenge in this progression has been to simultaneously optimize methods and build scientific consensus while implementing surveillance programs, particularly during the rapidly changing landscape of the pandemic. Translating wastewater surveillance results for effective use by public health agencies also remains a key objective for the field. OBJECTIVES We examined the evolution of wastewater surveillance to identify model collaborations and effective partnerships that have created rapid and sustained success. We propose needed areas of research and key roles academic researchers can play in the framework of wastewater surveillance to aid in the transition from early monitoring efforts to more formalized programs within the public health system. DISCUSSION Although wastewater surveillance has rapidly developed as a useful public health tool for tracking COVID-19, there remain technical challenges and open scientific questions that academic researchers are equipped to address. This includes validating methodology and backfilling important knowledge gaps, such as fate and transport of surveillance targets and epidemiological links to wastewater concentrations. Our experience in initiating and implementing wastewater surveillance programs in the United States has allowed us to reflect on key barriers and draw useful lessons on how to promote synergy between different areas of expertise. As wastewater surveillance programs are formalized, the working relationships developed between academic researchers, commercial and public health laboratories, and data users should promote knowledge co-development. We believe active involvement of academic researchers will contribute to building robust surveillance programs that will ultimately provide new insights into population health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11519.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hoar
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jill McClary-Gutierrez
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marlene K. Wolfe
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrea I. Silverman
- Department of Civil and Urban Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Sandra L. McLellan
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Sellers SC, Gosnell E, Bryant D, Belmonte S, Self S, McCarter MSJ, Kennedy K, Norman RS. Building-level wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is associated with transmission and variant trends in a university setting. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114277. [PMID: 36084672 PMCID: PMC9448636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The University of South Carolina (UofSC) was among the first universities to include building-level wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 to complement clinical testing during its reopening in the Fall 2020 semester. In the Spring 2021 semester, 24h composite wastewater samples were collected twice per week from 10 residence halls and the on-campus student isolation and quarantine building. The isolation and quarantine building served as a positive control site. The wastewater was analyzed using RT-ddPCR for the quantification of nucleocapsid genes (N1 and N2) to identify viral transmission trends within residence halls. Log10 SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations were compared to both new clinical cases identified in the days following wastewater collection and recovered cases returning to sites during the days preceding sample collection to test temporal and spatial associations. There was a statistically significant positive relationship between the number of cases reported from the sites during the seven-day period following wastewater sampling and the log10 viral RNA copies/L (overall IRR 1.08 (1.02, 1.16) p-value 0.0126). Additionally, a statistically significant positive relationship was identified between the number of cases returning to the residence halls after completing isolation during the seven-day period preceding wastewater sampling and the log10 viral RNA copies/L (overall 1.09 (1.01, 1.17) p-value 0.0222). The statistical significance of both identified cases and recovered return cases on log10 viral RNA copies/L in wastewater indicates the importance of including both types of clinical data in wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) research. Genetic mutations associated with variants of concern (VOCs) were also monitored. The emergence of the Alpha variant on campus was identified, which contributed to the second wave of COVID-19 cases at UofSC. The study was able to identify sub-community transmission hotspots for targeted intervention in real-time, making WBE cost-effective and creating less of a burden on the general public compared to repeated individual testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Sellers
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Suite 401, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Emily Gosnell
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Suite 401, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dillon Bryant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Suite 401, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Stefano Belmonte
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Suite 401, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Stella Self
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Green Street, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Maggie S J McCarter
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 915 Green Street, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kirsten Kennedy
- Student Housing and Sustainability, Division of Student Affairs and Academic Support, University of South Carolina, 1520 Devine Street, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - R Sean Norman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly Street, Suite 401, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Daniels D, Imdad A, Buscemi-Kimmins T, Vitale D, Rani U, Darabaner E, Shaw A, Shaw J. Vaccine hesitancy in the refugee, immigrant, and migrant population in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2131168. [PMID: 36332155 PMCID: PMC9746503 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2131168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Refugees, immigrants, and migrants (RIM) in the United States (US) have been identified as an underimmunized population prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine acceptance is critical to combat the public health threat incited by COVID-19 and other vaccine-preventable disease. To better understand escalating vaccine hesitancy among US RIM, a comprehensive evaluation of the problem and solutions is necessary. In this systematic review, we included 57 studies to describe vaccination rates, barriers, and interventions addressing vaccine hesitancy over the past decade. Meta-analysis was performed among 22 studies, concluding that RIM represent an underimmunized population compared to the general US population. Narrative synthesis and qualitative methods were used to identify critical barriers, including gaps in knowledge, poor access to medical care, and heightened distrust of the medical system. Our results demonstrate the need for effective, evidence-based interventions to increase vaccination rates among diverse RIM populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Daniels
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Upstate Golisano Children’s Hospital, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA,CONTACT Danielle Daniels 750 East Adams St. Room 5400, Syracuse, NY13210, USA
| | - Aamer Imdad
- Department of Pediatrics, Karjoo Family Center for Pediatric Gastroenterology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Danielle Vitale
- Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Uzma Rani
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Darabaner
- Hunter-Rice Health Sciences Library, Samaritan Medical Center, Watertown, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jana Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Upstate Golisano Children’s Hospital, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Ryerson AB, Lang D, Alazawi MA, Neyra M, Hill DT, St. George K, Fuschino M, Lutterloh E, Backenson B, Rulli S, Ruppert PS, Lawler J, McGraw N, Knecht A, Gelman I, Zucker JR, Omoregie E, Kidd S, Sugerman DE, Jorba J, Gerloff N, Ng TFF, Lopez A, Masters NB, Leung J, Burns CC, Routh J, Bialek SR, Oberste MS, Rosenberg ES. Wastewater Testing and Detection of Poliovirus Type 2 Genetically Linked to Virus Isolated from a Paralytic Polio Case - New York, March 9-October 11, 2022. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2022; 71:1418-1424. [PMID: 36327157 PMCID: PMC9639435 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7144e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In July 2022, a case of paralytic poliomyelitis resulting from infection with vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) type 2 (VDPV2)§ was confirmed in an unvaccinated adult resident of Rockland County, New York (1). As of August 10, 2022, poliovirus type 2 (PV2)¶ genetically linked to this VDPV2 had been detected in wastewater** in Rockland County and neighboring Orange County (1). This report describes the results of additional poliovirus testing of wastewater samples collected during March 9-October 11, 2022, and tested as of October 20, 2022, from 48 sewersheds (the community area served by a wastewater collection system) serving parts of Rockland County and 12 surrounding counties. Among 1,076 wastewater samples collected, 89 (8.3%) from 10 sewersheds tested positive for PV2. As part of a broad epidemiologic investigation, wastewater testing can provide information about where poliovirus might be circulating in a community in which a paralytic case has been identified; however, the most important public health actions for preventing paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States remain ongoing case detection through national acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) surveillance†† and improving vaccination coverage in undervaccinated communities. Although most persons in the United States are sufficiently immunized, unvaccinated or undervaccinated persons living or working in Kings, Orange, Queens, Rockland, or Sullivan counties, New York should complete the polio vaccination series as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - 2022 U.S. Poliovirus Response Team
- 2022 CDC Domestic Poliovirus Emergency Response Team; New York State Department of Health; Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York; Department of Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York; Rockland County Department of Health, Pomona, New York; Orange County Department of Health, Goshen, New York; Sullivan County Department of Public Health, Liberty, New York; Nassau County Department of Health, Mineola, New York; New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York; Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York
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69
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Recent poliovirus outbreaks and vaccination: A perspective. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 84:104970. [PMID: 36439891 PMCID: PMC9682333 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Klapsa D, Wilton T, Zealand A, Bujaki E, Saxentoff E, Troman C, Shaw AG, Tedcastle A, Majumdar M, Mate R, Akello JO, Huseynov S, Zeb A, Zambon M, Bell A, Hagan J, Wade MJ, Ramsay M, Grassly NC, Saliba V, Martin J. Sustained detection of type 2 poliovirus in London sewage between February and July, 2022, by enhanced environmental surveillance. Lancet 2022; 400:1531-1538. [PMID: 36243024 PMCID: PMC9627700 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The international spread of poliovirus exposes all countries to the risk of outbreaks and is designated a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by WHO. This risk can be exacerbated in countries using inactivated polio vaccine, which offers excellent protection against paralysis but is less effective than oral vaccine against poliovirus shedding, potentially allowing circulation without detection of paralytic cases for long periods of time. Our study investigated the molecular properties of type 2 poliovirus isolates found in sewage with an aim to detect virus transmission in the community. METHODS We performed environmental surveillance in London, UK, testing sewage samples using WHO recommended methods that include concentration, virus isolation in cell culture, and molecular characterisation. We additionally implemented direct molecular detection and determined whole-genome sequences of every isolate using novel nanopore protocols. FINDINGS 118 genetically linked poliovirus isolates related to the serotype 2 Sabin vaccine strain were detected in 21 of 52 sequential sewage samples collected in London between Feb 8 and July 4, 2022. Expansion of environmental surveillance sites in London helped localise transmission to several boroughs in north and east London. All isolates have lost two key attenuating mutations, are recombinants with a species C enterovirus, and an increasing proportion (20 of 118) meet the criterion for a vaccine-derived poliovirus, having six to ten nucleotide changes in the gene coding for VP1 capsid protein. INTERPRETATION Environmental surveillance allowed early detection of poliovirus importation and circulation in London, permitting a rapid public health response, including enhanced surveillance and an inactivated polio vaccine campaign among children aged 1-9 years. Whole-genome sequences generated through nanopore sequencing established linkage of isolates and confirmed transmission of a unique recombinant poliovirus lineage that has now been detected in Israel and the USA. FUNDING Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, UK Health Security Agency, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and National Institute for Health Research Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Klapsa
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Thomas Wilton
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Andrew Zealand
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, Data, Analytics and Surveillance Group, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London, UK
| | - Erika Bujaki
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Eugene Saxentoff
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Regional Polio Laboratory Network, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catherine Troman
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander G Shaw
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alison Tedcastle
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Manasi Majumdar
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Ryan Mate
- Division of Analytical and Biological Science, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Joyce O Akello
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shahin Huseynov
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Regional Polio Laboratory Network, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ali Zeb
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, Data, Analytics and Surveillance Group, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London, UK
| | - Maria Zambon
- National Polio Laboratory, Reference Services Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Anita Bell
- North East and North Central London Health Protection Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - José Hagan
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Regional Polio Laboratory Network, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew J Wade
- Environmental Monitoring for Health Protection, Data, Analytics and Surveillance Group, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London, UK
| | - Mary Ramsay
- Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Disease Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Nicholas C Grassly
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vanessa Saliba
- Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Disease Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Javier Martin
- Division of Vaccines, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, UK.
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Faleye TO, Skidmore P, Elyaderani A, Adhikari S, Kaiser N, Smith A, Yanez A, Perleberg T, Driver EM, Halden RU, Varsani A, Scotch M. Impact of sample clarification by size exclusion on virus detection and diversity in wastewater-based epidemiology. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.09.25.22280344. [PMID: 36203558 PMCID: PMC9536034 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.25.22280344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for early detection of virus circulation and response during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic increased interest in and use of virus concentration protocols that are quick, scalable, and efficient. One such protocol involves sample clarification by size fractionation using either low-speed centrifugation to produce a clarified supernatant or membrane filtration to produce an initial filtrate depleted of solids, eukaryotes and bacterial present in wastewater (WW), followed by concentration of virus particles by ultrafiltration of the above. While this approach has been successful in identifying viruses from WW, it assumes that majority of the viruses of interest should be present in the fraction obtained by ultrafiltration of the initial filtrate, with negligible loss of viral particles and viral diversity. We used WW samples collected in a population of ~700,000 in southwest USA between October 2019 and March 2021, targeting three non-enveloped viruses (enteroviruses [EV], canine picornaviruses [CanPV], and human adenovirus 41 [Ad41]), to evaluate whether size fractionation of WW prior to ultrafiltration leads to appreciable differences in the virus presence and diversity determined. We showed that virus presence or absence in WW samples in both portions (filter trapped solids [FTS] and filtrate) are not consistent with each other. We also found that in cases where virus was detected in both fractions, virus diversity (or types) captured either in FTS or filtrate were not consistent with each other. Hence, preferring one fraction of WW over the other can undermine the capacity of WBE to function as an early warning system and negatively impact the accurate representation of virus presence and diversity in a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope O.C. Faleye
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Peter Skidmore
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Amir Elyaderani
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sangeet Adhikari
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Nicole Kaiser
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Abriana Smith
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Allan Yanez
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Tyler Perleberg
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Erin M. Driver
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rolf U. Halden
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- OneWaterOneHealth, Nonprofit Project of the Arizona State University Foundation, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Matthew Scotch
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Quarleri J. Poliomyelitis is a current challenge: long-term sequelae and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus. GeroScience 2022; 45:707-717. [PMID: 36260265 PMCID: PMC9886775 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00672-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
For more than 20 years, the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region (WPR) has been polio-free. However, two current challenges are still polio-related. First, around half of poliomyelitis elderly survivors suffer late poliomyelitis sequelae with a substantial impact on daily activities and quality of life, experiencing varying degrees of residual weakness as they age. The post-polio syndrome as well as accelerated aging may be involved. Second, after the worldwide Sabin oral poliovirus (OPV) vaccination, the recent reappearance of strains of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) circulating in the environment is worrisome and able to persistent person-to-person transmission. Such VDPV strains exhibit atypical genetic characteristics and reversed neurovirulence that can cause paralysis similarly to wild poliovirus, posing a significant obstacle to the elimination of polio. Immunization is essential for preventing paralysis in those who are exposed to the poliovirus. Stress the necessity of maintaining high vaccination rates because declining immunity increases the likelihood of reemergence. If mankind wants to eradicate polio in the near future, measures to raise immunization rates and living conditions in poorer nations are needed, along with strict observation. New oral polio vaccine candidates offer a promissory tool for this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ma KC, Winn A, Moline HL, Scobie HM, Midgley CM, Kirking HL, Adjemian J, Hartnett KP, Johns D, Jones JM, Lopez A, Lu X, Perez A, Perrine CG, Rzucidlo AE, McMorrow ML, Silk BJ, Stein Z, Vega E, Hall AJ. Increase in Acute Respiratory Illnesses Among Children and Adolescents Associated with Rhinoviruses and Enteroviruses, Including Enterovirus D68 - United States, July-September 2022. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2022; 71:1265-1270. [PMID: 36201400 PMCID: PMC9541033 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7140e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increases in severe respiratory illness and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) among children and adolescents resulting from enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infections occurred biennially in the United States during 2014, 2016, and 2018, primarily in late summer and fall. Although EV-D68 annual trends are not fully understood, EV-D68 levels were lower than expected in 2020, potentially because of implementation of COVID-19 mitigation measures (e.g., wearing face masks, enhanced hand hygiene, and physical distancing) (1). In August 2022, clinicians in several geographic areas notified CDC of an increase in hospitalizations of pediatric patients with severe respiratory illness and positive rhinovirus/enterovirus (RV/EV) test results.* Surveillance data were analyzed from multiple national data sources to characterize reported trends in acute respiratory illness (ARI), asthma/reactive airway disease (RAD) exacerbations, and the percentage of positive RV/EV and EV-D68 test results during 2022 compared with previous years. These data demonstrated an increase in emergency department (ED) visits by children and adolescents with ARI and asthma/RAD in late summer 2022. The percentage of positive RV/EV test results in national laboratory-based surveillance and the percentage of positive EV-D68 test results in pediatric sentinel surveillance also increased during this time. Previous increases in EV-D68 respiratory illness have led to substantial resource demands in some hospitals and have also coincided with increases in cases of AFM (2), a rare but serious neurologic disease affecting the spinal cord. Therefore, clinicians should consider AFM in patients with acute flaccid limb weakness, especially after respiratory illness or fever, and ensure prompt hospitalization and referral to specialty care for such cases. Clinicians should also test for poliovirus infection in patients suspected of having AFM because of the clinical similarity to acute flaccid paralysis caused by poliovirus. Ongoing surveillance for EV-D68 is critical to ensuring preparedness for possible future increases in ARI and AFM.
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Ledford H. Spate of polio outbreaks worldwide puts scientists on alert. Nature 2022; 609:20-21. [PMID: 35996010 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-02233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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