51
|
Kuriakose S, Onyilagha C, Singh R, Olayinka-Adefemi F, Jia P, Uzonna JE. TLR-2 and MyD88-Dependent Activation of MAPK and STAT Proteins Regulates Proinflammatory Cytokine Response and Immunity to Experimental Trypanosoma congolense Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2673. [PMID: 31824484 PMCID: PMC6883972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that Trypanosoma congolense infection in mice is associated with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages and monocytes. However, the intracellular signaling pathways leading to the production of these cytokines still remain unknown. In this paper, we have investigated the innate receptors and intracellular signaling pathways that are associated with T. congolense-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages. We show that the production of IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α by macrophages in vitro and in vivo following interaction with T. congolense is dependent on phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) including ERK, p38, JNK, and signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT) proteins. Specific inhibition of MAPKs and STATs signaling pathways significantly inhibited T. congolense-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages. We further show that T. congolense-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in macrophages is mediated via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and involves the adaptor molecule, MyD88. Deficiency of MyD88 and TLR2 leads to impaired cytokine production by macrophages in vitro and acute death of T. congolense-infected relatively resistant mice. Collectively, our results provide insight into T. congolense-induced activation of the immune system that leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and resistance to the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiby Kuriakose
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chukwunonso Onyilagha
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Rani Singh
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Folayemi Olayinka-Adefemi
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ping Jia
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Andersen BJ, Rosa BA, Kupritz J, Meite A, Serge T, Hertz MI, Curtis K, King CL, Mitreva M, Fischer PU, Weil GJ. Systems analysis-based assessment of post-treatment adverse events in lymphatic filariasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007697. [PMID: 31557154 PMCID: PMC6762072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease, and the Global Program to Eliminate LF delivers mass drug administration (MDA) to 500 million people every year. Adverse events (AEs) are common after LF treatment. Methodology/Principal findings To better understand the pathogenesis of AEs, we studied LF-patients from a treatment trial. Plasma levels of many filarial antigens increased post-treatment in individuals with AEs, and this is consistent with parasite death. Circulating immune complexes were not elevated in these participants, and the classical complement cascade was not activated. Multiple cytokines increased after treatment in persons with AEs. A transcriptomic analysis was performed for nine individuals with moderate systemic AEs and nine matched controls. Differential gene expression analysis identified a significant transcriptional signature associated with post-treatment AEs; 744 genes were upregulated. The transcriptional signature was enriched for TLR and NF-κB signaling. Increased expression of seven out of the top eight genes upregulated in persons with AEs were validated by qRT-PCR, including TLR2. Conclusions/Significance This is the first global study of changes in gene expression associated with AEs after treatment of lymphatic filariasis. Changes in cytokines were consistent with prior studies and with the RNAseq data. These results suggest that Wolbachia lipoprotein is involved in AE development, because it activates TLR2-TLR6 and downstream NF-κB. Additionally, LPS Binding Protein (LBP, which shuttles lipoproteins to TLR2) increased post-treatment in individuals with AEs. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of AEs may lead to improved management, increased MDA compliance, and accelerated LF elimination. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a disabling parasitic disease that affects millions of people in the developing world. The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (coordinated by the World Health Organization) uses mass administration of antifilarial medications to cure infections, prevent disease, and reduce transmission. Some individuals develop adverse events (AEs) after treatment, and this can reduce willingness of persons in endemic areas to accept treatment. The purpose of this study was to improve understanding of the cause of AEs following treatment. We hypothesized that parasite antigens released into the blood following treatment trigger inflammatory responses that lead to AEs. To test this hypothesis we collected blood from LF-infected individuals before and after treatment and clinically assessed them for AEs. We measured parasite antigens, cytokines and other components of the immune system in blood samples and compared post-treatment changes in persons with and without AEs. We also assessed changes in transcription profiles in peripheral blood leukocytes that were associated with post-treatment AEs. Post-treatment changes in transcription profiles and in immune proteins and parasite components in plasma suggest that systemic AEs are triggered by death of the parasites following treatment with release of parasite antigens and Wolbachia bacteria into the circulation. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of post-treatment AEs may help to improve messaging related to mass drug administration programs and lead to improved AE management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britt J. Andersen
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jonah Kupritz
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aboulaye Meite
- Programme National de la Lutte Contre la Schistosomiase, Les Geohelminthiases et la Filariose Lymphatique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Traye Serge
- Programme National de la Lutte Contre la Schistosomiase, Les Geohelminthiases et la Filariose Lymphatique, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Marla I. Hertz
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kurt Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St.Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Peter U. Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Trypanosoma cruzi Mexican Strains Differentially Modulate Surface Markers and Cytokine Production in Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells from C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:7214798. [PMID: 31636507 PMCID: PMC6766131 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7214798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of antigen-presenting cells that play an important role in the immune response against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the modulation of these cells by this parasite can directly affect the innate and acquired immune response of the host in order to facilitate its biological cycle and the spreading of the species. Many studies show the mechanisms by which T. cruzi modulates DCs, but the interaction of these cells with the Mexican strains of T. cruzi such as Ninoa and INC5 has not yet been properly investigated. Here, we evaluated whether Ninoa and INC5 strains evaded the immunity of their hosts by modulating the biology and function of murine DCs. The CL-Brener strain was used as the reference strain. Herein, it was demonstrated that Ninoa was more infective toward bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) than INC5 and CL-Brener strains in both BMDCs of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Mexican strains of T. cruzi induced different cytokine patterns. In BMDCs obtained from BALB/c mice, Ninoa strain led to the reduction in IL-6 and increased IL-10 production, while in C57BL/6 mice Ninoa strain considerably increased the productions of TNF-α and IL-10. Also, Ninoa and INC5 differentially modulated BMDC expressions of MHC-II, TLR2, and TLR4 in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice compared to Brazilian strain CL-Brener. These results indicate that T. cruzi Mexican strains differentially infect and modulate MHC-II, toll-like receptors, and cytokine production in DCs obtained from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, suggesting that these strains have developed particular modulatory strategies to disrupt DCs and, consequently, the host immune responses.
Collapse
|
54
|
Błyszczuk P. Myocarditis in Humans and in Experimental Animal Models. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:64. [PMID: 31157241 PMCID: PMC6532015 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is defined as an inflammation of the cardiac muscle. In humans, various infectious and non-infectious triggers induce myocarditis with a broad spectrum of histological presentations and clinical symptoms of the disease. Myocarditis often resolves spontaneously, but some patients develop heart failure and require organ transplantation. The need to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammatory heart diseases led to the development of mouse models for experimental myocarditis. It has been shown that pathogenic agents inducing myocarditis in humans can often trigger the disease in mice. Due to multiple etiologies of inflammatory heart diseases in humans, a number of different experimental approaches have been developed to induce myocarditis in mice. Accordingly, experimental myocarditis in mice can be induced by infection with cardiotropic agents, such as coxsackievirus B3 and protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi or by activating autoimmune responses against heart-specific antigens. In certain models, myocarditis is followed by the phenotype of dilated cardiomyopathy and the end stage of heart failure. This review describes the most commonly used mouse models of experimental myocarditis with a focus on the role of the innate and adaptive immune systems in induction and progression of the disease. The review discusses also advantages and limitations of individual mouse models in the context of the clinical manifestation and the course of the disease in humans. Finally, animal-free alternatives in myocarditis research are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Błyszczuk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.,Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Abstract
The investigation of the glycan repertoire of several organisms has revealed a wide variation in terms of structures and abundance of glycan moieties. Among the parasites, it is possible to observe different sets of glycoconjugates across taxa and developmental stages within a species. The presence of distinct glycoconjugates throughout the life cycle of a parasite could relate to the ability of that organism to adapt and survive in different hosts and environments. Carbohydrates on the surface, and in excretory-secretory products of parasites, play essential roles in host-parasite interactions. Carbohydrate portions of complex molecules of parasites stimulate and modulate host immune responses, mainly through interactions with specific receptors on the surface of dendritic cells, leading to the generation of a pattern of response that may benefit parasite survival. Available data reviewed here also show the frequent aspect of parasite immunomodulation of mammalian responses through specific glycan interactions, which ultimately makes these molecules promising in the fields of diagnostics and vaccinology.
Collapse
|
56
|
Subverting bradykinin-evoked inflammation by co-opting the contact system: lessons from survival strategies of Trypanosoma cruzi. Curr Opin Hematol 2019; 25:347-357. [PMID: 30028741 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW During Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi alternates between intracellular and extracellular developmental forms. After presenting an overview about the roles of the contact system in immunity, I will review experimental studies showing that activation of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) translates into mutual benefits to the host/parasite relationship. RECENT FINDINGS T. cruzi trypomastigotes initiate inflammation by activating tissue-resident innate sentinel cells via the TLR2/CXCR2 pathway. Following neutrophil-evoked microvascular leakage, the parasite's major cysteine protease (cruzipain) cleaves plasma-borne kininogens and complement C5. Tightly regulated by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), kinins and C5a in turn further propagate inflammation via iterative cycles of mast cell degranulation, contact system activation, bradykinin release and activation of endothelial bradykinin B2 receptors (B2R). Recently, studies in the intracardiac model of infection revealed a dichotomic role for bradykinin and endothelin-1: generated upon contact activation (mast cell/KKS pathway), these pro-oedematogenic peptides reciprocally stimulate trypomastigote invasion of heart cells that naturally overexpress B2R and endothelin receptors (ETaR/ETbR). SUMMARY Studies focusing on the immunopathogenesis of Chagas disease revealed that the contact system plays a dual role in host/parasite balance: T. cruzi co-opts bradykinin-induced plasma leakage as a strategy to increment heart parasitism and increase immune resistance by upregulating type-1 effector T-cell production in secondary lymphoid tissues.
Collapse
|
57
|
da Fonseca LM, da Costa KM, Chaves VDS, Freire-de-Lima CG, Morrot A, Mendonça-Previato L, Previato JO, Freire-de-Lima L. Theft and Reception of Host Cell's Sialic Acid: Dynamics of Trypanosoma Cruzi Trans-sialidases and Mucin-Like Molecules on Chagas' Disease Immunomodulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:164. [PMID: 30787935 PMCID: PMC6372544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decades have produced a plethora of evidence on the role of glycans, from cell adhesion to signaling pathways. Much of that information pertains to their role on the immune system and their importance on the surface of many human pathogens. A clear example of this is the flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, which displays on its surface a great variety of glycoconjugates, including O-glycosylated mucin-like glycoproteins, as well as multiple glycan-binding proteins belonging to the trans-sialidase (TS) family. Among the latter, different and concurrently expressed molecules may present or not TS activity, and are accordingly known as active (aTS) and inactive (iTS) members. Over the last thirty years, it has been well described that T. cruzi is unable to synthesize sialic acid (SIA) on its own, making use of aTS to steal the host's SIA. Although iTS did not show enzymatic activity, it retains a substrate specificity similar to aTS (α-2,3 SIA-containing glycotopes), displaying lectinic properties. It is accepted that aTS members act as virulence factors in mammals coursing the acute phase of the T. cruzi infection. However, recent findings have demonstrated that iTS may also play a pathogenic role during T. cruzi infection, since it modulates events related to adhesion and invasion of the parasite into the host cells. Since both aTS and iTS proteins share structural substrate specificity, it might be plausible to speculate that iTS proteins are able to assuage and/or attenuate biological phenomena depending on the catalytic activity displayed by aTS members. Since SIA-containing glycotopes modulate the host immune system, it should not come as any surprise that changes in the sialylation of parasite's mucin-like molecules, as well as host cell glycoconjugates might disrupt critical physiological events, such as the building of effective immune responses. This review aims to discuss the importance of mucin-like glycoproteins and both aTS and iTS for T. cruzi biology, as well as to present a snapshot of how disturbances in both parasite and host cell sialoglycophenotypes may facilitate the persistence of T. cruzi in the infected mammalian host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Marques da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kelli Monteiro da Costa
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victoria de Sousa Chaves
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Célio Geraldo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Osvaldo Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Ropert C. How toll-like receptors reveal monocyte plasticity: the cutting edge of antiinflammatory therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:745-755. [PMID: 30413835 PMCID: PMC11105477 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR)s are central in immune response by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)s. If they are essential to eliminate pathogens in earlier stages of infection, they also might play a role in homeostasis and tissue repair. TLR versatility parallels the plasticity of monocytes, which represent an heterogeneous population of immune cells. They are rapidly recruited to sites of infection and involved in clearance of pathogens and in tissue healing. This review underlines how TLRs have proved to be an interesting tool to study the properties of monocytes and why different therapeutic strategies exploring monocyte plasticity may be relevant in the context of chronic inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ropert
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-910, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Karaś MA, Turska-Szewczuk A, Janczarek M, Szuster-Ciesielska A. Glycoconjugates of Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa - are they similar in orchestrating the innate immune response? Innate Immun 2019; 25:73-96. [PMID: 30782045 PMCID: PMC6830889 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918821168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is an evolutionarily ancient form of host defense that serves to limit infection. The invading microorganisms are detected by the innate immune system through germline-encoded PRRs. Different classes of PRRs, including TLRs and cytoplasmic receptors, recognize distinct microbial components known collectively as PAMPs. Ligation of PAMPs with receptors triggers intracellular signaling cascades, activating defense mechanisms. Despite the fact that Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa are phylogenetically distant organisms, they express glycoconjugates, namely bacterial LPS and protozoan GPI-anchored glycolipids, which share many structural and functional similarities. By activating/deactivating MAPK signaling and NF-κB, these ligands trigger general pro-/anti-inflammatory responses depending on the related patterns. They also use conservative strategies to subvert cell-autonomous defense systems of specialized immune cells. Signals triggered by Gram-negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa can interfere with host homeostasis and, depending on the type of microorganism, lead to hypersensitivity or silencing of the immune response. Activation of professional immune cells, through a ligand which triggers the opposite effect (antagonist versus agonist) appears to be a promising solution to restoring the immune balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Karaś
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Turska-Szewczuk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie–Skłodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Ronet C, Passelli K, Charmoy M, Scarpellino L, Myburgh E, Hauyon La Torre Y, Turco S, Mottram JC, Fasel N, Luther SA, Beverley SM, Launois P, Tacchini-Cottier F. TLR2 Signaling in Skin Nonhematopoietic Cells Induces Early Neutrophil Recruitment in Response to Leishmania major Infection. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:1318-1328. [PMID: 30594488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to the mammalian skin in response to infection with the cutaneous Leishmania pathogen. The parasites use neutrophils to establish the disease; however, the signals driving early neutrophil recruitment are poorly known. Here, we identified the functional importance of TLR2 signaling in this process. Using bone marrow chimeras and immunohistology, we identified the TLR2-expressing cells involved in this early neutrophil recruitment to be of nonhematopoietic origin. Keratinocytes are damaged and briefly in contact with the parasites during infection. We show that TLR2 triggering by Leishmania major is required for their secretion of neutrophil-attracting chemokines. Furthermore, TLR2 triggering by L. major phosphoglycans is critical for neutrophil recruitment to negatively affect disease development, as shown by better control of lesion size and parasite load in Tlr2-/- compared with wild-type infected mice. Conversely, restoring early neutrophil presence in Tlr2-/- mice through injection of wild-type neutrophils or CXCL1 at the onset of infection resulted in delayed disease resolution comparable to that observed in wild-type mice. Taken together, our data show a crucial role for TLR2-expressing nonhematopoietic skin cells in the recruitment of the first wave of neutrophils after L. major infection, a process that delays disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Katiuska Passelli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Charmoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Leo Scarpellino
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Elmarie Myburgh
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Yazmin Hauyon La Torre
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Turco
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Molecular Microbiology Department, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Pascal Launois
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Diminazene aceturate (Berenil) downregulates Trypanosoma congolense-induced proinflammatory cytokine production by altering phosphorylation of MAPK and STAT proteins. Immunol Res 2018; 67:84-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
62
|
Chen E, Bakr MM, Firth N, Love RM. Inflammatory cell expression of Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) within refractory periapical granuloma. F1000Res 2018; 7:1819. [PMID: 30631444 PMCID: PMC6281009 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16678.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) is highly important within the immune system. Characterization of the expression of TLR2 within inflammatory cells in periapical lesions could help in diagnosis and management of refractory cases. The aim of the study is identification of Toll-like receptor (TLR2) through immunohistochemical and immunofluroscence expression in inflammatory cells within refractory periapical granuloma cases. Methods: Eight cases of refractory periapical granuloma were selected out of 772 cases. Histological examination and immunohistochemical staining with polyclonal rabbit antihuman TLR2, monoclonal mouse antihuman CD38, CD68 and CD83 primary antibodies, as well as immunofluorescence staining with goat anti-rabbit TLR2, donkey anti-mouse CD38, CD68 and CD83 primary antibodies was conducted. Positive controls, negative controls and experimental sections with no primary antibody were included in the study. Qualitative analysis and double immunofluorescence technique was used to characterize the TLR + cells. Results: In periapical granuloma, lymphocytes (CD38 cells) expressed the most amount of TLR reactivity followed by macrophages (CD68 cells), and odontogenic epithelial cells. Neutrophils, red blood cells (RBCs) and collagen ground substance were negative to TLR2. Conclusion: TLR2 was highly expressed by lymphocytes and plasma cells indicative of their major role in the inflammatory process and antigen recognition in refractory periapical granuloma. Dendritic cells expressing TLR2 were low in number suggesting a minor role in sustaining these lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chen
- School of Dentistry, University of Otago, North Dunedin, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Mahmoud M. Bakr
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| | - Norman Firth
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Robert M. Love
- School of Dentistry, University of Otago, North Dunedin, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Pérez-Cabezas B, Santarém N, Cecílio P, Silva C, Silvestre R, A M Catita J, Cordeiro da Silva A. More than just exosomes: distinct Leishmania infantum extracellular products potentiate the establishment of infection. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 8:1541708. [PMID: 30455859 PMCID: PMC6237156 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1541708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of secretion pathways for effector molecule delivery by microorganisms is a trademark of pathogenesis. Leishmania extracellular vesicles (EVs) were shown to have significant immunomodulatory potential. Still, they will act in conjunction with other released parasite-derived products that might modify the EVs effects. Notwithstanding, the immunomodulatory properties of these non-vesicular components and their influence in the infectious process remains unknown. To address this, we explored both in vitro and in vivo the immunomodulatory potential of promastigotes extracellular material (EXO), obtained as a whole or separated in two different fractions: EVs or vesicle depleted EXO (VDE). Using an air pouch model, we observed that EVs and VDE induced a dose-dependent cell recruitment profile different from the one obtained with parasites, attracting significantly fewer neutrophils and more dendritic cells (DCs). Additionally, when we co-inoculated parasites with extracellular products a drop in cell recruitment was observed. Moreover, in vitro, while VDE (but not EVs) downregulated the expression of DCs and macrophages activation markers, both products were able to diminish the responsiveness of these cells to LPS. Finally, the presence of Leishmania infantum extracellular products in the inoculum promoted a dose-dependent infection potentiation in vivo, highlighting their relevance for the infectious process. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that EVs are not the only relevant players among the parasite exogenous products. This, together with the dose-dependency observed, opens new avenues to the comprehension of Leishmania infectious process. The approach presented here should be exploited to revisit existing data and considered for future studies in other infection models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Pérez-Cabezas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cecílio
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - José A M Catita
- FP-ENAS Research Unit, UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, CEBIMED, Biomedical Research Centre, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal.,Paralab, SA, Valbom, Portugal
| | - Anabela Cordeiro da Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
de Andrade MF, de Almeida VD, de Souza LMS, Paiva DCC, Andrade CDM, de Medeiros Fernandes TAA. Involvement of neutrophils in Chagas disease pathology. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12593. [PMID: 30276823 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a public health problem in Latin America. The acute phase presents nonspecific symptoms and most patients recover from acute parasitemia and undergo a prolonged asymptomatic phase. Several years later, about 30% of infected individuals develop chronic cardiopathy with progressive cardiomegaly, arrhythmia, thromboembolic events and heart failure. These symptoms suggest a persistent association with the presence of inflammatory infiltrate and tissue, and cellular destruction in the heart muscle. Nevertheless, few research studies have attempted to understand the role of inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, in establishing the pathology and progression of CD. Only recently have some studies been performed with this intention. Despite this effort, the role of neutrophils in CD is still considered controversial. This review discusses the morphological and functional characteristics of neutrophils that describes their participation in the establishment and progression of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, through the development of its effector functions, such as release of lithic components, production of oxidative agents and release of inflammatory mediators capable of modulating the host immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micássio Fernandes de Andrade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Valéria Duarte de Almeida
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Lara Michelly Soares de Souza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Dayane Carla Costa Paiva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Cléber de Mesquita Andrade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Mossoró, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Examination of antigenic proteins of Trypanosoma cruzi to fabricate an epitope-based subunit vaccine by exploiting epitope mapping mechanism. Vaccine 2018; 36:6290-6300. [PMID: 30217522 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a protozoan parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. This injurious disease spread by the circulation of the blood sucking triatomine insects and transmitted to humans. Chagas disease is endemic in Latin America and also known as American trypanosomasis. Currently, 7 million people are infected by T. cruzi infection and about 22,000 death cases were reported per year throughout the Americas. Various immunization approaches against T. cruzi infection have been examined and some of the developed vaccine showed efficacy in animal models but there is no effective and safe vaccines for humans have been developed yet. Since, the drug resistance is increasing day by day because the developed drug (nifurtimox and benznidazole) to control T. cruzi infection, failed to activate a prodrug and still no drug and vaccine have been established. To control the infection of chagas disease, here in this study we use immunoinformatics method to design multi-epitope subunit vaccine against T. cruzi infection. Moreover, on the basis of immunogenicity B and T cell epitopes were evaluated. The allergenicity, antigenicity was predicted to ensure the safety of vaccine constructs whereas, the physiochemical property showing the stable nature of final vaccine model. Further, molecular docking was performed to optimize the interaction between TLR-2 and TLR-4 (receptor) and vaccine model (ligand) complex. Molecular dynamics simulation was performed to evaluate the energy minimization; RMSD and RMSF plot which confirm the stability of TLR-2 and TLR-4 (receptor) present on immune cells and vaccine model (ligand) complex. This study needed the experimental validation for the safety and immunogenic behavior of designed vaccine protein and it may be helpful in future to control T. cruzi infection.
Collapse
|
66
|
Acevedo GR, Girard MC, Gómez KA. The Unsolved Jigsaw Puzzle of the Immune Response in Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1929. [PMID: 30197647 PMCID: PMC6117404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi interacts with the different arms of the innate and adaptive host's immune response in a very complex and flowery manner. The history of host-parasite co-evolution has provided this protozoan with means of resisting, escaping or subverting the mechanisms of immunity and establishing a chronic infection. Despite many decades of research on the subject, the infection remains incurable, and the factors that steer chronic Chagas disease from an asymptomatic state to clinical onset are still unclear. As the relationship between T. cruzi and the host immune system is intricate, so is the amount and diversity of scientific knowledge on the matter. Many of the mechanisms of immunity are fairly well understood, but unveiling the factors that lead each of these to success or failure, within the coordinated response as a whole, requires further research. The intention behind this Review is to compile the available information on the different aspects of the immune response, with an emphasis on those phenomena that have been studied and confirmed in the human host. For ease of comprehension, it has been subdivided in sections that cover the main humoral and cell-mediated components involved therein. However, we also intend to underline that these elements are not independent, but function intimately and concertedly. Here, we summarize years of investigation carried out to unravel the puzzling interplay between the host and the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karina A. Gómez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de las Infecciones por Tripanosomátidos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Yin F, Liu J, Gao S, Liu A, Zhao S, Li S, Wang J, Li Y, Luo J, Guan G, Yin H. Exploring the TLR and NLR signaling pathway relevant molecules induced by the Theileria annulata infection in calves. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3269-3276. [PMID: 30084033 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Theileria annulata is the pathogen of bovine tropical theileriosis. It is extremely harmful to the cattle industry, with huge economic losses. The toll-like receptor (TLR) and NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathways are crucial for resistance to infection of the protozoa, such as Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, and Trypanosoma cruzi. However, the role of these immune-related pathways is unclear during T. annulata infection. In the present study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum were separated from blood samples of calves infected with homogenized tick supernatants carrying T. annulata sporozoites at 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h, 144 h and 168 h postinoculation. The Custom RT2 Profiler PCR Array was used to explore the mRNA levels of 42 TLR and NLR signaling pathway relevant genes. The TLR1, TLR6, TLR10, NLRP1, and MyD88 genes and their downstream signaling molecules significantly differed after the T. annulata infection in comparison with that of preinfection from 72 h to 168 h postinoculation. The serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα were significantly increased at 96 h and 168 h postinfection. These findings provided novel information to help determine the mechanisms of TLR and NLR signaling pathway involvement in protection against T. annulata infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Sitong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Santana DY, Salgado RM, Fevereiro M, Silva do Nascimento R, Fonseca R, Saraiva Câmara NO, Epiphanio S, Marinho CRF, Barreto-Chaves ML, D’ Império-Lima MR, Álvarez JM. MyD88 activation in cardiomyocytes contributes to the heart immune response to acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection with no effect on local parasite control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006617. [PMID: 30067739 PMCID: PMC6089445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is the most serious consequence of Chagas disease, a neglected human disorder caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Because T. cruzi parasites invade cardiomyocytes, we sought to investigate whether these cells recognize the parasite in vivo by receptors signaling through the MyD88 adaptor, which mediates the activation pathway of most Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and IL-1/IL-18 receptors, and influence the development of acute cardiac pathology. First, we showed that HL-1 cardiac muscle cell line expresses MyD88 gene and protein at resting state and after T. cruzi infection. To evaluate the role in vivo of MyD88 expression in cardiomyocytes, we generated Mer+MyD88flox+/+ mice in which tamoxifen treatment is expected to eliminate the MyD88 gene exclusively in cardiomyocytes. This Cre-loxP model was validated by both PCR and western blot analysis; tamoxifen treatment of Mer+MyD88flox+/+ mice resulted in decreased MyD88 gene and protein expression in the heart, but not in the spleen, while had no effect on littermates. The elimination of MyD88 in cardiomyocytes determined a lower increase in CCL5, IFNγ and TNFα gene transcription during acute infection by T. cruzi parasites of the Y strain, but it did not significantly modify heart leukocyte infiltration and parasitism. Together, our results show that cardiomyocytes can sense T. cruzi infection through MyD88-mediated molecular pathways and contribute to the local immune response to the parasite. The strong pro-inflammatory response of heart-recruited leukocytes may overshadow the effects of MyD88 deficiency in cardiomyocytes on the local leukocyte recruitment and T. cruzi control during acute infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danni Yohani Santana
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Moysés Salgado
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Fevereiro
- Department of Anatomy of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Raissa Fonseca
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Department of Clinical and Toxicologic Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José M. Álvarez
- Department of Immunology of Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Pereira NDS, Queiroga TBD, Nunes DF, Andrade CDM, Nascimento MSL, Do-Valle-Matta MA, da Câmara ACJ, Galvão LMDC, Guedes PMM, Chiari E. Innate immune receptors over expression correlate with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy and digestive damage in patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006589. [PMID: 30044791 PMCID: PMC6078325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC) is observed in 30% to 50% of the individuals infected by Trypanosoma cruzi and heart failure is the important cause of death among patients in the chronic phase of Chagas disease. Although some studies have elucidated the role of adaptive immune responses involving T and B lymphocytes in cardiac pathogenesis, the role of innate immunity receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) in CCC pathophysiology has not yet been determined. In this study, we evaluated the association among innate immune receptors (TLR1-9 and nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3/NLRP3), its adapter molecules (Myd88, TRIF, ASC and caspase-1) and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, IL-23, TNF-α, and IFN-β) with clinical manifestation, digestive and cardiac function in patients with different clinical forms of chronic Chagas disease. The TLR8 mRNA expression levels were enhanced in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from digestive and cardiodigestive patients compared to indeterminate and cardiac patients. Furthermore, mRNA expression of IFN-β (cytokine produced after TLR8 activation) was higher in digestive and cardiodigestive patients when compared to indeterminate. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between TLR8 and IFN-β mRNA expression with sigmoid and rectum size. Cardiac and cardiodigestive patients presented higher TLR2, IL-12 and TNF-α mRNA expression than indeterminate and digestive patients. Moreover, cardiac patients also expressed higher levels of NLRP3, ASC and IL-1β mRNAs than indeterminate patients. In addition, we showed a negative correlation among TLR2, IL-1β, IL-12 and TNF-α levels with left ventricular ejection fraction, and positive correlation between NLRP3 with cardiothoracic index, and TLR2, IL-1β and IL-12 with left ventricular mass index. Together, our data suggest that high expression of innate immune receptors in cardiac and digestive patients may induce an enhancement of cytokine expression and participate of cardiac and digestive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie de Sena Pereira
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- School of Health, Potiguar University, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Ferreira Nunes
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cléber de Mesquita Andrade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rio Grande do Norte State, Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Paulo Marcos Matta Guedes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Egler Chiari
- Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Li L, Li X, Gong P, Zhang X, Yang Z, Yang J, Li J. Trichomonas vaginalis Induces Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Mouse Macrophages Through Activation of MAPK and NF-κB Pathways Partially Mediated by TLR2. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:712. [PMID: 29692771 PMCID: PMC5902545 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomoniasis, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis infection, is the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease in female and male globally. However, the mechanisms by innate immunity against T. vaginalis infection have not been fully elucidated. Toll-like receptor2 (TLR2) has been shown to be involved in pathogen recognition, innate immunity activation, and inflammatory response to the pathogens. Nonetheless, the function of TLR2 against T. vaginalis remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of TLR2 in mouse macrophages against T. vaginalis. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that T. vaginalis stimulation increased the gene expression of TLR2 in wild-type (WT) mouse macrophages. T. vaginalis also induced the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in WT mouse macrophages, and the expression of these cytokines significantly decreased in TLR2-/- mouse macrophages and in WT mouse macrophages pretreated with MAPK inhibitors SB203580 (p38) and PD98059 (ERK). Western blot analysis demonstrated that T. vaginalis stimulation induced the activation of p38, ERK, and p65 NF-κB signal pathways in WT mouse macrophages, and the phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and p65 NF-κB significantly decreased in TLR2-/- mouse macrophages. Taken together, our data suggested that T. vaginalis may regulates proinflammatory cytokines production by activation of p38, ERK, and NF-κB p65 signal pathways via TLR2 in mouse macrophages. TLR2 might be involved in the defense and elimination of T. vaginalis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ju Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Ribeiro KS, Vasconcellos CI, Soares RP, Mendes MT, Ellis CC, Aguilera-Flores M, de Almeida IC, Schenkman S, Iwai LK, Torrecilhas AC. Proteomic analysis reveals different composition of extracellular vesicles released by two Trypanosoma cruzi strains associated with their distinct interaction with host cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1463779. [PMID: 29696081 PMCID: PMC5912195 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1463779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiologic agent of Chagas disease, releases vesicles containing a wide range of surface molecules known to affect the host immunological responses and the cellular infectivity. Here, we compared the secretome of two distinct strains (Y and YuYu) of T. cruzi, which were previously shown to differentially modulate host innate and acquired immune responses. Tissue culture-derived trypomastigotes of both strains secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), as demonstrated by electron scanning microscopy. EVs were purified by exclusion chromatography or ultracentrifugation and quantitated using nanoparticle tracking analysis. Trypomastigotes from YuYu strain released higher number of EVs than those from Y strain, enriched with virulence factors trans-sialidase (TS) and cruzipain. Proteomic analysis confirmed the increased abundance of proteins coded by the TS gene family, mucin-like glycoproteins, and some typical exosomal proteins in the YuYu strain, which also showed considerable differences between purified EVs and vesicle-free fraction as compared to the Y strain. To evaluate whether such differences were related to parasite infectivity, J774 macrophages and LLC-MK2 kidney cells were preincubated with purified EVs from both strains and then infected with Y strain trypomastigotes. EVs released by YuYu strain caused a lower infection but higher intracellular proliferation in J774 macrophages than EVs from Y strain. In contrast, YuYu strain-derived EVs caused higher infection of LLC-MK2 cells than Y strain-derived EVs. In conclusion, quantitative and qualitative differences in EVs and secreted proteins from different T. cruzi strains may correlate with infectivity/virulence during the host-parasite interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Tays Mendes
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Cameron C Ellis
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Marcela Aguilera-Flores
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Igor Correia de Almeida
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Sergio Schenkman
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leo Kei Iwai
- Laboratório Especial de Toxicologia Aplicada (LETA), Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
de Almeida PE, Toledo DAM, Rodrigues GSC, D'Avila H. Lipid Bodies as Sites of Prostaglandin E2 Synthesis During Chagas Disease: Impact in the Parasite Escape Mechanism. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:499. [PMID: 29616011 PMCID: PMC5869919 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During Chagas disease, the Trypanosoma cruzi can induce some changes in the host cells in order to escape or manipulate the host immune response. The modulation of the lipid metabolism in the host phagocytes or in the parasite itself is one feature that has been observed. The goal of this mini review is to discuss the mechanisms that regulate intracellular lipid body (LB) biogenesis in the course of this parasite infection and their meaning to the pathophysiology of the disease. The interaction host–parasite induces LB (or lipid droplet) formation in a Toll-like receptor 2-dependent mechanism in macrophages and is enhanced by apoptotic cell uptake. Simultaneously, there is a lipid accumulation in the parasite due to the incorporation of host fatty acids. The increase in the LB accumulation during infection is correlated with an increase in the synthesis of PGE2 within the host cells and the parasite LBs. Moreover, the treatment with fatty acid synthase inhibitor C75 or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as NS-398 and aspirin inhibited the LB biogenesis and also induced the down modulation of the eicosanoid production and the parasite replication. These findings show that LBs are organelles up modulated during the course of infection. Furthermore, the biogenesis of the LB is involved in the lipid mediator generation by both the macrophages and the parasite triggering escape mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia E de Almeida
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel S C Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Heloisa D'Avila
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Abstract
Eosinophils are the prominent cells in asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPMs), and fungal-sensitization-associated asthma, but their roles in the immunopathology of these disorders are not well understood. Moreover, the immunological mechanisms underlying the molecular direct effector interactions between fungi and eosinophils are rare and not fully known. Here, we provide an overview of eosinophil contributions to allergic asthma and ABPMs. We also revise the major general mechanisms of fungal recognition by eosinophils and consider past and recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with eosinophil innate effector responses to different fungal species relevant to ABPMs (Alternaria alternata, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus fumigatus). We further examine and speculate about the therapeutic relevance of these findings in fungus-associated allergic pulmonary diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo T Figueiredo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences/Unit of Xerem, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Josiane S Neves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Grube M, Lee BY, Garg M, Michel D, Vilotijević I, Malik A, Seeberger PH, Varón Silva D. Synthesis of Galactosylated Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Derivatives from Trypanosoma brucei. Chemistry 2018; 24:3271-3282. [PMID: 29314341 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei uses variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) to evade the host immune system and ensure parasitic longevity in animals and humans. VSGs are attached to the cell membrane by complex glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors (GPI). Distinguishing structural feature of VSG GPIs are multiple α- and β-galactosides attached to the conserved GPI core structure. T. brucei GPIs have been associated with macrophage activation and alleviation of parasitemia during infection, acting as disease onset delaying antigens. Literature reports that link structural modifications in the GPIs to changes in biological activity are contradictory. We have established a synthetic route to prepare structurally overlapping GPI derivatives bearing different T. brucei characteristic structural modifications. The GPI collection will be used to assess the effect of galactosylation and phosphorylation on T. brucei GPI immunomodulatory activity, and to perform an epitope mapping of this complex glycolipid as potential diagnostic marker for Trypanosomiasis. A strategy for the synthesis of a complete α-tetragalactoside using the 2-naphthylmethyl protecting group and for subsequent attachment of GPI fragments to peptides is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Grube
- Biomolecular Systems Department, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Current address: Science for Life Laboratory, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 17121, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo-Young Lee
- Biomolecular Systems Department, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Monika Garg
- Biomolecular Systems Department, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dana Michel
- Biomolecular Systems Department, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivan Vilotijević
- Biomolecular Systems Department, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Current address: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, Office 310A, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ankita Malik
- Biomolecular Systems Department, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Biomolecular Systems Department, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Varón Silva
- Biomolecular Systems Department, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Free University Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Kalantari P. The Emerging Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6010013. [PMID: 29495555 PMCID: PMC5874654 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a global effort to develop an effective vaccine, malaria is still a significant health problem. Much of the pathology of malaria is immune mediated. This suggests that host immune responses have to be finely regulated. The innate immune system initiates and sets the threshold of the acquired immune response and determines the outcome of the disease. Yet, our knowledge of the regulation of innate immune responses during malaria is limited. Theoretically, inadequate activation of the innate immune system could result in unrestrained parasite growth. Conversely, hyperactivation of the innate immune system, is likely to cause excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines and severe pathology. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as essential receptors which detect signature molecules and shape the complex host response during malaria infection. This review will highlight the mechanisms by which Plasmodium components are recognized by innate immune receptors with particular emphasis on TLRs. A thorough understanding of the complex roles of TLRs in malaria may allow the delineation of pathological versus protective host responses and enhance the efficacy of anti-malarial treatments and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Kalantari
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Langer M, Girton AW, Popescu NI, Burgett T, Metcalf JP, Coggeshall KM. Neither Lys- and DAP-type peptidoglycans stimulate mouse or human innate immune cells via Toll-like receptor 2. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193207. [PMID: 29474374 PMCID: PMC5825070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN), a major component of bacterial cell walls, is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that causes innate immune cells to produce inflammatory cytokines that escalate the host response during infection. In order to better understand the role of PGN in infection, we wanted to gain insight into the cellular receptor for PGN. Although the receptor was initially identified as Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), this receptor has remained controversial and other PGN receptors have been reported. We produced PGN from live cultures of Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus aureus and tested samples of PGN isolated during the purification process to determine at what point TLR2 activity was removed, if at all. Our results indicate that although live B. anthracis and S. aureus express abundant TLR2 ligands, highly-purified PGN from either bacterial source is not recognized by TLR2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marybeth Langer
- The Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Program in Arthritis & Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Alanson W. Girton
- The Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Program in Arthritis & Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Narcis I. Popescu
- The Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Program in Arthritis & Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Tarea Burgett
- The Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Program in Arthritis & Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Jordan P. Metcalf
- The Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Div., University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - K. Mark Coggeshall
- The Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Program in Arthritis & Immunology, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Sabbagh A, Sonon P, Sadissou I, Mendes-Junior CT, Garcia A, Donadi EA, Courtin D. The role of HLA-G in parasitic diseases. HLA 2018; 91:255-270. [PMID: 29368453 DOI: 10.1111/tan.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Little attention has been devoted to the role of HLA-G gene and molecule on parasitic disorders, and the available studies have focused on malaria, African and American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniosis, toxoplasmosis and echinococcosis. After reporting a brief description regarding the role of the cells of innate and adaptive immune system against parasites, we reviewed the major features of the HLA-G gene and molecule and the role of HLA-G on the major cells of immune system. Increased levels of soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) have been observed in patients presenting toxoplasmosis and in the active phase of echinococcosis. In addition, increased sHLA-G has also been associated with increased susceptibility to malaria and increased susceptibility to develop human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). In contrast, decreased membrane-bound HLA-G has been reported in placenta of patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum and in heart and colon of patients presenting Chagas disease. The 3' untranslated region of the HLA-G gene has been the main focus of studies on malaria, HAT and Chagas disease, exhibiting distinct patterns of associations. Considering that HLA-G is an immune checkpoint molecule, inhibiting the activity of several cells of the immune system, the excessive neoexpression and the increased sHLA-G levels together with the decreased constitutive tissue expression of membrane-bound HLA-G may be detrimental to the host infected with parasite agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sabbagh
- UMR 216 MERIT, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - P Sonon
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I Sadissou
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C T Mendes-Junior
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Garcia
- UMR 216 MERIT, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - E A Donadi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D Courtin
- UMR 216 MERIT, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Chauhan P, Shukla D, Chattopadhyay D, Saha B. Redundant and regulatory roles for Toll-like receptors in Leishmania infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:167-186. [PMID: 28708252 PMCID: PMC5629438 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded, non-clonal innate immune receptors, which are often the first receptors to recognize the molecular patterns on pathogens. Therefore, the immune response initiated by TLRs has far-reaching consequences on the outcome of an infection. As soon as the cell surface TLRs and other receptors recognize a pathogen, the pathogen is phagocytosed. Inclusion of TLRs in the phagosome results in quicker phagosomal maturation and stronger adaptive immune response, as TLRs influence co-stimulatory molecule expression and determinant selection by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and MHC class I for cross-presentation. The signals delivered by the TCR-peptide-MHC complex and co-stimulatory molecules are indispensable for optimal T cell activation. In addition, the cytokines induced by TLRs can skew the differentiation of activated T cells to different effector T cell subsets. However, the potential of TLRs to influence adaptive immune response into different patterns is severely restricted by multiple factors: gross specificity for the molecular patterns, lack of receptor rearrangements, sharing of limited number of adaptors that assemble signalling complexes and redundancy in ligand recognition. These features of apparent redundancy and regulation in the functioning of TLRs characterize them as important and probable contributory factors in the resistance or susceptibility to an infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Chauhan
- Pathogenesis and Cellular Response Division, National Centre for Cell ScienceGaneshkhind, PuneIndia
| | - D. Shukla
- Pathogenesis and Cellular Response Division, National Centre for Cell ScienceGaneshkhind, PuneIndia
| | | | - B. Saha
- National Institute of Traditional MedicineBelagaviIndia
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Medina TS, Oliveira GG, Silva MC, David BA, Silva GK, Fonseca DM, Sesti-Costa R, Frade AF, Baron MA, Ianni B, Pereira AC, Chevillard C, Cunha-Neto E, Marin-Neto JA, Silva JS. Ebi3 Prevents Trypanosoma cruzi-Induced Myocarditis by Dampening IFN-γ-Driven Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1213. [PMID: 29033934 PMCID: PMC5626942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of anti-inflammatory mediators can reveal important targetable molecules capable of counterbalancing Trypanosoma cruzi-induced myocarditis. Composed of Ebi3 and IL-27p28 subunits, IL-27 is produced by myeloid cells and is able to suppress inflammation by inducing IL-10-producing Tr1 cells, thus emerging as a potential candidate to ameliorate cardiac inflammation induced by T. cruzi. Although IL-27 has been extensively characterized as a suppressive cytokine that prevents liver immunopathogenesis after T. cruzi infection, the mechanisms underlying its effects on T. cruzi-induced myocarditis remain largely unknown. Here, wild-type (WT) and Ebi3-deficient animals were intraperitoneally infected with trypomastigotes of T. cruzi Y strain and used to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory properties of Ebi3 during T. cruzi infection. The survival rates of mice were daily recorded, the frequency of inflammatory cells was analyzed by flow cytometry and inflammatory mediators were measured by ELISA, real-time PCR and PCR array. We reported that T. cruzi-induced myocarditis was prevented by Ebi3. Stressors mainly recognized by TLR2 and TLR4 receptors on myeloid cells were essential to trigger IL-27p28 production. In addition, Ebi3 regulated IFN-γ-mediated myocarditis by promoting an anti-inflammatory environment through IL-10, which was most likely produced by Tr1 cells rather than classical regulatory T cells (Tregs), in the heart tissue of T. cruzi-infected animals. Furthermore, in vivo IFN-γ blockade ameliorated the host survival without compromising the parasite control in the bloodstream. In humans, IL-27p28 was correlated with cardiac protection during Chagas disease. Patients with mild clinical forms of the disease produced high levels of IL-27p28, whereas lower levels were found in those with severe forms. In addition, polymorphic sites at Ebi3 gene were associated with severe cardiomyopathy in patients with Chagas disease. Collectively, we describe a novel regulatory mechanism where Ebi3 dampens cardiac inflammation by modulating the overproduction of IFN-γ, the bona fide culprit of Chagas disease cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Silva Medina
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Cláudia Silva
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruna Araújo David
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Grace Kelly Silva
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Sesti-Costa
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Amanda Farage Frade
- Medical School/Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Bioengineering, Brazil University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Barbara Ianni
- Medical School/Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edécio Cunha-Neto
- Medical School/Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - João Santana Silva
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Li X, Zhang X, Gong P, Xia F, Li L, Yang Z, Li J. TLR2 -/- Mice Display Decreased Severity of Giardiasis via Enhanced Proinflammatory Cytokines Production Dependent on AKT Signal Pathway. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1186. [PMID: 28979269 PMCID: PMC5611375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia infection is one of the most common causes of waterborne diarrheal disease in a wide array of mammalian hosts, including humans globally. Although numerous studies have indicated that adaptive immune responses are important for Giardia defense, however, whether the host innate immune system such as TLRs recognizes Giardia remains poorly understood. TLR2 plays a crucial role in pathogen recognition, innate immunity activation, and the eventual pathogen elimination. In this study, we investigated the role of TLR2 as a non-protective inflammatory response on controlling the severity of giardiasis. RT-PCR analysis suggested that TLR2 expression was increased in vitro. We demonstrated that Giardia lamblia-induced cytokines expression by the activation of p38 and ERK pathways via TLR2. Interestingly, the expression of IL-12 p40, TNF-α, and IL-6, but not IFN-γ, was enhanced in TLR2-blocked and TLR2−/− mouse macrophages exposed to G. lamblia trophozoites compared with wild-type (WT) mouse macrophages. Further analysis demonstrated that G. lamblia trophozoites reduced cytokines secretion by activating AKT pathway in WT mouse macrophages. Immunohistochemical staining in G. lamblia cysts infected TLR2−/− and WT mice showed that TLR2 was highly expressed in duodenum in infected WT mice. Also, infected TLR2−/− and AKT-blocked mice showed an increased production of IL-12 p40 and IFN-γ compared with infected WT mice at the early stage during infection. Interestingly, infected TLR2−/− and AKT-blocked mice displayed a decreased parasite burden, an increased weight gain rate, and short parasite persistence. Histological morphometry showed shortened villus length, hyperplastic crypt and decreased ratio of villus height/crypt depth in infected WT mice compared with in infected TLR2−/− and AKT-blocked mice. Together, our results suggested that TLR2 deficiency leads to alleviation of giardiasis and reduction of parasite burden through the promotion of proinflammatory cytokines production. For the first time, our results demonstrated that TLR2 played a negative role in host defense against Giardia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feifei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Scharfstein J, Ramos PIP, Barral-Netto M. G Protein-Coupled Kinin Receptors and Immunity Against Pathogens. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:29-84. [PMID: 28950949 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For decades, immunologists have considered the complement system as a paradigm of a proteolytic cascade that, acting cooperatively with the immune system, enhances host defense against infectious organisms. In recent years, advances made in thrombosis research disclosed a functional link between activated neutrophils, monocytes, and platelet-driven thrombogenesis. Forging a physical barrier, the fibrin scaffolds generated by synergism between the extrinsic and intrinsic (contact) pathways of coagulation entrap microbes within microvessels, limiting the systemic spread of infection while enhancing the clearance of pathogens by activated leukocytes. Insight from mice models of thrombosis linked fibrin formation via the intrinsic pathway to the autoactivation of factor XII (FXII) by negatively charged "contact" substances, such as platelet-derived polyphosphates and DNA from neutrophil extracellular traps. Following cleavage by FXIIa, activated plasma kallikrein (PK) initiates inflammation by liberating the nonapeptide bradykinin (BK) from an internal domain of high molecular weight kininogen (HK). Acting as a paracrine mediator, BK induces vasodilation and increases microvascular permeability via activation of endothelial B2R, a constitutively expressed subtype of kinin receptor. During infection, neutrophil-driven extravasation of plasma fuels inflammation via extravascular activation of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Whether liberated by plasma-borne PK, tissue kallikrein, and/or microbial-derived proteases, the short-lived kinins activate immature dendritic cells via B2R, thus linking the infection-associated innate immunity/inflammation to the adaptive arm of immunity. As inflammation persists, a GPI-linked carboxypeptidase M removes the C-terminal arginine from the primary kinin, converting the B2R agonist into a high-affinity ligand for B1R, a GPCR subtype that is transcriptionally upregulated in injured/inflamed tissues. As reviewed here, lessons taken from studies of kinin receptor function in experimental infections have shed light on the complex proteolytic circuits that, acting at the endothelial interface, reciprocally couple immunity to the proinflammatory KKS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Scharfstein
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Center of Health Sciences (CCS), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Pablo I P Ramos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Urquiza JM, Burgos JM, Ojeda DS, Pascuale CA, Leguizamón MS, Quarleri JF. Astrocyte Apoptosis and HIV Replication Are Modulated in Host Cells Coinfected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:345. [PMID: 28824880 PMCID: PMC5539089 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas disease. In immunosuppressed individuals, as it occurs in the coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the central nervous system may be affected. In this regard, reactivation of Chagas disease is severe and often lethal, and it accounts for meningoencephalitis. Astrocytes play a crucial role in the environment maintenance of healthy neurons; however, they can host HIV and T. cruzi. In this report, human astrocytes were infected in vitro with both genetically modified-pathogens to express alternative fluorophore. As evidenced by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, HIV and T. cruzi coexist in the same astrocyte, likely favoring reciprocal interactions. In this context, lower rates of cell death were observed in both T. cruzi monoinfected-astrocytes and HIV-T. cruzi coinfection in comparison with those infected only with HIV. The level of HIV replication is significantly diminished under T. cruzi coinfection, but without affecting the infectivity of the HIV progeny. This interference with viral replication appears to be related to the T. cruzi multiplication rate or its increased intracellular presence but does not require their intracellular cohabitation or infected cell-to-cell contact. Among several Th1/Th2/Th17 profile-related cytokines, only IL-6 was overexpressed in HIV-T. cruzi coinfection exhibiting its cytoprotective role. This study demonstrates that T. cruzi and HIV are able to coinfect astrocytes thus altering viral replication and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier M Urquiza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Burgos
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego S Ojeda
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla A Pascuale
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Susana Leguizamón
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, San Martín, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge F Quarleri
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasBuenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Passos LSA, Magalhães LMD, Soares RP, Marques AF, Nunes MDCP, Gollob KJ, Dutra WO. Specific activation of CD4 - CD8 - double-negative T cells by Trypanosoma cruzi-derived glycolipids induces a proinflammatory profile associated with cardiomyopathy in Chagas patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:122-132. [PMID: 28543170 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is the most severe outcome of Chagas disease, causing more than 12 000 deaths/year. Immune cells participate in cardiomyopathy development either by direct tissue destruction, or by driving inflammation. We have shown that CD4- CD8- [double-negative (DN)] T cells are major sources of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, associated with the cardiac (CARD) and indeterminate (IND) forms of Chagas disease, respectively. Here, we sought to identify Trypanosoma cruzi-derived components that lead to activation of DN T cells in Chagas patients. Glycolipid (GCL), lipid (LIP) and protein-enriched (PRO) fractions derived from trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi were utilized to stimulate cells from IND and CARD patients to determine DN T cell activation by evaluating CD69 and cytokine expression. We observed that GCL, but not LIP or PRO fractions, induced higher activation of DN T cells, especially T cell receptor (TCR)-γδ DN T, from IND and CARD. GCL led to an increase in tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-10 expression by TCR-γδ DN T cells from IND, while inducing IFN-γ expression by TCR-γδ DN T cells from CARD. This led to an increase in the ratio IFN-γ/IL-10 in TCR-γδ DN T cells from CARD, favouring an inflammatory profile. These results identify GCL as the major T. cruzi component responsible for activation of DN T cells in chronic Chagas disease, associated predominantly with an inflammatory profile in CARD, but not IND. These findings may have implications for designing new strategies of control or prevention of Chagas disease cardiomyopathy by modulating the response to GCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L S A Passos
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - L M D Magalhães
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - R P Soares
- Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - A F Marques
- Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - M do C P Nunes
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - K J Gollob
- Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto Mário Pena, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,BRISA Diagnósticos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - W O Dutra
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Mendes da Silva LD, Gatto M, Miziara de Abreu Teodoro M, de Assis Golim M, Pelisson Nunes da Costa ÉA, Capel Tavares Carvalho F, Ramos Rodrigues D, Câmara Marques Pereira P, Victoriano de Campos Soares ÂM, Calvi SA. Participation of TLR2 and TLR4 in Cytokines Production by Patients with Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Chronic Chagas Disease. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:58-65. [PMID: 27783847 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a serious public health issue. Its evolution involves an acute stage, characterized by no specific symptoms, and the chronic stage during most individuals are asymptomatic, but about 30-40% of them become symptomatic presenting the cardiac or digestive disease. Host immune response mechanisms involved in symptomatic or asymptomatic chronic disease are not fully understood. The pro-inflammatory cytokines are crucial in host resistance. However, a fine control of this inflammatory process, by action of anti-inflammatory cytokines, is necessary to avoid tissue injury. This control was found to be responsible for no clinical manifestations in asymptomatic individuals. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are extremely important in defining the cytokine profile released in response to a micro-organism. We found that patients with the cardiac form predominantly released the pro-inflammatory cytokines: IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17 with the involvement of both, TLR2 and TLR4. In contrast, patients with asymptomatic disease release predominantly the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β, but also with TLR2 and TLR4 participation. The mechanisms by which stimulation of the same TLRs results in release of different pattern of cytokines, depending on the patients group that is being evaluated, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L D Mendes da Silva
- Tropical Diseases Department, Botucatu Medical School - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Gatto
- Tropical Diseases Department, Botucatu Medical School - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - M de Assis Golim
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Hemocenter, Botucatu School of Medicine-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - D Ramos Rodrigues
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Bioscience Institute-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - S A Calvi
- Tropical Diseases Department, Botucatu Medical School - UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Nascimento CR, Andrade D, Carvalho-Pinto CE, Serra RR, Vellasco L, Brasil G, Ramos-Junior ES, da Mota JB, Almeida LN, Andrade MV, Correia Soeiro MDN, Juliano L, Alvarenga PH, Oliveira AC, Sicuro FL, de Carvalho ACC, Svensjö E, Scharfstein J. Mast Cell Coupling to the Kallikrein-Kinin System Fuels Intracardiac Parasitism and Worsens Heart Pathology in Experimental Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:840. [PMID: 28824610 PMCID: PMC5539176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of Chagas disease, infectious forms of Trypanosoma cruzi are occasionally liberated from parasitized heart cells. Studies performed with tissue culture trypomastigotes (TCTs, Dm28c strain) demonstrated that these parasites evoke neutrophil/CXCR2-dependent microvascular leakage by activating innate sentinel cells via toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Upon plasma extravasation, proteolytically derived kinins and C5a stimulate immunoprotective Th1 responses via cross-talk between bradykinin B2 receptors (B2Rs) and C5aR. Awareness that TCTs invade cardiovascular cells in vitro via interdependent activation of B2R and endothelin receptors [endothelin A receptor (ETAR)/endothelin B receptor (ETBR)] led us to hypothesize that T. cruzi might reciprocally benefit from the formation of infection-associated edema via activation of kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Using intravital microscopy, here we first examined the functional interplay between mast cells (MCs) and the KKS by topically exposing the hamster cheek pouch (HCP) tissues to dextran sulfate (DXS), a potent "contact" activator of the KKS. Surprisingly, although DXS was inert for at least 30 min, a subtle MC-driven leakage resulted in factor XII (FXII)-dependent activation of the KKS, which then amplified inflammation via generation of bradykinin (BK). Guided by this mechanistic insight, we next exposed TCTs to "leaky" HCP-forged by low dose histamine application-and found that the proinflammatory phenotype of TCTs was boosted by BK generated via the MC/KKS pathway. Measurements of footpad edema in MC-deficient mice linked TCT-evoked inflammation to MC degranulation (upstream) and FXII-mediated generation of BK (downstream). We then inoculated TCTs intracardiacally in mice and found a striking decrease of parasite DNA (quantitative polymerase chain reaction; 3 d.p.i.) in the heart of MC-deficient mutant mice. Moreover, the intracardiac parasite load was significantly reduced in WT mice pretreated with (i) cromoglycate (MC stabilizer) (ii) infestin-4, a specific inhibitor of FXIIa (iii) HOE-140 (specific antagonist of B2R), and (iv) bosentan, a non-selective antagonist of ETAR/ETBR. Notably, histopathology of heart tissues from mice pretreated with these G protein-coupled receptors blockers revealed that myocarditis and heart fibrosis (30 d.p.i.) was markedly and redundantly attenuated. Collectively, our study suggests that inflammatory edema propagated via activation of the MC/KKS pathway fuels intracardiac parasitism by generating infection-stimulatory peptides (BK and endothelins) in the edematous heart tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R. Nascimento
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Andrade
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaela Rangel Serra
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucas Vellasco
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Brasil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erivan Schnaider Ramos-Junior
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Julia Barbalho da Mota
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa Nogueira Almeida
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus V. Andrade
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Clinica Medica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Juliano
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Hessab Alvarenga
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Lencastre Sicuro
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Centro Biomédico Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Erik Svensjö
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julio Scharfstein
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Julio Scharfstein,
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Sharma S, Garg I, Ashraf MZ. TLR signalling and association of TLR polymorphism with cardiovascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 87:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
87
|
Gravina HD, Goes AM, Murta SMF, Ropert C. MyD88 Adapter-like (Mal)/TIRAP Is Required for Cytokine Production by Splenic Ly6CloTLR2hi but Not by Ly6ChiTLR2hi Monocytes during Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23832-23841. [PMID: 27646001 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.729509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study continues to explore the plasticity of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) previously described in immune response during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Here, we have shown that Ly6ChiTLR2hi monocytes were involved in TNF-α and IL-12 production, whereas Ly6CloTLR2hi monocytes were mainly committed to IL-10 and TNF-α production during T. cruzi infection independently of TLR agonist used (i.e. TLR2 or TLR9 agonists). Another difference between the monocyte populations is that the adapter Mal (encoded by TIRAP) has appeared crucial for the cytokine production by Ly6Clo but not by Ly6Chi monocytes. The protein Mal was necessary to induce cytokine synthesis by Ly6Clo monocytes after triggering TLR2 or TLR9. Finally, our data have suggested that TLR2, TLR9, and Mal/TIRAP controlled differentially the emergence of the different TLR2hi monocyte populations in the spleen. In summary, this study highlights the central role of the TLR2/Mal tandem in the distinct activity among the monocyte subsets during T. cruzi infection. Such findings provide a basis for understanding the challenge posed by the use of TLR2 agonist in immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Doriguêtto Gravina
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil and
| | - Alfredo Miranda Goes
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil and
| | | | - Catherine Ropert
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-910 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil and
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Tapping RI, Tobias PS. Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan mediates physical interactions between TLR1 and TLR2 to induce signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519030090040801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria and their cell wall component lipoarabinomannan (LAM) have recently been established as agonists for TLR2. Our transfection studies with single and pairwise combinations of TLRs 1, 2, 6 and 10 reveal that only TLR1 and TLR2 together mediate strong activation of NF-KB-driven luciferase activity in response to LAM. Co-operative signaling by TLR1 and TLR2 is observed using either non-capped or mannose-capped LAM as a stimulus. Moreover, we have found that phosphatidylinositol mannosides, simple biosynthetic precursors of LAM, also activate cells through the combined actions of TLR1 and TLR2. Co-immunoprecipitation studies show that TLR1 and TLR2 are physically associated, independently of the presence of LAM. To address the mechanism of LAM-induced TLR activation we have used TLR fusion proteins in a protein fragment complementation assay. The results of this assay suggest that LAM alters the physical interaction between the intracellular signaling domains of TLR1 and TLR2. Together, these results identify LAM as an agonist for TLR1 and TLR2 and support the idea that LAM initiates transmembrane signaling by altering the physical association between TLR1 and TLR2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard I. Tapping
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter S. Tobias
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Abstract
Previous studies have emphasized the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) during infection with protozoan parasites. TLR2 was shown to be important for induction of cytokine synthesis by macrophages exposed to the purified glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored mucin-like glycoproteins of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes (tGPIm). On the other hand, MyD88 —/— mice, but not TLR2 —/— mice, showed impaired cytokine production and resistance to infection with T. cruzi parasites. Here we evaluate the importance of MyD88 and TLR2 in MAPK activation and cytokine synthesis by macrophages exposed to live T. cruzi parasites and compared to tGPIm. The absence of MAPK phosphorylation in TLR2- and MyD88-deficient macrophages exposed to tGPIm correlated with the incapacity to induce cytokine release in these cells. In contrast, activation of MAPK and synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines were not abrogated in TLR2-deficient macrophages exposed to live T. cruzi parasites. We also showed that pretreatment with tGPIm significantly reduces cytokine release by macrophages in response to T. cruzi in a TLR2-dependent manner. Consistently, TLR2-/- mice were shown to produce enhanced levels of cytokines upon in vivo challenge with T. cruzi parasites. Together, these results suggest the involvement of additional TLR(s) in the pro-inflammatory response of macrophages to whole parasites, and that, in vivo, TLR2 may have a predominant immunoregulatory role during acute infection with T. cruzi parasites .
Collapse
|
90
|
Motran CC, Ambrosio LF, Volpini X, Celias DP, Cervi L. Dendritic cells and parasites: from recognition and activation to immune response instruction. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 39:199-213. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
91
|
Liu F, Su B, Gao C, Zhou S, Song L, Tan F, Dong X, Ren Y, Li C. Identification and expression analysis of TLR2 in mucosal tissues of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) following bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:654-661. [PMID: 27368539 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which can recognize the conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of the bacteria, play key roles in the mucosal surfaces for pathogen recognition and activation of immune signaling pathways. However, our understanding of the PRRs and their activities in mucosal surfaces in the critical early time points during pathogen infection is still limited. Towards to this end, here, we sought to identify the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in turbot as well as its expression profiles in mucosal barriers following bacterial infection in the early time points. The full-length TLR2 transcript consists of open reading frame (ORF) of 2451 bp encoding the putative peptide of 816 amino acids. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the turbot TLR2 showed the closest relationship to Paralichthys olivaceus. The TLR2 mRNA expression could be detected in all examined tissues, with the most abundant expression level in liver, and the lowest expression level in skin. In addition, TLR2 showed different expression patterns following Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus iniae infection, but was up-regulated following both challenge, especially post S. iniae challenge. Characterization of TLR2 will probably contribute to understanding of a number of infectious diseases and broaden the knowledge of interactions between host and pathogen, which will eventually help in the development of novel intervention strategies for farming turbot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiao Liu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Baofeng Su
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Biotechnology and Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Breeding, Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shun Zhou
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lin Song
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Fenghua Tan
- School of International Education and Exchange, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yichao Ren
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Dos-Santos A, Carvalho-Kelly L, Dick C, Meyer-Fernandes J. Innate immunomodulation to trypanosomatid parasite infections. Exp Parasitol 2016; 167:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
93
|
Li XP, Sun L. Toll-like receptor 2 of tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis: Signaling pathway and involvement in bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:321-328. [PMID: 26947353 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 is a member of the TLR family that plays a pivotal role in innate immunity. In mammals, TLR2 is known to recognize specific microbial structures and trigger MyD88-dependent signaling to induce various cytokine responses. In this study, we examined the expression and function of the tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis TLR2, CsTLR2. CsTLR2 is composed of 898 amino acid residues and shares 25.6%-27.3% overall sequence identities with known teleost TLR2. CsTLR2 is a transmembrane protein with a toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain and eight leucine-rich repeats. Expression of CsTLR2 occurred in multiple tissues and was upregulated during bacterial infection. Stimulation of the CsTLR2 pathway led to enhanced expression of MyD88-dependent signaling molecules. Recombinant CsTLR2 (rCsTLR2) corresponding to the extracellular region was able to bind to a wide range of bacteria. Under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, rCsTLR2 significantly reduced bacterial infection. These observations add new insights into the signaling and function of teleost TLR2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Silva-Neto MAC, Lopes AH, Atella GC. Here, There, and Everywhere: The Ubiquitous Distribution of the Immunosignaling Molecule Lysophosphatidylcholine and Its Role on Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:62. [PMID: 26925065 PMCID: PMC4759257 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a severe illness, which can lead to death if the patients are not promptly treated. The disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is mostly transmitted by a triatomine insect vector. There are 8-10 million people infected with T. cruzi in the world, but the transmission of such disease by bugs occurs only in the Americas, especially Latin America. Chronically infected patients will develop cardiac diseases (30%) and up digestive, neurological, or mixed disorders (10%). Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is the major phospholipid component of oxidized low-density lipoproteins associated with atherosclerosis-related tissue damage. Insect-derived LPC powerfully attracts inflammatory cells to the site of the insect bite, enhances parasite invasion, and inhibits the production of nitric oxide by T. cruzi-stimulated macrophages. The recognition of the ubiquitous presence of LPC on the vector saliva, its production by the parasite itself and its presence both on patient plasma and its role on diverse host × parasite interaction systems lead us to compare its distribution in nature with the title of the famous Beatles song "Here, There and Everywhere" recorded exactly 50 years ago in 1966. Here, we review the major findings pointing out the role of such molecule as an immunosignaling modulator of Chagas disease transmission. Also, we believe that future investigation of the connection of this ubiquity and the immune role of such molecule may lead in the future to novel methods to control parasite transmission, infection, and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mário Alberto C Silva-Neto
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, CCS, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Angela H Lopes
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Georgia C Atella
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, CCS, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Cardoso MS, Reis-Cunha JL, Bartholomeu DC. Evasion of the Immune Response by Trypanosoma cruzi during Acute Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 6:659. [PMID: 26834737 PMCID: PMC4716143 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people mainly in Latin America. To establish a life-long infection, T. cruzi must subvert the vertebrate host's immune system, using strategies that can be traced to the parasite's life cycle. Once inside the vertebrate host, metacyclic trypomastigotes rapidly invade a wide variety of nucleated host cells in a membrane-bound compartment known as the parasitophorous vacuole, which fuses to lysosomes, originating the phagolysosome. In this compartment, the parasite relies on a complex network of antioxidant enzymes to shield itself from lysosomal oxygen and nitrogen reactive species. Lysosomal acidification of the parasitophorous vacuole is an important factor that allows trypomastigote escape from the extremely oxidative environment of the phagolysosome to the cytoplasm, where it differentiates into amastigote forms. In the cytosol of infected macrophages, oxidative stress instead of being detrimental to the parasite, favors amastigote burden, which then differentiates into bloodstream trypomastigotes. Trypomastigotes released in the bloodstream upon the rupture of the host cell membrane express surface molecules, such as calreticulin and GP160 proteins, which disrupt initial and key components of the complement pathway, while others such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol-mucins stimulate immunoregulatory receptors, delaying the progression of a protective immune response. After an immunologically silent entry at the early phase of infection, T. cruzi elicits polyclonal B cell activation, hypergammaglobulinemia, and unspecific anti-T. cruzi antibodies, which are inefficient in controlling the infection. Additionally, the coexpression of several related, but not identical, epitopes derived from trypomastigote surface proteins delays the generation of T. cruzi-specific neutralizing antibodies. Later in the infection, the establishment of an anti-T. cruzi CD8(+) immune response focused on the parasite's immunodominant epitopes controls parasitemia and tissue infection, but fails to completely eliminate the parasite. This outcome is not detrimental to the parasite, as it reduces host mortality and maintains the parasite infectivity toward the insect vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Luís Reis-Cunha
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniella C Bartholomeu
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
The TLR2 is activated by sporozoites and suppresses intrahepatic rodent malaria parasite development. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18239. [PMID: 26667391 PMCID: PMC4678895 DOI: 10.1038/srep18239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TLRs (Toll-like receptors) play an important role in the initiation of innate immune responses against invading microorganisms. Although several TLRs have been reported to be involved in the innate immune response against the blood-stage of malaria parasites, the role of TLRs in the development of the pre-erythrocytic stage is still largely unknown. Here, we found that sporozoite and its lysate could significantly activate the TLR2, and induce macrophages to release proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α, in a TLR2-dependent manner. Further studies showed that sporozoite and its lysate could be recognized by either TLR2 homodimers or TLR2/1 and TLR2/6 heterodimers, implicating the complexity of TLR2 agonist in sporozoite. Interestingly, the TLR2 signaling can significantly suppress the development of the pre-erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium yoelii, as both liver parasite load and subsequent parasitemia were significantly elevated in both TLR2- and MyD88-deficient mice. Additionally, the observed higher level of parasite burden in TLR2−/− mice was found to be closely associated with a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines in the liver. Therefore, we provide the first evidence that sporozoites can activate the TLR2 signaling, which in turn significantly inhibits the intrahepatic parasites. This may provide us with novel clues to design preventive anti-malaria therapies.
Collapse
|
97
|
Nogueira PM, Ribeiro K, Silveira ACO, Campos JH, Martins-Filho OA, Bela SR, Campos MA, Pessoa NL, Colli W, Alves MJM, Soares RP, Torrecilhas AC. Vesicles from different Trypanosoma cruzi strains trigger differential innate and chronic immune responses. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:28734. [PMID: 26613751 PMCID: PMC4662668 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.28734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas Disease, shed extracellular vesicles (EVs) enriched with glycoproteins of the gp85/trans-sialidase (TS) superfamily and other α-galactosyl (α-Gal)-containing glycoconjugates, such as mucins. Here, purified vesicles from T. cruzi strains (Y, Colombiana, CL-14 and YuYu) were quantified according to size, intensity and concentration. Qualitative analysis revealed differences in their protein and α-galactosyl contents. Later, those polymorphisms were evaluated in the modulation of immune responses (innate and in the chronic phase) in C57BL/6 mice. EVs isolated from YuYu and CL-14 strains induced in macrophages higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and nitric oxide via TLR2. In general, no differences were observed in MAPKs activation (p38, JNK and ERK 1/2) after EVs stimulation. In splenic cells derived from chronically infected mice, a different modulation pattern was observed, where Colombiana (followed by Y strain) EVs were more proinflammatory. This modulation was independent of the T. cruzi strain used in the mice infection. To test the functional importance of this modulation, the expression of intracellular cytokines after in vitro exposure was evaluated using EVs from YuYu and Colombiana strains. Both EVs induced cytokine production with the appearance of IL-10 in the chronically infected mice. A high frequency of IL-10 in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes was observed. A mixed profile of cytokine induction was observed in B cells with the production of TNF-α and IL-10. Finally, dendritic cells produced TNF-α after stimulation with EVs. Polymorphisms in the vesicles surface may be determinant in the immunopathologic events not only in the early steps of infection but also in the chronic phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Nogueira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kleber Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Diadema, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda C O Silveira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João H Campos
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Diadema, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Samantha R Bela
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marco A Campos
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Natalia L Pessoa
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Walter Colli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria J M Alves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P Soares
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Bioquímica de Fungos e Protozoários, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Diadema, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Heme-Mediated Induction of CXCL10 and Depletion of CD34+ Progenitor Cells Is Toll-Like Receptor 4 Dependent. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142328. [PMID: 26555697 PMCID: PMC4640861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection can cause microvascular dysfunction, cerebral encephalopathy and death if untreated. We have previously shown that high concentrations of free heme, and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) in sera of malaria patients induce apoptosis in microvascular endothelial and neuronal cells contributing to vascular dysfunction, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage and mortality. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) are microvascular endothelial cell precursors partly responsible for repair and regeneration of damaged BBB endothelium. Studies have shown that EPC's are depleted in severe malaria patients, but the mechanisms mediating this phenomenon are unknown. Toll-like receptors recognize a wide variety of pathogen-associated molecular patterns generated by pathogens such as bacteria and parasites. We tested the hypothesis that EPC depletion during malaria pathogenesis is a function of heme-induced apoptosis mediated by CXCL10 induction and toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Heme and CXCL10 concentrations in plasma obtained from malaria patients were elevated compared with non-malaria subjects. EPC numbers were significantly decreased in malaria patients (P < 0.02) and TLR4 expression was significantly elevated in vivo. These findings were confirmed in EPC precursors in vitro; where it was determined that heme-induced apoptosis and CXCL10 expression was TLR4-mediated. We conclude that increased serum heme mediates depletion of EPC during malaria pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
99
|
Ayala MAM, Casasco A, González M, Postan M, Corral RS, Petray PB. Trypanosoma cruzi infection induces the expression of CD40 in murine cardiomyocytes favoring CD40 ligation-dependent production of cardiopathogenic IL-6. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:779-85. [PMID: 26526953 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4805-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response in the myocardium is an important aspect of the pathogenesis of Chagas' heart disease raised by Trypanosoma cruzi. CD40, a transmembrane type I receptor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family, is expressed in a broad spectrum of cell types and is crucial in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Activation of CD40 through ligation to CD40L (CD154) induces multiple effects, including the secretion of proinflammatory molecules. In the present study, we examined the ability of T. cruzi to trigger the expression of CD40 in cardiac myocytes in vitro and in a murine model of chagasic cardiomyopathy. Our results indicate, for the first time, that T. cruzi is able to induce the expression of CD40 in HL-1 murine cardiomyocytes. Moreover, ligation of CD40 receptor upregulated interleukin-6 (IL-6), associated with inflammation. Furthermore, the induction of this costimulatory molecule was demonstrated in vivo in myocardium of mice infected with T. cruzi. This suggests that CD40-bearing cardiac muscle cells could interact with CD40L-expressing lymphocytes infiltrating the heart, thus contributing to inflammatory injury in chagasic cardiomyopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Alejandra Moreno Ayala
- Servicio de Parasitología y Enfermedad de Chagas, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 10, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Casasco
- Servicio de Parasitología y Enfermedad de Chagas, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela González
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén/ANLIS/Malbrán, Av. Paseo Colón 568, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miriam Postan
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén/ANLIS/Malbrán, Av. Paseo Colón 568, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Santiago Corral
- Servicio de Parasitología y Enfermedad de Chagas, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Beatriz Petray
- Servicio de Parasitología y Enfermedad de Chagas, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, piso 13, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Sousa-Rocha D, Thomaz-Tobias M, Diniz LFA, Souza PSS, Pinge-Filho P, Toledo KA. Trypanosoma cruzi and Its Soluble Antigens Induce NET Release by Stimulating Toll-Like Receptors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139569. [PMID: 26431537 PMCID: PMC4591979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils release fibrous traps of DNA, histones, and granule proteins known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which contribute to microbicidal killing and have been implicated in autoimmunity. The role of NET formation in the host response to nonbacterial pathogens is not well-understood. In this study, we investigated the release of NETs by human neutrophils upon their interaction with Trypanosoma cruzi (Y strain) parasites. Our results showed that human neutrophils stimulated by T. cruzi generate NETs composed of DNA, histones, and elastase. The release occurred in a dose-, time-, and reactive oxygen species-dependent manner to decrease trypomastigote and increase amastigote numbers of the parasites without affecting their viability. NET release was decreased upon blocking with antibodies against Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. In addition, living parasites were not mandatory in the release of NETs induced by T. cruzi, as the same results were obtained when molecules from its soluble extract were tested. Our results increase the understanding of the stimulation of NETs by parasites, particularly T. cruzi. We suggest that contact of T. cruzi with NETs during Chagas's disease can limit infection by affecting the infectivity/pathogenicity of the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sousa-Rocha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista–UNESP (FCL-Assis), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Thomaz-Tobias
- Department of Biological Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista–UNESP (FCL-Assis), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Phileno Pinge-Filho
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karina Alves Toledo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista–UNESP (FCL-Assis), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|