101
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Pienpinijtham P, Han XX, Ekgasit S, Ozaki Y. An ionic surfactant-mediated Langmuir–Blodgett method to construct gold nanoparticle films for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:10132-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41419h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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102
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El-Dessouky R, Georges M, Azzazy HME. Silver Nanostructures: Properties, Synthesis, and Biosensor Applications. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1112.ch014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghda El-Dessouky
- Department of Chemistry and Yousef Jameel Science & Technology Research Center, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt 11835
| | - Mariam Georges
- Department of Chemistry and Yousef Jameel Science & Technology Research Center, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt 11835
| | - Hassan M. E. Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry and Yousef Jameel Science & Technology Research Center, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt 11835
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103
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Jantschke A, Herrmann AK, Lesnyak V, Eychmüller A, Brunner E. Decoration of Diatom Biosilica with Noble Metal and Semiconductor Nanoparticles (<10 nm): Assembly, Characterization, and Applications. Chem Asian J 2011; 7:85-90. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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104
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Preparation of Fe3O4@Ag SERS substrate and its application in environmental Cr(VI) analysis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 358:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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105
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Prado E, Daugey N, Plumet S, Servant L, Lecomte S. Quantitative label-free RNA detection using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7425-7. [PMID: 21589957 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11925g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) was performed to detect label-free RNA. We defined conditions which make it possible to probe the four bases of RNA, in single strands of polyadenosine (pA), polyuridine (pU), polycytosine (pC) and polyguanosine (pG). We therefore present below a quantitative analysis of mixtures of non-hybridized single strands, based on the deconvolution of the SERS mixture spectrum into the relative contributions of the SERS spectra of each constituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enora Prado
- Université Bordeaux 1-CNRS, Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
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106
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Fan M, Andrade GFS, Brolo AG. A review on the fabrication of substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and their applications in analytical chemistry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 693:7-25. [PMID: 21504806 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work reviews different types of substrates used for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) that have been developed in the last 10 years. The different techniques of self-assembly to immobilize metallic nanoparticles on solid support are covered. An overview of SERS platforms developed using nanolithography methods, including electron-beam (e-beam) lithography and focused ion beam (FIB) milling are also included, together with several examples of template-based methodologies to generate metallic nano-patterns. The potential of SERS to impact several aspects of analytical chemistry is demonstrated by selected examples of applications in electrochemistry, biosensing, environmental analysis, and remote sensing. This review shows that highly enhancing SERS substrates with a high degree of reliability and reproducibility can now be fabricated at relative low cost, indicating that SERS may finally realize its full potential as a very sensitive tool for routine analytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meikun Fan
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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107
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Lv B, Xu Y, Tian H, Wu D, Sun Y. Synthesis of Fe3O4\SiO2\Ag nanoparticles and its application in surface-enhanced Raman scattering. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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108
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Barbosa S, Agrawal A, Rodríguez-Lorenzo L, Pastoriza-Santos I, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Kornowski A, Weller H, Liz-Marzán LM. Tuning size and sensing properties in colloidal gold nanostars. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:14943-50. [PMID: 20804155 DOI: 10.1021/la102559e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanostars are multibranched nanoparticles with sharp tips, which display extremely interesting plasmonic properties but require optimization. We present a systematic investigation of the influence of different parameters on the size, morphology, and monodispersity of Au nanostars obtained via seeded growth in concentrated solutions of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in N,N-dimethylformamide. Controlled prereduction of Au(3+) to Au(+) was found to influence monodispersity (narrower plasmon bands), while the [HAuCl(4)]/[seed] molar ratio significantly affects the morphology and tip plasmon resonance frequency. We also varied the size of the seeds (2-30 nm) and found a clear influence on the final nanostar dimensions as well as on the number of spikes, while synthesis temperature notably affects the morphology of the particles, with more rounded morphologies formed above 60 °C. This rounding effect allowed us to confirm the importance of sharp tips on the optical enhancing behavior of these nanoparticles in surface-enhanced raman scattering (SERS). Additionally, the sensitivity toward changes in the local refractive index was found to increase for larger nanostars, though lower figure of merit (FOM) values were obtained because of the larger polydispersity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Barbosa
- Departamento de Química Física and Unidad Asociada CSIC-Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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109
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Alvarez-Puebla RA, Aroca RF. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles with controllable surface charge and their application to surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Anal Chem 2010; 81:2280-5. [PMID: 19222226 DOI: 10.1021/ac8024416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to explore new methods of synthesis of silver nanocolloids using amino acids as reducing agents. The goal of the study was to fabricate nanostructures with controllable surface charge (zeta potential) that may allow optimizing the adsorption of target molecules for ultrasensitive analysis using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The average SERS properties of these colloids are tested with two organic analytes and compared with those obtained by using the most commonly used citrate Ag sols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon A Alvarez-Puebla
- Materials and Surface Science Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada, N9B 3P4
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110
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Pastoriza‐Santos I, Alvarez‐Puebla RA, Liz‐Marzán LM. Synthetic Routes and Plasmonic Properties of Noble Metal Nanoplates. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Pastoriza‐Santos
- Departamento de Química Física and Unidad Asociada CSIC‐Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain, Fax: +34‐986812556
| | - Ramón A. Alvarez‐Puebla
- Departamento de Química Física and Unidad Asociada CSIC‐Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain, Fax: +34‐986812556
| | - Luis M. Liz‐Marzán
- Departamento de Química Física and Unidad Asociada CSIC‐Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain, Fax: +34‐986812556
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111
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Matschulat A, Drescher D, Kneipp J. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering hybrid nanoprobe multiplexing and imaging in biological systems. ACS NANO 2010; 4:3259-69. [PMID: 20503969 DOI: 10.1021/nn100280z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) labels and probes consisting of gold and silver nanoaggregates and attached reporter molecules can be identified by the Raman signature of the reporter molecule. At the same time, SERS hybrid probes deliver sensitive molecular structural information on their nanoenvironment. Here we demonstrate full exploitation of the multifunctional and multiplexing capabilities inherent to such nanoprobes by applying cluster methods and principal components approaches for discrimination beyond the visual inspection of individual spectra that has been practiced so far. The reported results indicate that fast, multivariate evaluation of whole sets of multiple probes is feasible. Spectra of five different reporters were shown to be separable by hierarchical clustering and by principal components analysis (PCA). In a duplex imaging approach in live cells, hierarchical cluster analysis, K-means clustering, and PCA were used for imaging the positions of different types of SERS probes along with the spectral information from cellular constituents. Parallel to cellular imaging experiments, cytotoxicity of the SERS hybrid probes containing aromatic thiols as reporters is assessed. The reported results suggest multiplexing applications of the nontoxic SERS nanoprobes in high density sensing and imaging in complex biological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Matschulat
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstatter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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112
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Abalde-Cela S, Aldeanueva-Potel P, Mateo-Mateo C, Rodríguez-Lorenzo L, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Liz-Marzán LM. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering biomedical applications of plasmonic colloidal particles. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7 Suppl 4:S435-50. [PMID: 20462878 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0125.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article presents a general view of the recent progress in the fast developing area of surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy as an analytical tool for the detection and identification of molecular species in very small concentrations, with a particular focus on potential applications in the biomedical area. We start with a brief overview of the relevant concepts related to the choice of plasmonic nanostructures for the design of suitable substrates, their implementation into more complex materials that allow generalization of the method and detection of a wide variety of (bio)molecules and the strategies that can be used for both direct and indirect sensing. In relation to indirect sensing, we devote the final section to a description of SERS-encoded particles, which have found wide application in biomedicine (among other fields), since they are expected to face challenges such as multiplexing and high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abalde-Cela
- Departamento de Química Física and Unidad Asociada CSIC, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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113
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Alvarez-Puebla RA, Liz-Marzán LM. SERS-based diagnosis and biodetection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:604-10. [PMID: 20108237 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful analytical techniques for identification of molecular species, with the potential to reach single-molecule detection under ambient conditions. This Concept article presents a brief introduction and discussion of both recent advances and limitations of SERS in the context of diagnosis and biodetection, ranging from direct sensing to the use of encoded nanoparticles, in particular focusing on ultradetection of relevant bioanalytes, rapid diagnosis of diseases, marking of organelles within individual cells, and non-invasive tagging of anomalous tissues in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón A Alvarez-Puebla
- Departamento de Quimica-Fisica and Unidad Asociada CSIC-Universidade de Vigo 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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114
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ZHOU Y, ZHI J, ZHAO J, XU M. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of 4-Aminothiophenol Adsorbed on Silver Nanosheets Deposited onto Cubic Boron Nitride Films. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:957-61. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli ZHOU
- Department of Chemistry, Shangqiu Normal University
| | - Jinfang ZHI
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jianwen ZHAO
- Department of Chemistry, Shangqiu Normal University
| | - Maotian XU
- Department of Chemistry, Shangqiu Normal University
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115
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Deckert-Gaudig T, Deckert V. Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) and high-resolution bio nano-analysis—a comparison. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12040-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c003316b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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116
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Huang X, Neretina S, El-Sayed MA. Gold nanorods: from synthesis and properties to biological and biomedical applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2009; 21:4880-4910. [PMID: 25378252 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200802789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1090] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Noble metal nanoparticles are capable of confining resonant photons in such a manner as to induce coherent surface plasmon oscillation of their conduction band electrons, a phenomenon leading to two important properties. Firstly, the confinement of the photon to the nanoparticle's dimensions leads to a large increase in its electromagnetic field and consequently great enhancement of all the nanoparticle's radiative properties, such as absorption and scattering. Moreover, by confining the photon's wavelength to the nanoparticle's small dimensions, there exists enhanced imaging resolving powers, which extend well below the diffraction limit, a property of considerable importance in potential device applications. Secondly, the strongly absorbed light by the nanoparticles is followed by a rapid dephasing of the coherent electron motion in tandem with an equally rapid energy transfer to the lattice, a process integral to the technologically relevant photothermal properties of plasmonic nanoparticles. Of all the possible nanoparticle shapes, gold nanorods are especially intriguing as they offer strong plasmonic fields while exhibiting excellent tunability and biocompatibility. We begin this review of gold nanorods by summarizing their radiative and nonradiative properties. Their various synthetic methods are then outlined with an emphasis on the seed-mediated chemical growth. In particular, we describe nanorod spontaneous self-assembly, chemically driven assembly, and polymer-based alignment. The final section details current studies aimed at applications in the biological and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Huang
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
- Emory-Georgia Tech Cancer Center for Nanotechnology Excellence Department of Biomedical Engineering Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
| | - Svetlana Neretina
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Temple University 1947 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, PA 19122 (USA)
| | - Mostafa A El-Sayed
- Laser Dynamics Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
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117
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Wells SM, Retterer SD, Oran JM, Sepaniak MJ. Controllable nanofabrication of aggregate-like nanoparticle substrates and evaluation for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2009; 3:3845-53. [PMID: 19911835 DOI: 10.1021/nn9010939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of new and better substrates is a major focus of research aimed at improving the analytical capabilities of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Perhaps the most common type of SERS substrate, one consistently exhibiting large enhancements, is simple colloidal gold or silver nanoparticles in the 10-150 nm size range. The colloidal systems that are used most for ultrasensitive detection are generally aggregated clusters that possess "hot spot(s)" within some of the aggregates. A significant limitation of these synthetic substrates is that the "hot" aggregates are extremely difficult to create consistently or predict. Electron beam lithography (EBL) along with combinatorial spectral mapping can be used to overcome this limitation. Our previous work, and that of other researchers, invokes the special capabilities of EBL to design and fabricate periodic, highly ordered nanoparticle arrays for SERS. Building on this work, EBL, in conjunction with ancillary fabrication steps, can be used to create complex patterns that mimic random aggregates. These aggregates, unlike those created by colloidal deposition methods, can be uniquely reproduced within the resolution limits of EBL. In the work reported herein, we use a unique approach to create substrates containing a large number of randomly generated cells with different morphologies that are arrayed on silicon wafers. Instead of isolated metal nanoparticles, these structures resemble the aggregates of colloid. By spectral mapping, we investigate the SERS activity of the combinatorial arrays of cells using probe analytes. Two general categories of shapes are randomly designed in different sizes and densities into several hundred different 5 mum square cells. Following fabrication, it is shown that a SERS performance contrast of more than a factor of 44 is achieved among these cells and that the best performing cells can be cloned into uniformly high performing macropatterns of lithographically defined nanoaggregates (LDNAs). In this manner, extended LDNA surfaces with uniform 5 x 10(8) enhancement factors are created. Furthermore, the LDNAs can be further dissected and studied in an effort to increase the SERS enhancement per unit geometric substrate area.
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118
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Harpster MH, Zhang H, Sankara-Warrier AK, Ray BH, Ward TR, Kollmar JP, Carron KT, Mecham JO, Corcoran RC, Wilson WC, Johnson PA. SERS detection of indirect viral DNA capture using colloidal gold and methylene blue as a Raman label. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 25:674-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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119
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Sanchez-Iglesias A, Grzelczak M, Rodríguez-González B, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Liz-Marzán LM, Kotov NA. Gold colloids with unconventional angled shapes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:11431-11435. [PMID: 19534459 DOI: 10.1021/la901590s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the formation of porous gold nanoparticles with unusual, angled shapes (such as nanocheckmarks) through spontaneous transformation of tellurium sacrificial templates by gradual galvanic replacement. High-resolution electron microscopy studies of intermediate stages reveal interesting information regarding the replacement mechanism, which involves initial "gold island growth" at the edges, and gradual branching to engulf the entire particle templates, resulting in a highly porous structure. Additionally, the high porosity of these novel nanostructures with unusual shapes is demonstrated to provide very high enhancement of the Raman scattering signal from adsorbed molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sanchez-Iglesias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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120
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Sanles-Sobrido M, Rodríguez-Lorenzo L, Lorenzo-Abalde S, González-Fernández A, Correa-Duarte MA, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Liz-Marzán LM. Label-free SERS detection of relevant bioanalytes on silver-coated carbon nanotubes: The case of cocaine. NANOSCALE 2009; 1:153-158. [PMID: 20644874 DOI: 10.1039/b9nr00059c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy can be used for the label-free determination and quantification of relevant small biometabolites that are hard to identify by conventional immunological methods, in the absence of labelling. In this work, detection is based on monitoring the vibrational changes occurring at a specific biointerface (a monoclonal antibody, mAb) supported on silver-coated carbon nanotubes (CNT@Ag). Engineered CNT@Ag play a key role, as they offer a stable substrate to support the biointerface, with a high density of hot spots. Proof of concept is demonstrated through the analysis and quantification of the main cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine. These results open a new avenue toward the generation of portable sensors for fast ultradetection and quantification of relevant metabolites. The use of discrete particles (CNT@Ag@mAb) rather than rough films, or other conventional SERS supports, will also enable a safe remote interrogation of highly toxic sources in environmental problems or in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Sanles-Sobrido
- Departamento de Química Física and Unidad Asociada CSIC, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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121
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Chen H, Sun Z, Ni W, Woo KC, Lin HQ, Sun L, Yan C, Wang J. Plasmon coupling in clusters composed of two-dimensionally ordered gold nanocubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:2111-9. [PMID: 19544318 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanocubes are assembled into clusters of varying numbers and ordering on indium tin oxide substrates. The plasmon coupling in the clusters is studied with both dark-field imaging and finite-difference time-domain calculations. Generally, as a cluster becomes larger and more asymmetric, it exhibits more scattering peaks towards longer wavelengths. The coupling of the vertically oriented dipole in the nanocube with its image dipole in the substrate generates two scattering peaks. One is fixed in energy and the other red-shifts with increasing cluster size. The coupling of horizontally oriented dipoles among different nanocubes produces multiple scattering peaks at lower energies. Their positions and intensities are highly dependent on the number and ordering of nanocubes in the cluster. Au nanocubes in the clusters are further welded together by thermal treatment. The scattering peaks of the thermally treated clusters generally become sharper. The lower-energy scattering peaks arising from dipolar oscillations are red-shifted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjun Chen
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Satin, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
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122
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Kneipp J, Kneipp H, Wittig B, Kneipp K. Novel optical nanosensors for probing and imaging live cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 6:214-26. [PMID: 19699322 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This review introduces multifunctional optical nanosensors based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and demonstrates their application in live cells. The novel nanosensors have the potential to improve our understanding of cellular processes on the molecular level. The hybrid sensor consists of gold or silver nanoparticles with an attached reporter species. The sensor can be detected and imaged based on the SERS signature of the reporter. This results in several advantages, such as high spectral specificity, multiplex capabilities, improved contrast, and photostability. SERS sensors not only highlight cellular structures, based on enhanced Raman spectra of intrinsic cellular molecules measured in the local optical fields of the gold nanoparticles, they also provide molecular structural information on their cellular environment. Moreover, the SERS signature of the reporter can deliver information on the local pH value inside a cell at subendosomal resolution. SERS sensors are suitable for one- and two-photon excitation. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This review introduces multifunctional optical nanosensors based on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and demonstrates their application in live cells. These hybrid sensors consist of gold or silver nanoparticles with an attached reporter species. The sensor can be detected and imaged based on the SERS signature of the reporter. SERS sensors highlight cellular structures and provide molecular structural information on their cellular environment. They can also deliver information on the intracellular pH-value at subendosomal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Kneipp
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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123
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Kora AJ, Manjusha R, Arunachalam J. Superior bactericidal activity of SDS capped silver nanoparticles: Synthesis and characterization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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124
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Yuan W, Li CM. Direct modulation of localized surface plasmon coupling of Au nanoparticles on solid substrates via weak polyelectrolyte-mediated layer-by-layer self assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:7578-7585. [PMID: 19499932 DOI: 10.1021/la901443x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a pH-controllable weak polyelectrolyte/metal nanoparticle composite film was successfully constructed on a solid substrate through layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, and its localized surface plasmon coupling (LSPC) was investigated. The degree of LSPC can be modulated by controlling pH of the weak polyelectrolyte used. The LSPC was tunable and stable, demonstrated by a large shift of the longitudinal band peak position over a range of 625-741.5 nm as a function of pH, while shifting insignificantly at a fixed pH for a month. The modulation of LSPC of the LbL nanocomposite film can be ascribed to changes in the assembled weak polyelectrolyte, where the charge density and conformation can be easily controlled by pH to tailor the interparticle spacing in the nanoparticle clusters. This work provides a rational approach for preparation of stable nanocomposites with easily tunable LSPC and scientific insight into the effect of film morphology on the optical properties of assembled nanoparticles. The spectral response to the environment has great potential in applications such as plasmonics, biosensing, and medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyong Yuan
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Center for Advanced Bionanosystems, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637457, Singapore
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125
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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering as a tool to probe cytochrome P450-catalysed substrate oxidation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1797-801. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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126
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Farah AA, Bravo-Vasquez JP, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Cho JY, Fenniri H. Robust Au-PEG/PS microbeads as optically stable platforms for SERS. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:1283-1286. [PMID: 19291734 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdiaziz A Farah
- Department of Chemistry, Gunning/Lemieux Chemistry Center University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
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127
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Rodríguez-Fernández J, Funston AM, Pérez-Juste J, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Liz-Marzán LM, Mulvaney P. The effect of surface roughness on the plasmonic response of individual sub-micron gold spheres. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:5909-14. [PMID: 19588012 DOI: 10.1039/b905200n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale surface corrugation strongly determines the plasmonic response of gold nanoparticles with dimensions of several tens of nanometres. Scattering spectra of individual spheres with a rough surface were found to red-shift and broaden. The plasmon modes exhibited quadrupole damping, in contrast to particles with smooth surfaces. Additionally, rougher spheres display a higher SERS activity, which demonstrates the crucial role of nanoscale surface texturing on the plasmonic response of gold particles.
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128
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Hossain MK, Kitahama Y, Huang GG, Han X, Ozaki Y. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering: realization of localized surface plasmon resonance using unique substrates and methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1747-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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129
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Gentry ST, Fredericks SJ, Krchnavek R. Controlled particle growth of silver sols through the use of hydroquinone as a selective reducing agent. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:2613-21. [PMID: 19437745 DOI: 10.1021/la803680h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Hydroquinone (HQ) was used as the principal chemical reducing agent to prepare aqueous silver nanocolloids from silver nitrate. The data demonstrate that HQ is unable to initiate the particle growth process on its own, but is able to sustain particle growth in the presence of pre-existing metallic clusters. This unique selectivity is similar to that seen in photographic systems. Data are presented on two different approaches to initiating the HQ growth process. Very low levels of sodium borohydride can be used to form seed particles. Alternatively, the data show that controlled growth can be initiated by exposing the samples to UV radiation, relying on the photoreactivity of hydroquinone to start the process. These results were used to explore the dynamics of very dilute NaBH4 seed particles. They also were used to create nonspherical disk and triangular-plate morphologies directly from solution, without the need for subsequent reformation or template processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart T Gentry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, La Salle University, 1900 West Olney Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19141, USA
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130
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Fu Y, Lakowicz JR. Modification of single molecule fluorescence near metallic nanostructures. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2009; 3:221-232. [PMID: 31131065 PMCID: PMC6530590 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.200810035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years there has been a growing interest in the interactions of fluorophores with metallic nanostructures or nanoparticles. The spectra properties of fluorophores can be dramatically modified by near-field interactions with the electron clouds present in metals. Near-field interactions are those occurring within a wavelength distance of an excited fluorophore. These interactions modify the emission in ways not seen in ensemble fluorescence experiments. In this review we provide an insightful description of the photophysics of metal plasmons and near-field interactions. Additionally, we summarize recent works on single-molecule studies on metal-fluorophore interactions and suggest how these effects will result in new classes of experimental procedures, novel probes, bioassays and devices. The spectral properties of single fluorophores can be dramatically altered by near-field interactions with the electron clouds presented in metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- Center for fluorescence spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Center for fluorescence spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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131
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Ando RA, Pieczonka NPW, Santos PS, Aroca RF. Chromic materials for responsive surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering systems: a nanometric pH sensor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7505-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b904747f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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132
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Guerrini L, Garcia-Ramos JV, Domingo C, Sanchez-Cortes S. Self-assembly of a dithiocarbamate calix[4]arene on Ag nanoparticles and its application in the fabrication of surface-enhanced Raman scattering based nanosensors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:1787-93. [DOI: 10.1039/b812811a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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133
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Taladriz-Blanco P, Rodríguez-Lorenzo L, Sanles-Sobrido M, Hervés P, Correa-Duarte MA, Alvarez-Puebla RA, Liz-Marzán LM. SERS study of the controllable release of nitric oxide from aromatic nitrosothiols on bimetallic, bifunctional nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:56-59. [PMID: 20355754 DOI: 10.1021/am800141j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid system comprising bimetallic nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was engineered to maximize the surface-enhanced Raman scattering signal from solution by generating a high density of hot spots with reproducible enhancing activity and long-term colloidal and optical stability. CNT@AgAu was employed as a bifunctional material to catalyze and monitor the controlled release of nitric oxide from aromatic nitrosothiols, as a function of the gold content.
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134
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Fan M, Brolo AG. Silver nanoparticles self assembly as SERS substrates with near single molecule detection limit. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7381-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b904744a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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135
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Santos Costa JC, Ando RA, Sant’Ana AC, Rossi LM, Santos PS, Temperini MLA, Corio P. High performance gold nanorods and silver nanocubes in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of pesticides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7491-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b904734d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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136
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Love SA, Marquis BJ, Haynes CL. Recent advances in nanomaterial plasmonics: fundamental studies and applications. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:346A-362A. [PMID: 19094385 DOI: 10.1366/000370208786822331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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137
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Álvarez-Puebla R, Contreras-Cáceres R, Pastoriza-Santos I, Pérez-Juste J, Liz-Marzán L. Au@pNIPAM Colloids as Molecular Traps for Surface-Enhanced, Spectroscopic, Ultra-Sensitive Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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138
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Álvarez-Puebla R, Contreras-Cáceres R, Pastoriza-Santos I, Pérez-Juste J, Liz-Marzán L. Au@pNIPAM Colloids as Molecular Traps for Surface-Enhanced, Spectroscopic, Ultra-Sensitive Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 48:138-43. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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139
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Zhao W, Brook MA, Li Y. Design of Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Biosensing Assays. Chembiochem 2008; 9:2363-71. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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140
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Cañamares M, Garcia-Ramos J, Sanchez-Cortes S, Castillejo M, Oujja M. Comparative SERS effectiveness of silver nanoparticles prepared by different methods: A study of the enhancement factor and the interfacial properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 326:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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141
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Fan M, Brolo AG. Self-Assembled Au Nanoparticles as Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Vibrational Spectroscopy: Optimization and Electrochemical Stability. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:1899-907. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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142
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Guerrini L, Aliaga A, Cárcamo J, Gómez-Jeria J, Sanchez-Cortes S, Campos-Vallette M, García-Ramos J. Functionalization of Ag nanoparticles with the bis-acridinium lucigenin as a chemical assembler in the detection of persistent organic pollutants by surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 624:286-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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143
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Dinda E, Si S, Kotal A, Mandal T. Novel Ascorbic Acid Based Ionic Liquids for the In Situ Synthesis of Quasi-Spherical and Anisotropic Gold Nanostructures in Aqueous Medium. Chemistry 2008; 14:5528-37. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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144
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Chen L, Choo J. Recent advances in surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection technology for microfluidic chips. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1815-28. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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145
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Brown LO, Doorn SK. A controlled and reproducible pathway to dye-tagged, encapsulated silver nanoparticles as substrates for SERS multiplexing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:2277-2280. [PMID: 18278969 DOI: 10.1021/la703853e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles tagged with dyes and encapsulated within a silica layer, offer a convenient potential substrate for performing multiplexed surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) analysis. In contrast to our earlier work with gold particles, aggregation of silver particles is found to be mostly independent of dye addition, allowing for a reproducible preparation in which aggregation is actively induced by the addition of NaCl. Separating the aggregation step eliminates competitive binding between the dyes and silica-coating reagents, enabling the efficient use of a wide variety of weakly binding dyes to conveniently generate robust, high-intensity SERS substrates at a variety of excitation frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif O Brown
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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146
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Sengupta A, Thai CK, Sastry MSR, Matthaei JF, Schwartz DT, Davis EJ, Baneyx F. A genetic approach for controlling the binding and orientation of proteins on nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:2000-8. [PMID: 18193902 DOI: 10.1021/la702079e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although silver nanoparticles are excellent surface enhancers for Raman spectroscopy, their use to probe the conformation of large proteins at interfaces has been complicated by the fact that many polypeptides adsorb weakly or with a random orientation to colloidal silver. To address these limitations, we sought to increase binding affinity and control protein orientation by fusing a silver-binding dodecapeptide termed Ag4 to the C-terminus of maltose-binding protein (MBP), a well-characterized model protein with little intrinsic silver binding affinity. Quartz crystal microbalance measurements conducted with the MBP-Ag4 fusion protein revealed that its affinity for silver (Kd approximately 180 nM) was at least 1 order of magnitude higher than a control protein, MBP2, containing a non-silver-specific C-terminal extension. Under our experimental conditions, MBP-Ag4 SERS spectra exhibited 2-4 fold higher signal-to-background relative to MPB2 and contained a number of amino acid-assigned vibrational modes that were either weak or absent in control experiments performed with MBP2. Changes in amino acid-assigned peaks before and after MBP-Ag4 bound maltose were used to assess protein orientation on the surface of silver nanoparticles. The genetic route described here may prove useful to study the orientation of other proteins on a variety of SERS-active surfaces, to improve biosensors performance, and to control functional nanobiomaterials assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Sengupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, USA
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147
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Stiles PL, Dieringer JA, Shah NC, Van Duyne RP. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2008; 1:601-26. [PMID: 20636091 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1552] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the size, shape, and material of a surface has reinvigorated the field of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Because excitation of the localized surface plasmon resonance of a nanostructured surface or nanoparticle lies at the heart of SERS, the ability to reliably control the surface characteristics has taken SERS from an interesting surface phenomenon to a rapidly developing analytical tool. This article first explains many fundamental features of SERS and then describes the use of nanosphere lithography for the fabrication of highly reproducible and robust SERS substrates. In particular, we review metal film over nanosphere surfaces as excellent candidates for several experiments that were once impossible with more primitive SERS substrates (e.g., metal island films). The article also describes progress in applying SERS to the detection of chemical warfare agents and several biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Stiles
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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148
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Watson DA, Brown LO, Gaskill DF, Naivar M, Graves SW, Doorn SK, Nolan JP. A flow cytometer for the measurement of Raman spectra. Cytometry A 2008; 73:119-28. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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149
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Chourpa I, Lei FH, Dubois P, Manfait M, Sockalingum GD. Intracellular applications of analytical SERS spectroscopy and multispectral imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:993-1000. [DOI: 10.1039/b714732p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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150
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Mansour HM, Hickey AJ. Raman characterization and chemical imaging of biocolloidal self-assemblies, drug delivery systems, and pulmonary inhalation aerosols: a review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007; 8:E99. [PMID: 18181559 PMCID: PMC2750560 DOI: 10.1208/pt0804099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents an introduction to Raman scattering and describes the various Raman spectroscopy, Raman microscopy, and chemical imaging techniques that have demonstrated utility in biocolloidal self-assemblies, pharmaceutical drug delivery systems, and pulmonary research applications. Recent Raman applications to pharmaceutical aerosols in the context of pulmonary inhalation aerosol delivery are discussed. The "molecular fingerprint" insight that Raman applications provide includes molecular structure, drug-carrier/excipient interactions, intramolecular and intermolecular bonding, surface structure, surface and interfacial interactions, and the functional groups involved therein. The molecular, surface, and interfacial properties that Raman characterization can provide are particularly important in respirable pharmaceutical powders, as these particles possess a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio; hence, understanding the nature of these solid surfaces can enable their manipulation and tailoring for functionality at the nanometer level for targeted pulmonary delivery and deposition. Moreover, Raman mapping of aerosols at the micro- and nanometer level of resolution is achievable with new, sophisticated, commercially available Raman microspectroscopy techniques. This noninvasive, highly versatile analytical and imaging technique exhibits vast potential for in vitro and in vivo molecular investigations of pulmonary aerosol delivery, lung deposition, and pulmonary cellular drug uptake and disposition in unfixed living pulmonary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Mansour
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Campus Box #7360, 311 Pharmacy Lane, 1311 Kerr Hall, Dispersed Systems Laboratory, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA.
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