101
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Risso V, Lafont E, Le Gallo M. Therapeutic approaches targeting CD95L/CD95 signaling in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:248. [PMID: 35301281 PMCID: PMC8931059 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell death plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Key players in the controlled induction of cell death are the Death Receptors (DR). CD95 is a prototypic DR activated by its cognate ligand CD95L triggering programmed cell death. As a consequence, alterations in the CD95/CD95L pathway have been involved in several disease conditions ranging from autoimmune diseases to inflammation and cancer. CD95L-induced cell death has multiple roles in the immune response since it constitutes one of the mechanisms by which cytotoxic lymphocytes kill their targets, but it is also involved in the process of turning off the immune response. Furthermore, beyond the canonical pro-death signals, CD95L, which can be membrane-bound or soluble, also induces non-apoptotic signaling that contributes to its tumor-promoting and pro-inflammatory roles. The intent of this review is to describe the role of CD95/CD95L in the pathophysiology of cancers, autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation and to discuss recently patented and emerging therapeutic strategies that exploit/block the CD95/CD95L system in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Risso
- INSERM U1242, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Elodie Lafont
- INSERM U1242, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Matthieu Le Gallo
- INSERM U1242, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.
- Centre de lutte contre le cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
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102
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Role of NETosis in Central Nervous System Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3235524. [PMID: 35028005 PMCID: PMC8752220 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3235524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injury is divided into brain injury and spinal cord injury and remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Previous reviews have defined numerous inflammatory cells involved in this process. In the human body, neutrophils comprise the largest numbers of myeloid leukocytes. Activated neutrophils release extracellular web-like DNA amended with antimicrobial proteins called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The formation of NETs was demonstrated as a new method of cell death called NETosis. As the first line of defence against injury, neutrophils mediate a variety of adverse reactions in the early stage, and we consider that NETs may be the prominent mediators of CNS injury. Therefore, exploring the specific role of NETs in CNS injury may help us shed some light on early changes in the disease. Simultaneously, we discovered that there is a link between NETosis and other cell death pathways by browsing other research, which is helpful for us to establish crossroads between known cell death pathways. Currently, there is a large amount of research concerning NETosis in various diseases, but the role of NETosis in CNS injury remains unknown. Therefore, this review will introduce the role of NETosis in CNS injury, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischaemia, CNS infection, Alzheimer's disease, and spinal cord injury, by describing the mechanism of NETosis, the evidence of NETosis in CNS injury, and the link between NETosis and other cell death pathways. Furthermore, we also discuss some agents that inhibit NETosis as therapies to alleviate the severity of CNS injury. NETosis may be a potential target for the treatment of CNS injury, so exploring NETosis provides a feasible therapeutic option for CNS injury in the future.
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103
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Nguyen LN, Kanneganti TD. PANoptosis in Viral Infection: The Missing Puzzle Piece in the Cell Death Field. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167249. [PMID: 34537233 PMCID: PMC8444475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, emerging viral outbreaks like SARS-CoV-2, Zika and Ebola have presented major challenges to the global health system. Viruses are unique pathogens in that they fully rely on the host cell to complete their lifecycle and potentiate disease. Therefore, programmed cell death (PCD), a key component of the host innate immune response, is an effective strategy for the host cell to curb viral spread. The most well-established PCD pathways, pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis, can be activated in response to viruses. Recently, extensive crosstalk between PCD pathways has been identified, and there is evidence that molecules from all three PCD pathways can be activated during virus infection. These findings have led to the emergence of the concept of PANoptosis, defined as an inflammatory PCD pathway regulated by the PANoptosome complex with key features of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and/or necroptosis that cannot be accounted for by any of these three PCD pathways alone. While PCD is important to eliminate infected cells, many viruses are equipped to hijack host PCD pathways to benefit their own propagation and subvert host defense, and PCD can also lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines and inflammation. Therefore, PANoptosis induced by viral infection contributes to either host defense or viral pathogenesis in context-specific ways. In this review, we will discuss the multi-faceted roles of PCD pathways in controlling viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Nhat Nguyen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA. https://twitter.com/LamNguy81889610
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104
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Vougioukalaki M, Georgila K, Athanasiadis EI, Eliopoulos AG. Cell adhesion tunes inflammatory TPL2 kinase signal transduction. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:156. [PMID: 35218437 PMCID: PMC11072766 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through adhesion-related molecules is important for cancer growth and metastasis and cancer cells are resistant to anoikis, a form of cell death ensued by cell detachment from the extracellular matrix. Herein, we report that detached carcinoma cells and immortalized fibroblasts display defects in TNF and CD40 ligand (CD40L)-induced MEK-ERK signaling. Cell detachment results in reduced basal levels of the MEK kinase TPL2, compromises TPL2 activation and sensitizes carcinoma cells to death-inducing receptor ligands, mimicking the synthetic lethal interactions between TPL2 inactivation and TNF or CD40L stimulation. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), which is activated in focal adhesions and mediates anchorage-dependent survival signaling, was found to sustain steady state TPL2 protein levels and to be required for TNF-induced TPL2 signal transduction. We show that when FAK levels are reduced, as seen in certain types of malignancy or malignant cell populations, the formation of cIAP2:RIPK1 complexes increases, leading to reduced TPL2 expression levels by a dual mechanism: first, by the reduction in the levels of NF-κΒ1 which is required for TPL2 stability; second, by the engagement of an RelA NF-κΒ pathway that elevates interleukin-6 production, leading to activation of STAT3 and its transcriptional target SKP2 which functions as a TPL2 E3 ubiquitin ligase. These data underscore a new mode of regulation of TNF family signal transduction on the TPL2-MEK-ERK branch by adhesion-related molecules that may have important ramifications for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vougioukalaki
- Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantina Georgila
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil I Athanasiadis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristides G Eliopoulos
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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105
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Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Functions of cIAP1. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020322. [PMID: 35204822 PMCID: PMC8869227 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (cIAP1) is a cell signaling regulator of the IAP family. Through its E3-ubiquitine ligase activity, it has the ability to activate intracellular signaling pathways, modify signal transduction pathways by changing protein-protein interaction networks, and stop signal transduction by promoting the degradation of critical components of signaling pathways. Thus, cIAP1 appears to be a potent determinant of the response of cells, enabling their rapid adaptation to changing environmental conditions or intra- or extracellular stresses. It is expressed in almost all tissues, found in the cytoplasm, membrane and/or nucleus of cells. cIAP1 regulates innate immunity by controlling signaling pathways mediated by tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRs), some cytokine receptors and pattern recognition-receptors (PRRs). Although less documented, cIAP1 has also been involved in the regulation of cell migration and in the control of transcriptional programs.
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106
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Interaction between the Hepatitis B Virus and Cellular FLIP Variants in Viral Replication and the Innate Immune System. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020373. [PMID: 35215970 PMCID: PMC8874586 DOI: 10.3390/v14020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral evolution and adaptation, many viruses have utilized host cellular factors and machinery as their partners. HBx, as a multifunctional viral protein encoded by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), promotes HBV replication and greatly contributes to the development of HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBx interacts with several host factors in order to regulate HBV replication and evolve carcinogenesis. The cellular FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme (FLICE)-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a major factor that functions in a variety of cellular pathways and specifically in apoptosis. It has been shown that the interaction between HBx and c-FLIP determines HBV fate. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and detailed overview of the interplay between c-FLIP and HBV in various environmental circumstances. We describe strategies adapted by HBV to establish its chronic infection. We also summarize the conventional roles of c-FLIP and highlight the functional outcome of the interaction between c-FLIP and HBV or other viruses in viral replication and the innate immune system.
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107
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Pitfalls in the Application of Dispase-Based Keratinocyte Dissociation Assay for In Vitro Analysis of Pemphigus Vulgaris. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020208. [PMID: 35214667 PMCID: PMC8878461 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a chronic, life-altering autoimmune disease due to the production of anti-desmoglein antibodies causing the loss of cell–cell adhesion in keratinocytes (acantholysis) and blister formation in both skin and mucous membranes. The dispase-based keratinocyte dissociation assay (DDA) is the method of choice to examine the pathogenic effect of antibodies and additional co-stimuli on cell adhesion in vitro. Despite its widespread use, there is a high variability of experimental conditions, leading to inconsistent results. In this paper, we identify and discuss pitfalls in the application of DDA, including generation of a monolayer with optimized density, appropriate culturing conditions to obtain said monolayer, application of mechanical stress in a standardized manner, and performing consistent data processing. Importantly, we describe a detailed protocol for a successful and reliable DDA and the respective ideal conditions for three different types of human keratinocytes: (1) primary keratinocytes, (2) the HaCaT spontaneously immortalized keratinocyte cell line, and (3) the recently characterized HaSKpw spontaneously immortalized keratinocyte cell line. Our study provides detailed protocols which guarantee intra- and inter-experimental comparability of DDA.
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108
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Rusu I, Mennillo E, Bain JL, Li Z, Sun X, Ly KM, Rosli YY, Naser M, Wang Z, Advincula R, Achacoso P, Shao L, Razani B, Klein OD, Marson A, Turnbaugh JA, Turnbaugh PJ, Malynn BA, Ma A, Kattah MG. Microbial signals, MyD88, and lymphotoxin drive TNF-independent intestinal epithelial tissue damage. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:154993. [PMID: 35077396 PMCID: PMC8884902 DOI: 10.1172/jci154993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-TNF antibodies are effective for treating patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but many patients fail to respond to anti-TNF therapy, highlighting the importance of TNF-independent disease. We previously demonstrated that acute deletion of 2 IBD susceptibility genes, A20 (Tnfaip3) and Abin-1 (Tnip1), in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) sensitized mice to both TNF-dependent and TNF-independent death. Here we show that TNF-independent IEC death after A20 and Abin-1 deletion was rescued by germ-free derivation or deletion of MyD88, while deletion of Trif provided only partial protection. Combined deletion of Ripk3 and Casp8, which inhibits both apoptotic and necroptotic death, completely protected against death after acute deletion of A20 and Abin-1 in IECs. A20- and Abin-1–deficient IECs were sensitized to TNF-independent, TNFR1-mediated death in response to lymphotoxin α (LTα) homotrimers. Blockade of LTα in vivo reduced weight loss and improved survival when combined with partial deletion of MyD88. Biopsies of inflamed colon mucosa from patients with IBD exhibited increased LTA and IL1B expression, including a subset of patients with active colitis on anti-TNF therapy. These data show that microbial signals, MyD88, and LTα all contribute to TNF-independent intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Rusu
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elvira Mennillo
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jared L. Bain
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhongmei Li
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Yenny Y. Rosli
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mohammad Naser
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zunqiu Wang
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Philip Achacoso
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ling Shao
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Ophir D. Klein
- Departments of Orofacial Sciences and Pediatrics, Program in Craniofacial Biology, and
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
- Institute for Human Genetics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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109
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Caspase-8 auto-cleavage regulates programmed cell death and collaborates with RIPK3/MLKL to prevent lymphopenia. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1500-1512. [PMID: 35064213 PMCID: PMC9345959 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-8 is an initiator of death receptor-induced apoptosis and an inhibitor of RIPK3-MLKL-dependent necroptosis. In addition, caspase-8 has been implicated in diseases such as lymphoproliferation, immunodeficiency, and autoimmunity in humans. Although auto-cleavage is indispensable for caspase-8 activation, its physiological functions remain poorly understood. Here, we generated a caspase-8 mutant lacking E385 in auto-cleavage site knock-in mouse (Casp8ΔE385/ΔE385). Casp8ΔE385/ΔE385 cells were expectedly resistant to Fas-induced apoptosis, however, Casp8ΔE385/ΔE385 cells could switch TNF-α-induced apoptosis to necroptosis by attenuating RIPK1 cleavage. More importantly, CASP8(ΔE385) sensitized cells to RIPK3-MLKL-dependent necroptosis through promoting complex II formation and RIPK1-RIPK3 activation. Notably, Casp8ΔE385/ΔE385Ripk3-/- mice partially rescued the perinatal death of Ripk1-/- mice by blocking apoptosis and necroptosis. In contrast to the Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- and Casp8-/-Mlkl-/- mice appearing autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), both Casp8ΔE385/ΔE385Ripk3-/- and Casp8ΔE385/ΔE385Mlkl-/- mice developed transplantable lymphopenia that could be significantly reversed by RIPK1 heterozygosity, but not by RIPK1 kinase dead mutation. Collectively, these results demonstrate previously unappreciated roles for caspase-8 auto-cleavage in regulating necroptosis and maintaining lymphocytes homeostasis.
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110
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The deubiquitinase Usp27x as a novel regulator of cFLIP L protein expression and sensitizer to death-receptor-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis 2022; 27:112-132. [PMID: 35044632 PMCID: PMC8863773 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Death receptors are transmembrane proteins that can induce the activation of caspase-8 upon ligand binding, initiating apoptosis. Recent work has highlighted the great molecular complexity of death receptor signalling, in particular through ubiquitination/deubiquitination. We have earlier defined the deubiquitinase Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 27x (Usp27x) as an enzyme capable of stabilizing the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim. Here, we report that enhanced expression of Usp27x in human melanoma cells leads to the loss of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) and sensitizes to Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1) or Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-induced extrinsic apoptosis through enabling enhanced processing of caspase-8. The loss of cFLIPL upon overexpression of Usp27x was not due to reduced transcription, could be partially counteracted by blocking the ubiquitin proteasome system and was independent of the known cFLIPL destabilizing ubiquitin E3-ligases Itch and DTX1. Instead, Usp27x interacted with the E3-ligase TRIM28 and reduced ubiquitination of TRIM28. Reduction of cFLIPL protein levels by Usp27x-induction depended on TRIM28, which was also required for polyI:C-induced cell death. This work defines Usp27x as a novel regulator of cFLIPL protein expression and a deubiquitinase in fine tuning death receptor signalling pathways to execute apoptosis.
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111
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The complex interplay between autophagy and cell death pathways. Biochem J 2022; 479:75-90. [PMID: 35029627 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a universal cellular homeostatic process, required for the clearance of dysfunctional macromolecules or organelles. This self-digestion mechanism modulates cell survival, either directly by targeting cell death players, or indirectly by maintaining cellular balance and bioenergetics. Nevertheless, under acute or accumulated stress, autophagy can also contribute to promote different modes of cell death, either through highly regulated signalling events, or in a more uncontrolled inflammatory manner. Conversely, apoptotic or necroptotic factors have also been implicated in the regulation of autophagy, while specific factors regulate both processes. Here, we survey both earlier and recent findings, highlighting the intricate interaction of autophagic and cell death pathways. We, Furthermore, discuss paradigms, where this cross-talk is disrupted, in the context of disease.
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112
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Adameova A, Horvath C, Abdul-Ghani S, Varga ZV, Suleiman MS, Dhalla NS. Interplay of Oxidative Stress and Necrosis-like Cell Death in Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: A Focus on Necroptosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010127. [PMID: 35052807 PMCID: PMC8773068 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research work has been carried out to define the exact significance and contribution of regulated necrosis-like cell death program, such as necroptosis to cardiac ischemic injury. This cell damaging process plays a critical role in the pathomechanisms of myocardial infarction (MI) and post-infarction heart failure (HF). Accordingly, it has been documented that the modulation of key molecules of the canonical signaling pathway of necroptosis, involving receptor-interacting protein kinases (RIP1 and RIP3) as well as mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL), elicit cardioprotective effects. This is evidenced by the reduction of the MI-induced infarct size, alleviation of myocardial dysfunction, and adverse cardiac remodeling. In addition to this molecular signaling of necroptosis, the non-canonical pathway, involving Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)-mediated regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, and phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5)–dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp-1)-induced mitochondrial fission, has recently been linked to ischemic heart injury. Since MI and HF are characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species production and degradation as well as the occurrence of necroptosis in the heart, it is likely that oxidative stress (OS) may be involved in the mechanisms of this cell death program for inducing cardiac damage. In this review, therefore, several observations from different studies are presented to support this paradigm linking cardiac OS, the canonical and non-canonical pathways of necroptosis, and ischemia-induced injury. It is concluded that a multiple therapeutic approach targeting some specific changes in OS and necroptosis may be beneficial in improving the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Adameova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 81438 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence:
| | - Csaba Horvath
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Safa Abdul-Ghani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Abu Dis P.O. Box 89, Palestine;
| | - Zoltan V. Varga
- HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - M. Saadeh Suleiman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Bristol Heart Institute, The Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK;
| | - Naranjan S. Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Center, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada;
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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113
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Tummers B, Green DR. The evolution of regulated cell death pathways in animals and their evasion by pathogens. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:411-454. [PMID: 34898294 PMCID: PMC8676434 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The coevolution of host-pathogen interactions underlies many human physiological traits associated with protection from or susceptibility to infections. Among the mechanisms that animals utilize to control infections are the regulated cell death pathways of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Over the course of evolution these pathways have become intricate and complex, coevolving with microbes that infect animal hosts. Microbes, in turn, have evolved strategies to interfere with the pathways of regulated cell death to avoid eradication by the host. Here, we present an overview of the mechanisms of regulated cell death in Animalia and the strategies devised by pathogens to interfere with these processes. We review the molecular pathways of regulated cell death, their roles in infection, and how they are perturbed by viruses and bacteria, providing insights into the coevolution of host-pathogen interactions and cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Tummers
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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114
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Cayrol C. IL-33, an Alarmin of the IL-1 Family Involved in Allergic and Non Allergic Inflammation: Focus on the Mechanisms of Regulation of Its Activity. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010107. [PMID: 35011670 PMCID: PMC8750818 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family that is expressed in the nuclei of endothelial and epithelial cells of barrier tissues, among others. It functions as an alarm signal that is released upon tissue or cellular injury. IL-33 plays a central role in the initiation and amplification of type 2 innate immune responses and allergic inflammation by activating various target cells expressing its ST2 receptor, including mast cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells. Depending on the tissue environment, IL-33 plays a wide variety of roles in parasitic and viral host defense, tissue repair and homeostasis. IL-33 has evolved a variety of sophisticated regulatory mechanisms to control its activity, including nuclear sequestration and proteolytic processing. It is involved in many diseases, including allergic, inflammatory and infectious diseases, and is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of severe asthma. In this review, I will summarize the literature around this fascinating pleiotropic cytokine. In the first part, I will describe the basics of IL-33, from the discovery of interleukin-33 to its function, including its expression, release and signaling pathway. The second part will be devoted to the regulation of IL-33 protein leading to its activation or inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Cayrol
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077 Toulouse, France
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115
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Ivanisenko NV, Seyrek K, Hillert-Richter LK, König C, Espe J, Bose K, Lavrik IN. Regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling by c-FLIP: towards targeting cancer networks. Trends Cancer 2021; 8:190-209. [PMID: 34973957 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extrinsic pathway is mediated by death receptors (DRs), including CD95 (APO-1/Fas) or TRAILR-1/2. Defects in apoptosis regulation lead to cancer and other malignancies. The master regulator of the DR networks is the cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (c-FLIP). In addition to its key role in apoptosis, c-FLIP may exert other cellular functions, including control of necroptosis, pyroptosis, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation, and tumorigenesis. To gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms of c-FLIP action in cancer networks, we focus on the structure, isoforms, interactions, and post-translational modifications of c-FLIP. We also discuss various avenues to target c-FLIP in cancer cells for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita V Ivanisenko
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kamil Seyrek
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Laura K Hillert-Richter
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Corinna König
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Espe
- Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kakoli Bose
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia; Translational Inflammation Research, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Roberts JZ, Crawford N, Longley DB. The role of Ubiquitination in Apoptosis and Necroptosis. Cell Death Differ 2021; 29:272-284. [PMID: 34912054 PMCID: PMC8817035 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00922-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death pathways have evolved to maintain tissue homoeostasis and eliminate potentially harmful cells from within an organism, such as cells with damaged DNA that could lead to cancer. Apoptosis, known to eliminate cells in a predominantly non-inflammatory manner, is controlled by two main branches, the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. While the intrinsic pathway is regulated by the Bcl-2 family members, the extrinsic pathway is controlled by the Death receptors, members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily. Death receptors can also activate a pro-inflammatory type of cell death, necroptosis, when Caspase-8 is inhibited. Apoptotic pathways are known to be tightly regulated by post-translational modifications, especially by ubiquitination. This review discusses research on ubiquitination-mediated regulation of apoptotic signalling. Additionally, the emerging importance of ubiquitination in regulating necroptosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Z Roberts
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - Nyree Crawford
- Almac Discovery Laboratories, Health Sciences Building, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Daniel B Longley
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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117
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Schweizer TA, Mairpady Shambat S, Vulin C, Hoeller S, Acevedo C, Huemer M, Gomez‐Mejia A, Chang C, Baum J, Hertegonne S, Hitz E, Scheier TC, Hofmaenner DA, Buehler PK, Moch H, Schuepbach RA, Brugger SD, Zinkernagel AS. Blunted sFasL signalling exacerbates TNF-driven neutrophil necroptosis in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1357. [PMID: 34938538 PMCID: PMC8665925 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients are characterised by a severely dysregulated cytokine profile and elevated neutrophil counts, impacting disease severity. However, it remains unclear how neutrophils contribute to pathophysiology during COVID-19. Here, we assessed the impact of the dysregulated cytokine profile on the regulated cell death (RCD) programme of neutrophils. METHODS Regulated cell death phenotype of neutrophils isolated from critically ill COVID-19 patients or healthy donors and stimulated with COVID-19 or healthy plasma ex vivo was assessed by flow cytometry, time-lapse microscopy and cytokine multiplex analysis. Immunohistochemistry of COVID-19 patients and control biopsies were performed to assess the in situ neutrophil RCD phenotype. Plasma cytokine levels of COVID-19 patients and healthy donors were measured by multiplex analysis. Clinical parameters were correlated to cytokine levels of COVID-19 patients. RESULTS COVID-19 plasma induced a necroptosis-sensitive neutrophil phenotype, characterised by cell lysis, elevated release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), increased receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase (RIPK) 1 levels and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) involvement. The occurrence of neutrophil necroptosis MLKL axis was further confirmed in COVID-19 thrombus and lung biopsies. Necroptosis was induced by the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFRI)/TNF-α axis. Moreover, reduction of soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) levels in COVID-19 patients and hence decreased signalling to Fas directly increased RIPK1 levels, exacerbated TNF-driven necroptosis and correlated with disease severity, which was abolished in patients treated with glucocorticoids. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a novel role for sFasL signalling in the TNF-α-induced RCD programme in neutrophils during COVID-19 and a potential therapeutic target to curb inflammation and thus influence disease severity and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano A Schweizer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Srikanth Mairpady Shambat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Clement Vulin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sylvia Hoeller
- Department of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Claudio Acevedo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Markus Huemer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alejandro Gomez‐Mejia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Chun‐Chi Chang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jeruscha Baum
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sanne Hertegonne
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Eva Hitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Thomas C Scheier
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Daniel A Hofmaenner
- Institute for Intensive Care MedicineUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Philipp K Buehler
- Institute for Intensive Care MedicineUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular PathologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute for Intensive Care MedicineUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Silvio D Brugger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Annelies S Zinkernagel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital EpidemiologyUniversity Hospital of ZurichUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Yapasert R, Khaw-on P, Banjerdpongchai R. Coronavirus Infection-Associated Cell Death Signaling and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Molecules 2021; 26:7459. [PMID: 34946543 PMCID: PMC8706825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is the name of the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that occurred in 2019. The virus-host-specific interactions, molecular targets on host cell deaths, and the involved signaling are crucial issues, which become potential targets for treatment. Spike protein, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), cathepsin L-cysteine peptidase, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1), open reading frame 7a (ORF7a), viral main protease (3C-like protease (3CLpro) or Mpro), RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) (Nsp12), non-structural protein 13 (Nsp13) helicase, and papain-like proteinase (PLpro) are molecules associated with SARS-CoV infection and propagation. SARS-CoV-2 can induce host cell death via five kinds of regulated cell death, i.e., apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and PANoptosis. The mechanisms of these cell deaths are well established and can be disrupted by synthetic small molecules or natural products. There are a variety of compounds proven to play roles in the cell death inhibition, such as pan-caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) for apoptosis, necrostatin-1 for necroptosis, MCC950, a potent and specific inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome in pyroptosis, and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, which can mitigate the corresponding cell death pathways. However, NF-κB signaling is another critical anti-apoptotic or survival route mediated by SARS-CoV-2. Such signaling promotes viral survival, proliferation, and inflammation by inducing the expression of apoptosis inhibitors such as Bcl-2 and XIAP, as well as cytokines, e.g., TNF. As a result, tiny natural compounds functioning as proteasome inhibitors such as celastrol and curcumin can be used to modify NF-κB signaling, providing a responsible method for treating SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. The natural constituents that aid in inhibiting viral infection, progression, and amplification of coronaviruses are also emphasized, which are in the groups of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, diarylheptanoids, and anthraquinones. Natural constituents derived from medicinal herbs have anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, as well as inhibitory effects, on the viral life cycle, including viral entry, replication, assembly, and release of COVID-19 virions. The phytochemicals contain a high potential for COVID-19 treatment. As a result, SARS-CoV-2-infected cell death processes and signaling might be of high efficacy for therapeutic targeting effects and yielding encouraging outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rittibet Yapasert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Patompong Khaw-on
- Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Ratana Banjerdpongchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
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Leng Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Wang Z, Zhuang Q, Lu Y. Receptor Interacting Protein Kinases 1/3: The Potential Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Inflammatory Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:762334. [PMID: 34867386 PMCID: PMC8637748 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.762334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor interacting protein kinases 1/3 (RIPK1/3) have emerged as the key mediators in cell death pathways and inflammatory signaling, whose ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and inhibition could regulate the necroptosis and apoptosis effectually. Recently, more and more studies show great interest in the mechanisms and the regulator of RIPK1/3-mediated inflammatory response and in the physiopathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The crosstalk of autophagy and necroptosis in cardiomyocyte death is a nonnegligible conversation of cell death. We elaborated on RIPK1/3-mediated necroptosis, pathways involved, the latest regulatory molecules and therapeutic targets in terms of ischemia reperfusion, myocardial remodeling, myocarditis, atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and cardiovascular transplantation, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Leng
- Clinical Research Center of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Transplantation Center of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Quan Zhuang
- Transplantation Center of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Clinical Research Center of the 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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120
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Wang J, Zhong W, Su H, Xu J, Yang D, Liu X, Zhu YZ. Histone Methyltransferase Dot1L Contributes to RIPK1 Kinase-Dependent Apoptosis in Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e022791. [PMID: 34796721 PMCID: PMC9075366 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Neuron apoptosis is a pivotal process for brain damage in cerebral ischemia. Dot1L (disruptor of telomeric silencing 1‐like) is only known histone H3K79 methyltransferase. It is not clear whether the role and mechanism of Dot1L on cerebral ischemia is related to regulate neuron apoptosis. Methods and Results We use a combination of mice middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke and neurons exposed to oxygen‐glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation to investigate the role and mechanism of Dot1L on cerebral ischemia. We find knockdown or inhibition of Dot1L reversed ischemia‐induced neuronal apoptosis and attenuated the neurons injury treated by oxygen‐glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation. Further, blockade of Dot1L prevents RIPK1 (receptor‐interacting protein kinase 1)‐dependent apoptosis through increased RIPK1 K63‐ubiquitylation and decreased formation of RIPK1/Caspase 8 complexes. In line with this, H3K79me3 enrichment in the promoter region of deubiquitin‐modifying enzyme A20 and deubiquitinase cylindromatosis gene promotes the increasing expression in oxygen‐glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation ‐induced neuronal cells, on the contrary, oxygen‐glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation decreases H3K79me3 level in the promoter region of ubiquitin‐modifying enzyme cIAP1 (cellular inhibitors of apoptosis proteins), and both these factors ultimately cause K63‐deubiquitination of RIPK1. Importantly, knockdown or inhibition of Dot1L in vivo attenuates apoptosis in middle cerebral artery occlusion mice and reduces the extent of middle cerebral artery occlusion ‐induced brain injury. Conclusions These data support for the first time, to our knowledge, that Dot1L regulating RIPK1 to the apoptotic death trigger contributes to cerebral ischemia injury. Therefore, targeting Dot1L serves as a new therapeutic strategy for ischemia stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Haibi Su
- Department of Pharmacology School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Pharmacology School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Pharmacology School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan University Shanghai China
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology School of PharmacyHuman Phenome InstituteFudan University Shanghai China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy Macau University of Science and Technology Macau China
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121
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Hu X, Xu Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Wang X, Xu C, Ni W, Zhou K. Role of necroptosis in traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. J Adv Res 2021; 40:125-134. [PMID: 36100321 PMCID: PMC9481937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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Liu S, Joshi K, Denning MF, Zhang J. RIPK3 signaling and its role in the pathogenesis of cancers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7199-7217. [PMID: 34654937 PMCID: PMC9044760 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03947-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RIPK3 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 3) is a serine/threonine-protein kinase. As a key component of necrosomes, RIPK3 is an essential mediator of inflammatory factors (such as TNFα-tumor necrosis factor α) and infection-induced necroptosis, a programmed necrosis. In addition, RIPK3 signaling is also involved in the regulation of apoptosis, cytokine/chemokine production, mitochondrial metabolism, autophagy, and cell proliferation by interacting with and/or phosphorylating the critical regulators of the corresponding signaling pathways. Similar to apoptosis, RIPK3-signaling-mediated necroptosis is inactivated in most types of cancers, suggesting RIPK3 might play a critical suppressive role in the pathogenesis of cancers. However, in some inflammatory types of cancers, such as pancreatic cancers and colorectal cancers, RIPK3 signaling might promote cancer development by stimulating proliferation signaling in tumor cells and inducing an immunosuppressive response in the tumor environment. In this review, we summarize recent research progress in the regulators of RIPK3 signaling, and discuss the function of this pathway in the regulation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL)-mediated necroptosis and MLKL-independent cellular behaviors. In addition, we deliberate the potential roles of RIPK3 signaling in the pathogenesis of different types of cancers and discuss the potential strategies for targeting this pathway in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhui Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Kanak Joshi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Mitchell F Denning
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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Péter B, Boldizsár I, Kovács GM, Erdei A, Bajtay Z, Vörös A, Ramsden JJ, Szabó I, Bősze S, Horvath R. Natural Compounds as Target Biomolecules in Cellular Adhesion and Migration: From Biomolecular Stimulation to Label-Free Discovery and Bioactivity-Based Isolation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1781. [PMID: 34944597 PMCID: PMC8698624 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants and fungi can be used for medical applications because of their accumulation of special bioactive metabolites. These substances might be beneficial to human health, exerting also anti-inflammatory and anticancer (antiproliferative) effects. We propose that they are mediated by influencing cellular adhesion and migration via various signaling pathways and by directly inactivating key cell adhesion surface receptor sites. The evidence for this proposition is reviewed (by summarizing the natural metabolites and their effects influencing cellular adhesion and migration), along with the classical measuring techniques used to gain such evidence. We systematize existing knowledge concerning the mechanisms of how natural metabolites affect adhesion and movement, and their role in gene expression as well. We conclude by highlighting the possibilities to screen natural compounds faster and more easily by applying new label-free methods, which also enable a far greater degree of quantification than the conventional methods used hitherto. We have systematically classified recent studies regarding the effects of natural compounds on cellular adhesion and movement, characterizing the active substances according to their organismal origin (plants, animals or fungi). Finally, we also summarize the results of recent studies and experiments on SARS-CoV-2 treatments by natural extracts affecting mainly the adhesion and entry of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Péter
- Nanobiosensorics Group, Research Centre for Energy Research, Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly-Thege u 29-33, 1120 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (R.H.)
| | - Imre Boldizsár
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (I.B.); (G.M.K.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor M. Kovács
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (I.B.); (G.M.K.)
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.E.); (Z.B.)
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.E.); (Z.B.)
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Vörös
- Nanobiosensorics Group, Research Centre for Energy Research, Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly-Thege u 29-33, 1120 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (R.H.)
| | - Jeremy J. Ramsden
- Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK;
| | - Ildikó Szabó
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (S.B.)
- National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (S.B.)
- National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Robert Horvath
- Nanobiosensorics Group, Research Centre for Energy Research, Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly-Thege u 29-33, 1120 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (R.H.)
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Feoktistova M, Makarov R, Yazdi AS, Panayotova-Dimitrova D. RIPK1 and TRADD Regulate TNF-Induced Signaling and Ripoptosome Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212459. [PMID: 34830347 PMCID: PMC8617695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF is a proinflammatory cytokine that is critical for the coordination of tissue homeostasis. RIPK1 and TRADD are the main participants in the transduction of TNF signaling. However, data on the cell fate-controlling functions of both molecules are quite controversial. Here, we address the functions of RIPK1 and TRADD in TNF signaling by generating RIPK1- or TRADD-deficient human cell lines. We demonstrate that RIPK1 is relevant for TNF-induced apoptosis and necroptosis in conditions with depleted IAPs. In addition, TRADD is dispensable for necroptosis but required for apoptosis. We reveal a new possible function of TRADD as a negative regulator of NIK stabilization and subsequent ripoptosome formation. Furthermore, we show that RIPK1 and TRADD do not appear to be essential for the activation of MAPK signaling. Moreover, partially repressing NF-κB activation in both RIPK1 and TRADD KO cells does not result in sensitization to TNF alone due to the absence of NIK stabilization. Importantly, we demonstrate that RIPK1 is essential for preventing TRADD from undergoing TNF-induced ubiquitination and degradation. Taken together, our findings provide further insights into the specific functions of RIPK1 and TRADD in the regulation of TNF-dependent signaling, which controls the balance between cell death and survival.
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Freeman AJ, Kearney CJ, Silke J, Oliaro J. Unleashing TNF cytotoxicity to enhance cancer immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:1128-1142. [PMID: 34750058 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced and secreted by cytotoxic lymphocytes upon tumor target recognition. Depending on the context, TNF can mediate either pro-survival or pro-death signals. The potential cytotoxicity of T cell-produced TNF, particularly in the context of T cell-directed immunotherapies, has been largely overlooked. However, a spate of recent studies investigating tumor immune evasion through the application of CRISPR-based gene-editing screens have highlighted TNF-mediated killing as an important component of the mammalian T cell antitumor repertoire. In the context of the current understanding of the role of TNF in antitumor immunity, we discuss these studies and touch on their therapeutic implications. Collectively, we provide an enticing prospect to augment immunotherapy responses through TNF cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Freeman
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Conor J Kearney
- Translational Haematology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John Silke
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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126
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Halaby R. Natural Products Induce Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization as an Anticancer Strategy. MEDICINES 2021; 8:medicines8110069. [PMID: 34822366 PMCID: PMC8624533 DOI: 10.3390/medicines8110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a global health and economic issue. The majority of anticancer therapies become ineffective due to frequent genomic turnover and chemoresistance. Furthermore, chemotherapy and radiation are non-specific, killing all rapidly dividing cells including healthy cells. In this review, we examine the ability of some natural products to induce lysosomal-mediated cell death in neoplastic cells as a way to kill them more specifically than conventional therapies. This list is by no means exhaustive. We postulate mechanisms to explain lysosomal membrane permeabilization and its role in triggering cell death in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Halaby
- Department of Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
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127
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Tilikj N, Novo M. How to resist soil desiccation: Transcriptional changes in a Mediterranean earthworm during aestivation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 264:111112. [PMID: 34748936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Earthworms have a central role in ministering the terrestrial ecosystems and are proving to have an important role in modulating the effects climate change has on soil. Aestivation is a form of dormancy employed by the organisms living in deserts and arid environments, when confronted with prolonged periods of drought. Understanding global metabolic adjustments required for withstanding the harsh conditions of the ever more severe Iberian drought, we performed a global transcriptomic exploration of the endogeic earthworm Carpetania matritensis during aestivation. There were a total of 6352 differentially expressed transcripts in the aestivating group, with 65% being downregulated. Based on GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, downregulated genes seem to be indicative of an overall metabolic depression during aestivation. Indeed we noted a reduction of protein turnover and macromolecule metabolism coupled with suppression of genes involved in digestion. Upregulated genes, namely antioxidant genes and DNA repair genes showed clear signs of abiotic stress caused by ROS generation. Abiotic stress led to transcriptomic changes of genes involved in immune response, mostly affecting the NF-kb signaling pathway as well as changes in apoptotic genes indicating the necessity of investigating these processes in a tissue specific manner. Lastly we uncovered a possible mechanism for water retention by nitrogenous waste accumulation. This study provides the first ever transcriptomic investigation done on aestivating earthworms and as such serves as a general framework for investigation on other earthworm species and other soil invertebrates, which is becoming increasingly important with the current scenario of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Tilikj
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Novo
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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128
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Wu L, Chung JY, Cao T, Jin G, Edmiston WJ, Hickman S, Levy ES, Whalen JA, Abrams ESL, Degterev A, Lo EH, Tozzi L, Kaplan DL, El Khoury J, Whalen MJ. Genetic inhibition of RIPK3 ameliorates functional outcome in controlled cortical impact independent of necroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1064. [PMID: 34753914 PMCID: PMC8578385 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability with no specific effective therapy, in part because disease driving mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Receptor interacting protein kinases (RIPKs) are serine/threonine kinases that assemble multi-molecular complexes that induce apoptosis, necroptosis, inflammasome and nuclear factor kappa B activation. Prior studies using pharmacological inhibitors implicated necroptosis in the pathogenesis of TBI and stroke, but these studies cannot be used to conclusively demonstrate a role for necroptosis because of the possibility of off target effects. Using a model of cerebral contusion and RIPK3 and mixed lineage kinase like knockout (MLKL-/-) mice, we found evidence for activation of RIPK3 and MLKL and assembly of a RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL necrosome complex in pericontusional brain tissue. Phosphorylated forms of RIPK3 and MLKL were detected in endothelium, CD11b + immune cells, and neurons, and RIPK3 was upregulated and activated in three-dimensional human endothelial cell cultures subjected to CCI. RIPK3-/- and MLKL-/- mice had reduced blood-brain barrier damage at 24 h (p < 0.05), but no differences in neuronal death (6 h, p = ns in CA1, CA3 and DG), brain edema (24 h, p = ns), or lesion size (4 weeks, p = ns) after CCI. RIPK3-/-, but not MLKL-/- mice, were protected against postinjury motor and cognitive deficits at 1-4 weeks (RIPK3-/- vs WT: p < 0.05 for group in wire grip, Morris water maze hidden platform trials, p < 0.05 for novel object recognition test, p < 0.01 for rotarod test). RIPK3-/- mice had reduced infiltrating leukocytes (p < 0.05 vs WT in CD11b + cells, microglia and macrophages), HMGB1 release and interleukin-1 beta activation at 24-48 h (p < 0.01) after CCI. Our data indicate that RIPK3 contributes to functional outcome after cerebral contusion by mechanisms involving inflammation but independent of necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wu
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Joon Yong Chung
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Tian Cao
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan China
| | - Gina Jin
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - William J. Edmiston
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Suzanne Hickman
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Emily S. Levy
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Jordyn A. Whalen
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Eliza Sophie LaRovere Abrams
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Alexei Degterev
- grid.67033.310000 0000 8934 4045Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Eng H. Lo
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Lorenzo Tozzi
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155 USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155 USA
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Michael J. Whalen
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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129
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Gaglia MM. Anti-viral and pro-inflammatory functions of Toll-like receptors during gamma-herpesvirus infections. Virol J 2021; 18:218. [PMID: 34749760 PMCID: PMC8576898 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) control anti-viral responses both directly in infected cells and in responding cells of the immune systems. Therefore, they are crucial for responses against the oncogenic γ-herpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and the related murine virus MHV68, which directly infect immune system cells. However, since these viruses also cause lifelong persistent infections, TLRs may also be involved in modulation of inflammation during latent infection and contribute to virus-driven tumorigenesis. This review summarizes work on both of these aspects of TLR/γ-herpesvirus interactions, as well as results showing that TLR activity can drive these viruses' re-entry into the replicative lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maria Gaglia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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130
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Cai M, Shao J, Wang Y, Yung B, Li JN, Zhang HH, Li YT, Yao DB. Claudin 14/15 play important roles in early wallerian degeneration after rat sciatic nerve injury. Chin J Traumatol 2021; 24:374-382. [PMID: 33903003 PMCID: PMC8606600 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Wallerian degeneration (WD) is an antegrade degenerative process distal to peripheral nerve injury. Numerous genes are differentially regulated in response to the process. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear, especially the early response. We aimed at investigating the effects of sciatic nerve injury on WD via CLDN 14/15 interactions in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Using the methods of molecular biology and bioinformatics analysis, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which claudin 14/15 participate in WD. Our previous study showed that claudins 14 and 15 trigger the early signal flow and pathway in damaged sciatic nerves. Here, we report the effects of the interaction between claudin 14 and claudin 15 on nerve degeneration and regeneration during early WD. RESULTS It was found that claudin 14/15 were upregulated in the sciatic nerve in WD. Claudin 14/15 promoted Schwann cell proliferation, migration and anti-apoptosis in vitro. PKCα, NT3, NF2, and bFGF were significantly upregulated in transfected Schwann cells. Moreover, the expression levels of the β-catenin, p-AKT/AKT, p-c-jun/c-jun, and p-ERK/ERK signaling pathways were also significantly altered. CONCLUSION Claudin 14/15 affect Schwann cell proliferation, migration, and anti-apoptosis via the β-catenin, p-AKT/AKT, p-c-jun/c-jun, and p-ERK/ERK pathways in vitro and in vivo. The results of this study may help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the tight junction signaling pathway underlying peripheral nerve degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China; Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bryant Yung
- School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian-Nan Li
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Huan-Huan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Ting Li
- School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Deng-Bing Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu Province, China.
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131
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Zhu X, Sokol CL. Caspase 8 sounds the alarm for allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 149:1218-1220. [PMID: 34699886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Zhu
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Caroline L Sokol
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA), one of the leading pathogens causing severe acute gastroenteritis in children and a wide variety of young animals worldwide, induces apoptosis upon infecting cells. Though RVA-induced apoptosis mediated via the dual modulation of its NSP4 and NSP1 proteins is relatively well studied, the nature and signaling pathway(s) involved in RVA-induced necroptosis are yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate the nature of RVA-induced necroptosis, the signaling cascade involved, and correlation with RVA-induced apoptosis. Infection with the bovine NCDV and human DS-1 RV strains was shown to activate receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1)/RIPK3/mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), the key necroptosis molecules in virus-infected cells. Using immunoprecipitation assay, RIPK1 was found to bind phosphorylated RIPK3 (pRIPK3) and pMLKL. pMLKL, the major executioner molecule in the necroptotic pathway, was translocated to the plasma membrane of RVA-infected cells to puncture the cell membrane. Interestingly, transfection of RVA NSP4 also induced necroptosis through the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL necroptosis pathway. Blockage of each key necroptosis molecule in the RVA-infected or NSP4-transfected cells resulted in decreased necroptosis but increased cell viability and apoptosis, thereby resulting in decreased viral yields in the RVA-infected cells. In contrast, suppression of RVA-induced apoptosis increased necroptosis and virus yields. Our findings suggest that RVA NSP4 also induces necroptosis via the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL necroptosis pathway. Moreover, necroptosis and apoptosis-which have proviral and antiviral effects, respectively-exhibited a crosstalk in RVA-infected cells. These findings significantly increase our understanding of the nature of RVA-induced necroptosis and the crosstalk between RVA-induced necroptosis and apoptosis. IMPORTANCE Viral infection usually culminates in cell death through apoptosis, necroptosis, and rarely, pyroptosis. Necroptosis is a form of programmed necrosis that is mediated by signaling complexes of the receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Although apoptosis induction by rotavirus and its NSP4 protein is well known, rotavirus-induced necroptosis is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that rotavirus and also its NSP4 protein can induce necroptosis in cultured cells through the activation of the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL necroptosis pathway. Moreover, rotavirus-induced necroptosis and apoptosis have opposite effects on viral yield, i.e., they function as proviral and antiviral processes, respectively, and counterbalance each other in rotavirus-infected cells. Our findings provide important insights for understanding the nature of rotavirus-induced necroptosis and the development of novel therapeutic strategies against infection with rotavirus and other RNA viruses.
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133
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Zhao J, Huang X, Mcleod P, Jiang J, Liu W, Haig A, Jevnikar AM, Jiang Z, Zhang ZX. Toll-like receptor 3 is an endogenous sensor of cell death and a potential target for induction of long-term cardiac transplant survival. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:3268-3279. [PMID: 33784431 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation posttransplant is directly linked to cell death programs including apoptosis and necrosis. Cell death leads to the release of cellular contents which can promote inflammation. Targeting of these pathways should be an effective strategy to prevent transplant rejection. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is emerging as a major endogenous sensor of inflammation. In this study, we assessed the role of TLR3 on cell death and transplant rejection. We showed that TLR3 is highly expressed on mouse microvascular endothelial cell (ECs) and the endothelium of cardiac grafts. We demonstrated that TLR3 interacting with dsRNA or self-RNA triggered apoptosis and necroptosis in ECs. Interestingly, TLR3-induced necroptosis led mitochondrial damage. Inhibition of the mitochondrial membrane permeability molecule Cyclophilin D prevented necroptosis in ECs. In vivo, endothelium damage and activities of caspase-3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein were inhibited in TLR3-/- cardiac grafts compared with C57BL/6 grafts posttransplant (n = 5, p < .001). Importantly, TLR3-/- cardiac grafts had prolonged survival in allogeneic BALB/c mice (mean survival = 121 ± 67 vs. 31 ± 6 days of C57BL/6 grafts, n = 7, p = .002). In summary, our study suggests that TLR3 is an important cell death inducer in ECs and cardiac grafts and thus a potential therapeutic target in preventing cardiac transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangqi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London, ON, Canada
| | - Xuyan Huang
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Mcleod
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jifu Jiang
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London, ON, Canada
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Winnie Liu
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Haig
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony M Jevnikar
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London, ON, Canada
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhu-Xu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London, ON, Canada
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Silke J, O’Reilly LA. NF-κB and Pancreatic Cancer; Chapter and Verse. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4510. [PMID: 34572737 PMCID: PMC8469693 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the world's most lethal cancers. An increase in occurrence, coupled with, presently limited treatment options, necessitates the pursuit of new therapeutic approaches. Many human cancers, including PDAC are initiated by unresolved inflammation. The transcription factor NF-κB coordinates many signals that drive cellular activation and proliferation during immunity but also those involved in inflammation and autophagy which may instigate tumorigenesis. It is not surprising therefore, that activation of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways is increasingly recognized as an important driver of pancreatic injury, progression to tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Paradoxically, NF-κB dysregulation has also been shown to inhibit pancreatic inflammation and pancreatic cancer, depending on the context. A pro-oncogenic or pro-suppressive role for individual components of the NF-κB pathway appears to be cell type, microenvironment and even stage dependent. This review provides an outline of NF-κB signaling, focusing on the role of the various NF-κB family members in the evolving inflammatory PDAC microenvironment. Finally, we discuss pharmacological control of NF-κB to curb inflammation, focussing on novel anti-cancer agents which reinstate the process of cancer cell death, the Smac mimetics and their pre-clinical and early clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Silke
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lorraine Ann O’Reilly
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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135
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Non-apoptotic function of caspase-8 confers prostate cancer enzalutamide resistance via NF-κB activation. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:833. [PMID: 34482382 PMCID: PMC8418603 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-8 is a unique member of caspases with a dual role in cell death and survival. Caspase-8 expression is often lost in some tumors, but increased in others, indicating a potential pro-survival function in cancer. By analyzing transcriptome of enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells, we found that resistance was conferred by a mild caspase-8 upregulation that in turn led to NF-κB activation and the subsequent upregulation of the downstream IL-8. Mechanistically, we found that the pro-survival and enzalutamide-resistance-promoting features of caspase-8 were independent of its proteolytic activity, using a catalytically-inactive caspase-8 mutant. We further demonstrated that caspase-8 pro-apoptotic function was inhibited via cFLIP binding. Moreover, high caspase-8 expression was correlated with a worse prognosis in prostate cancer patients. Collectively, our work demonstrates that enzalutamide-resistance is mediated by caspase-8 upregulation and the consequent increase in NF-κB/IL-8 mediated survival signaling, highlighting caspase-8 and NF-κB as potential therapeutic targets to overcome enzalutamide-resistance in CRPC.
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136
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Crawford N, Stott KJ, Sessler T, McCann C, McDaid W, Lees A, Latimer C, Fox JP, Munck JM, Smyth T, Shah A, Martins V, Lawler M, Dunne PD, Kerr EM, McDade SS, Coyle VM, Longley DB. Clinical Positioning of the IAP Antagonist Tolinapant (ASTX660) in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1627-1639. [PMID: 34389694 PMCID: PMC7611622 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are intracellular proteins, with important roles in regulating cell death, inflammation, and immunity. Here, we examined the clinical and therapeutic relevance of IAPs in colorectal cancer. We found that elevated expression of cIAP1 and cIAP2 (but not XIAP) significantly correlated with poor prognosis in patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) stage III colorectal cancer treated with 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy, suggesting their involvement in promoting chemoresistance. A novel IAP antagonist tolinapant (ASTX660) potently and rapidly downregulated cIAP1 in colorectal cancer models, demonstrating its robust on-target efficacy. In cells co-cultured with TNFα to mimic an inflammatory tumor microenvironment, tolinapant induced caspase-8-dependent apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell line models; however, the extent of apoptosis was limited because of inhibition by the caspase-8 paralogs FLIP and, unexpectedly, caspase-10. Importantly, tolinapant-induced apoptosis was augmented by FOLFOX in human colorectal cancer and murine organoid models in vitro and in vivo, due (at least in part) to FOLFOX-induced downregulation of class I histone deacetylases (HDAC), leading to acetylation of the FLIP-binding partner Ku70 and downregulation of FLIP. Moreover, the effects of FOLFOX could be phenocopied using the clinically relevant class I HDAC inhibitor, entinostat, which also induced acetylation of Ku70 and FLIP downregulation. Further analyses revealed that caspase-8 knockout RIPK3-positive colorectal cancer models were sensitive to tolinapant-induced necroptosis, an effect that could be exploited in caspase-8-proficient models using the clinically relevant caspase inhibitor emricasan. Our study provides evidence for immediate clinical exploration of tolinapant in combination with FOLFOX in poor prognosis MSS colorectal cancer with elevated cIAP1/2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyree Crawford
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Katie J Stott
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Sessler
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McCann
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - William McDaid
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Lees
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl Latimer
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer P Fox
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tomoko Smyth
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alpesh Shah
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark Lawler
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D Dunne
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Emma M Kerr
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Simon S McDade
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky M Coyle
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B Longley
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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137
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Al-Salihi M, Bornikoel A, Zhuang Y, Stachura P, Scheller J, Lang KS, Lang PA. The role of ADAM17 during liver damage. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1115-1128. [PMID: 34192832 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 17 is a membrane bound protease, involved in the cleavage and thus regulation of various membrane proteins, which are critical during liver injury. Among ADAM17 substrates are tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and 2 (TNFR1, TNFR2), the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands amphiregulin (AR) and heparin-binding-EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) and the receptor for a hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), c-Met. TNFα and its binding receptors can promote liver injury by inducing apoptosis and necroptosis in liver cells. Consistently, hepatocyte specific deletion of ADAM17 resulted in increased liver cell damage following CD95 stimulation. IL-6 trans-signaling is critical for liver regeneration and can alleviate liver damage. EGFR ligands can prevent liver damage and deletion of amphiregulin and HB-EGF can result in increased hepatocyte death and reduced proliferation. All of which indicates that ADAM17 has a central role in liver injury and recovery from it. Furthermore, inactive rhomboid proteins (iRhom) are involved in the trafficking and maturation of ADAM17 and have been linked to liver damage. Taken together, ADAM17 can contribute in a complex way to liver damage and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazin Al-Salihi
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Anna Bornikoel
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pawel Stachura
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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138
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Abstract
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) has emerged as a key upstream regulator of cell death and inflammation. RIPK1-mediated signaling governs the outcome of signaling pathways initiated by tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), TLR4, retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I)/melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA-5), and Z-binding protein 1 (ZBP1) by signaling for NF-κB activation, mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) and interferon regulatory factor 3/7 (IRF3/7) phosphorylation, and cell death via apoptosis and necroptosis. Both cell death and inflammatory responses play a major role in controlling virus infections. Therefore, viruses have evolved multifaceted mechanisms to exploit host immune responses by targeting RIPK1. This review focuses on the current understanding of RIPK1-mediated inflammatory and cell death pathways and multiple mechanisms by which viruses manipulate these pathways by targeting RIPK1. We also discuss gaps in our knowledge regarding RIPK1-mediated signaling pathways and highlight potential avenues for future research.
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139
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Proteasome inhibition triggers the formation of TRAIL receptor 2 platforms for caspase-8 activation that accumulate in the cytosol. Cell Death Differ 2021; 29:147-155. [PMID: 34354257 PMCID: PMC8738721 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells that are resistant to Bax/Bak-dependent intrinsic apoptosis can be eliminated by proteasome inhibition. Here, we show that proteasome inhibition induces the formation of high molecular weight platforms in the cytosol that serve to activate caspase-8. The activation complexes contain Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1). Furthermore, the complexes contain TRAIL-receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) but not TRAIL-receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1). While RIPK1 inhibition or depletion did not affect proteasome inhibitor-induced cell death, TRAIL-R2 was found essential for efficient caspase-8 activation, since the loss of TRAIL-R2 expression abrogated caspase processing, significantly reduced cell death, and promoted cell re-growth after drug washout. Overall, our study provides novel insight into the mechanisms by which proteasome inhibition eliminates otherwise apoptosis-resistant cells, and highlights the crucial role of a ligand-independent but TRAIL-R2-dependent activation mechanism for caspase-8 in this scenario.
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140
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Tonnus W, Belavgeni A, Beuschlein F, Eisenhofer G, Fassnacht M, Kroiss M, Krone NP, Reincke M, Bornstein SR, Linkermann A. The role of regulated necrosis in endocrine diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:497-510. [PMID: 34135504 PMCID: PMC8207819 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The death of endocrine cells is involved in type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmunity, adrenopause and hypogonadotropism. Insights from research on basic cell death have revealed that most pathophysiologically important cell death is necrotic in nature, whereas regular metabolism is maintained by apoptosis programmes. Necrosis is defined as cell death by plasma membrane rupture, which allows the release of damage-associated molecular patterns that trigger an immune response referred to as necroinflammation. Regulated necrosis comes in different forms, such as necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. In this Perspective, with a focus on the endocrine environment, we introduce these cell death pathways and discuss the specific consequences of regulated necrosis. Given that clinical trials of necrostatins for the treatment of autoimmune conditions have already been initiated, we highlight the therapeutic potential of such novel therapeutic approaches that, in our opinion, should be tested in endocrine disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulf Tonnus
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexia Belavgeni
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nils P Krone
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Academic Unit of Child Health, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Klinische Ernährung, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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141
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Yu Z, Jiang N, Su W, Zhuo Y. Necroptosis: A Novel Pathway in Neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:701564. [PMID: 34322024 PMCID: PMC8311004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.701564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex inflammatory process in the nervous system that is expected to play a significant role in neurological diseases. Necroptosis is a kind of necrosis that triggers innate immune responses by rupturing dead cells and releasing intracellular components; it can be caused by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 and TLR-4 agonists, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), certain microbial infections, and T cell receptors. Necroptosis signaling is modulated by receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 1 when the activity of caspase-8 becomes compromised. Activated death receptors (DRs) cause the activation of RIPK1 and the RIPK1 kinase activity-dependent formation of an RIPK1-RIPK3-mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), which is complex II. RIPK3 phosphorylates MLKL, ultimately leading to necrosis through plasma membrane disruption and cell lysis. Current studies suggest that necroptosis is associated with the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and traumatic brain injury. Inhibitors of necroptosis, such as necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) and stable variant of Nec (Nec-1s), have been proven to be effective in many neurological diseases. The purpose of this article is to illuminate the mechanism underlying necroptosis and the important role that necroptosis plays in neuroinflammatory diseases. Overall, this article shows a potential therapeutic strategy in which targeting necroptotic factors may improve the pathological changes and clinical symptoms of neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Children's Hospital and Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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142
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Liao KC, Garcia-Blanco MA. Role of Alternative Splicing in Regulating Host Response to Viral Infection. Cells 2021; 10:1720. [PMID: 34359890 PMCID: PMC8306335 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of transcriptional regulation of host genes in innate immunity against viral infection has been widely recognized. More recently, post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms have gained appreciation as an additional and important layer of regulation to fine-tune host immune responses. Here, we review the functional significance of alternative splicing in innate immune responses to viral infection. We describe how several central components of the Type I and III interferon pathways encode spliced isoforms to regulate IFN activation and function. Additionally, the functional roles of splicing factors and modulators in antiviral immunity are discussed. Lastly, we discuss how cell death pathways are regulated by alternative splicing as well as the potential role of this regulation on host immunity and viral infection. Altogether, these studies highlight the importance of RNA splicing in regulating host-virus interactions and suggest a role in downregulating antiviral innate immunity; this may be critical to prevent pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chieh Liao
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Mariano A. Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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143
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Tu H, Tang Y, Zhang J, Cheng L, Joo D, Zhao X, Lin X. Linear Ubiquitination of RIPK1 on Lys 612 Regulates Systemic Inflammation via Preventing Cell Death. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:602-612. [PMID: 34162724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) is a master regulator of the TNF-α-induced cell death program. The function of RIPK1 is tightly controlled by posttranslational modifications, including linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex-mediated linear ubiquitination. However, the physiological function and molecular mechanism by which linear ubiquitination of RIPK1 regulates TNF-α-induced intracellular signaling remain unclear. In this article, we identified Lys627 residue as a major linear ubiquitination site in human RIPK1 (or Lys612 in murine RIPK1) and generated Ripk1K612R/K612R mice, which spontaneously develop systemic inflammation triggered by sustained emergency hematopoiesis. Mechanistically, without affecting NF-κB activation, Ripk1K612R/K612R mutation enhances apoptosis and necroptosis activation and promotes TNF-α-induced cell death. The systemic inflammation and hematopoietic disorders in Ripk1K612R/K612R mice are completely abolished by deleting TNF receptor 1 or both RIPK3 and Caspase-8. These data suggest the critical role of TNF-α-induced cell death in the resulting phenotype in Ripk1K612R/K612R mice. Together, our results demonstrate that linear ubiquitination of RIPK1 on K612 is essential for limiting TNF-α-induced cell death to further prevent systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Tu
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ; and
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liqing Cheng
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Donghyun Joo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xueqiang Zhao
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China;
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144
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Necroptosis molecular mechanisms: Recent findings regarding novel necroptosis regulators. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1007-1017. [PMID: 34075202 PMCID: PMC8166896 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of programmed necrosis that is mediated by various cytokines and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Cells dying by necroptosis show necrotic phenotypes, including swelling and membrane rupture, and release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, thereby mediating extreme inflammatory responses. Studies on gene knockout or necroptosis-specific inhibitor treatment in animal models have provided extensive evidence regarding the important roles of necroptosis in inflammatory diseases. The necroptosis signaling pathway is primarily modulated by activation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), which phosphorylates mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), mediating MLKL oligomerization. In the necroptosis process, these proteins are fine-tuned by posttranslational regulation via phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, and protein-protein interactions. Herein, we review recent findings on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of necroptosis.
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145
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Caspase-8 deficiency induces a switch from TLR3 induced apoptosis to lysosomal cell death in neuroblastoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10609. [PMID: 34011952 PMCID: PMC8134575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer cells only, TLR3 acquires death receptor properties by efficiently triggering the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis with Caspase-8 as apical protease. Here, we demonstrate that in the absence of Caspase-8, activation of TLR3 can trigger a form of programmed cell death, which is distinct from classical apoptosis. When TLR3 was activated in the Caspase-8 negative neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, cell death was accompanied by lysosomal permeabilization. Despite caspases being activated, lysosomal permeabilization as well as cell death were not affected by blocking caspase-activity, positioning lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) upstream of caspase activation. Taken together, our data suggest that LMP with its deadly consequences represents a “default” death mechanism in cancer cells, when Caspase-8 is absent and apoptosis cannot be induced.
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146
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Bertheloot D, Latz E, Franklin BS. Necroptosis, pyroptosis and apoptosis: an intricate game of cell death. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1106-1121. [PMID: 33785842 PMCID: PMC8008022 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00630-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1181] [Impact Index Per Article: 295.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental physiological process in all living organisms. Its roles extend from embryonic development, organ maintenance, and aging to the coordination of immune responses and autoimmunity. In recent years, our understanding of the mechanisms orchestrating cellular death and its consequences on immunity and homeostasis has increased substantially. Different modalities of what has become known as 'programmed cell death' have been described, and some key players in these processes have been identified. We have learned more about the intricacies that fine tune the activity of common players and ultimately shape the different types of cell death. These studies have highlighted the complex mechanisms tipping the balance between different cell fates. Here, we summarize the latest discoveries in the three most well understood modalities of cell death, namely, apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, highlighting common and unique pathways and their effect on the surrounding cells and the organism as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bertheloot
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, NRW, Germany.
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, NRW, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Bernardo S Franklin
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospitals Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, NRW, Germany.
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147
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Zhao Q, Guo J, Cheng X, Liao Y, Bi Y, Gong Y, Zhang X, Guo Y, Wang X, Yu W, Jin S, Tan Y, Yu X. RIPK3 Suppresses the Progression of Spontaneous Intestinal Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:664927. [PMID: 33996591 PMCID: PMC8120274 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.664927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIPK3), a member of the family of serine/threonine protein kinases, emerged as a critical regulator of necroptosis. Downregulated expression of RIPK3 is correlated with poor prognosis in multiple tumor types. Here, we show that RIPK3 is involved in the progression of spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis. As a clinical correlate, reduced expression of RIPK3 is positively associated with histological grade, lymphatic metastasis and poor prognosis in CRC patients. RIPK3-deficient (Ripk3-/- ) mice exhibit increased tumor formation in Apcmin/+ spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis. Apcmin/+Ripk3-/- tumors promote hyperactivation of IL-6/STAT3 signaling, which exacerbates proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. Blocking IL-6 signaling suppressed tumor formation and reduced STAT3 activation in Apcmin/+Ripk3-/- mice. Thus, our results reveal that RIPK3 is a tumor suppressor in spontaneous intestinal tumorigenesis, and implicate targeting the IL-6/STAT3 signaling axis as a potential therapeutic strategy for intestinal tumor patients with reduced RIPK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhao
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xinran Cheng
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yingying Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renming Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yun Bi
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yingxia Gong
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xianhui Wang
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Oral Medicine Center, Renming Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Shu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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148
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Supper E, Rudat S, Iyer V, Droop A, Wong K, Spinella JF, Thomas P, Sauvageau G, Adams DJ, Wong CC. Cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) tumor suppressor gene haploinsufficiency induces apoptosis evasion to sustain myeloid leukemia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2482. [PMID: 33931647 PMCID: PMC8087769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
While oncogenes promote tumorigenesis, they also induce deleterious cellular stresses, such as apoptosis, that cancer cells must combat by coopting adaptive responses. Whether tumor suppressor gene haploinsufficiency leads to such phenomena and their mechanistic basis is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that elevated levels of the anti-apoptotic factor, CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator (CFLAR), promotes apoptosis evasion in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells haploinsufficient for the cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) transcription factor, whose loss is associated with dismal clinical prognosis. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screening identifies CFLAR as a selective, acquired vulnerability in CUX1-deficient AML, which can be mimicked therapeutically using inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) antagonists in murine and human AML cells. Mechanistically, CUX1 deficiency directly alleviates CUX1 repression of the CFLAR promoter to drive CFLAR expression and leukemia survival. These data establish how haploinsufficiency of a tumor suppressor is sufficient to induce advantageous anti-apoptosis cell survival pathways and concurrently nominate CFLAR as potential therapeutic target in these poor-prognosis leukemias.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein/genetics
- CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein/metabolism
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Dipeptides/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Ontology
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Haploinsufficiency
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Nuclear Proteins/deficiency
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Array Analysis
- Repressor Proteins/deficiency
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Supper
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Saskia Rudat
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Vivek Iyer
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Alastair Droop
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Kim Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Jean-François Spinella
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, 2950 Chemin de Polytechnique Pavillon, Marcelle-Coutu, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Thomas
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Guy Sauvageau
- The Leucegene Project at Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, 2950 Chemin de Polytechnique Pavillon, Marcelle-Coutu, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Chi C Wong
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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149
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Speir M, Djajawi TM, Conos SA, Tye H, Lawlor KE. Targeting RIP Kinases in Chronic Inflammatory Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050646. [PMID: 33924766 PMCID: PMC8146010 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory disorders are characterised by aberrant and exaggerated inflammatory immune cell responses. Modes of extrinsic cell death, apoptosis and necroptosis, have now been shown to be potent drivers of deleterious inflammation, and mutations in core repressors of these pathways underlie many autoinflammatory disorders. The receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinases, RIPK1 and RIPK3, are integral players in extrinsic cell death signalling by regulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and coordinating the activation of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which underpin pathological inflammation in numerous chronic inflammatory disorders. In this review, we firstly give an overview of the inflammatory cell death pathways regulated by RIPK1 and RIPK3. We then discuss how dysregulated signalling along these pathways can contribute to chronic inflammatory disorders of the joints, skin, and gastrointestinal tract, and discuss the emerging evidence for targeting these RIP kinases in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Speir
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (M.S.); (T.M.D.); (S.A.C.); (H.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Tirta M. Djajawi
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (M.S.); (T.M.D.); (S.A.C.); (H.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Stephanie A. Conos
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (M.S.); (T.M.D.); (S.A.C.); (H.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Hazel Tye
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (M.S.); (T.M.D.); (S.A.C.); (H.T.)
| | - Kate E. Lawlor
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (M.S.); (T.M.D.); (S.A.C.); (H.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-85722700
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150
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Molnár T, Pallagi P, Tél B, Király R, Csoma E, Jenei V, Varga Z, Gogolák P, Odile Hueber A, Máté Z, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Pettkó-Szandtner A, Bácsi A, Virág L, Maléth J, Koncz G. Caspase-9 acts as a regulator of necroptotic cell death. FEBS J 2021; 288:6476-6491. [PMID: 33899329 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a regulated necrotic-like cell death modality which has come into the focus of attention since it is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of many inflammatory and degenerative diseases as well as to tumor regulation. Based on current data, necroptosis serves as a backup mechanism when death receptor-induced apoptosis is inhibited or absent. However, the necroptotic role of the proteins involved in mitochondrial apoptosis has not been investigated. Here, we demonstrated that the stimulation of several death and pattern recognition receptors induced necroptosis under caspase-compromised conditions in wild-type, but not in caspase-9-negative human Jurkat and murine MEF cells. Cerulein-induced pancreatitis was significantly reduced in mice with acinar cell-restricted caspase-9 gene knockout. The absence of caspase-9 led to impaired association of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and RIPK3 and resulted in decreased phosphorylation of RIP kinases, but the overexpression of RIPK1 or RIPK3 rescued the effect of caspase-9 deficiency. Inhibition of either Aurora kinase A (AURKA) or its known substrate, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3ß) restored necroptosis sensitivity of caspase-9-deficient cells, indicating an interplay between caspase-9 and AURKA-mediated pathways to regulate necroptosis. Our findings suggest that caspase-9 acts as a newly identified regulator of necroptosis, and thus, caspase-9 provides a promising therapeutic target to manipulate the immunological outcome of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Molnár
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Petra Pallagi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,HAS-USZ Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bálint Tél
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,HAS-USZ Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Király
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Csoma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktória Jenei
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Varga
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Gogolák
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltán Máté
- Medical Gene Technology Unit, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Medical Gene Technology Unit, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Medical Gene Technology Unit, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Maléth
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,HAS-USZ Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Koncz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
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