Non-coding RNA in cancer

Ferroptosis: insight into the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignances in the world, with high morbidity and mortality. Due to the hidden onset of symptoms, there are huge obstacles in early diagnosis, recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance. Although great strides have been made in the treatment of HCC, effective treatment options are still limited and achieving longer survival for patients remains urgent. Ferroptosis is a novel type of programmed cell death that is mainly caused by iron-dependent oxidative damage. With further investigations, ferroptosis has been proved to be associated with the occurrence and development of various tumors. This article reviews the regulatory mechanism and signal transduction pathways of ferroptosis, investigates the complex relationship between autophagy, sorafenib resistance and immunotherapy with ferroptosis involved in HCC, providing new ideas and directions for the treatment of HCC.

Analysis of hsa_circ_0136256 as a biomarker for fibrosis in systemic sclerosis

BACKGROUND

Exploration of whether circRNAs in the skin of systemic sclerosis (SSc) model mice interact with 4E-BP1 protein to mediate the mTOR signaling pathway to regulate SSc fibrosis is crucial to identify homologous human circRNAs as markers to guide the diagnosis and treatment of SSc.

METHODS

C57BL/6 mice aged 6-8 weeks and weighing approximately 20 g were subcutaneously injected with bleomycin (BLM) to establish an SSc model. High-throughput sequencing was used to screen the differentially expressed circRNA in the skin of SSc model mice and control mice. RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pulldown confirmed the interaction between circRNA and 4E-BP1 protein. SSc model mice were treated with empty plasmid (OE-NC), overexpression plasmid of mmu_circ_0005372 (OE-circ_0005372), interference plasmid of mmu_circ_0005372 (sh-circ5372), mutant plasmid of mmu_circ_0005372 (circ5372-MT), mTOR activator (MHY1485), mTOR inhibitor (omipalisib), or JAK1/2 inhibitor (ruxolitinib). Sections of mouse skin tissue were stained with Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's stain. The collagen volume fraction (CVF) was calculated as CVF = area of blue collagen/total area with ImageJ. The correlation between homologous human circRNAs and clinical data was analyzed.

RESULTS

Compared to the control group, 21,839 circRNAs were upregulated and 27, 946 circRNAs were downregulated in the skin tissue of mice in the SSc model group. Among them was mmu_circ_0005372, which is derived from the FZD3 gene, is closely related to fibrosis, and is involved in the mTOR signaling pathway. Hsa_circ_0136256 was identified as the homologous human circRNA of mmu_circ_0005372. RT-qPCR confirmed that the expression of mmu_circ_0005372 was significantly reduced in the skin tissue of SSc mice, and the expression of hsa_circ_0136256 was significantly reduced in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with SSc. The interaction between mmu_circ_0005372 and 4E-BP1 protein was inhibited in the skin tissue of SSc model mice. The results showed that the CVF of OE-circ_0005372 group was significantly lower than that of the sh-circ5372, circ5372-MT, and MHY1485 groups, indicating that OE-circ5372 significantly improved skin fibrosis in the SSc mice. ROC curve analysis was performed on hsa_circ_0136256 (AUC = 0.719, P = 0.035). The expression of hsa_circ_0136256 was negatively correlated with COL IV, RDW-SD, and RDW-CV, and positively correlated with VC, PLT, and PCT. The results suggested that hsa_circ_0136256 may have important roles in the clinical diagnosis of SSc.

CONCLUSION

Mmu_circ_0005372 and homologous human hsa_circ_0136256 may be biomarkers and therapeutic targets for SSc fibrosis.

Effect of Culture Supernatant of Clostridium butyricum TO-A on Human DNA-Repair-Factor-Encoding Gene Promoters

In this study, Clostridium butyricum TO-A culture supernatant (CBCS) or butyric acid was added to a culture medium of human cervical carcinoma HeLa S3 cells, and changes in DNA-repair-related gene promoter activities were investigated. The HeLa S3 cells were transfected with a luciferase (Luc) expression vector containing approximately 500 bp of the 5'-upstream region of several human DNA-repair-related genes and cultured with a medium containing the CBCS (10%) or butyric acid (2.5 mM). The cells were harvested after 19 to 42 h of incubation. A Luc assay revealed that the human ATM, PARG, PARP1, and RB1 gene promoter activities were significantly increased. A Western blot analysis showed that the amounts of the proteins encoded by these genes markedly increased. Furthermore, 8, 24, and 48 h after the addition of the CBCS (10%), total RNA was extracted and subjected to RNAseq analysis. The results showed that the expression of several inflammation- and DNA-replication/repair-related genes, including NFKB and the MCM gene groups, decreased markedly after 8 h. However, the expression of the histone genes increased after 24 h. Elucidation of the mechanism by which the CBCS and butyrate affect the expression of genes that encode DNA-repair-associated proteins may contribute to the prevention of carcinogenesis, the risk of which rises in accordance with aging.

LncRNA mediated metabolic reprogramming: the chief culprits of solid tumor malignant progression: an update review

Metabolism reprogramming (MR) is one of the top ten hallmarks of malignant tumors. The aberrant activation of MR has been recognized as a critical contributory factor to the malignant progression of solid tumors. Moreover, various long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in the aberrant activation of MR in solid tumor cells. Therefore, in this review, we mainly focus on summarizing the functional relevance and molecular mechanistic underpinnings of lncRNAs in modulating MR of solid tumors by targeting glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, affecting mitochondrial function, and regulating interactions between tumor and non-tumor cells in tumor microenvironment. Besides, we also underscore the potential for constructing lncRNAs-centered tumor metabolic regulation networks and developing novel anti-tumor strategies by targeting lncRNAs and abnormal MR. Ultimately, this review seeks to offer new targets and avenues for the clinical treatment of solid tumors in the future.

LINC02466 promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma through the mTOR pathway

OBJECTIVE

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) LINC02466 is an lncRNA newly linked to the adverse outcomes in primary liver cancer patients, and its crucial involvement in the disease's escalation. Decoding the specific role of LINC02466 in HCC progression is of great significance to provide a potential therapeutic target for HCC.

METHODS

RT-qPCR and Western Blot techniques was used to analyze the expression levels of LINC02466 in both malignant and surrounding healthy liver tissues. CCK8 assays and colony formation experiments indicates the LINC02466's effect on the proliferation rates of liver cancer cells. Flow cytometry was pivotal in revealing its significant influence on the cell cycle of these cells. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with log-rank tests were employed.

RESULTS

The suppression of LINC02466 markedly reduces the stemness attributes of liver cancer cells, indicating a potential therapeutic target. LINC02466 overexpression significantly increased tumor growth rates and final volumes. Further research indicated that LINC02466 significantly influences liver cancer progression through regulating the mTOR signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

LINC02466 regulating cell proliferation, the cell cycle, and stemness characteristics via the mTOR pathway, suggesting LINC02466 as a potential therapeutic target for primary liver cancer.

Exosomal lncRNA Mir100hg derived from cancer stem cells enhance glycolysis and promote metastasis of melanoma through miR-16-5p and miR-23a-3p

Increasing evidence demonstrate that the significant role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in metastasis and the remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. However, the precise mechanisms of lncRNAs in cancer metastasis are still poorly understood. The function of lncRNA-Mir100hg in melanoma and its involvement in mediating communication between tumor stem cells and non-stemness tumor cells remains unknown. We found that Mir100hg is upregulated in melanoma stem cells (CSCs) known as OLSD. Furthermore, Mir100hg can be transferred from OLSD to non-stem cancer cells (OL) through exosomes. Once Mir100hg enters OL cells, it operates through a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) mechanism. It competes with microRNAs (miR-16-5p and miR-23a-3p) by binding to them, thus preventing these miRNAs from targeting their mRNAs. As a result, the expression of glycolysis-related mRNA was restored. This ultimately enhances the metastatic capability of OL cells. In summary, our study uncovers a network used by CSCs to transfer their high metastatic activity to non-stem cancer cells through the exosomal Mir100hg. This mechanism sheds new light on the communication between heterogeneous cancer cell populations in melanoma. Importantly, it provides novel insights into the role of lncRNAs in cancer metastasis and highlights the significance of the tumor microenvironment in facilitating metastasis.

LncRNA MEG3 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma by stimulating macrophage M1 polarization and modulating immune system via inhibiting CSF-1 in vivo/vitro studies

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by a complex tumor microenvironment (TME), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) MEG3 emerged as regulators of macrophage polarization with a negative relationship with colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1). Few studies are on the interplay among MEG3, CSF-1, T helper cells (Th), and the programmed cell death protein 1 and its ligands (PD-1/PD-Ls) in TME of HCC.MEG3 expression in THP-1 macrophages, monitored polarization, and PD-1/PD-Ls expression were through flow cytometry, WB, and RT-qPCR. In co-cultures, the interaction of MEG3, macrophage, and HCC was assayed by ELISA. The invasive and migratory of HCC were assessed through experiments such as CCK-8, clonogenic assay, wound healing, and Transwell. A xenograft mouse model of HCC was established, administered with MEG3 overexpression (OE) or knockdown (KD) constructs, and monitored tumor growth. In vitro, MEG3 OE induced a robust M1 macrophage phenotype, evidenced by elevated expression of M1 markers and a significant increase in Th1 cytokines, with a concomitant decrease in Th2 cytokines. This was paralleled by reduced CSF-1 and PD-1/PD-Ls expression. In contrast, MEG3 KD promoted an M2 phenotype with increased CSF-1 and PD-1/PD-Ls expression, and an upregulation of Th2 cytokines. MEG3 OE inhibited the growth, invasion, and migration of HCC, while the opposite was observed when MEG3 was downregulated. In vivo, MEG3 OE resulted in significantly reduced tumor growth, with decreased PD-1/PD-Ls expression on macrophages and enhanced Th1 response. Conversely, MEG3 KD promoted tumor growth with increased PD-1/PD-Ls and a Th2-skewed immune response. MEG3 modulates the TME by affecting TAMs through CSF-1, thereby influencing the balance of Th1/Th2 cells and altering the expression of PD-1/PD-L1s. This study demonstrates that targeting MEG3 is an effective therapeutic strategy for HCC.

The regulatory role of mitotic catastrophe in hepatocellular carcinoma drug resistance mechanisms and its therapeutic potential

This review focuses on the role and underlying mechanisms of mitotic catastrophe (MC) in the regulation of drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, posing significant treatment challenges due to its high recurrence rates and drug resistance. Research suggests that MC, as a mechanism of cell death, plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficacy of HCC treatment by disrupting the replication and division mechanisms of tumor cells. The present review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of MC and its role in HCC drug resistance and explores the potential of combining MC with existing cancer therapies to improve treatment outcomes. Future research should focus on the in-depth elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of MC and its application in HCC therapy, providing new insights for the development of more effective treatments.

Breaking the barrier: Epigenetic strategies to combat platinum resistance in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Platinum-based drugs, such as cisplatin and oxaliplatin, are frontline chemotherapy for CRC, effective in both monotherapy and combination regimens. However, the clinical efficacy of these treatments is often undermined by the development of drug resistance, a significant obstacle in cancer therapy. In recent years, epigenetic alterations have been recognized as key players in the acquisition of resistance to platinum drugs. Targeting these dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms with small molecules represents a promising therapeutic strategy. This review explores the complex relationship between epigenetic changes and platinum resistance in CRC, highlighting current epigenetic therapies and their effectiveness in countering resistance mechanisms. By elucidating the epigenetic underpinnings of platinum resistance, this review aims to contribute to ongoing efforts to improve treatment outcomes for CRC patients.

LINC00894 targets Annexin A2 to regulate oxaliplatin resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: ANXA2 protein function

To investigate the role of LINC00894 in oxaliplatin chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its mechanisms. The oxaliplatin-resistant HCC cell lines were established. IC50 of oxaliplatin was calculated by CCK-8 assay. Cell viability was detected using clonal formation experiment, while cell apoptosis was accessed by flow cytometry. RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down were performed to explore the interaction of LINC00894 and ANXA2. The expressions of RNA and protein were tested by qRT-PCR and western blot respectively. Tumor xenograft was performed to detect the effect of LINC00894 in vivo. The expression of ki67 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry staining. LINC00894 was overexpressed in HCC cells resistant to oxaliplatin. Elevated LINC00894 promoted HCC cells resistance to oxaliplatin, whereas silence of LINC00894 improved HCC sensitivity to oxaliplatin. LINC00894 could bind to the ANXA2 protein, enhanced the stability of the ANXA2 protein and reduced its ubiquitination. Furthermore, LINC00894 modulated HCC resistance to oxaliplatin both in vitro and in vivo by targeting the ANXA2 protein.LINC00894 enhanced the stability of ANXA2 protein and attenuated its ubiquitination by interacting with it, thereby promoting oxaliplatin resistance in HCC. Our findings contributed to understanding the role of these mechanisms in the process of oxaliplatin resistance in HCC.

Hsa_circ_0010023 promotes the development of papillary thyroid carcinoma by sponging miR-1250-5p

BACKGROUND

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common thyroid tumor (TC). However, there is still a lack of effective indicators for PTC detection and prognosis. We intended to find a novel tumor marker for the progression of PTC.

METHODS

The expression of circRNAs was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). SiRNA transfection was used to knockdown the expression of hsa_circ_0010023 in K1 cells. Cell proliferation was evaluated using cell counting and CCK8. Cell apoptosis was analyzed using flow cytometry. Hsa_circ_0010023 downstream pathways were predicted with bio-informatics analysis. The miR-1250-5p and MAPK1 were measured by qRT-PCR. The interaction between miR-1250-5p and hsa_circ_0010023 was vertified by dual-luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

Among the four circRNAs screened, only hsa_circ_0010023 and hsa_circ_0128482 were highly expressed in PTC (P < 0.05). The expression of hsa_circ_0010023 was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and extrathyroid infiltration (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the cell proliferation of the si-circ-0010023 group was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05). Knockdown of hsa_circ_0010023 promotes apoptosis of K1 cells (P < 0.001). The expression of hsa_circ_0010023 was negatively correlated with miR-1250-5p and positively correlated with MAPK1. MiR-1250-5p overexpression significantly reduced the luciferase activity of wild type plasmid (hsa_circ_0010023 WT), but not that of mutant type plasmid (hsa_circ_0010023 MUT).

CONCLUSION

The expression level of hsa_circ_0010023 was positive related to the progression of PTC, and hsa_circ_0010023 may promote PTC through sponging miR-1250-5p. Hsa_circ_0010023 may be a potential bio-marker for the diagnosis of PTC.

METTL3-driven m6A modification of lncRNA FAM230B suppresses ferroptosis by modulating miR-27a-5p/BTF3 axis in gastric cancer

Our previous research revealed the apoptosis-inhibiting effect of lncRNA FAM230B in gastric cancer (GC). While its role on ferroptosis of GC remain unexplored. In this study, the m6A level and RNA stability regulation of METTL3 on FAM230B was detected by m6A quantification, stability assays, MeRIP, and their interaction was confirmed by RIP, and RNA pull-down assays. The level of ferroptosis was detected by flow cytometry, MDA and GSH level assessments, and electron microscopy. Gene expression was detected by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence. The miR-27a-5p and BTF3 interaction was predicted with TargetScan and confirmed by dual-luciferase assay. Here, elevated levels of METTL3 and FAM230B were observed in GC tissues and cell lines. METTL3 was confirmed to bind with FAM230B RNA. Furthermore, silencing METTL3 reduced FAM230B m6A levels and stability, leading to decreased FAM230B and increased miR-27a-5p expressions. FAM230B knockdown favored ferroptosis and increased BTF3 expression, while its overexpression mitigated erastin-induced ferroptosis in GC cells. Additionally, BTF3 overexpression was found to negate miR-27a-5p's ferroptosis-promoting effects in GC cells. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the m6A modification of FAM230B by METTL3 plays a crucial role in promoting GC progression by reducing ferroptosis, through the modulation of the miR-27a-5p/BTF3 axis.

Roles of noncoding RNAs in multiple myeloma

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) constitute a class of nucleic acid molecules within cells that do not encode proteins but play important roles in regulating gene expression, maintaining cellular homeostasis, and mediating cell signaling. This class encompasses microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and others. miRNAs are pivotal in the regulation of gene expression in hematologic malignancies. Aberrant expression of lncRNAs has been confirmed in cancerous tissues, implicating their involvement in carcinogenesis or tumor suppression processes. tRNAs may induce errors or disturbances in protein synthesis, thereby affecting normal cellular function and proliferation. Moreover, circRNAs influence disease progression in tumors by modulating the expression of relevant genes, and siRNAs can inhibit tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis while inducing apoptosis. This review will elucidate the biological functions of ncRNAs in multiple myeloma (MM) and explore their potential value as therapeutic targets.

Small non-coding RNAs as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers of gynecological cancers: an update

INTRODUCTION

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) comprise a heterogeneous cluster of RNA molecules. Emerging evidence suggests their involvement in various aspects of tumorigenesis, particularly in gynecological malignancies. Notably, ncRNAs have been implicated as mediators within tumor signaling pathways, exerting their influence through interactions with RNA or proteins. These findings further highlight the hypothesis that ncRNAs constitute therapeutic targets and point out their clinical potential as stratification biomarkers.

AREAS COVERED

The review outlines the use of small ncRNAs, including miRNAs, tRNA-derived small RNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs and circular RNAs, for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive purposes in gynecological cancers. It aims to increase our knowledge of their functions in tumor biology and their translation into clinical practice.

EXPERT OPINION

By leveraging interdisciplinary collaborations, scientists can decipher the riddle of small ncRNA biomarkers as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers of gynecological tumors. Integrating small ncRNA-based assays into clinical practice will allow clinicians to provide cure plans for each patient, reducing the likelihood of adverse responses. Nevertheless, addressing challenges such as standardizing experimental methodologies and refining diagnostic assays is imperative for advancing small ncRNA research in gynecological cancer.

Role of non-coding RNA in exosomes for the diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignancy characterized by the proliferation of osteoblasts that predominantly affects pediatric and adolescent populations. At present, early detection of OS is significantly lacking, coupled with treatment challenges such as high recurrence rates, increased side effects, and the development of drug resistance. Therefore, developing new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities is clinically significant. Exosomes are naturally occurring nanoparticles found in the body that contain various materials, including DNA, RNA, and proteins. Owing to their numerous beneficial properties, including histocompatibility and in vivo stability, they can be useful as drug carriers. With the development of competitive endogenous non-coding RNA (ncRNA) networks, the role of ncRNA in OS cell control has been increasingly studied. This review provides a thorough summary of multiple potential biogenetic pathways of different ncRNAs in exosomes, including microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs. Moreover, the review highlights their effects on OS cells and their potential applications in the diagnosis, treatment, and control of OS drug resistance. The interplay between different types of ncRNAs, which collectively affect OS through the networks of competing endogenous ncRNAs, is the primary focus of this research.

SNHG6 facilitates the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastatic potential of esophageal squamous carcinoma through miR-26b-5p/ ITGB1 axis

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), such as SNHG6, have been identified as crucial regulators in the progression of various cancers, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Although the role of SNHG6 in ESCC is not completely understood, our findings demonstrated that SNHG6 expression is upregulated in ESCC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, elevated levels of SNHG6 are significantly correlated with higher TNM stage and poorer clinical prognosis in ESCC patients. Functionally, both in vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that knocking down SNHG6 inhibits proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Luciferase reporter assays and Ago2-RIP assay confirm that SNHG6 functions as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sponging miR-26b-5p to modulate ITGB1 expression in ESCC. Given that ITGB1 is instrumental in EMT and metastasis, we assessed the expression of EMT-related proteins. The findings suggest that miR-26b-5p and reduced ITGB1 expression can reverse the EMT induced by lncRNA SHNG6, as demonstrated through rescue analysis. Overall, this study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms through which SNHG6 promotes EMT and metastasis in ESCC, providing a novel theoretical foundation for understanding ESCC progression and identifying new targets for improving outcomes in metastatic ESCC.

Can Environmental Enrichment Modulate Epigenetic Processes in the Central Nervous System Under Adverse Environmental Conditions? A Systematic Review

The aim of this paper is to summarize the available evidence in the literature regarding the effects generated by exposure to an enriched environment (EE) on the modulation of epigenetic processes in the central nervous system under adverse environmental conditions. Searches were conducted in three databases: PubMed/Medline (1053 articles), Scopus (121 articles), and Embase (52 articles), which were subjected to eligibility criteria. Of the 1226 articles found, 173 duplicates were removed. After evaluating titles/abstracts, 904 studies were excluded, resulting in 49 articles, of which 14 were included in this systematic review. EE was performed using different inanimate objects. Adverse environmental conditions included CUMS, sepsis, nicotine exposure, PCP exposure, early stress, WAS, high fructose intake, TBI, and sevoflurane exposure. Regarding microRNA expression, after exposure to EE, an increase in the expression of miR-221 and miR-483 was observed in the prefrontal cortex, and a reduction in the expression of miR-92a-3p and miR-134 in the hippocampus. Regarding histone modifications, in the hippocampus, there was a reduction of HAT, HDAC/HDAC4, H3 (acetyl K14), H4 (acetyl K15), H3K4me3, K3k27me3, and HDAC2/3/5. In the cortex, there was a reduction of HDAC2, and in the prefrontal cortex, there was an increase in acetylated H3. Regarding DNA modifications, there was a reduction of DNMT in the hippocampus. This systematic review concludes that the benefits of EE on the brain and behavior of animals are directly related to different epigenetic mechanisms, reflecting in cell growth and neuroplasticity. EE may be a non-pharmacological and easy-to-apply alternative to prevent symptoms in disorders affecting brain tissue.

The Advances in the Development of Epigenetic Modifications Therapeutic Drugs Delivery Systems

Epigenetic dysregulation can significantly trigger the onset and progression of various diseases, epigenetic therapy is a new treatment strategy by changing DNA methylation, histone modification, N6-methyladenosine, chromatin modification and other epigenetic modifications to regulate gene expression levels for therapeutic purposes. However, small-molecule epigenetic drugs face challenges in disease treatment, such as lack of selectivity, limited therapeutic efficacy, and insufficient safety. Nanomedicine delivery systems offer significant advantages in addressing these issues by enhancing drug targeting, improving bioavailability, and reducing nonspecific distribution. This help minimize side effects while increasing both therapeutic effectiveness and safety of epigenetic drugs. In this review, we focus on the mechanism and role of epigenetic regulatory factors in diseases, as well as the challenges faced by small molecule inhibitors in treatment strategies, especially the research advancements in epigenetic drug delivery systems, review and discuss the therapeutic potential and challenges of using nanotechnology to develop epigenetic drug delivery systems.

Theoretical Model for In Vivo Induction of Chemotherapy Sensitization Using miRNA Packaged in Distinct Layered Liposomes

Resistance to chemotherapy is a problem of major social and economic importance, when looking at factors like the decrease in life expectancy, the associated therapeutic costs, and a significant number of cancers that resist current chemotherapy. The development of chemotherapeutics for all theoretically possible tumor variants is an approach that requires unreasonable resources. We propose a theoretical model that serves the purpose of overcoming resistance to chemotherapeutic agents used in cancer therapy. The model describes a gene delivery system based on liposomes, which are optically guided to the tumor's location. The main aim of the gene delivery system is inhibiting the activity of enzymes involved in drug metabolism, hence offering the opportunity to use inexpensive chemotherapeutics that are already on the market. This model will reduce the costs of chemotherapy and will assure a positive outcome for patients.

Plasma cell-free DNA methylome-based liquid biopsy for accurate gastric cancer detection

Early detection plays a critical role in mitigating mortality rates linked to gastric cancer. However, current clinical screening methods exhibit suboptimal efficacy. Methylation alterations identified from cell-free DNA (cfDNA) present a promising biomarker for early cancer detection. Our study focused on identifying gastric cancer-specific markers from cfDNA methylation to facilitate early detection. We enrolled 150 gastric cancer patients and 100 healthy controls in this study, and undertook genome-wide methylation profiling of cfDNA using cell-free methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing. We identified 21 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the gastric tumor and nontumor groups using multiple algorithms. Subsequently, using the 21 DMRs, we developed a gastric cancer detection model by random forest algorithm in the discovery set, and validated the model in an independent set. The model was able to accurately discriminate gastric cancer with a sensitivity and specificity of 93.90% and 95.15% in the discovery set, respectively, and 88.38% and 94.23% in the validation set, respectively. These results underscore the efficacy and accuracy of cfDNA-derived methylation markers in distinguishing early stage gastric cancer. This study highlighted the significance of cfDNA methylation alterations in early gastric cancer detection.

miR-30c-5p inhibits esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression by repressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, with high incidence and poor prognosis. Revealing mechanisms of ESCC progression and developing new therapeutic targets remains crucial. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of miR-30c-5p in regulating the malignant progression of ESCC.

METHODS

TCGA, GEO, and other datasets were used to analyze the differential expression of miR-30c-5p in ESCC and adjacent tissues, and its impact on prognosis. Then the effects of miR-30c-5p on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TE-1 and Eca9706 cells were investigated through proliferation experiments, transwell and wounding healing assays. The regulatory mechanism of miR-30c-5p on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and its interaction in cancer progression were investigated through Western blots, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and rescue experiments.

RESULTS

miR-30c-5p was significantly downregulated in ESCC tissue and represented a poor prognosis. miR-30c-5p mimic significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of ESCC, while miR-30c-5p inhibitor significantly promoted tumor cell progression. Through bioinformatic analysis and experimental results, miR-30c-5p interacted directly with PIK3CA mRNA and inhibited subsequent signaling pathway activation. PIK3CA activator could eliminate the inhibitory effects of miR-30c-5p mimic on the progression of ESCC, while PIK3CA inhibitors could rescue the promoting effect of miR-30c-5p inhibitor group cells.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, we found that miR-30c-5p inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of ESCC by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway for the first time, and this study is expected to provide a novel insight and potential therapeutic target for managing ESCC.

STAT6/LINC01637 axis regulates tumor growth via autophagy and pharmacological targeting STAT6 as a novel strategy for uveal melanoma

Compelling evidence has revealed a novel function of the STAT pathway in the pathophysiology of uveal melanoma (UM); however, its regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we analyzed the clinical prognostic value of STAT family genes in UM patients using bioinformatics approaches and found that high STAT6 expression is associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, cellular experiments and a nude mouse model demonstrated that STAT6 promotes UM progression through the autophagy pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Next, RIP-PCR revealed that STAT6 protein binds to LINC01637 mRNA, which in turn regulates STAT6 expression to promote UM growth. Finally, molecular docking indicated that STAT6 is a target of Zoledronic Acid, which can delay UM tumorigenicity by inhibiting STAT6 expression. Taken together, our results indicate that the STAT6/LINC01637 axis promotes UM progression via autophagy and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for UM.

Inflammation-related miRNAs in obesity, CVD, and NAFLD

Obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pose significant worldwide health challenges, characterized by complex interplay among inflammatory pathways that underlie their development. In this review, we examine the contribution of inflammation and associated signaling molecules to the pathogenesis of these conditions, while also emphasizing the significant participation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in modulating inflammatory pathways. In the context of obesity, aberrant expression patterns of inflammatory-associated miRNAs play a contributory role in adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance, thereby exacerbating disturbances in metabolic homeostasis. Similarly, in CVD, dysregulated miRNA expression alters inflammatory reactions, disrupts endothelial function, and induces cardiac remodeling, thereby impacting the advancement of the disease. Moreover, in the context of NAFLD, inflammatory-associated miRNAs are implicated in mediating hepatic inflammation, lipid deposition, and fibrosis, underscoring their candidacy as promising therapeutic targets. Additionally, the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network has emerged as a novel regulatory mechanism in the etiology of CVD, obesity, and NAFLD, wherein ncRNAs assume pivotal roles in facilitating communication across diverse molecular pathways. Moreover, in the concluding section, we underscored the potential efficacy of directing interventions towards inflammatory-related miRNAs utilizing herbal remedies and therapies based on exosome delivery systems as a promising strategy for ameliorating pathologies associated with inflammation in obesity, CVD, and NAFLD.

Epithelial‑derived head and neck squamous tumourigenesis (Review)

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), a heterogeneous group of cancers that arise from the mucosal epithelia cells in the head and neck areas, present great challenges in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis due to their complex aetiology and various clinical manifestations. Several factors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, oncogenic genes, growth factors, Epstein‑Barr virus and human papillomavirus infections can contribute to HNSCC development. The unpredictable tumour microenvironment adds to the complexity of managing HNSCC. Despite significant advances in therapies, the prediction of outcome after treatment for patients with HNSCC remains poor, and the 5‑year overall survival rate is low due to late diagnosis. Early detection greatly increases the chances of successful treatment. The present review aimed to bring together the latest findings related to the molecular mechanisms of HNSCC carcinogenesis and progression. Comprehensive genomic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, microbiome and proteomic analyses allow researchers to identify important biological markers such as genetic alterations, gene expression signatures and protein markers that drive HNSCC tumours. These biomarkers associated with the stages of initiation, progression and metastasis of cancer are useful in the management of patients with cancer in order to improve their life expectancy and quality of life.

A novel prognostic model based on telomere-related lncRNAs in gastric cancer

Background

Telomeres are specialized structures at the ends of chromosomes that are important for their protection. Over time, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have gradually come into the spotlight as essential biomarkers of proliferation, migration, and invasion of human malignant tumors. Nevertheless, the impact of telomere-related lncRNAs (TRLs) in gastric cancer is currently unknown. In the present study, we screen the TRLs and identify a prognostic TRLs signature in gastric cancer.

Methods

First, telomere-related genes (TRGs) were retrieved from the website, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data and clinical data of stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) patients were gathered from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Gastric cancer patients' lncRNAs and overall survival (OS) were found to be related using univariate Cox regression analysis. Next, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis and multifactorial Cox regression analysis were used to further screen telomere-related differentially expressed lncRNAs (TRDELs), and finally six lncRNAs were obtained, including LINC01537, CFAP61-AS1, DIRC1, RABGAP1L-IT1, DBH-AS1, and REPIN1-AS1. According to these six TRDELs, a prognostic model for gastric cancer was constructed. The samples were divided into the training group and the testing group at random, and the reliability of prognostic model was validated in both groups and overall samples. In addition, we performed Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival curve analysis, independent prognostic analysis, and functional enrichment analysis to validate the predictive value and independence of the model, as well as immune cell correlation analysis, clustering analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) to further explore the relationship between this model and the tumor cells. Finally, we performed the drug sensitivity analysis to identify a few small molecules that may have a therapeutic effect on gastric cancer.

Results

Finally, we constructed a prognostic model for gastric cancer consisting of six TRDELs. According to the K-M curve, the prognosis of the low-risk group was noticeably superior than that of the high-risk group. Multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested that risk score was an independent prognostic element. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, nomogram, and calibration curve indicated that the prognostic model had good predictive ability. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated major pathways with high- and low-risk groups. Next, both tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune correlation analysis showed discrepancy in the high- and low-risk groups. Through drug sensitivity analysis, we screened four small molecules that might be beneficial for gastric cancer treatment.

Conclusions

A prognostic model consisting of these six TRDELs was capable to predict the prognosis of gastric cancer patients.

Ferroptosis-associated genes and compounds in renal cell carcinoma

As the main type of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), clear cell RCC (ccRCC) is often associated with the deletion or mutation of the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) gene, enhancement of glucose and lipid metabolism, and heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. VHL alterations in RCC cells lead to the activation of hypoxia-inducible factors and their downstream target vascular endothelial growth factor, and to the reprogramming of multiple cell death pathways and metabolic weakness, including ferroptosis, which are associated with targeted therapy or immunotherapy. The changes in biological metabolites (e.g., iron and lipids) support ferroptosis as a potential therapeutic strategy for RCC, while iron metabolism and ferroptosis regulation have been examined as anti-RCC agents in numerous studies, and various ferroptosis-related molecules have been shown to be related to the metastasis and prognosis of ccRCC. For example, glutathione peroxidase 4 and glutaminase inhibitors can inhibit pyrimidine synthesis and increase reactive oxygen species levels in VHL-deficient RCC cells. In addition, the release of damage-associated molecular patterns by tumor cells undergoing ferroptosis also mediates antitumor immunity, and immune therapy can synergize with targeted therapy or radiotherapy through ferroptosis. However, Inducing ferroptosis not only suppresses cancer, but also promotes cancer development due to its potential negative effects on anti-cancer immunity. Therefore, ferroptosis and various tumor microenviroment-related molecules may co-occur during the development and treatment of RCC, and further understanding of the interactions, core targets, and related drugs of ferroptosis may provide new combination drug strategies for RCC treatment. Here we summarize the key genes and compounds on ferroptosis and RCC in order to envision future treatment strategies and to provide sufficient information for overcoming RCC resistance through ferroptosis.

Non-Coding RNA Networks in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) is a severe cardiovascular disease marked by a persistent increase in pulmonary artery resistance and pressure, leading to right ventricular strain, hypertrophy, and eventually right heart failure and death. Despite numerous available targeted therapies, the clinical needs for treating PAH remain unmet. Current treatments primarily aim to dilate pulmonary vessels rather than reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling, failing to offer a fundamental solution for PAH. Therefore, developing new therapies for this condition is urgently required.

SUMMARY

Recent research has highlighted the crucial role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the occurrence and development of PAH. NcRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), are a class of transcripts that do not translate proteins but affect various diseases at different levels, including chromatin modification, transcription regulation, post-translational processes.

KEY MESSAGE

The current study delves into recent advancements in understanding how lncRNAs, circRNAs, miRNAs, and piRNAs contribute to the pathogenesis of PAH. This review addresses the existing research challenges and explores the potential of ncRNAs as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets, suggesting that ncRNAs may serve as valuable indicators and treatment options for the disease.

PITAR, a DNA damage-inducible cancer/testis long noncoding RNA, inactivates p53 by binding and stabilizing TRIM28 mRNA

In tumors with WT p53, alternate mechanisms of p53 inactivation are reported. Here, we have identified a long noncoding RNA, PITAR (p53 Inactivating TRIM28 Associated RNA), as an inhibitor of p53. PITAR is an oncogenic Cancer/testis lncRNA and is highly expressed in glioblastoma (GBM) and glioma stem-like cells (GSC). We establish that TRIM28 mRNA, which encodes a p53-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase, is a direct target of PITAR. PITAR interaction with TRIM28 RNA stabilized TRIM28 mRNA, which resulted in increased TRIM28 protein levels and reduced p53 steady-state levels due to enhanced p53 ubiquitination. DNA damage activated PITAR, in addition to p53, in a p53-independent manner, thus creating an incoherent feedforward loop to inhibit the DNA damage response by p53. While PITAR silencing inhibited the growth of WT p53 containing GSCs in vitro and reduced glioma tumor growth in vivo, its overexpression enhanced the tumor growth in a TRIM28-dependent manner and promoted resistance to Temozolomide. Thus, we establish an alternate way of p53 inactivation by PITAR, which maintains low p53 levels in normal cells and attenuates the DNA damage response by p53. Finally, we propose PITAR as a potential GBM therapeutic target.

Potential therapies for non-coding RNAs in breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the frequent tumors that seriously endanger the physical and mental well-being in women with strong heterogeneity, and its pathogenesis involves multiple risk factors. Depending on the type of BC, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy are the current systemic treatment options along with conventional chemotherapy. Despite significant progress in understanding BC pathogenesis and therapeutic options, there is still a need to identify new therapeutic targets and develop more effective treatments. According to recent sequencing and profiling studies, non-coding (nc) RNAs genes are deregulated in human cancers via deletion, amplification, abnormal epigenetic, or transcriptional regulation, and similarly, the expression of many ncRNAs is altered in breast cancer cell lines and tissues. The ability of single ncRNAs to regulate the expression of multiple downstream gene targets and related pathways provides a theoretical basis for studying them for cancer therapeutic drug development and targeted delivery. Therefore, it is far-reaching to explore the role of ncRNAs in tumor development and their potential as therapeutic targets. Here, our review outlines the potential of two major ncRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as targets for new therapeutic strategies in breast cancer.

Emerging regulatory roles of noncoding RNAs induced by bisphenol a (BPA) and its alternatives in human diseases

Bisphenols (BPs), including BPA, BPF, BPS, and BPAF, are synthetic phenolic organic compounds and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. These organics have been broadly utilized to produce epoxy resins, polycarbonate plastics, and other products. Mounting evidence has shown that BPs, especially BPA, may enter into the human body and participate in the development of human diseases mediated by nuclear hormone receptors. Moreover, BPA may negatively affect human health at the epigenetic level through processes such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation. Recent studies have demonstrated that, as part of epigenetics, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), have vital impacts on BP-related diseases, such as reproductive system diseases, nervous system diseases, digestive system diseases, endocrine system diseases, and other diseases. Moreover, based on the bioinformatic analysis, changes in ncRNAs may be relevant to normal activities and functions and BP-induced diseases. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to identify more promising ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for BP exposure and relevant human diseases. In this review, we summarize the regulatory functions of ncRNAs induced by BPs in human diseases and latent molecular mechanisms, as well as identify prospective biomarkers and therapeutic targets for BP exposure and upper diseases.

Targeting non-coding RNAs to overcome osimertinib resistance in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer

Osimertinib, a third-generation inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, exhibits remarkable efficacy in prolonging the survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) carrying EGFR mutations, surpassing the efficacy of first- and second-generation EGFR tyrosine kinases. Nevertheless, the emergence of osimertinib resistance is inevitable, necessitating an investigation into the underlying mechanisms. Increasing evidence has revealed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs, play a significant role in the development and progression of lung cancer. These ncRNAs regulate essential signaling pathways, offering a novel avenue for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of osimertinib resistance. Recent studies have reported the significant impact of ncRNAs on osimertinib resistance, achieved through various mechanisms that modulate treatment sensitivity. We provide a concise overview of the functions and underlying mechanisms of extensively researched ncRNAs in the development of osimertinib resistance and emphasize their potential clinical application in EGFR-mutated NSCLC resistant to osimertinib. Finally, we discuss the obstacles that must be addressed to effectively translate ncRNA-based approaches into clinical practice.

Regulatory effect of N6-methyladenosine on tumor angiogenesis

Previous studies have demonstrated that genetic alterations governing epigenetic processes frequently drive tumor development and that modifications in RNA may contribute to these alterations. In the 1970s, researchers discovered that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent form of RNA modification in advanced eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) and noncoding RNA (ncRNA). This modification is involved in nearly all stages of the RNA life cycle. M6A modification is regulated by enzymes known as m6A methyltransferases (writers) and demethylases (erasers). Numerous studies have indicated that m6A modification can impact cancer progression by regulating cancer-related biological functions. Tumor angiogenesis, an important and unregulated process, plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. The interaction between m6A and ncRNAs is widely recognized as a significant factor in proliferation and angiogenesis. Therefore, this article provides a comprehensive review of the regulatory mechanisms underlying m6A RNA modifications and ncRNAs in tumor angiogenesis, as well as the latest advancements in molecular targeted therapy. The aim of this study is to offer novel insights for clinical tumor therapy.

Tumor-associated exosomes in cancer progression and therapeutic targets

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles that are released by cells into the extracellular environment. Tumor-associated exosomes (TAEs) are extracellular vesicles that play a significant role in cancer progression by mediating intercellular communication and contributing to various hallmarks of cancer. These vesicles carry a cargo of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules that can be transferred to recipient cells, modifying their behavior and promoting tumor growth, angiogenesis, immune modulation, and drug resistance. Several potential therapeutic targets within the TAEs cargo have been identified, including oncogenic proteins, miRNAs, tumor-associated antigens, immune checkpoint proteins, drug resistance proteins, and tissue factor. In this review, we will systematically summarize the biogenesis, composition, and function of TAEs in cancer progression and highlight potential therapeutic targets. Considering the complexity of exosome-mediated signaling and the pleiotropic effects of exosome cargoes has challenge in developing effective therapeutic strategies. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of TAEs in cancer and to develop effective therapies that target them. In particular, the development of strategies to block TAEs release, target TAEs cargo, inhibit TAEs uptake, and modulate TAEs content could provide novel approaches to cancer treatment.

Epigenetics: Mechanisms, potential roles, and therapeutic strategies in cancer progression

Mutations or abnormal expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are known to cause cancer. Recent studies have shown that epigenetic modifications are key drivers of cancer development and progression. Nevertheless, the mechanistic role of epigenetic dysregulation in the tumor microenvironment is not fully understood. Here, we reviewed the role of epigenetic modifications of cancer cells and non-cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment and recent research advances in cancer epigenetic drugs. In addition, we discussed the great potential of epigenetic combination therapies in the clinical treatment of cancer. However, there are still some challenges in the field of cancer epigenetics, such as epigenetic tumor heterogeneity, epigenetic drug heterogeneity, and crosstalk between epigenetics, proteomics, metabolomics, and other omics, which may be the focus and difficulty of cancer treatment in the future. In conclusion, epigenetic modifications in the tumor microenvironment are essential for future epigenetic drug development and the comprehensive treatment of cancer. Epigenetic combination therapy may be a novel strategy for the future clinical treatment of cancer.

Linc20486 promotes BmCPV replication through inhibiting the transcription of AGO2 and Dicers

The silkworm holds pivotal economic importance, serving not only as a primary source of silk but also as a prominent model organism in scientific research. Nonetheless, silkworm farming remains vulnerable to diverse factors, with viral infections posing the gravest threat to the sericulture industry. Among these, the Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV), a member of the Reoviridae family and the cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus genus, emerges as a significant pathogen in silkworm production. BmCPV infection primarily induces midgut sepsis in silkworms, spreads rapidly, and can inflict substantial economic losses on sericulture production. Presently, effective strategies for preventing and treating BmCPV infections are lacking. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) constitutes a class of RNA molecules with transcripts exceeding 200 nt, playing a crucial role in mediating the interplay between pathogens and host cells. Investigation through high-throughput technology has unveiled that BmCPV infection markedly upregulates the expression of Linc20486. This observation suggests potential involvement of Linc20486 in regulating virus replication. Indeed, as anticipated, knockdown of Linc20486 in cells profoundly impedes BmCPV replication, whereas overexpression significantly enhances virus propagation. To probe into the mechanism underlying Linc20486's impact on virus replication, its effects on autophagy, innate immunity, and RNAi-related pathways were scrutinized. The findings revealed that Linc20486 exerts significant influence on the expression of RNAi pathway-related genes, such as Dicer1, Dicer2 and AGO2. This discovery holds promise for unveiling novel avenues to comprehend and combat BmCPV infections in silkworms.

Epigenetic regulation of the tumor microenvironment: A leading force driving pancreatic cancer

Dysregulation of the epigenomic landscape of tumor cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. However, these alterations are not only restricted to neoplastic cells. The behavior of other cell populations in the tumor stroma such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, and others are mostly regulated by epigenetic pathways. Here, we present an overview of the main cellular and acellular components of the pancreatic cancer tumor microenvironment and discuss how the epigenetic mechanisms operate at different levels in the stroma to establish a differential gene expression to regulate distinct cellular phenotypes contributing to pancreatic tumorigenesis.

Harnessing the potential of genomic characterization of mutational profiles to improve early diagnosis of lung cancer

INTRODUCTION

Lung Cancer (LC) continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, largely due to the asymptomatic nature of its early stages and the limitations of current diagnostic methods such as Low-Dose Computed Tomography (LDCT), whose often result in late diagnosis, highlighting an urgent need for innovative, minimally invasive diagnostic techniques that can improve early detection rates.

AREAS COVERED

This review delves into the potential of genomic characterization and mutational profiling to enhance early LC diagnosis, exploring the current state and limitations of traditional diagnostic approaches and the revolutionary role of Liquid Biopsies (LB), including cell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis through fragmentomics and methylomics. New genomic technologies that allow for earlier detection of LC are scrutinized, alongside a detailed discussion on the literature that shaped our understanding in this field.

EXPERT OPINION

Despite the promising advancements in genomic characterization techniques, several challenges remain, such as the heterogeneity of LC mutations, the high cost, and limited accessibility of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies. Additionally, there is a critical need of standardized protocols for interpreting mutational data. Future research should focus on overcoming these barriers to integrate these novel diagnostic methods into standard clinical practice, potentially revolutionizing the management of LC patients.

LncRNA MALAT-1 modulates EGFR-TKI resistance in lung adenocarcinoma cells by downregulating miR-125

Molecular targeted therapy resistance remains a major challenge in treating lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). The resistance of Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs, epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor) plays a dominant role in molecular targeted therapy. Our previous research demonstrated the role of MALAT-1 (Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) in the formation of Erlotinib-resistant LUAD cells. This study aims to uncover the mechanism of MALAT-1 overexpression in Erlotinib-resistant LUAD cells. The RT2 LncRNA PCR array system was used to explore MALAT-1 regulation in Erlotinib-resistant LUAD cells through patient serum analysis. Dual luciferase reporter experiments confirmed the binding between MALAT-1 and miR-125, leading to regulation of miR-125 expression. Functional assays were performed to elucidate the impact of MALAT1 on modulating drug resistance, growth, and Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition) in both parental and Erlotinib-resistant LUAD cells. The investigation unveiled the mechanism underlying the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA, competing endogenouse RNA) pathway. MALAT1 exerted its regulatory effect on miR-125 as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA). Moreover, MALAT1 played a role in modulating the sensitivity of LUAD cells to Erlotinib. Rab25 was identified as the direct target of miR-125 and mediated the functional effects of MALAT1 in Erlotinib-resistant LUAD cells. In conclusion, our study reveals overexpress MALAT-1 cause the drug resistance of EGFR-TKIs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through the MALAT-1/miR-125/Rab25 axis. These findings present a potential novel therapeutic target and perspective for the treatment of LUAD.

Epigenetic insights into Fragile X Syndrome

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder closely associated with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders. The core of the disease lies in the abnormal expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeat sequence at the 5'end of the FMR1 gene. When the repetition exceeds 200 times, it causes the silencing of the FMR1 gene, leading to the absence of the encoded Fragile X mental retardation protein 1 (FMRP). Although the detailed mechanism by which the CGG repeat expansion triggers gene silencing is yet to be fully elucidated, it is known that this process does not alter the promoter region or the coding sequence of the FMR1 gene. This discovery provides a scientific basis for the potential reversal of FMR1 gene silencing through interventional approaches, thereby improving the symptoms of FXS. Epigenetics, a mechanism of genetic regulation that does not depend on changes in the DNA sequence, has become a new focus in FXS research by modulating gene expression in a reversible manner. The latest progress in molecular genetics has revealed that epigenetics plays a key role in the pathogenesis and pathophysiological processes of FXS. This article compiles the existing research findings on the role of epigenetics in Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) with the aim of deepening the understanding of the pathogenesis of FXS to identify potential targets for new therapeutic strategies.

Advances in Melanoma: From Genetic Insights to Therapeutic Innovations

Advances in melanoma research have unveiled critical insights into its genetic and molecular landscape, leading to significant therapeutic innovations. This review explores the intricate interplay between genetic alterations, such as mutations in BRAF, NRAS, and KIT, and melanoma pathogenesis. The MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways are highlighted for their roles in tumor growth and resistance mechanisms. Additionally, this review delves into the impact of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone changes, on melanoma progression. The tumor microenvironment, characterized by immune cells, stromal cells, and soluble factors, plays a pivotal role in modulating tumor behavior and treatment responses. Emerging technologies like single-cell sequencing, CRISPR-Cas9, and AI-driven diagnostics are transforming melanoma research, offering precise and personalized approaches to treatment. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors and personalized mRNA vaccines, has revolutionized melanoma therapy by enhancing the body's immune response. Despite these advances, resistance mechanisms remain a challenge, underscoring the need for combined therapies and ongoing research to achieve durable therapeutic responses. This comprehensive overview aims to highlight the current state of melanoma research and the transformative impacts of these advancements on clinical practice.

Hypoxia-Driven Changes in Tumor Microenvironment: Insights into Exosome-Mediated Cell Interactions

Hypoxia, as a prominent feature of the tumor microenvironment, has a profound impact on the multicomponent changes within this environment. Under hypoxic conditions, the malignant phenotype of tumor cells, the variety of cell types within the tumor microenvironment, as well as intercellular communication and material exchange, undergo complex alterations. These changes provide significant prospects for exploring the mechanisms of tumor development under different microenvironmental conditions and for devising therapeutic strategies. Exosomes secreted by tumor cells and stromal cells are integral components of the tumor microenvironment, serving as crucial mediators of intercellular communication and material exchange, and have consequently garnered increasing attention from researchers. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which hypoxic conditions promote the release of exosomes by tumor cells and alter their encapsulated contents. It also examines the effects of exosomes derived from tumor cells, immune cells, and other cell types under hypoxic conditions on the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, we summarize current research progress on the potential clinical applications of exosomes under hypoxic conditions and propose future research directions in this field.

The role of ncRNAs and exosomes in the development and progression of endometrial cancer

Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecologic cancers. In recent years, research has focused on the genetic characteristics of the tumors to detail their prognosis and tailor therapy. In the case of EC, genetic mutations have been shown to underlie their formation. It is very important to know the mechanisms of EC formation related to mutations induced by estrogen, among other things. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), composed of nucleotide transcripts with very low protein-coding capacity, are proving to be important. Their expression patterns in many malignancies can inhibit tumor formation and progression. They also regulate protein coding at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional levels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), several varieties of which are associated with normal endometrium as well as its tumor, also play a particularly important role in gene expression. MiRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) affect many pathways in EC tissues and play important roles in cancer development, invasion, and metastasis, as well as resistance to anticancer drugs through mechanisms such as suppression of apoptosis and progression of cancer stem cells. It is also worth noting that miRNAs are highly precise, sensitive, and robust, making them potential markers for diagnosing gynecologic cancers and their progression. Unfortunately, as the incidence of EC increases, treatment becomes challenging and is limited to invasive tools. The prospect of using microRNAs as potential candidates for diagnostic and therapeutic use in EC seems promising. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are released from many types of cells, including cancer cells. They contain proteins, DNA, and various types of RNA, such as miRNAs. The noncoding RNA components of exosomes vary widely, depending on the physiology of the tumor tissue and the cells from which they originate. Exosomes contain both DNA and RNA and have communication functions between cells. Exosomal miRNAs mediate communication between EC cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and play a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor microenvironment formation. Oncogenes carried by tumor exosomes induce malignant transformation of target cells. During the synthesis of exosomes, various factors, such as genetic and proteomic data are upregulated. Thus, they are considered an interesting therapeutic target for the diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial cancer by analyzing biomarkers contained in exosomes. Expression of miRNAs, particularly miR-15a-5p, was elevated in exosomes derived from the plasma of EC patients. This may suggest the important utility of this biomarker in the diagnosis of EC. In recent years, researchers have become interested in the topic of prognostic markers for EC, as there are still too few identified markers to support the limited treatment of endometrial cancer. Further research into the effects of ncRNAs and exosomes on EC may allow for cancer treatment breakthroughs.

The Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Hepatitis C Infection

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a hepatotropic virus that can be transmitted through unsafe medical procedures, such as injections, transfusions, and dental treatment. The infection may be self-limiting or manifest as a chronic form that induces liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, or progression into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Epigenetic mechanisms are major regulators of gene expression. These mechanisms involve DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the activity of non-coding RNAs, which can enhance or suppress gene expression. Abnormal activity or the dysregulated expression of epigenetic molecules plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various pathological disorders, including inflammatory diseases and malignancies. In this review, we summarise the current evidence on epigenetic mechanisms involved in HCV infection and progression to HCC.

Biomarker Landscape in RASopathies

RASopathies are a group of related genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes within the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. This pathway is crucial for cell division, growth, and differentiation, and its disruption can lead to a variety of developmental and health issues. RASopathies present diverse clinical features and pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Studying the landscape of biomarkers in RASopathies has the potential to improve both clinical practices and the understanding of these disorders. This review provides an overview of recent discoveries in RASopathy molecular profiling, which extend beyond traditional gene mutation analysis. mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, protein expression patterns, and post-translational modifications characteristic of RASopathy patients within pivotal signaling pathways such as the RAS/MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and Rho/ROCK/LIMK2/cofilin pathways are summarized. Additionally, the field of metabolomics holds potential for uncovering metabolic signatures associated with specific RASopathies, which are crucial for developing precision medicine. Beyond molecular markers, we also examine the role of histological characteristics and non-invasive physiological assessments in identifying potential biomarkers, as they provide evidence of the disease's effects on various systems. Here, we synthesize key findings and illuminate promising avenues for future research in RASopathy biomarker discovery, underscoring rigorous validation and clinical translation.

Interaction of ncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway: Implications for osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents, and is characterized by high heterogeneity, high malignancy, easy metastasis, and poor prognosis. Recurrence, metastasis, and multidrug resistance are the main problems that limit the therapeutic effect and prognosis of OS. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is often abnormally activated in OS tissues and cells, which promotes the rapid development, metastasis, and drug sensitivity of OS. Emerging evidence has revealed new insights into tumorigenesis through the interaction between the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Therefore, we reviewed the interactions between the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and ncRNAs and their implication in OS. These interactions have the potential to serve as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets in clinical applications.

The essential roles of lncRNAs/PI3K/AKT axis in gastrointestinal tumors

The role of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in tumors, particularly in gastrointestinal tumors, has gained significant attention. Accumulating evidence underscores the interaction between various lncRNAs and diverse molecular pathways involved in cancer progression. One such pivotal pathway is the PI3K/AKT pathway, which serves as a crucial intracellular mechanism maintaining the balance among various cellular physiological processes for normal cell growth and survival. Frequent dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in cancer, along with aberrant activation, plays a critical role in driving tumorigenesis. LncRNAs modulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through diverse mechanisms, primarily by acting as competing endogenous RNA to regulate miRNA expression and associated genes. This interaction significantly influences fundamental biological behaviors such as cell proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Abnormal expression of numerous lncRNAs in gastrointestinal tumors often correlates with clinical outcomes and pathological features in patients with cancer. Additionally, these lncRNAs influence the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy in multiple types of gastrointestinal tumors through the abnormal activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal tumors and potential therapeutic targets. However, gastrointestinal tumors remain a significant global health concern, with increasing incidence and mortality rates of gastrointestinal tumors over recent decades. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest research on the interactions of lncRNA and the PI3K/AKT pathway in gastrointestinal tumor development. Additionally, it focuses on the functions of lncRNAs and the PI3K/AKT pathway in carcinogenesis, exploring expression profiles, clinicopathological characteristics, interaction mechanisms with the PI3K/AKT pathway, and potential clinical applications.

Advances in noncoding RNA in children allergic rhinitis

BACKGROUND

A chronic condition that significantly reduces a child's quality of life is allergic rhinitis (AR). The environment and allergens that the body is regularly exposed to can cause inflammatory and immunological reactions, which can change the expression of certain genes Epigenetic changes are closely linked to the onset and severity of allergy disorders according to mounting amounts of data. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a group of RNA molecules that cannot be converted into polypeptides. The three main categories of ncRNAs include microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs). NcRNAs play a crucial role in controlling gene expression and contribute to the development of numerous human diseases.

METHODS

Articles are selected based on Pubmed's literature review and the author's personal knowledge. The largest and highest quality studies were included. The search selection is not standardized.

RESULTS

Recent findings indicate that various categories of ncRNAs play distinct yet interconnected roles and actively contribute to intricate gene regulatory networks.

CONCLUSION

This article demonstrates the significance and progress of ncRNAs in children's AR. The database covers three key areas: miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs. Additionally, potential avenues for future research to facilitate the practical application of ncRNAs as therapeutic targets and biomarkers will be explore.

CircVPS8 promotes the malignant phenotype and inhibits ferroptosis of glioma stem cells by acting as a scaffold for MKRN1, SOX15 and HNF4A

Exciting breakthroughs have been achieved in the field of glioblastoma with therapeutic interventions targeting specific ferroptosis targets. Nonetheless, the precise mechanisms through which circRNAs regulate the ferroptosis pathway have yet to be fully elucidated. Here we have identified a novel circRNA, circVPS8, which is highly expressed in glioblastoma. Our findings demonstrated that circVPS8 enhances glioma stem cells' viability, proliferation, sphere-forming ability, and stemness. Additionally, it inhibits ferroptosis in GSCs. In vivo, experiments further supported the promotion of glioblastoma growth by circVPS8. Mechanistically, circVPS8 acts as a scaffold, binding to both MKRN1 and SOX15, thus facilitating the ubiquitination of MKRN1 and subsequent degradation of SOX15. Due to competitive binding, the ubiquitination ability of MKRN1 towards HNF4A is reduced, leading to elevated HNF4A expression. Increased HNF4A expression, along with decreased SOX15 expression, synergistically inhibits ferroptosis in glioblastoma. Overall, our study highlights circVPS8 as a promising therapeutic target and provides valuable insights for clinically targeted therapy of glioblastoma.

Circulating lung-cancer-related non-coding RNAs are associated with occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium - A cross-sectional study within the SafeChrom project

BACKGROUND

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(Ⅵ)) is classified as a group 1 human carcinogen and increases the risk of lung cancer. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have key regulatory roles in lung cancer, but less is known about their relation to Cr(Ⅵ) exposure.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to 1) measure the expression of lung cancer-related circulating ncRNAs in exposed workers and controls; 2) assess associations between ncRNAs expression and Cr concentrations in red blood cells (RBC) and urine; and 3) evaluate correlations between the ncRNAs.

METHODS

The study included 111 Cr(VI) exposed workers and 72 controls recruited from the SafeChrom project. Cr concentrations were measured in RBC (biomarker of long-term exposure) and urine (biomarker of short-term exposure) samples. Long ncRNA (lncRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) were extracted from plasma followed by deoxyribonuclease treatment, complementary DNA synthesis, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using target-specific assays for three lncRNAs (H19, MALAT1, NORAD), and four miRNAs (miR-142-3p, miR-15b-5p, miR-3940-5p, miR-451a).

RESULTS

Expression levels of lncRNAs MALAT1 and NORAD, and all four miRNAs, were significantly lower in Cr(VI) exposed workers compared with controls, and correlated significantly with RBC-Cr concentrations (rS = -0.16 to -0.38). H19 was non-significantly increased in exposed workers but significantly correlated with miR-142-3p (rS = -0.33) and miR-15b-5p (rS = -0.30), and NORAD was significantly positively correlated with all four miRNAs (rS = 0.17 to 0.46). In multivariate regression models adjusting for confounders, expressions of lncRNAs MALAT1 and NORAD and all miRNAs were still significantly lower in the exposed group compared with controls, and the expression decreased with increasing RBC-Cr concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS

Cr(VI) exposure was inversely and in a dose-response manner associated with the expression of circulating non-coding RNA, which suggests ncRNAs as potential biomarkers for Cr(VI)-induced toxicity. Correlations between miRNAs and lncRNAs suggest that they participate in the same lncRNA-miRNA-messenger RNA regulatory axes, which may play important roles in Cr(VI) carcinogenesis.

Alterations of mRNAs and Non-coding RNAs Associated with Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative pathology whose pathognomonic hallmarks are increased generation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide, production of hyperphosphorylated (pTau), and neuroinflammation. The last is an alteration closely related to the progression of AD and although it is present in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, the pathophysiological events that characterize neuroinflammatory processes vary depending on the disease. In this article, we focus on mRNA and non-coding RNA alterations as part of the pathophysiological events characteristic of neuroinflammation in AD and the influence of these alterations on the course of the disease through interaction with multiple RNAs related to the generation of Aβ, pTau, and neuroinflammation itself.