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Barrington-Trimis JL, Cockburn M, Metayer C, Gauderman WJ, Wiemels J, McKean-Cowdin R. Trends in childhood leukemia incidence over two decades from 1992 to 2013. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:1000-1008. [PMID: 27778348 PMCID: PMC5550103 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Incidence rates of childhood leukemia in the United States have steadily increased over the last several decades, but only recently have disparities in the increase in incidence been recognized. In the current analysis, Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data were used to evaluate recent trends in the incidence of childhood leukemia diagnosed at age 0-19 years from 1992 to 2013, overall and by age, race/ethnicity, gender and histologic subtype. Hispanic White children were more likely than non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black or non-Hispanic Asian children to be diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) from 2009 to 2013. From 1992 to 2013, a significant increase in ALL incidence was observed for Hispanic White children [annual percent change (APC)Hispanic = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.59, 1.58]; no significant increase was observed for non-Hispanic White, Black or Asian children. ALL incidence increased by about 3% per year from 1992 to 2013 for Hispanic White children diagnosed from 15 to 19 years (APC = 2.67; 95% CI: 0.88, 4.49) and by 2% for those 10-14 years (APC = 2.09; 95% CI: 0.57, 3.63), while no significant increases in incidence were observed in non-Hispanic White, Black, or Asian children of the same age. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) incidence increased among non-Hispanic White children under 1 year at diagnosis, and among Hispanic White children diagnosed at age 1-4. The increase in incidence rates of childhood ALL appears to be driven by rising rates in older Hispanic children (10-14, and 15-19 years). Future studies are needed to evaluate reasons for the increase in ALL among older Hispanic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Barrington-Trimis
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley (UCB), Berkeley, CA
| | - W James Gauderman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joseph Wiemels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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CARLAK HF, ÖZEN Ş, BİLGİN S. Low-frequency exposure analysis using electric and magnetic field measurements and predictions in the proximity of power transmission lines in urban areas. TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCES 2017; 25:3994-4005. [DOI: 10.3906/elk-1608-312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
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103
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Struchen B, Liorni I, Parazzini M, Gängler S, Ravazzani P, Röösli M. Analysis of personal and bedroom exposure to ELF-MFs in children in Italy and Switzerland. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:586-596. [PMID: 26669849 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the real everyday exposure of children in Europe to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs). The aims of this study are to (i) assess personal ELF-MF exposure in children; (ii) to identify factors determining personal and bedroom ELF-MF exposure measurements in children; (iii) to evaluate the reproducibility of exposure summary measures; and (iv) to compare personal with bedroom measurements. In Switzerland and Italy, 172 children aged between 5 and 13 years were equipped with ELF-MF measurement devices (EMDEX II, measuring 40-800 Hz) during 24-72 h twice, in the warm and the cold season. In addition, 24-h measurements were taken in the bedroom of children. In our study, sample geometric mean ELF-MF exposure was 0.04 μT for personal and 0.05 μT for bedroom measurements. Living within 100 m of a highest voltage power line increased geometric mean personal exposure by a factor of 3.3, and bedroom measurements by a factor 6.8 compared to a control group. Repeated measurements within the same subject showed high reproducibility for the geometric mean (Spearman's correlation 0.78 for personal and 0.86 for bedroom measurements) but less for the 95th and 99th percentile of the personal measurements (≤0.42). Spearman's correlation between bedroom and personal exposure was 0.86 for the geometric mean but considerably lower for the 95th and 99th percentiles (≤0.60). Most previous studies on ELF-MF childhood leukaemia used mean bedroom exposure. Our study demonstrates that geometric mean bedroom measurements is well correlated with personal geometric mean exposure, and has high temporal reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Struchen
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Liorni
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Parazzini
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milano, Italy
| | - Stephanie Gängler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, Switzerland
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Irenes 95, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Paolo Ravazzani
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni (IEIIT), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milano, Italy
| | - Martin Röösli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, Basel, Switzerland
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104
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Schüz J, Erdmann F. Environmental Exposure and Risk of Childhood Leukemia: An Overview. Arch Med Res 2016; 47:607-614. [PMID: 28476188 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Childhood leukemia is the most common cancer diagnosed in children worldwide. However, only a few causes have been established so far, mainly some genetic syndromes and high doses of ionizing radiation. Major efforts have been undertaken to study the relationship between environmental factors and the risk of childhood leukemia, inspired by geographical variation in incidence rates. Some evidence has emerged for parental occupational exposures to pesticides, whereas there is less evidence for an association with postnatal pesticide exposure. Diagnostic radiation and radon exposure have been suggested but there remains a lack of convincing studies. Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields consistently showed a small increase in risk in numerous studies, but bias and confounding cannot be ruled out as possible explanations. From among factors other than environmental and radiation-related, the most promising candidate is abnormal patterns to common infections, but which children are most at risk and the pathways are not fully understood. In conclusion, although childhood leukemia shows some distinct incidence patterns by sex, age, and geography suggesting a role of the environment in its etiology, no major environmental risk factors including radiation have been established as major contributors to the global childhood leukemia burden. Due to the young age at diagnosis and evidence of chromosomal damage before birth in many of the affected children, parental exposures remain of high interest. Although cure rates of childhood leukemia are high in economically developed countries, because of the adverse late effects of the disease and its treatment, identification of modifiable risk factors for implementing primary prevention remains the ultimate goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France.
| | - Friederike Erdmann
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France; Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Unit of Survivorship, Copenhagen, Denmark
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105
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Facteurs de risque environnementaux des cancers de l’enfant. ONCOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-016-2673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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106
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Whitehead TP, Metayer C, Wiemels JL, Singer AW, Miller MD. Childhood Leukemia and Primary Prevention. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2016; 46:317-352. [PMID: 27968954 PMCID: PMC5161115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is the most common pediatric cancer, affecting 3800 children per year in the United States. Its annual incidence has increased over the last decades, especially among Latinos. Although most children diagnosed with leukemia are now cured, many suffer long-term complications, and primary prevention efforts are urgently needed. The early onset of leukemia-usually before 5 years of age-and the presence at birth of "pre-leukemic" genetic signatures indicate that pre- and postnatal events are critical to the development of the disease. In contrast to most pediatric cancers, there is a growing body of literature-in the United States and internationally-that has implicated several environmental, infectious, and dietary risk factors in the etiology of childhood leukemia, mainly for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the most common subtype. For example, exposures to pesticides, tobacco smoke, solvents, and traffic emissions have consistently demonstrated positive associations with the risk of developing childhood leukemia. In contrast, intake of vitamins and folate supplementation during the preconception period or pregnancy, breastfeeding, and exposure to routine childhood infections have been shown to reduce the risk of childhood leukemia. Some children may be especially vulnerable to these risk factors, as demonstrated by a disproportionate burden of childhood leukemia in the Latino population of California. The evidence supporting the associations between childhood leukemia and its risk factors-including pooled analyses from around the world and systematic reviews-is strong; however, the dissemination of this knowledge to clinicians has been limited. To protect children's health, it is prudent to initiate programs designed to alter exposure to well-established leukemia risk factors rather than to suspend judgment until no uncertainty remains. Primary prevention programs for childhood leukemia would also result in the significant co-benefits of reductions in other adverse health outcomes that are common in children, such as detriments to neurocognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd P Whitehead
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
| | - Catherine Metayer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Amanda W Singer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Mark D Miller
- Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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107
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Belyaev I, Dean A, Eger H, Hubmann G, Jandrisovits R, Kern M, Kundi M, Moshammer H, Lercher P, Müller K, Oberfeld G, Ohnsorge P, Pelzmann P, Scheingraber C, Thill R. EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnesses. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2016; 31:363-397. [PMID: 27454111 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2016-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diseases and illnesses associated with non-specific symptoms are on the rise. In addition to chronic stress in social and work environments, physical and chemical exposures at home, at work, and during leisure activities are causal or contributing environmental stressors that deserve attention by the general practitioner as well as by all other members of the health care community. It seems necessary now to take "new exposures" like electromagnetic fields (EMF) into account. Physicians are increasingly confronted with health problems from unidentified causes. Studies, empirical observations, and patient reports clearly indicate interactions between EMF exposure and health problems. Individual susceptibility and environmental factors are frequently neglected. New wireless technologies and applications have been introduced without any certainty about their health effects, raising new challenges for medicine and society. For instance, the issue of so-called non-thermal effects and potential long-term effects of low-dose exposure were scarcely investigated prior to the introduction of these technologies. Common electromagnetic field or EMF sources: Radio-frequency radiation (RF) (3 MHz to 300 GHz) is emitted from radio and TV broadcast antennas, Wi-Fi access points, routers, and clients (e.g. smartphones, tablets), cordless and mobile phones including their base stations, and Bluetooth devices. Extremely low frequency electric (ELF EF) and magnetic fields (ELF MF) (3 Hz to 3 kHz) are emitted from electrical wiring, lamps, and appliances. Very low frequency electric (VLF EF) and magnetic fields (VLF MF) (3 kHz to 3 MHz) are emitted, due to harmonic voltage and current distortions, from electrical wiring, lamps (e.g. compact fluorescent lamps), and electronic devices. On the one hand, there is strong evidence that long-term exposure to certain EMFs is a risk factor for diseases such as certain cancers, Alzheimer's disease, and male infertility. On the other hand, the emerging electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is more and more recognized by health authorities, disability administrators and case workers, politicians, as well as courts of law. We recommend treating EHS clinically as part of the group of chronic multisystem illnesses (CMI), but still recognizing that the underlying cause remains the environment. In the beginning, EHS symptoms occur only occasionally, but over time they may increase in frequency and severity. Common EHS symptoms include headaches, concentration difficulties, sleep problems, depression, a lack of energy, fatigue, and flu-like symptoms. A comprehensive medical history, which should include all symptoms and their occurrences in spatial and temporal terms and in the context of EMF exposures, is the key to making the diagnosis. The EMF exposure is usually assessed by EMF measurements at home and at work. Certain types of EMF exposure can be assessed by asking about common EMF sources. It is very important to take the individual susceptibility into account. The primary method of treatment should mainly focus on the prevention or reduction of EMF exposure, that is, reducing or eliminating all sources of high EMF exposure at home and at the workplace. The reduction of EMF exposure should also be extended to public spaces such as schools, hospitals, public transport, and libraries to enable persons with EHS an unhindered use (accessibility measure). If a detrimental EMF exposure is reduced sufficiently, the body has a chance to recover and EHS symptoms will be reduced or even disappear. Many examples have shown that such measures can prove effective. To increase the effectiveness of the treatment, the broad range of other environmental factors that contribute to the total body burden should also be addressed. Anything that supports homeostasis will increase a person's resilience against disease and thus against the adverse effects of EMF exposure. There is increasing evidence that EMF exposure has a major impact on the oxidative and nitrosative regulation capacity in affected individuals. This concept also may explain why the level of susceptibility to EMF can change and why the range of symptoms reported in the context of EMF exposures is so large. Based on our current understanding, a treatment approach that minimizes the adverse effects of peroxynitrite - as has been increasingly used in the treatment of multisystem illnesses - works best. This EMF Guideline gives an overview of the current knowledge regarding EMF-related health risks and provides recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and accessibility measures of EHS to improve and restore individual health outcomes as well as for the development of strategies for prevention.
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108
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Bunch KJ, Swanson J, Vincent TJ, Murphy MFG. Epidemiological study of power lines and childhood cancer in the UK: further analyses. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2016; 36:437-455. [PMID: 27356108 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/36/3/437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report further analyses from an epidemiological study of childhood cancer and residence at birth near high-voltage power lines in the UK. These results suggest that the elevated risks for childhood leukaemia that we previously found for overhead power lines may be higher for older age at diagnosis and for myeloid rather than lymphoid leukaemia. There are differences across regions of birth but not forming any obvious pattern. Our results suggest the decline in risk we previously reported from the 1960s to the 2000s is linked to calendar year of birth or of cancer occurrence rather than the age of the power lines concerned. Finally, we update our previous analysis of magnetic fields to include later subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Bunch
- Formerly Childhood Cancer Research Group, University of Oxford, New Richards Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK. National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
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109
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de Kleijn S, Ferwerda G, Wiese M, Trentelman J, Cuppen J, Kozicz T, de Jager L, Hermans PWM, Verburg-van Kemenade BML. A short-term extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure increases circulating leukocyte numbers and affects HPA-axis signaling in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 37:433-43. [PMID: 27553635 PMCID: PMC5129481 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is still uncertainty whether extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF‐EMF) can induce health effects like immunomodulation. Despite evidence obtained in vitro, an unambiguous association has not yet been established in vivo. Here, mice were exposed to ELF‐EMF for 1, 4, and 24 h/day in a short‐term (1 week) and long‐term (15 weeks) set‐up to investigate whole body effects on the level of stress regulation and immune response. ELF‐EMF signal contained multiple frequencies (20–5000 Hz) and a magnetic flux density of 10 μT. After exposure, blood was analyzed for leukocyte numbers (short‐term and long‐term) and adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration (short‐term only). Furthermore, in the short‐term experiment, stress‐related parameters, corticotropin‐releasing hormone, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and CYP11A1 gene‐expression, respectively, were determined in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, pituitary, and adrenal glands. In the short‐term but not long‐term experiment, leukocyte counts were significantly higher in the 24 h‐exposed group compared with controls, mainly represented by increased neutrophils and CD4 ± lymphocytes. POMC expression and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone were significantly lower compared with unexposed control mice. In conclusion, short‐term ELF‐EMF exposure may affect hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activation in mice. Changes in stress hormone release may explain changes in circulating leukocyte numbers and composition. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:433–443, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Bioelectromagnetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan de Kleijn
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle Wiese
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jos Trentelman
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Cuppen
- Immunent B.V. and Neiding B.V., Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Cellular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda de Jager
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Peter W M Hermans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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110
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Pang X, Chen S, Wang X, Zhong L. Influences of Electromagnetic Energy on Bio-Energy Transport through Protein Molecules in Living Systems and Its Experimental Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1130. [PMID: 27463708 PMCID: PMC5000586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influences of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on bio-energy transport and its mechanism of changes are investigated through analytic and numerical simulation and experimentation. Bio-energy transport along protein molecules is performed by soliton movement caused by the dipole-dipole electric interactions between neighboring amino acid residues. As such, EMFs can affect the structure of protein molecules and change the properties of the bio-energy transported in living systems. This mechanism of biological effect from EMFs involves the amino acid residues in protein molecules. To study and reveal this mechanism, we simulated numerically the features of the movement of solitons along protein molecules with both a single chain and with three channels by using the Runge-Kutta method and Pang's soliton model under the action of EMFs with the strengths of 25,500, 51,000, 76,500, and 102,000 V/m in the single-chain protein, as well as 17,000, 25,500, and 34,000 V/m in the three-chain protein, respectively. Results indicate that electric fields (EFs) depress the binding energy of the soliton, decrease its amplitude, and change its wave form. Also, the soliton disperses at 102,000 V/m in a single-chain protein and at 25,500 and 34,000 V/m in three-chain proteins. These findings signify that the influence of EMFs on the bio-energy transport cannot be neglected; however, these variations depend on both the strength and the direction of the EF in the EMF. This direction influences the biological effects of EMF, which decrease with increases in the angle between the direction of the EF and that of the dipole moment of amino acid residues; however, randomness at the macroscopic level remains. Lastly, we experimentally confirm the existence of a soliton and the validity of our conclusion by using the infrared spectra of absorption of the collagens, which is activated by another type of EF. Thus, we can affirm that both the described mechanism and the corresponding theory are correct and that EMFs or EFs can influence the features of energy transport in living systems and thus have certain biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Pang
- Institute of Physical Electrons, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Shude Chen
- Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Xianghui Wang
- Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Lisheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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111
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Feng B, Dai A, Chen L, Qiu L, Fu Y, Sun W. NADPH oxidase-produced superoxide mediated a 50-Hz magnetic field-induced epidermal growth factor receptor clustering. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:596-602. [PMID: 27442448 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1206227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A 50-Hz magnetic field (MF) was found to induce epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) clustering in our previous study. The aim of this work was to investigate the molecular mechanisms that mediated MF-induced EGFR clustering. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human amniotic epithelial (FL) cells were exposed to a 50-Hz MF. Total reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytoplasmic and mitochondrial superoxide production were detected by DCFH-DA, DHE and MitoSOX, respectively. EGFR clustering was analyzed using confocal microscopy after indirect immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Results showed that exposing FL cells to MF at intensity higher than 0.2 mT for 15 min enhanced total ROS production. Additionally, enhanced total ROS and cytoplasmic superoxide production were observed after exposing cells to MF at 0.4 mT for 5, 15, or 30 min, while mitochondrial superoxide production for 15 or 30 min. Pretreatment with Nox inhibitor, DPI, effectively inhibited MF-induced cytoplasmic superoxide production and subsequent EGFR clustering while mitochondrial superoxide production was not affected. CONCLUSIONS Nox-produced superoxide mediated a 50-Hz magnetic field-induced EGFR clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihuan Feng
- a Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Ahui Dai
- a Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China ;,c Healthcare Department , the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Liangjing Chen
- a Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Liping Qiu
- a Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yiti Fu
- a Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- a Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China ;,b Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
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112
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Golbach LA, Portelli LA, Savelkoul HFJ, Terwel SR, Kuster N, de Vries RBM, Verburg-van Kemenade BML. Calcium homeostasis and low-frequency magnetic and electric field exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:695-706. [PMID: 26872872 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Low frequency magnetic field (LF MF) exposure is recurrently suggested to have the ability to induce health effects in society. Therefore, in vitro model systems are used to investigate biological effects of exposure. LF MF induced changes of the cellular calcium homeostasis are frequently hypothesised to be the possible target, but this hypothesis is both substantiated and rejected by numerous studies in literature. Despite the large amount of data, no systematic analysis of in vitro studies has been conducted to address the strength of evidence for an association between LF MF exposure and calcium homeostasis. Our systematic review, with inclusion of 42 studies, showed evidence for an association of LF MF with internal calcium concentrations and calcium oscillation patterns. The oscillation frequency increased, while the amplitude and the percentage of oscillating cells remained constant. The intracellular calcium concentration increased (SMD 0.351, 95% CI 0.126, 0.576). Subgroup analysis revealed heterogeneous effects associated with the exposure frequency, magnetic flux density and duration. Moreover, we found support for the presence of MF-sensitive cell types. Nevertheless, some of the included studies may introduce a great risk of bias as a result of uncontrolled or not reported exposure conditions, temperature ranges and ambient fields. In addition, mathematical calculations of the parasitic induced electric fields (IEFs) disclosed their association with increased intracellular calcium. Our results demonstrate that LF MF might influence the calcium homeostasis in cells in vitro, but the risk of bias and high heterogeneity (I(2)>75%) weakens the analyses. Therefore any potential clinical implications await further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke A Golbach
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, P.O.Box 338, 6700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas A Portelli
- The Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zeughausstrasse 43, CH-8004 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, P.O.Box 338, 6700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie R Terwel
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, P.O.Box 338, 6700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Kuster
- The Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zeughausstrasse 43, CH-8004 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Technical Institute (ETHZ), Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rob B M de Vries
- SYRCLE, Central Animal Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Bekhite MM, Finkensieper A, Abou-Zaid FA, El-Shourbagy IK, El-Fiky NK, Omar KM, Sauer H, Wartenberg M. Differential effects of high and low strength magnetic fields on mouse embryonic development and vasculogenesis of embryonic stem cells. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:46-58. [PMID: 27346840 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Man-made magnetic fields (MFs) may exert adverse effects on mammalian embryonic development. Herein, we analysed the effect of 10mT 50Hz sinusoidal (AC) or static (DC) MFs versus 1mT MFs on embryonic development of mice. Exposure for 20days during gestation to 10mT MFs increased resorptions and dead fetuses, decreased crown-rump length and fresh weight, reduced blood vessel differentiation and caused histological changes, accompanied with diminished vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression in several organs. In embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived embryoid bodies exposure towards 10mT MFs increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased vascular marker as well as VEGF expression and enhanced apoptosis. In conclusion, our combined data from in vivo and in vitro experiments identified VEGF as an important mediator during embryonic development that can be influenced by high strength MFs, which in consequence leads to severe abnormalities in fetus organs and blood vessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Bekhite
- University Heart Center, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Department of Cardiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Andreas Finkensieper
- University Heart Center, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Department of Cardiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Fouad A Abou-Zaid
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | | | - Nabil K El-Fiky
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Omar
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527, Egypt
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Maria Wartenberg
- University Heart Center, Clinic of Internal Medicine I, Department of Cardiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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114
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Kandel S, Swanson J, Kheifets L. Health-Economics Analyses Applied to ELF Electric and Magnetic Fields. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:1277-1286. [PMID: 26800316 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields (ELF EMFs) are a common exposure for modern populations. The prevailing public-health protection paradigm is that quantitative exposure limits are based on the established acute effects, whereas the possible chronic effects are considered too uncertain for quantitative limits, but might justify precautionary measures. The choice of precautionary measures can be informed by a health-economics analysis (HEA). We consider four such analyses of precautionary measures that have been conducted at a national or state level in California, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Israel. We describe the context of each analysis, examine how they deal with some of the more significant issues that arise, and present a comparison of the input parameters and assumptions used. The four HEAs are methodologically similar. The most significant qualitative choices that have to be made are what dose-response relationship to assume, what allowance if any to make for uncertainty, and, for a CBA only, what diseases to consider, and all four analyses made similar choices. These analyses suggest that, on the assumptions made, there are some low-cost measures, such as rephasing, that can be applied to transmission in some circumstances and that can be justifiable in cost-benefit terms, but that higher cost measures, such as undergrounding, become unjustifiable. Of the four HEAs, those in the United Kingdom and Israel were influential in determining the country's EMF policy. In California and Netherlands, the HEA may well have informed the debate, but the policy chosen did not stem directly from the HEA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leeka Kheifets
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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115
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Liorni I, Parazzini M, Struchen B, Fiocchi S, Röösli M, Ravazzani P. Children's Personal Exposure Measurements to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields in Italy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13060549. [PMID: 27258295 PMCID: PMC4924006 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) exposure is still a topic of concern due to their possible impact on children's health. Although epidemiological studies claimed an evidence of a possible association between ELF-MF above 0.4 μT and childhood leukemia, biological mechanisms able to support a causal relationship between ELF-MF and this disease were not found yet. To provide further knowledge about children's ELF-MF exposure correlated to children's daily activities, a measurement study was conducted in Milan (Italy). Eighty-six children were recruited, 52 of whom were specifically chosen with respect to the distance to power lines and built-in transformers to oversample potentially highly exposed children. Personal and bedroom measurements were performed for each child in two different seasons. The major outcomes of this study are: (1) median values over 24-h personal and bedroom measurements were <3 μT established by the Italian law as the quality target; (2) geometric mean values over 24-h bedroom measurements were mostly <0.4 μT; (3) seasonal variations did not significantly influence personal and bedroom measurements; (4) the highest average MF levels were mostly found at home during the day and outdoors; (5) no significant differences were found in the median and geometric mean values between personal and bedroom measurements, but were found in the arithmetic mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Liorni
- CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Marta Parazzini
- CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Benjamin Struchen
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4002, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland.
| | - Serena Fiocchi
- CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Martin Röösli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel 4002, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland.
| | - Paolo Ravazzani
- CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, Milano 20133, Italy.
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116
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Crespi CM, Vergara XP, Hooper C, Oksuzyan S, Wu S, Cockburn M, Kheifets L. Childhood leukaemia and distance from power lines in California: a population-based case-control study. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:122-8. [PMID: 27219016 PMCID: PMC4931365 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies have reported an increased risk of childhood leukaemia associated with living near high-voltage electric power transmission lines that extend to distances at which magnetic fields from lines are negligible. We conducted a large records-based case-control study of childhood leukaemia risk in the population living near power lines in California. Methods: The study included 5788 childhood leukaemia and 3308 central nervous system (CNS) cancer cases (for comparison) born in and diagnosed in California (1986–2008), and matched to population-based controls by age and sex. We geocoded birth address and estimated the distance from residence to transmission lines using geographic information systems, aerial imagery, and, for some residences, site visits. Results: For leukaemia, there was a slight excess of cases within 50 m of a transmission line over 200 kV (odds ratio 1.4, 95% confidence interval 0.7–2.7). There was no evidence of increased risk for distances beyond 50 m, for lower-voltage lines, or for CNS cancers. Conclusions: Our findings did not clearly support an increased childhood leukaemia risk associated with close proximity (<50 m) to higher voltage lines, but could be consistent with a small increased risk. Reports of increased risk for distances beyond 50 m were not replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Crespi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
| | - Ximena P Vergara
- Environment Sector, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - Sona Oksuzyan
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
| | - Sheng Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Leeka Kheifets
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
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Schüz J, Dasenbrock C, Ravazzani P, Röösli M, Schär P, Bounds PL, Erdmann F, Borkhardt A, Cobaleda C, Fedrowitz M, Hamnerius Y, Sanchez-Garcia I, Seger R, Schmiegelow K, Ziegelberger G, Capstick M, Manser M, Müller M, Schmid CD, Schürmann D, Struchen B, Kuster N. Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia: A risk assessment by the ARIMMORA consortium. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 37:183-189. [PMID: 26991812 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) was evaluated in an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" in 2001, based on increased childhood leukemia risk observed in epidemiological studies. We conducted a hazard assessment using available scientific evidence published before March 2015, with inclusion of new research findings from the Advanced Research on Interaction Mechanisms of electroMagnetic exposures with Organisms for Risk Assessment (ARIMMORA) project. The IARC Monograph evaluation scheme was applied to hazard identification. In ARIMMORA for the first time, a transgenic mouse model was used to mimic the most common childhood leukemia: new pathogenic mechanisms were indicated, but more data are needed to draw definitive conclusions. Although experiments in different animal strains showed exposure-related decreases of CD8+ T-cells, a role in carcinogenesis must be further established. No direct damage of DNA by exposure was observed. Overall in the literature, there is limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals, with only weak supporting evidence from mechanistic studies. New exposure data from ARIMMORA confirmed that if the association is nevertheless causal, up to 2% of childhood leukemias in Europe, as previously estimated, may be attributable to ELF-MF. In summary, ARIMMORA concludes that the relationship between ELF-MF and childhood leukemia remains consistent with possible carcinogenicity in humans. While this scientific uncertainty is dissatisfactory for science and public health, new mechanistic insight from ARIMMORA experiments points to future research that could provide a step-change in future assessments. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:183-189, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schüz
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | | | - Paolo Ravazzani
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, Milan, Italy
| | - Martin Röösli
- University of Basel and Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Primo Schär
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patricia L Bounds
- IT'IS: Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Friederike Erdmann
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Haematology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - César Cobaleda
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Isidro Sanchez-Garcia
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rony Seger
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovat, Israel
| | | | | | - Myles Capstick
- IT'IS: Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Manser
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph D Schmid
- University of Basel and Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Schürmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Struchen
- University of Basel and Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Niels Kuster
- IT'IS: Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zürich, Switzerland
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Kuybulu AE, Öktem F, Çiriş İM, Sutcu R, Örmeci AR, Çömlekçi S, Uz E. Effects of long-term pre- and post-natal exposure to 2.45 GHz wireless devices on developing male rat kidney. Ren Fail 2016; 38:571-80. [PMID: 26905323 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2016.1148937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate oxidative stress and apoptosis in kidney tissues of male Wistar rats that pre- and postnatally exposed to wireless electromagnetic field (EMF) with an internet frequency of 2.45 GHz for a long time. METHODS The study was conducted in three groups of rats which were pre-natal, post-natal. and sham exposed groups. Oxidative stress markers and histological evaluation of kidney tissues were studied. RESULTS Renal tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant (TOS) levels of pre-natal group were high and total antioxidant (TAS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were low. Spot urine NAG/creatinine ratio was significantly higher in pre- and post-natal groups (p < 0.001). Tubular injury was detected in most of the specimens in post-natal groups. Immunohistochemical analysis showed low-intensity staining with Bax in cortex, high-intensity staining with Bcl-2 in cortical and medullar areas of pre-natal group (p values, 0.000, 0.002, 0.000, respectively) when compared with sham group. Bcl2/Bax staining intensity ratios of medullar and cortical area was higher in pre-natal group than sham group (p = 0.018, p = 0.011). CONCLUSION Based on this study, it is thought that chronic pre- and post-natal period exposure to wireless internet frequency of EMF may cause chronic kidney damages; staying away from EMF source in especially pregnancy and early childhood period may reduce negative effects of exposure on kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayça Esra Kuybulu
- a Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Faruk Öktem
- b Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , Bezmi Alem University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - İbrahim Metin Çiriş
- c Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Recep Sutcu
- d Department of Biochemistry , Katip Celebi Faculty of Medicine , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Rıfat Örmeci
- e Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Selçuk Çömlekçi
- f Department of Electronics and Communication, Faculty of Engineering , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Efkan Uz
- g Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Turkey
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119
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Soffritti M, Tibaldi E, Padovani M, Hoel DG, Giuliani L, Bua L, Lauriola M, Falcioni L, Manservigi M, Manservisi F, Panzacchi S, Belpoggi F. Life-span exposure to sinusoidal-50 Hz magnetic field and acute low-dose γ radiation induce carcinogenic effects in Sprague-Dawley rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:202-14. [PMID: 26894944 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1144942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background In 2002 the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELFMF) as a possible carcinogen on the basis of epidemiological evidence. Experimental bioassays on rats and mice performed up to now on ELFMF alone or in association with known carcinogens have failed to provide conclusive confirmation. Objectives To study the carcinogenic effects of combined exposure to sinusoidal-50 Hz (S-50 Hz) magnetic fields and acute γ radiation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods We studied groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to 20 or 1000 μT S-50 Hz MF and also to 0.1 Gy γ radiation delivered as a single acute exposure at 6 weeks of age. Results The results of the study showed significant carcinogenic effects for the mammary gland in males and females and a significant increased incidence of malignant schwannomas of the heart as well as increased incidence of lymphomas/leukemias in males. Conclusions These results call for a re-evaluation of the safety of non-ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morando Soffritti
- a Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio , Bentivoglio , Bologna , Italy
| | - Eva Tibaldi
- a Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio , Bentivoglio , Bologna , Italy
| | - Michela Padovani
- a Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio , Bentivoglio , Bologna , Italy
| | - David G Hoel
- b Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , SC , USA
| | - Livio Giuliani
- c National Institute for Insurance Against Injuries at Work (INAIL) , Firenze , Italy
| | - Luciano Bua
- a Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio , Bentivoglio , Bologna , Italy
| | - Michelina Lauriola
- a Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio , Bentivoglio , Bologna , Italy
| | - Laura Falcioni
- a Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio , Bentivoglio , Bologna , Italy
| | - Marco Manservigi
- a Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio , Bentivoglio , Bologna , Italy
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- a Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio , Bentivoglio , Bologna , Italy
| | - Simona Panzacchi
- a Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio , Bentivoglio , Bologna , Italy
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- a Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Castello di Bentivoglio , Bentivoglio , Bologna , Italy
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120
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Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Facilitate Vesicle Endocytosis by Increasing Presynaptic Calcium Channel Expression at a Central Synapse. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21774. [PMID: 26887777 PMCID: PMC4757866 DOI: 10.1038/srep21774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests significant biological effects caused by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF). Although exo-endocytosis plays crucial physical and biological roles in neuronal communication, studies on how ELF-EMF regulates this process are scarce. By directly measuring calcium currents and membrane capacitance at a large mammalian central nervous synapse, the calyx of Held, we report for the first time that ELF-EMF critically affects synaptic transmission and plasticity. Exposure to ELF-EMF for 8 to 10 days dramatically increases the calcium influx upon stimulation and facilitates all forms of vesicle endocytosis, including slow and rapid endocytosis, endocytosis overshoot and bulk endocytosis, but does not affect the RRP size and exocytosis. Exposure to ELF-EMF also potentiates PTP, a form of short-term plasticity, increasing its peak amplitude without impacting its time course. We further investigated the underlying mechanisms and found that calcium channel expression, including the P/Q, N, and R subtypes, at the presynaptic nerve terminal was enhanced, accounting for the increased calcium influx upon stimulation. Thus, we conclude that exposure to ELF-EMF facilitates vesicle endocytosis and synaptic plasticity in a calcium-dependent manner by increasing calcium channel expression at the nerve terminal.
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121
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Kunt H, Şentürk İ, Gönül Y, Korkmaz M, Ahsen A, Hazman Ö, Bal A, Genç A, Songur A. Effects of electromagnetic radiation exposure on bone mineral density, thyroid, and oxidative stress index in electrical workers. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:745-54. [PMID: 26929645 PMCID: PMC4758783 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s94374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the literature, some articles report that the incidence of numerous diseases increases among the individuals who live around high-voltage electric transmission lines (HVETL) or are exposed vocationally. However, it was not investigated whether HVETL affect bone metabolism, oxidative stress, and the prevalence of thyroid nodule. Methods Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) bone density measurements, serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), RANK, RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), phosphor, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels were analyzed to investigate this effect. Results Bone mineral density levels of L1–L4 vertebrae and femur were observed significantly lower in the electrical workers. ALP, phosphor, RANK, RANKL, TOS, OSI, and anteroposterior diameter of the left thyroid lobe levels were significantly higher, and OPG, TAS, and FT4 levels were detected significantly lower in the study group when compared with the control group. Conclusion Consequently, it was observed that the balance between construction and destruction in the bone metabolism of the electrical workers who were employed in HVETL replaced toward destruction and led to a decrease in OPG levels and an increase in RANK and RANKL levels. In line with the previous studies, long-term exposure to an electromagnetic field causes disorders in many organs and systems. Thus, it is considered that long-term exposure to an electromagnetic field affects bone and thyroid metabolism and also increases OSI by increasing the TOS and decreasing the antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Kunt
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - İhsan Şentürk
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Yücel Gönül
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Korkmaz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ahsen
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ömer Hazman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bal
- Department of General Surgery, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Genç
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Songur
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Reported associations between asthma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia: insights from a hybrid simulation study. Eur J Epidemiol 2016; 31:593-602. [PMID: 26861154 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-016-0126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported a protective association between asthma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), but the causal structure of this association remains unclear. We present a hybrid simulation to examine the compatibility of this association with uncontrolled confounding by infection or another unmeasured factor. We generated a synthetic cohort using inputs on the interrelations of asthma, ALL, infections, and other suggested risk factors from the literature and the Danish National Birth Cohort. We computed odds ratios (ORs) between asthma and ALL in the synthetic cohort with and without adjustment for infections and other (including unmeasured) confounders. Only if infection was an extremely strong risk factor for asthma (OR of 10) and an extremely strong protective factor against ALL (OR of 0.1) was the asthma-ALL association compatible with the literature (OR of 0.78). Similarly, strong uncontrolled confounding by an unmeasured factor could downwardly bias the asthma-ALL association, but not enough to replicate findings in the literature. This investigation illustrates that the reported protective association between asthma and ALL is unlikely to be entirely due to uncontrolled confounding by infections or an unmeasured confounder alone. Simulation can be used to advance our understanding of risk factors for rare outcomes as demonstrated by this study.
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Szasz O, Szigeti G, Szasz A. Connections between the Specific Absorption Rate and the Local Temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ojbiphy.2016.63007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pedersen C, Johansen C, Schüz J, Olsen JH, Raaschou-Nielsen O. Residential exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukaemia, CNS tumour and lymphoma in Denmark. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1370-4. [PMID: 26484412 PMCID: PMC4815792 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that children exposed to elevated extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) had a five to six times higher risk of leukaemia, central nervous system (CNS) tumour and malignant lymphoma. Here we extend the study from 1968 to 1986 through 2003. METHODS We included 3277 children with leukaemia, CNS tumour or malignant lymphoma during 1968-2003 recorded in the Danish Cancer Registry and 9129 controls randomly selected from the Danish childhood population. ELF-MF from 50 to 400 kV facilities were calculated at the residences. RESULTS For recently diagnosed cases (1987-2003), the relative risk (RR) was 0.88 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.32-2.42), while for the total period (1968-2003) it was 1.63 (95% CI: 0.77-3.46) for leukaemia, CNS tumour and malignant lymphoma combined for exposures ⩾0.4 μT compared with <0.1 μT. These results were based on five cases (recent period) and 11 cases (total period) in the highest exposure group. CONCLUSIONS We did not confirm the previous finding of a five- to six-fold higher risk for leukaemia, CNS tumour and malignant lymphoma when including data from the more recent time period. For the total time period, the results for childhood leukaemia were in line with large pooled analyses showing RRs between 1.5 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pedersen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Johansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Oncology Clinic, Finsen Centre, Rigshospitalet 5073, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Jørgen H Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Postbox 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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125
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Messiha HL, Wongnate T, Chaiyen P, Jones AR, Scrutton NS. Magnetic field effects as a result of the radical pair mechanism are unlikely in redox enzymes. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:rsif.2014.1155. [PMID: 25505136 PMCID: PMC4305418 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposure to electromagnetic fields is potentially carcinogenic. The radical pair mechanism is considered the most feasible mechanism of interaction between weak magnetic fields encountered in our environment and biochemical systems. Radicals are abundant in biology, both as free radicals and reaction intermediates in enzyme mechanisms. The catalytic cycles of some flavin-dependent enzymes are either known or potentially involve radical pairs. Here, we have investigated the magnetic field sensitivity of a number of flavoenzymes with important cellular roles. We also investigated the magnetic field sensitivity of a model system involving stepwise reduction of a flavin analogue by a nicotinamide analogue—a reaction known to proceed via a radical pair. Under the experimental conditions used, magnetic field sensitivity was not observed in the reaction kinetics from stopped-flow measurements in any of the systems studied. Although widely implicated in radical pair chemistry, we conclude that thermally driven, flavoenzyme-catalysed reactions are unlikely to be influenced by exposure to external magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan L Messiha
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Thanyaporn Wongnate
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Excellence in Protein Structure and Function, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Excellence in Protein Structure and Function, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alex R Jones
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Photon Science Institute and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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126
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Lee D, Lee J, Lee I. Cell phone-generated radio frequency electromagnetic field effects on the locomotor behaviors of the fishes Poecilia reticulata and Danio rerio. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:843-50. [PMID: 26073525 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1062575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The locomotor behavior of small fish was characterized under a cell phone-generated radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF EMF). MATERIALS AND METHODS The trajectory of movement of 10 pairs of guppy (Poecilia reticulate) and 15 pairs of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a fish tank was recorded and tracked under the presence of a cell phone-generated RF EMF. The measures were based on spatial and temporal distributions. A time-series trajectory was utilized to emphasize the dynamic nature of locomotor behavior. Fish movement was recorded in real-time. Their spatial, velocity, turning angle and sinuosity distribution were analyzed in terms of F(v,x), P[n(x,t)], P(v), F (θ) and F(s), respectively. In addition, potential temperature elevation caused by a cellular phone was also examined. RESULTS We demonstrated that a cellular phone-induced temperature elevation was not relevant, and that our measurements reflected RF EMF-induced effects on the locomotor behavior of Poecilia reticulata and Danio rerio. Fish locomotion was observed under normal conditions, in the visual presence of a cell phone, after feeding, and under starvation. Fish locomotor behavior was random both in normal conditions and in the presence of an off-signaled cell phone. However, there were significant changes in the locomotion of the fish after feeding under the RF EMF. CONCLUSIONS The locomotion of the fed fish was affected in terms of changes in population and velocity distributions under the presence of the RF EMF emitted by the cell phone. There was, however, no significant difference in angular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lee
- a Shenyang International School , Shenyang, Liaoning , China
| | - Joshua Lee
- a Shenyang International School , Shenyang, Liaoning , China
| | - Imshik Lee
- b Institute of Physics, Nankai University , Tianjin , China
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127
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Golbach LA, Philippi JG, Cuppen JJ, Savelkoul HF, Verburg-van Kemenade BL. Calcium signalling in human neutrophil cell lines is not affected by low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2015; 36:430-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lieke A. Golbach
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group; Wageningen University; The Netherlands
| | - John G.M. Philippi
- Lab of Biophysics and Wageningen NMR Centre; Wageningen University; The Netherlands
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128
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Qi G, Zuo X, Zhou L, Aoki E, Okamula A, Watanebe M, Wang H, Wu Q, Lu H, Tuncel H, Watanabe H, Zeng S, Shimamoto F. Effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) exposure on B6C3F1 mice. Environ Health Prev Med 2015; 20:287-93. [PMID: 25939981 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-015-0463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-term exposure study was conducted to investigate the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field on the tumor promotion process and fertility. METHODS Ten pregnant C57BL/6NCrj mice were exposed to 50 Hz field 500 mG for 1 week (12 h per day), and 24 male and 42 female B6C3F1mice born from them were further exposed up to 15.5 months. As a control group, 10 pregnant mice were bred without exposure, and 30 produced male and 32 female mice were observed without exposure for the same period. RESULTS Mean body weights of exposed groups of male and female mice were decreased significantly than those of the control groups. In exposed mice, there was no increased incidence of liver and lung tumor. In female mice, the incidence of chronic myeloid leukemia [3/42 (7%)] in the exposed group was significantly greater than in the control group. The size of seminiferous tubules in the EMF exposed groups were significantly less than the control group. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that long-term exposure of 50 Hz magnetic fields is a significant risk factor for neoplastic development and fertility in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Qi
- Department of Physiopathology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, Guangxi, China
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129
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Fiocchi S, Liorni I, Parazzini M, Ravazzani P. Assessment of foetal exposure to the homogeneous magnetic field harmonic spectrum generated by electricity transmission and distribution networks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:3667-90. [PMID: 25837346 PMCID: PMC4410209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120403667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades studies addressing the effects of exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF-EMF) have pointed out a possible link between those fields emitted by power lines and childhood leukaemia. They have also stressed the importance of also including in the assessment the contribution of frequency components, namely harmonics, other than the fundamental one. Based on the spectrum of supply voltage networks allowed by the European standard for electricity quality assessment, in this study the exposure of high-resolution three-dimensional models of foetuses to the whole harmonic content of a uniform magnetic field with a fundamental frequency of 50 Hz, was assessed. The results show that the main contribution in terms of induced electric fields to the foetal exposure is given by the fundamental frequency component. The harmonic components add some contributions to the overall level of electric fields, however, due to the extremely low permitted amplitude of the harmonic components with respect to the fundamental, their amplitudes are low. The level of the induced electric field is also much lower than the limits suggested by the guidelines for general public exposure, when the amplitude of the incident magnetic field is set at the maximum permitted level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fiocchi
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Liorni
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Marta Parazzini
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ravazzani
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni IEIIT, CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy.
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130
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Porsius JT, Claassen L, Smid T, Woudenberg F, Petrie KJ, Timmermans DRM. Symptom reporting after the introduction of a new high-voltage power line: a prospective field study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:112-117. [PMID: 25704831 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is public concern about the potential health effects of exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) of high-voltage power lines (HVPLs). Some residents living near HVPLs believe ELF-EMF might cause non-specific health complaints. OBJECTIVES The present study is the first to prospectively investigate whether self-reported health complaints and causal beliefs increase after the construction of a new power line. METHODS We used a quasi-experimental design with two pretests before and two posttests after a new HVPL was put into operation. Residents living near (0-300m, n=229; 300-500m, n=489) and farther away (500-2000m, n=536) participated in the study. Linear mixed models were fitted to test whether symptom reports and beliefs that power lines caused health complaints increased more in residents living close to the new line compared to residents living farther away. RESULTS A significantly (p<.05) larger increase from baseline in symptom reports and causal beliefs was found in residents living within 300m from the new power line when compared to residents living farther away. While symptom reports did not differ at baseline, the belief that a power line could cause these symptoms was at baseline already stronger for residents living close compared to residents living farther away. CONCLUSIONS We found a negative impact of a new HVPL on health perceptions of nearby residents, even before the line was put into operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarry T Porsius
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Claassen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tjabe Smid
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; KLM Health Services, Schiphol, The Netherlands
| | | | - Keith J Petrie
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Danielle R M Timmermans
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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131
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Redlarski G, Lewczuk B, Żak A, Koncicki A, Krawczuk M, Piechocki J, Jakubiuk K, Tojza P, Jaworski J, Ambroziak D, Skarbek Ł, Gradolewski D. The influence of electromagnetic pollution on living organisms: historical trends and forecasting changes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:234098. [PMID: 25811025 PMCID: PMC4355556 DOI: 10.1155/2015/234098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current technologies have become a source of omnipresent electromagnetic pollution from generated electromagnetic fields and resulting electromagnetic radiation. In many cases this pollution is much stronger than any natural sources of electromagnetic fields or radiation. The harm caused by this pollution is still open to question since there is no clear and definitive evidence of its negative influence on humans. This is despite the fact that extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields were classified as potentially carcinogenic. For these reasons, in recent decades a significant growth can be observed in scientific research in order to understand the influence of electromagnetic radiation on living organisms. However, for this type of research the appropriate selection of relevant model organisms is of great importance. It should be noted here that the great majority of scientific research papers published in this field concerned various tests performed on mammals, practically neglecting lower organisms. In that context the objective of this paper is to systematise our knowledge in this area, in which the influence of electromagnetic radiation on lower organisms was investigated, including bacteria, E. coli and B. subtilis, nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, land snail, Helix pomatia, common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and clawed frog, Xenopus laevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Redlarski
- Department of Mechatronics and High Voltage Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Własna Strzecha Street 18A, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Power Engineering, Electronics, and Control Engineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Street 11, 10-736 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Bogdan Lewczuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Street 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Żak
- Department of Mechatronics and High Voltage Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Własna Strzecha Street 18A, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Koncicki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Street 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marek Krawczuk
- Department of Mechatronics and High Voltage Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Własna Strzecha Street 18A, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Janusz Piechocki
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Power Engineering, Electronics, and Control Engineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Street 11, 10-736 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Jakubiuk
- Department of Mechatronics and High Voltage Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Własna Strzecha Street 18A, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Tojza
- Department of Mechatronics and High Voltage Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Własna Strzecha Street 18A, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- Department of Mechatronics and High Voltage Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Własna Strzecha Street 18A, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dominik Ambroziak
- Department of Mechatronics and High Voltage Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Własna Strzecha Street 18A, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Skarbek
- Department of Mechatronics and High Voltage Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Własna Strzecha Street 18A, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dawid Gradolewski
- Department of Mechatronics and High Voltage Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Własna Strzecha Street 18A, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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132
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Salvan A, Ranucci A, Lagorio S, Magnani C. Childhood leukemia and 50 Hz magnetic fields: findings from the Italian SETIL case-control study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:2184-204. [PMID: 25689995 PMCID: PMC4344719 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120202184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on an Italian case-control study on childhood leukemia and exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF). Eligible for inclusion were 745 leukemia cases, aged 0–10 years at diagnosis in 1998–2001, and 1475 sex- and age-matched population controls. Parents of 683 cases and 1044 controls (92% vs. 71%) were interviewed. ELF-MF measurements (24–48 h), in the child’s bedroom of the dwelling inhabited one year before diagnosis, were available for 412 cases and 587 controls included in the main conditional regression analyses. The magnetic field induction was 0.04 μT on average (geometric mean), with 0.6% of cases and 1.6% of controls exposed to >0.3 μT. The impact of changes in the statistical model, exposure metric, and data-set restriction criteria was explored via sensitivity analyses. No exposure-disease association was observed in analyses based on continuous exposure, while analyses based on categorical variables were characterized by incoherent exposure-outcome relationships. In conclusion, our results may be affected by several sources of bias and they are noninformative at exposure levels >0.3 μT. Nonetheless, the study may contribute to future meta- or pooled analyses. Furthermore, exposure levels among population controls are useful to estimate attributable risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Salvan
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", IASI-CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ranucci
- Medical Statistics & Cancer Epidemiology Unit-Department of Translational Medicine, CPO Piemonte and University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Susanna Lagorio
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion-National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Corrado Magnani
- Medical Statistics & Cancer Epidemiology Unit-Department of Translational Medicine, CPO Piemonte and University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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Belyaev I, Dean A, Eger H, Hubmann G, Jandrisovits R, Johansson O, Kern M, Kundi M, Lercher P, Mosgöller W, Moshammer H, Müller K, Oberfeld G, Ohnsorge P, Pelzmann P, Scheingraber C, Thill R. EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2015 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnesses. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2015; 30:337-371. [PMID: 26613329 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2015-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diseases and illnesses associated with unspecific symptoms are on the rise. In addition to chronic stress in social and work environments, physical and chemical exposures at home, at work, and during leisure activities are causal or contributing environmental stressors that deserve attention by the general practitioner as well as by all other members of the health care community. It seems certainly necessary now to take "new exposures" like electromagnetic field (EMF) into account. Physicians are increasingly confronted with health problems from unidentified causes. Studies, empirical observations, and patient reports clearly indicate interactions between EMF exposure and health problems. Individual susceptibility and environmental factors are frequently neglected. New wireless technologies and applications have been introduced without any certainty about their health effects, raising new challenges for medicine and society. For instance, the issue of so-called non-thermal effects and potential long-term effects of low-dose exposure were scarcely investigated prior to the introduction of these technologies. Common EMF sources include Wi-Fi access points, routers and clients, cordless and mobile phones including their base stations, Bluetooth devices, ELF magnetic fields from net currents, ELF electric fields from electric lamps and wiring close to the bed and office desk. On the one hand, there is strong evidence that long-term-exposure to certain EMF exposures is a risk factor for diseases such as certain cancers, Alzheimer's disease and male infertility. On the other hand, the emerging electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is more and more recognized by health authorities, disability administrators and case workers, politicians, as well as courts of law. We recommend treating EHS clinically as part of the group of chronic multisystem illnesses (CMI) leading to a functional impairment (EHS), but still recognizing that the underlying cause remains the environment. In the beginning, EHS symptoms often occur only occasionally, but over time they may increase in frequency and severity. Common EHS symptoms include headaches, concentration difficulties, sleeping problems, depression, lack of energy, fatigue and flu-like symptoms. A comprehensive medical history, which should include all symptoms and their occurrences in spatial and temporal terms and in the context of EMF exposures, is the key to the diagnosis. The EMF exposure can be assessed by asking for typical sources like Wi-Fi access points, routers and clients, cordless and mobile phones and measurements at home and at work. It is very important to take the individual susceptibility into account. The primary method of treatment should mainly focus on the prevention or reduction of EMF exposure, that is, reducing or eliminating all sources of EMF at home and in the workplace. The reduction of EMF exposure should also be extended to public spaces such as schools, hospitals, public transport, and libraries to enable persons with EHS an unhindered use (accessibility measure). If a detrimental EMF exposure is reduced sufficiently, the body has a chance to recover and EHS symptoms will be reduced or even disappear. Many examples have shown that such measures can prove effective. Also the survival rate of children with leukemia depends on ELF magnetic field exposure at home. To increase the effectiveness of the treatment, the broad range of other environmental factors that contribute to the total body burden should also be addressed. Anything that supports a balanced homeostasis will increase a person's resilience against disease and thus against the adverse effects of EMF exposure. There is increasing evidence that EMF exposure has a major impact on the oxidative and nitrosative regulation capacity in affected individuals. This concept also may explain why the level of susceptibility to EMF can change and why the number of symptoms reported in the context of EMF exposures is so large. Based on our current understanding, a treatment approach that minimizes the adverse effects of peroxynitrite - as has been increasingly used in the treatment of multisystem disorders - works best. This EMF Guideline gives an overview of the current knowledge regarding EMF-related health risks and provides concepts for the diagnosis and treatment and accessibility measures of EHS to improve and restore individual health outcomes as well as for the development of strategies for prevention.
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134
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Karipidis KK. Survey of residential power-frequency magnetic fields in Melbourne, Australia. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2015; 163:81-91. [PMID: 24789915 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pooled analyses of epidemiological studies have reported an association between prolonged residential exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields of >0.4 μT and an increased risk in childhood leukaemia. In order to compare residential magnetic fields in Australia with those in other countries, a survey was conducted in 296 randomly selected homes in Melbourne. Magnetic fields were assessed by performing spot measurements throughout the house and 24-h measurements in rooms where children spend large amounts of time. Children's exposure in Australia was generally comparable with that in other countries with average fields of 0.05-0.06 μT (95 % CI 0.05-0.06 μT). Prolonged exposure of >0.4 μT was shown in ∼2 % of the homes (95 % CI 0.2-3.6 %) mainly being due to close proximity of the house to transmission lines. Based on the results of this survey, the public health impact of a causal association between residential magnetic fields and childhood leukaemia is expected to be small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken K Karipidis
- Radiation Health Services Branch, Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, 619 Lower Plenty Road, Yallambie VIC 3085, Australia
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135
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Kheifets L, Crespi CM, Hooper C, Oksuzyan S, Cockburn M, Ly T, Mezei G. Epidemiologic study of residential proximity to transmission lines and childhood cancer in California: description of design, epidemiologic methods and study population. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:45-52. [PMID: 24045429 PMCID: PMC4617228 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a large epidemiologic case-control study in California to examine the association between childhood cancer risk and distance from the home address at birth to the nearest high-voltage overhead transmission line as a replication of the study of Draper et al. in the United Kingdom. We present a detailed description of the study design, methods of case ascertainment, control selection, exposure assessment and data analysis plan. A total of 5788 childhood leukemia cases and 3308 childhood central nervous system cancer cases (included for comparison) and matched controls were available for analysis. Birth and diagnosis addresses of cases and birth addresses of controls were geocoded. Distance from the home to nearby overhead transmission lines was ascertained on the basis of the electric power companies' geographic information system (GIS) databases, additional Google Earth aerial evaluation and site visits to selected residences. We evaluated distances to power lines up to 2000 m and included consideration of lower voltages (60-69 kV). Distance measures based on GIS and Google Earth evaluation showed close agreement (Pearson correlation >0.99). Our three-tiered approach to exposure assessment allowed us to achieve high specificity, which is crucial for studies of rare diseases with low exposure prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeka Kheifets
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Catherine M Crespi
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Sona Oksuzyan
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas Ly
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gabor Mezei
- Environment Department, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, USA
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136
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Karipidis KK. Assessment of bias in a survey of residential magnetic fields in Melbourne, Australia. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2015; 163:92-101. [PMID: 24789916 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An important consideration in surveys of residential magnetic fields is whether the sample of homes measured is representative of the population. This study assessed the potential bias in a survey of magnetic fields conducted in 296 homes randomly selected from the telephone directory in Melbourne. The choice of the telephone directory as the sampling frame introduced some bias when compared with census information. There was also evident self-selection bias with residents twice as likely to participate if they lived in the vicinity of visible electrical infrastructure such as transmission lines. However, when corrected for bias the corrected magnetic fields were only slightly lower than the measurements with a percentage difference in the range of 2.8-6.0 %. These results provide confidence that the measurements in the survey were good estimates of the distribution of residential magnetic fields in Melbourne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken K Karipidis
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, 619 Lower Plenty Road, Yallambie, 3085 VIC, Australia
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137
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Valič B, Kos B, Gajšek P. Typical exposure of children to EMF: exposimetry and dosimetry. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2015; 163:70-80. [PMID: 24723195 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A survey study with portable exposimeters, worn by 21 children under the age of 17, and detailed measurements in an apartment above a transformer substation were carried out to determine the typical individual exposure of children to extremely low- and radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic field. In total, portable exposimeters were worn for >2400 h. Based on the typical individual exposure the in situ electric field and specific absorption rate (SAR) values were calculated for an 11-y-old female human model. The average exposure was determined to be low compared with ICNIRP reference levels: 0.29 μT for an extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic field and 0.09 V m(-1) for GSM base stations, 0.11 V m(-1) for DECT and 0.10 V m(-1) for WiFi; other contributions could be neglected. However, some of the volunteers were more exposed: the highest realistic exposure, to which children could be exposed for a prolonged period of time, was 1.35 μT for ELF magnetic field and 0.38 V m(-1) for DECT, 0.13 V m(-1) for WiFi and 0.26 V m(-1) for GSM base stations. Numerical calculations of the in situ electric field and SAR values for the typical and the worst-case situation show that, compared with ICNIRP basic restrictions, the average exposure is low. In the typical exposure scenario, the extremely low frequency exposure is <0.03 % and the RF exposure <0.001 % of the corresponding basic restriction. In the worst-case situation, the extremely low frequency exposure is <0.11 % and the RF exposure <0.007 % of the corresponding basic restrictions. Analysis of the exposures and the individual's perception of being exposed/unexposed to an ELF magnetic field showed that it is impossible to estimate the individual exposure to an ELF magnetic field based only on the information provided by the individuals, as they do not have enough knowledge and information to properly identify the sources in their vicinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Valič
- INIS - Institute of Non-ionizing Radiation, Pohorskega bataljona 215, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bor Kos
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Gajšek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Magnani C, Mattioli S, Miligi L, Ranucci A, Rondelli R, Salvan A, Bisanti L, Masera G, Rizzari C, Zambon P, Cannizzaro S, Gafà L, Luzzatto LL, Benvenuti A, Michelozzi P, Kirchmayer U, Cocco P, Biddau P, Galassi C, Celentano E, Guarino E, Assennato G, de Nichilo G, Merlo DF, Bocchini V, Pannelli F, Mosciatti P, Minelli L, Chiavarini M, Cuttini M, Casotto V, Torregrossa MV, Valenti RM, Forastiere F, Haupt R, Lagorio S, Risica S, Polichetti A. SETIL: Italian multicentric epidemiological case-control study on risk factors for childhood leukaemia, non hodgkin lymphoma and neuroblastoma: study population and prevalence of risk factors in Italy. Ital J Pediatr 2014; 40:103. [PMID: 25539823 PMCID: PMC4310183 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-014-0103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aetiology of childhood leukaemia and childhood neoplasm is poorly understood. Information on the prevalence of risk factors in the childhood population is limited. SETIL is a population based case-control study on childhood leukaemia, conducted with two companion studies on non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) and neuroblastoma. The study relies on questionnaire interviews and 50 Hz magnetic field (ELF-MF) indoor measurements. This paper discusses the SETIL study design and includes descriptive information. METHODS The study was carried out in 14 Italian regions (78.3% of Italian population aged 0-10). It included leukaemia, NHL and neuroblastoma cases incident in 0-10 year olds in 1998-2001, registered by the Italian Association of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (AIEOP) (accrual over 95% of estimated incidence). Two controls for each leukaemia case were randomly sampled from the Local Health Authorities rolls, matched by gender, birthdate and residence. The same controls were used in NHL and neuroblastoma studies. Parents were interviewed at home on: physical agents (ELF-MF and ionizing radiation), chemicals (smoking, solvents, traffic, insecticides), occupation, medical and personal history of children and parents, infectious diseases, immunizations and associated factors. Occupational exposure was collected using job specific modules. ELF-MF was measured in the main rooms (spot measurement) and close to child's bed (48 hours measurement). RESULTS The study included: 683 leukaemia cases (87% ALL, 13% AnLL), 97 NHL, 155 neuroblastomas, and 1044 controls. CONCLUSIONS SETIL represents a data source on exposure of Italian children to a broad array of potential carcinogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Magnani
- />Medical Statistics & Cancer Epidemiology Unit - Department of Translational Medicine, CPO Piemonte and University of Eastern Piedmont, V. Solaroli 17, Novara, 28100 Italy
| | - Stefano Mattioli
- />Section of Occupational Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics and Nephrology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Miligi
- />Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, ISPO Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Rondelli
- />Paediatric Oncology-Haematology “Lalla Seràgnoli”, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Masera
- />Clinica Pediatrica, Università Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Paola Zambon
- />Registro Tumori del Veneto, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Santina Cannizzaro
- />Lega Italiana per la Lotta contro i Tumori Onlus Sez, Provinciale di Ragusa, Ragusa Ibla, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gafà
- />Lega Italiana per la Lotta contro i Tumori Onlus Sez, Provinciale di Ragusa, Ragusa Ibla, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Benvenuti
- />Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, ISPO Cancer Prevention and Research Institute Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paola Michelozzi
- />UOC Epidemiologia Ambientale, Dipartimento Epidemiologia Regione Lazio, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Pierluigi Cocco
- />Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina del Lavoro, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierfranco Biddau
- />Servizio di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Ospedale Microcitemico Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Egidio Celentano
- />S. O. Analisi e Monitoraggio, ARSAN - Agenzia Regionale Sanitaria della Campania, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Domenico Franco Merlo
- />Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino- IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - Vittorio Bocchini
- />Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Trials, IRCCS AOU San Martino- IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Pannelli
- />Registro Tumori di Macerata e Università di Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Paola Mosciatti
- />Università di Camerino, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e di Sanità Pubblica, Camerino, Italy
| | - Liliana Minelli
- />Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale - Sezione di Sanità Pubblica Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Manuela Chiavarini
- />Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale - Sezione di Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marina Cuttini
- />Unità di Unità di Ricerca di Epidemiologia Perinatale, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Maria Valeria Torregrossa
- />Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute Sez.Igiene, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Maria Valenti
- />Dipartimento di Scienze per la Promozione della Salute Sez.Igiene, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- />UOC Epidemiologia Ambientale, Dipartimento Epidemiologia Regione Lazio, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Lagorio
- />National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Risica
- />Retired, formerly: Department of Technology and Health, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Polichetti
- />Retired, formerly: Department of Technology and Health, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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139
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Chang ET, Adami HO, Bailey WH, Boffetta P, Krieger RI, Moolgavkar SH, Mandel JS. Validity of geographically modeled environmental exposure estimates. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:450-66. [PMID: 24766059 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.902029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Geographic modeling is increasingly being used to estimate long-term environmental exposures in epidemiologic studies of chronic disease outcomes. However, without validation against measured environmental concentrations, personal exposure levels, or biologic doses, these models cannot be assumed a priori to be accurate. This article discusses three examples of epidemiologic associations involving exposures estimated using geographic modeling, and identifies important issues that affect geographically modeled exposure assessment in these areas. In air pollution epidemiology, geographic models of fine particulate matter levels have frequently been validated against measured environmental levels, but comparisons between ambient and personal exposure levels have shown only moderate correlations. Estimating exposure to magnetic fields by using geographically modeled distances is problematic because the error is larger at short distances, where field levels can vary substantially. Geographic models of environmental exposure to pesticides, including paraquat, have seldom been validated against environmental or personal levels, and validation studies have yielded inconsistent and typically modest results. In general, the exposure misclassification resulting from geographic models of environmental exposures can be differential and can result in bias away from the null even if non-differential. Therefore, geographic exposure models must be rigorously constructed and validated if they are to be relied upon to produce credible scientific results to inform epidemiologic research. To our knowledge, such models have not yet successfully predicted an association between an environmental exposure and a chronic disease outcome that has eventually been established as causal, and may not be capable of doing so in the absence of thorough validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Chang
- Health Sciences Practice, Exponent, Inc. , Menlo Park, CA, Bowie, MD, and Bellevue, WA , USA
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140
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Parodi S, Merlo DF, Ranucci A, Miligi L, Benvenuti A, Rondelli R, Magnani C, Haupt R. Risk of neuroblastoma, maternal characteristics and perinatal exposures: The SETIL study. Cancer Epidemiol 2014; 38:686-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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141
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Teşneli NB, Teşneli AY. Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields of uninterruptible power supply industry workers. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2014; 162:289-298. [PMID: 24366245 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing concern that exposure to extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) may cause or contribute to adverse health effects. To assess exposure to ELF EMFs, electric and magnetic field spot measurements were performed extensively at the workplace of a worldwide uninterruptible power supply (UPS) factory. The measurements were carried out in order to get the electric and magnetic field exposure results in real working situations in test areas, production lines and power substations. The electric and magnetic fields reached up to 992.0 V m(-1) and 215.6 μT in the test areas, respectively. The fields existed up to 26.7 V m(-1) and 7.6 μT in the production lines. The field levels in the vicinity of the power substations did not exceed 165.5 V m(-1) and 65 μT. The data presented are useful in determining the occupational exposure levels of UPS industry workers. The measurements are below the reference levels recommended by the guideline published in 2010 by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and action levels of the directive adopted in 2013 by European Parliament and Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Berna Teşneli
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sakarya University, Serdivan, Sakarya 54055, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Y Teşneli
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sakarya University, Serdivan, Sakarya 54055, Turkey
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142
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Swanson J, Bunch KJ, Vincent TJ, Murphy MFG. Childhood cancer and exposure to corona ions from power lines: an epidemiological test. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2014; 34:873-889. [PMID: 25356811 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/34/4/873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported an association between childhood leukaemia in Britain and proximity of the child's address at birth to high-voltage power lines that declines from the 1960s to the 2000s. We test here whether a 'corona-ion hypothesis' could explain these results. This hypothesis proposes that corona ions, atmospheric ions produced by power lines and blown away from them by the wind, increase the retention of airborne pollutants in the airways when breathed in and hence cause disease. We develop an improved model for calculating exposure to corona ions, using data on winds from meteorological stations and considering the whole length of power line within 600 m of each subject's address. Corona-ion exposure is highly correlated with proximity to power lines, and hence the results parallel the elevations in leukaemia risk seen with distance analyses. But our model explains the observed pattern of leukaemia rates around power lines less well than straightforward distance measurements, and ecological considerations also argue against the hypothesis. This does not disprove the corona-ion hypothesis as the explanation for our previous results, but nor does it provide support for it, or, by extension, any other hypothesis dependent on wind direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Swanson
- National Grid, 1-3 Strand, London WC2N 5EH, UK
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143
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhang J, Li N. Short-term effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields exposure on Alzheimer's disease in rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 91:28-34. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.954058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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144
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Mezei G, Sudan M, Izraeli S, Kheifets L. Epidemiology of childhood leukemia in the presence and absence of Down syndrome. Cancer Epidemiol 2014; 38:479-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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145
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Dosimetric study of fetal exposure to uniform magnetic fields at 50 Hz. Bioelectromagnetics 2014; 35:580-97. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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146
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Pedersen C, Bräuner EV, Rod NH, Albieri V, Andersen CE, Ulbak K, Hertel O, Johansen C, Schüz J, Raaschou-Nielsen O. Distance to high-voltage power lines and risk of childhood leukemia--an analysis of confounding by and interaction with other potential risk factors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107096. [PMID: 25259740 PMCID: PMC4178021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether there is an interaction between distance from residence at birth to nearest power line and domestic radon and traffic-related air pollution, respectively, in relation to childhood leukemia risk. Further, we investigated whether adjusting for potential confounders alters the association between distance to nearest power line and childhood leukemia. We included 1024 cases aged <15, diagnosed with leukemia during 1968-1991, from the Danish Cancer Registry and 2048 controls randomly selected from the Danish childhood population and individually matched by gender and year of birth. We used geographical information systems to determine the distance between residence at birth and the nearest 132-400 kV overhead power line. Concentrations of domestic radon and traffic-related air pollution (NOx at the front door) were estimated using validated models. We found a statistically significant interaction between distance to nearest power line and domestic radon regarding risk of childhood leukemia (p = 0.01) when using the median radon level as cut-off point but not when using the 75th percentile (p = 0.90). We found no evidence of an interaction between distance to nearest power line and traffic-related air pollution (p = 0.73). We found almost no change in the estimated association between distance to power line and risk of childhood leukemia when adjusting for socioeconomic status of the municipality, urbanization, maternal age, birth order, domestic radon and traffic-related air pollution. The statistically significant interaction between distance to nearest power line and domestic radon was based on few exposed cases and controls and sensitive to the choice of exposure categorization and might, therefore, be due to chance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elvira V. Bräuner
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, Construction and Health, Copenhagen SV, Denmark
| | - Naja H. Rod
- Social Medicine Section, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Vanna Albieri
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Claus E. Andersen
- Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Radiation Research Division, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kaare Ulbak
- National Institute of Radiation Protection, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ole Hertel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department for Environmental, Social and Spatial Change (ENSPAC), Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Johansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Oncology Clinic, Finsen Centre, Rigshospitalet 5073, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France
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147
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Calvente I, Dávila-Arias C, Ocón-Hernández O, Pérez-Lobato R, Ramos R, Artacho-Cordón F, Olea N, Núñez MI, Fernández MF. Characterization of indoor extremely low frequency and low frequency electromagnetic fields in the INMA-Granada cohort. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106666. [PMID: 25192253 PMCID: PMC4156360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the exposure to electric fields and magnetic fields of non-ionizing radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum (15 Hz to 100 kHz) in the dwellings of children from the Spanish Environment and Childhood-"INMA" population-based birth cohort. METHODOLOGY The study sample was drawn from the INMA-Granada cohort. Out of 300 boys participating in the 9-10 year follow-up, 123 families agreed to the exposure assessment at home and completed a specific ad hoc questionnaire gathering information on sources of non-ionizing radiation electric and magnetic fields inside the homes and on patterns of use. Long-term indoor measurements were carried out in the living room and bedroom. RESULTS Survey data showed a low exposure in the children's homes according to reference levels of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection but with large differences among homes in mean and maximum values. Daytime electrostatic and magnetic fields were below the quantification limit in 78.6% (92 dwellings) and 92.3% (108 dwellings) of houses, with an arithmetic mean value (± standard deviation) of 7.31±9.32 V/m and 162.30±91.16 nT, respectively. Mean magnetic field values were 1.6 lower during the night than the day. Nocturnal electrostatic values were not measured. Exposure levels were influenced by the area of residence (higher values in urban/semi-urban versus rural areas), type of dwelling, age of dwelling, floor of the dwelling, and season. CONCLUSION Given the greater sensitivity to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields of children and following the precautionary principle, preventive measures are warranted to reduce their exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Calvente
- University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Unit Research Support of the San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Dávila-Arias
- Unit Research Support of the San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Olga Ocón-Hernández
- Unit Research Support of the San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rocío Pérez-Lobato
- University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Unit Research Support of the San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa Ramos
- Unit Research Support of the San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Artacho-Cordón
- University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Radiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Nicolás Olea
- University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Radiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Núñez
- University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Radiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mariana F. Fernández
- University of Granada, San Cecilio University Hospital, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Radiology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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148
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Mattsson MO, Simkó M. Grouping of Experimental Conditions as an Approach to Evaluate Effects of Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields on Oxidative Response in in vitro Studies. Front Public Health 2014; 2:132. [PMID: 25229055 PMCID: PMC4151017 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of literature deals with biological effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF MFs) studied in vitro. Despite the multitude of studies, no coherent picture has evolved regarding the plausibility of effects at low-flux densities or regarding the interaction mechanisms. Here, we propose that ELF MF exposure in vitro causes changes in oxidative status as an early response. We tested this hypothesis by scrutinizing the literature and applying a grouping approach for analyzing relevant biological properties and exposure conditions. A total of 41 scientific original publications were analyzed for this purpose. The conclusion from the work is that ELF MF (modulated or unmodulated) consistently can influence the oxidative status, at or above 1 mT, in a broad range of cell types and independent of exposure duration. A response at lower flux densities is seen in certain studies, although not consistently. Further studies with stringent protocols for sham exposure, blinding, and statistical analysis as well as appropriate positive controls are needed to establish if true dose-relationships for effects on oxidative status exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats-Olof Mattsson
- Environmental Resources and Technologies, Department Health and Environment, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln, Austria
| | - Myrtill Simkó
- Environmental Resources and Technologies, Department Health and Environment, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Tulln, Austria
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149
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Role of different aberrant cell signalling pathways prevalent in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Biologia (Bratisl) 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-014-0428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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150
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de Groot MWGDM, Kock MDM, Westerink RHS. Assessment of the neurotoxic potential of exposure to 50Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) in naïve and chemically stressed PC12 cells. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:358-64. [PMID: 25111744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF), generated by power lines and electric appliances, raises concern about potential adverse health effects of ELF-EMF. The central nervous system is expected to be particularly vulnerable to ELF-EMF as its function strongly depends on electrical excitability. We therefore investigated effects of acute (30min) and sub-chronic (48h) exposure to 50Hz ELF-EMF on naïve and chemically stressed pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The latter have higher levels of iron and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) and display increased vulnerability to environmental insults. Effects of ELF-EMF on Ca(2+)-homeostasis, ROS production and membrane integrity were assessed using Fura-2 single cell fluorescence microscopy, H2-DCFDA and CFDA assays, respectively. Our data demonstrate that acute exposure of naïve PC12 cells to 50Hz ELF-EMF up to 1000μT fails to affect basal or depolarization-evoked [Ca(2+)]i. Moreover, sub-chronic ELF-EMF exposure up to 1000μT has no consistent effects on Ca(2+)-homeostasis in naïve PC12 cells and does not affect ROS production and membrane integrity. Notably, in chemically stressed PC12 cells both acute and sub-chronic ELF-EMF exposure also failed to exert consistent effects on Ca(2+)-homeostasis, ROS production and membrane integrity. Our combined findings thus indicate that exposure to 50Hz ELF-EMF up to 1000μT, i.e. 10,000 times above background exposure, does not induce neurotoxic effects in vitro, neither in naïve nor in chemically stressed PC12 cells. Though our data require confirmation, e.g. in developing neuronal cells in vitro or (developing) animals, it appears that the neurotoxic risk of ELF-EMF exposure is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martje W G D M de Groot
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolijn D M Kock
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Neurotoxicology Research Group, Toxicology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.177, NL 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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