101
|
Mullane K, Williams M. Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutics - 2: Beyond amyloid - Re-defining AD and its causality to discover effective therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:376-401. [PMID: 30273552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Compounds targeted for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have consistently failed in clinical trials despite evidence for target engagement and pharmacodynamic activity. This questions the relevance of compounds acting at current AD drug targets - the majority of which reflect the seminal amyloid and, to a far lesser extent, tau hypotheses - and limitations in understanding AD causality as distinct from general dementia. The preeminence of amyloid and tau led to many alternative approaches to AD therapeutics being ignored or underfunded to the extent that their causal versus contributory role in AD remains unknown. These include: neuronal network dysfunction; cerebrovascular disease; chronic, local or systemic inflammation involving the innate immune system; infectious agents including herpes virus and prion proteins; neurotoxic protein accumulation associated with sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm and glymphatic/meningeal lymphatic system and blood-brain-barrier dysfunction; metabolic related diseases including diabetes, obesity hypertension and hypocholesterolemia; mitochondrial dysfunction and environmental factors. As AD has become increasingly recognized as a multifactorial syndrome, a single treatment paradigm is unlikely to work in all patients. However, the biomarkers required to diagnose patients and parse them into mechanism/disease-based sub-groups remain rudimentary and unvalidated as do non-amyloid, non-tau translational animal models. The social and economic impact of AD is also discussed in the context of new FDA regulatory draft guidance and a proposed biomarker-based Framework (re)-defining AD and its stages as part of the larger landscape of treating dementia via the 2013 G8 initiative to identify a disease-modifying therapy for dementia/AD by 2025.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mullane
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Blood-derived plasminogen drives brain inflammation and plaque deposition in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9687-E9696. [PMID: 30254165 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811172115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the most predominant features of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain are deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and inflammation. The mechanism behind these pathologies remains unknown, but there is evidence to suggest that inflammation may predate the deposition of Aβ. Furthermore, immune activation is increasingly being recognized as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of the disease, and disorders involving systemic inflammation, such as infection, aging, obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and depression are risk factors for the development of AD. Plasminogen (PLG) is primarily a blood protein synthesized in the liver, which when cleaved into its active form, plasmin (PL), plays roles in fibrinolysis, wound healing, cell signaling, and inflammatory regulation. Here we show that PL in the blood is a regulator of brain inflammatory action and AD pathology. Depletion of PLG in the plasma of an AD mouse model through antisense oligonucleotide technology dramatically improved AD pathology and decreased glial cell activation in the brain, whereas an increase in PL activity through α-2-antiplasmin (A2AP) antisense oligonucleotide treatment exacerbated the brain's immune response and plaque deposition. These studies suggest a crucial role for peripheral PL in mediating neuroimmune cell activation and AD progression and could provide a link to systemic inflammatory risk factors that are known to be associated with AD development.
Collapse
|
103
|
Time course of focused ultrasound effects on β-amyloid plaque pathology in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14061. [PMID: 30232364 PMCID: PMC6145880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that temporarily increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier using focused ultrasound can reduce β-amyloid plaque load and improve cognitive function in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease. However, the underlying mechanism and duration for which the effects of one treatment persists for are unknown. Here, we used in vivo two-photon fluorescence microscopy to track changes in β-amyloid plaque sizes in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease after one focused ultrasound treatment. We found that one treatment reduced plaques to 62 ± 16% (p ≤ 0.001) of their original volume two days post-sonication; this decrease in size persisted for two weeks. We then sought to evaluate the effectiveness of biweekly focused ultrasound treatments using magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound treatments. Three to five biweekly treatments resulted in a 27 ± 7% (p ≤ 0.01) decrease in plaque number and 40 ± 10% (p ≤ 0.01) decrease in plaque surface area compared to untreated littermates. This study demonstrates that one focused ultrasound treatment reduces the size of existing β-amyloid plaques for two weeks, and that repeated biweekly focused ultrasound treatments is an effective method of reducing β-amyloid pathology in moderate-to-late stages of Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
|
104
|
Kolinko Y, Kralickova M, Tonar Z. The impact of pericytes on the brain and approaches for their morphological analysis. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 91:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
105
|
Clark VD, Layson A, Charkviani M, Muradashvili N, Lominadze D. Hyperfibrinogenemia-mediated astrocyte activation. Brain Res 2018; 1699:158-165. [PMID: 30153459 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen (Fg)-containing plaques are associated with memory loss during various inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. However, mechanisms of its action in neurovascular unit are not clear. As Fg is a high molecular weight blood protein and cannot translocate far from the vessel after extravasation, we hypothesized that it may interact with astrocytes first causing their activation. Cultured mouse cortical astrocytes were treated with Fg in the presence or absence of function-blocking anti-mouse intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) antibody, or with medium alone (control). Expressions of ICAM-1 and tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) as markers of astrocyte activation, and phosphorylation of TrkB (pTrkB) were assessed. Fg dose-dependently increased activation of astrocytes defined by their shape change, retraction of processes, and enhanced expressions of ICAM-1 and TrkB, and increased pTrkB. Blocking of ICAM-1 function ameliorated these Fg effects. Data suggest that Fg interacts with astrocytes causing overexpression of ICAM-1 and TrkB, and TrkB phosphorylation, and thus, astrocyte activation. Since TrkB is known to be involved in neurodegeneration, interaction of Fg with astrocytes and the resultant activation of TrkB can be a possible mechanism involved in memory reduction, which were observed in previous studies and were associated with formation of complexes of Fg deposited in extravascular space with proteins such as Amyloid beta or prion, the proteins involved in development of dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent D Clark
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ailey Layson
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Mariam Charkviani
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Nino Muradashvili
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Basic Medicine, Caucasus International University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - David Lominadze
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Kentucky Spinal Cord Research Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Wang F, Huang L, Tang H, Li X, Zhu X, Wang X. Significance of glomerular fibrinogen deposition in children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Ital J Pediatr 2018; 44:97. [PMID: 30115075 PMCID: PMC6097424 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-018-0538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) is the most common pediatric secondary glomerular disease. This study aimed to investigate the significance of glomerular fibrinogen (Fib) deposition in children with HSPN. METHODS Eighty-two patients with HSPN were enrolled retrospectively at the Children's Hospital of Soochow University from January 2015 to March 2017. Patients were divided into groups according to the presence or absence and intensity of glomerular Fib deposits, and clinical and pathological features were compared among the groups. RESULTS Glomerular Fib deposition was observed in 64 children (78.05%), including 1 Fib± case (1.22%), 23 Fib+ cases (28.05%), 37 Fib++ cases (45.12%), and 3 Fib+++ cases (3.66%). Significantly different levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), D-dimer (DD), proportions of CD19 + CD23+ cells and urine microalbumin:creatinine ratios (UMA/Cr) were noted among the different Fib deposition groups (no, mild and severe). Pairwise comparison in multiple groups revealed significantly increased hs-CRP, proportion of CD19 + CD23+ cells and UMA/Cr in the severe deposition group compared with the mild and no deposition groups, and remarkably increased DD levels were noted in the severe and mild deposition groups compared with the no deposition group. The degree of glomerular Fib deposition was positively correlated with the degree of glomerular IgA deposition, and the incidence of glomerular IgG deposition in the severe deposition group was increased compared with the no deposition group. CONCLUSION HSPN children with glomerular Fib deposition, especially those with severe Fib deposition, exhibit more severely disordered immunologic function, inflammatory reactions and hypercoagulability; glomerular damage in these patients may also be more severe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taixing Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Taixing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lusheng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taixing Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Taixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hangyun Tang
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaozhong Li
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xueming Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingdong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Raz L, Bhaskar K, Weaver J, Marini S, Zhang Q, Thompson JF, Espinoza C, Iqbal S, Maphis NM, Weston L, Sillerud LO, Caprihan A, Pesko JC, Erhardt EB, Rosenberg GA. Hypoxia promotes tau hyperphosphorylation with associated neuropathology in vascular dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 126:124-136. [PMID: 30010004 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension-induced microvascular brain injury is a major vascular contributor to cognitive impairment and dementia. We hypothesized that chronic hypoxia promotes the hyperphosphorylation of tau and cell death in an accelerated spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rat model of vascular cognitive impairment. METHODS Hypertensive male rats (n = 13) were fed a high salt, low protein Japanese permissive diet and were compared to Wistar Kyoto control rats (n = 5). RESULTS Using electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry to measure in vivo tissue oxygen levels and magnetic resonance imaging to assess structural brain damage, we found compromised gray (dorsolateral cortex: p = .018) and white matter (corpus callosum: p = .016; external capsule: p = .049) structural integrity, reduced cerebral blood flow (dorsolateral cortex: p = .005; hippocampus: p < .001; corpus callosum: p = .001; external capsule: p < .001) and a significant drop in cortical oxygen levels (p < .05). Consistently, we found reduced oxygen carrying neuronal neuroglobin (p = .008), suggestive of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in high salt-fed rats. We also observed a corresponding increase in free radicals (NADPH oxidase: p = .013), p-Tau (pThr231) in dorsolateral cortex (p = .011) and hippocampus (p = .003), active interleukin-1β (p < .001) and neurodegeneration (dorsolateral cortex: p = .043, hippocampus: p = .044). Human patients with subcortical ischemic vascular disease, a type of vascular dementia (n = 38; mean age = 68; male/female ratio = 23/15) showed reduced hippocampal volumes and cortical shrinking (p < .05) consistent with the neuronal cell death observed in our hypertensive rat model as compared to healthy controls (n = 47; mean age = 63; male/female ratio = 18/29). CONCLUSIONS Our data support an association between hypertension-induced vascular dysfunction and the sporadic occurrence of phosphorylated tau and cell death in the rat model, correlating with patient brain atrophy, which is relevant to vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limor Raz
- Department of Neurology, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Kiran Bhaskar
- Department of Neurology, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - John Weaver
- BRaIN Imaging Center, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Sandro Marini
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurology, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
| | - Jeffery F Thompson
- Department of Neurology, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Candice Espinoza
- Department of Neurology, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Sulaiman Iqbal
- Department of Neurology, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Nicole M Maphis
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Lea Weston
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Laurel O Sillerud
- Department of Neurology, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; MIND Research Network, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Arvind Caprihan
- MIND Research Network, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - John C Pesko
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Erik B Erhardt
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Gary A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, 1 University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Zhao X, Su X, Liu C, Jia Y. Simultaneous Determination of Chrysin and Tectochrysin from Alpinia oxyphylla Fruits by UPLC-MS/MS and Its Application to a Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study in Normal and Dementia Rats. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071702. [PMID: 30002311 PMCID: PMC6100178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography⁻tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC⁻MS/MS) coupled with a one-step liquid-liquid extraction method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of two flavonoids (chrysin, tectochrysin) from Alpinia oxyphylla fruits extract in rat plasma. Plasma samples were extracted with diethyl ether and separated on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) using gradient elution consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and methanol (B). The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with electrospray ionization in the positive ion mode was used for detection. The linear range was 0.1 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL for chrysin and tectochrysin, respectively. The accuracy (relative error, RE%) ranged from -8.8% to 7.5% and the intra-day and inter-day precision were within 15% and had a mean extraction recovery rate of 80.3% to 86.7%. The validated method was applied to a comparative pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Alpinia oxyphylla fruit ethanol extract between normal rats and dementia rats. The area under the curve (AUC) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of the two constituents were remarkably increased in dementia rats than in normal rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Xin Su
- Faculty of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Chunmei Liu
- Faculty of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Ying Jia
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Fang CC, Chou TH, Huang JW, Lee CC, Chen SC. The Small Molecule Inhibitor QLT-0267 Decreases the Production of Fibrin-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines and Prevents Post-Surgical Peritoneal Adhesions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9481. [PMID: 29930281 PMCID: PMC6013455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal adhesions develop after abdominal surgery, trauma or intraperitoneal infections, and have important consequences. The deposition of peritoneal fibrin is a common pathophysiological pathway for the formation of adhesions. Here, we aimed to examine the effects of fibrin-induced cytokine production on peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs), and to block the effects of fibrin using an integrin-linked kinase (ILK) inhibitor, QLT-0267. PMCs were cultured from the enzymatic disaggregation of rat omentum. After the PMCs were covered with fibrin, the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα and VEGF-A increased. This increase in cytokine production was attenuated by QLT-0267, which acted via the inhibition of both the ILK and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathways, and subsequently via the GSK-3β pathway. We found that QLT-0267 decreased both the severity of peritoneal adhesion and the serum levels of IL-6 in our post-surgical adhesion mouse model. In conclusion, our study provides novel evidence that fibrin-induced cytokine production may involve in the mechanism of peritoneal adhesion formation. Furthermore, the use of the small molecule inhibitor QLT-0267 is a new strategy in preventing peritoneal adhesion in patients undergoing abdominal surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Fang
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Departments of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Hsin Chou
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Departments of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenq-Wen Huang
- Departments of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Lee
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyr-Chyr Chen
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Departments of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Jenkins DR, Craner MJ, Esiri MM, DeLuca GC. Contribution of Fibrinogen to Inflammation and Neuronal Density in Human Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2259-2271. [PMID: 29609523 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability, particularly among the young. Despite this, no disease-specific treatments exist. Recently, blood-brain barrier disruption and parenchymal fibrinogen deposition have been reported in acute traumatic brain injury and in long-term survival; however, their contribution to the neuropathology of TBI remains unknown. The presence of fibrinogen-a well-documented activator of microglia/macrophages-may be associated with neuroinflammation, and neuronal/axonal injury. To test this hypothesis, cases of human TBI with survival times ranging from 12 h to 13 years (survival <2 months, n = 15; survival >1 year, n = 6) were compared with uninjured controls (n = 15). Tissue was selected from the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, corpus callosum, cingulate gyrus, and brainstem, and the extent of plasma protein (fibrinogen and immunoglobulin G [IgG]) deposition, microglial/macrophage activation (CD68 and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 [Iba-1] immunoreactivity), neuronal density, and axonal transport impairment (β-amyloid precursor protein [βAPP] immunoreactivity) were assessed. Quantitative analysis revealed a significant increase in parenchymal fibrinogen and IgG deposition following acute TBI compared with long-term survival and control. Fibrinogen, but not IgG, was associated with microglial/macrophage activation and a significant reduction in neuronal density. Perivascular fibrinogen deposition also was associated with microglial/macrophage clustering and accrual of βAPP in axonal spheroids, albeit rarely. These findings mandate the future exploration of causal relationships between fibrinogen deposition, microglia/macrophage activation, and potential neuronal loss in acute TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian R Jenkins
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Craner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret M Esiri
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele C DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Petersen MA, Ryu JK, Akassoglou K. Fibrinogen in neurological diseases: mechanisms, imaging and therapeutics. Nat Rev Neurosci 2018; 19:283-301. [PMID: 29618808 PMCID: PMC6743980 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2018.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood coagulation protein fibrinogen is deposited in the brain in a wide range of neurological diseases and traumatic injuries with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Recent research has uncovered pleiotropic roles for fibrinogen in the activation of CNS inflammation, induction of scar formation in the brain, promotion of cognitive decline and inhibition of repair. Such diverse roles are possible in part because of the unique structure of fibrinogen, which contains multiple binding sites for cellular receptors and proteins expressed in the nervous system. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of fibrinogen are beginning to be elucidated, providing insight into its involvement in neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and traumatic CNS injury. Selective drug targeting to suppress the damaging functions of fibrinogen in the nervous system without affecting its beneficial effects in haemostasis opens a new fibrinogen therapeutics pipeline for neurological disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Petersen
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Chatard C, Meiller A, Marinesco S. Microelectrode Biosensors forin vivoAnalysis of Brain Interstitial Fluid. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Chatard
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Anne Meiller
- AniRA-Neurochem Technological Platform; Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Stéphane Marinesco
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER
- AniRA-Neurochem Technological Platform; Lyon France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER; Faculty of Medicine; 8 Avenue Rockefeller 69373 Lyon Cedex 08 France
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Van Skike CE, Jahrling JB, Olson AB, Sayre NL, Hussong SA, Ungvari Z, Lechleiter JD, Galvan V. Inhibition of mTOR protects the blood-brain barrier in models of Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H693-H703. [PMID: 29351469 PMCID: PMC5966773 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00570.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An intact blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits entry of proinflammatory and neurotoxic blood-derived factors into the brain parenchyma. The BBB is damaged in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which contributes significantly to the progression of AD pathologies and cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms underlying BBB breakdown in AD remain elusive, and no interventions are available for treatment or prevention. We and others recently established that inhibition of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway with rapamycin yields significant neuroprotective effects, improving cerebrovascular and cognitive function in mouse models of AD. To test whether mTOR inhibition protects the BBB in neurological diseases of aging, we treated hAPP(J20) mice modeling AD and low-density lipoprotein receptor-null (LDLR-/-) mice modeling vascular cognitive impairment with rapamycin. We found that inhibition of mTOR abrogates BBB breakdown in hAPP(J20) and LDLR-/- mice. Experiments using an in vitro BBB model indicated that mTOR attenuation preserves BBB integrity through upregulation of specific tight junction proteins and downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. Together, our data establish mTOR activity as a critical mediator of BBB breakdown in AD and, potentially, vascular cognitive impairment and suggest that rapamycin and/or rapalogs could be used for the restoration of BBB integrity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This report establishes mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin as a critical mediator of blood-brain barrier breakdown in models of Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment and suggests that drugs targeting the target of rapamycin pathway could be used for the restoration of blood-brain barrier integrity in disease states.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy
- Alzheimer Disease/enzymology
- Alzheimer Disease/pathology
- Alzheimer Disease/psychology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Blood-Brain Barrier/enzymology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cognition
- Dementia, Vascular/drug therapy
- Dementia, Vascular/enzymology
- Dementia, Vascular/pathology
- Dementia, Vascular/psychology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Tight Junction Proteins/metabolism
- Tight Junctions/drug effects
- Tight Junctions/enzymology
- Tight Junctions/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice E Van Skike
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Jordan B Jahrling
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Angela B Olson
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Naomi L Sayre
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Stacy A Hussong
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Zoltan Ungvari
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - James D Lechleiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, South Texas Research Facility Neuroscience Center, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Montagne A, Nikolakopoulou AM, Zhao Z, Sagare AP, Si G, Lazic D, Barnes SR, Daianu M, Ramanathan A, Go A, Lawson EJ, Wang Y, Mack WJ, Thompson PM, Schneider JA, Varkey J, Langen R, Mullins E, Jacobs RE, Zlokovic BV. Pericyte degeneration causes white matter dysfunction in the mouse central nervous system. Nat Med 2018; 24:326-337. [PMID: 29400711 PMCID: PMC5840035 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse white-matter disease associated with small-vessel disease and dementia is prevalent in the elderly. The biological mechanisms, however, remain elusive. Using pericyte-deficient mice, magnetic resonance imaging, viral-based tract-tracing, and behavior and tissue analysis, we found that pericyte degeneration disrupted white-matter microcirculation, resulting in an accumulation of toxic blood-derived fibrin(ogen) deposits and blood-flow reductions, which triggered a loss of myelin, axons and oligodendrocytes. This disrupted brain circuits, leading to white-matter functional deficits before neuronal loss occurs. Fibrinogen and fibrin fibrils initiated autophagy-dependent cell death in oligodendrocyte and pericyte cultures, whereas pharmacological and genetic manipulations of systemic fibrinogen levels in pericyte-deficient, but not control mice, influenced the degree of white-matter fibrin(ogen) deposition, pericyte degeneration, vascular pathology and white-matter changes. Thus, our data indicate that pericytes control white-matter structure and function, which has implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of human white-matter disease associated with small-vessel disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Angeliki M. Nikolakopoulou
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Abhay P. Sagare
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Gabriel Si
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Divna Lazic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Samuel R. Barnes
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Madelaine Daianu
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - Anita Ramanathan
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ariel Go
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Erica J. Lawson
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - William J. Mack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jobin Varkey
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ralf Langen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Eric Mullins
- Division of Hematology and Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2018; 14:133-150. [PMID: 29377008 PMCID: PMC5829048 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1671] [Impact Index Per Article: 278.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a continuous endothelial membrane within brain microvessels that has sealed cell-to-cell contacts and is sheathed by mural vascular cells and perivascular astrocyte end-feet. The BBB protects neurons from factors present in the systemic circulation and maintains the highly regulated CNS internal milieu, which is required for proper synaptic and neuronal functioning. BBB disruption allows influx into the brain of neurotoxic blood-derived debris, cells and microbial pathogens and is associated with inflammatory and immune responses, which can initiate multiple pathways of neurodegeneration. This Review discusses neuroimaging studies in the living human brain and post-mortem tissue as well as biomarker studies demonstrating BBB breakdown in Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, HIV-1-associated dementia and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. The pathogenic mechanisms by which BBB breakdown leads to neuronal injury, synaptic dysfunction, loss of neuronal connectivity and neurodegeneration are described. The importance of a healthy BBB for therapeutic drug delivery and the adverse effects of disease-initiated, pathological BBB breakdown in relation to brain delivery of neuropharmaceuticals are briefly discussed. Finally, future directions, gaps in the field and opportunities to control the course of neurological diseases by targeting the BBB are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D Sweeney
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Abhay P Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience and the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Eve DJ, Steiner G, Mahendrasah A, Sanberg PR, Kurien C, Thomson A, Borlongan CV, Garbuzova-Davis S. Reduction of microhemorrhages in the spinal cord of symptomatic ALS mice after intravenous human bone marrow stem cell transplantation accompanies repair of the blood-spinal cord barrier. Oncotarget 2018; 9:10621-10634. [PMID: 29535831 PMCID: PMC5828209 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) alterations, including capillary rupture, have been demonstrated in animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and ALS patients. To date, treatment to restore BSCB in ALS is underexplored. Here, we evaluated whether intravenous transplantation of human bone marrow CD34+ (hBM34+) cells into symptomatic ALS mice leads to restoration of capillary integrity in the spinal cord as determined by detection of microhemorrhages. Three different doses of hBM34+ cells (5 × 104, 5 × 105 or 1 × 106) or media were intravenously injected into symptomatic G93A SOD1 mice at 13 weeks of age. Microhemorrhages were determined in the cervical and lumbar spinal cords of mice at 4 weeks post-treatment, as revealed by Perls' Prussian blue staining for ferric iron. Numerous microhemorrhages were observed in the gray and white matter of the spinal cords in media-treated mice, with a greater number of capillary ruptures within the ventral horn of both segments. In cell-treated mice, microhemorrhage numbers in the cervical and lumbar spinal cords were inversely related to administered cell doses. In particular, the pervasive microvascular ruptures determined in the spinal cords in late symptomatic ALS mice were significantly decreased by the highest cell dose, suggestive of BSCB repair by grafted hBM34+ cells. The study results provide translational outcomes supporting transplantation of hBM34+ cells at an optimal dose as a potential therapeutic strategy for BSCB repair in ALS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Eve
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - George Steiner
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ajay Mahendrasah
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul R. Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Crupa Kurien
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Avery Thomson
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Singh PK, Kawasaki M, Berk-Rauch HE, Nishida G, Yamasaki T, Foley MA, Norris EH, Strickland S, Aso K, Ahn HJ. Aminopyrimidine Class Aggregation Inhibitor Effectively Blocks Aβ-Fibrinogen Interaction and Aβ-Induced Contact System Activation. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1399-1409. [PMID: 29394041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that fibrinogen, a key protein in the coagulation cascade, plays an important role in circulatory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous work has shown that the interaction between fibrinogen and β-amyloid (Aβ), a hallmark pathological protein in AD, induces plasmin-resistant abnormal blood clots, delays fibrinolysis, increases inflammation, and aggravates cognitive function in mouse models of AD. Since Aβ oligomers have a much stronger affinity for fibrinogen than Aβ monomers, we tested whether amyloid aggregation inhibitors could block the Aβ-fibrinogen interaction and found that some Aβ aggregation inhibitors showed moderate inhibitory efficacy against this interaction. We then modified a hit compound so that it not only showed a strong inhibitory efficacy toward the Aβ-fibrinogen interaction but also retained its potency toward the Aβ42 aggregation inhibition process. Furthermore, our best hit compound, TDI-2760, modulated Aβ42-induced contact system activation, a pathological condition observed in some AD patients, in addition to inhibiting the Aβ-fibrinogen interaction and Aβ aggregation. Thus, TDI-2760 has the potential to lessen vascular abnormalities as well as Aβ aggregation-driven pathology in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Masanori Kawasaki
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Hanna E Berk-Rauch
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Goushi Nishida
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Takeshi Yamasaki
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Michael A Foley
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Erin H Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute , New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Hyung Jin Ahn
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Abstract
The fundamental pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neuronal dysfunction leading to cognitive impairment. The amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), derived from amyloid precursor protein, is one driver of AD, but how it leads to neuronal dysfunction is not established. In this Review, I discuss the complexity of AD and possible cause-and-effect relationships between Aβ and the vascular and hemostatic systems. AD can be considered a multifactorial syndrome with various contributing pathological mechanisms. Therefore, as is routinely done with cancer, it will be important to classify patients with respect to their disease signature so that specific pathologies, including vascular pathways, can be therapeutically targeted.
Collapse
|
119
|
Pathophysiological significance of protein hydrophobic interactions: An emerging hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2017; 110:15-22. [PMID: 29317059 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen is a unique protein that is converted into an insoluble fibrin in a single enzymatic event, which is a characteristic feature of fibrinogen due to its susceptibility to fibrinolytic degradation and dissolution. Although thrombosis is a result of activated blood coagulation, no explanation is being offered for the persistent presence of fibrin deposits in the affected organs. A classic example is stroke, in which the thrombolytic therapy is effective only during the first 3-4 h after the onset of thrombosis. This phenomenon can now be explained in terms of the modification of fibrinogen structure induced by hydroxyl radicals generated during the period of ischemia caused, in turn, by the blocking of the blood flow within the obstructed vessels. Fibrinogen modification involves intra-to intermolecular disulfide rearrangement induced by the reductive power of hydroxyl radicals that result in the exposition of buried hydrophobic epitopes. Such epitopes react readily with each other forming linkages stronger than the peptide covalent bonds, thus rendering them resistant to the proteolytic degradation. Also, limited reduction of human serum albumin (HSA) generates hydrophobic polymers that form huge insoluble complexes with fibrinogen. Consequently, such insoluble copolymers can be deposited within the circulation of various organs leading to their dysfunction. In conclusion, the study of protein hydrophobic interactions induced by a variety of nutritional and/or environmental factors can provide a rational explanation for a number of pathologic conditions including cardiovascular, neurologic, and other degenerative diseases including cancer.
Collapse
|
120
|
Decker Y, Müller A, Németh E, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Fatar M, Menger MD, Liu Y, Fassbender K. Analysis of the vasculature by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded brains. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1001-1015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
121
|
Marottoli FM, Katsumata Y, Koster KP, Thomas R, Fardo DW, Tai LM. Peripheral Inflammation, Apolipoprotein E4, and Amyloid-β Interact to Induce Cognitive and Cerebrovascular Dysfunction. ASN Neuro 2017; 9:1759091417719201. [PMID: 28707482 PMCID: PMC5521356 DOI: 10.1177/1759091417719201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular dysfunction is rapidly reemerging as a major process of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is, therefore, crucial to delineate the roles of AD risk factors in cerebrovascular dysfunction. While apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), Amyloid-β (Aβ), and peripheral inflammation independently induce cerebrovascular damage, their collective effects remain to be elucidated. The goal of this study was to determine the interactive effect of APOE4, Aβ, and chronic repeated peripheral inflammation on cerebrovascular and cognitive dysfunction in vivo. EFAD mice are a well-characterized mouse model that express human APOE3 (E3FAD) or APOE4 (E4FAD) and overproduce human Aβ42 via expression of 5 Familial Alzheimer’s disease (5xFAD) mutations. Here, we utilized EFAD carriers [5xFAD+/−/APOE+/+ (EFAD+)] and noncarriers [5xFAD−/−/APOE+/+ (EFAD−)] to compare the effects of peripheral inflammation in the presence or absence of human Aβ overproduction. Low-level, chronic repeated peripheral inflammation was induced in EFAD mice via systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.5 mg/kg/wk i.p.) from 4 to 6 months of age. In E4FAD+ mice, peripheral inflammation caused cognitive deficits and lowered post-synaptic protein levels. Importantly, cerebrovascular deficits were observed in LPS-challenged E4FAD+ mice, including cerebrovascular leakiness, lower vessel coverage, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy-like Aβ deposition. Thus, APOE4, Aβ, and peripheral inflammation interact to induce cerebrovascular damage and cognitive deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felecia M Marottoli
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- 2 Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kevin P Koster
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Riya Thomas
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David W Fardo
- 2 Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,3 Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Leon M Tai
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Nurden A. Platelets, inflammation and tissue regeneration. Thromb Haemost 2017; 105 Suppl 1:S13-33. [DOI: 10.1160/ths10-11-0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SummaryBlood platelets have long been recognised to bring about primary haemostasis with deficiencies in platelet production and function manifesting in bleeding while upregulated function favourises arterial thrombosis. Yet increasing evidence indicates that platelets fulfil a much wider role in health and disease. First, they store and release a wide range of biologically active substances including the panoply of growth factors, chemokines and cytokines released from α-granules. Membrane budding gives rise to microparticles (MPs), another active participant within the blood stream. Platelets are essential for the innate immune response and combat infection (viruses, bacteria, micro-organisms). They help maintain and modulate inflammation and are a major source of pro-inflammatory molecules (e.g. P-selectin, tissue factor, CD40L, metalloproteinases). As well as promoting coagulation, they are active in fibrinolysis; wound healing, angiogenesis and bone formation as well as in maternal tissue and foetal vascular remodelling. Activated platelets and MPs intervene in the propagation of major diseases. They are major players in atherosclerosis and related diseases, pathologies of the central nervous system (Alzheimers disease, multiple sclerosis), cancer and tumour growth. They participate in other tissue-related acquired pathologies such as skin diseases and allergy, rheumatoid arthritis, liver disease; while, paradoxically, autologous platelet-rich plasma and platelet releasate are being used as an aid to promote tissue repair and cellular growth. The above mentioned roles of platelets are now discussed.
Collapse
|
123
|
Zenaro E, Piacentino G, Constantin G. The blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 107:41-56. [PMID: 27425887 PMCID: PMC5600438 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the pathological accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated neuronal tau protein. AD pathology is also characterized by chronic brain inflammation, which promotes disease pathogenesis. In this context, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly specialized endothelial cell membrane that lines cerebral microvessels, represents the interface between neural cells and circulating cells of the immune system. The BBB thus plays a key role in the generation and maintenance of chronic inflammation during AD. The BBB operates within the neurovascular unit (NVU), which includes clusters of glial cells, neurons and pericytes. The NVU becomes dysfunctional during AD, and each of its components may undergo functional changes that contribute to neuronal injury and cognitive deficit. In transgenic animals with AD-like pathology, recent studies have shown that circulating leukocytes migrate through the activated brain endothelium when certain adhesion molecules are expressed, penetrating into the brain parenchyma, interacting with the NVU components and potentially affecting their structural integrity and functionality. Therefore, migrating immune system cells in cerebral vessels act in concert with the modified BBB and may be integrated into the dysfunctional NVU. Notably, blocking the adhesion mechanisms controlling leukocyte-endothelial interactions inhibits both Aβ deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation, and reduces memory loss in AD models. The characterization of molecular mechanisms controlling vascular inflammation and leukocyte trafficking could therefore help to determine the basis of BBB dysfunction during AD and may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zenaro
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Gennj Piacentino
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Roberts AM, Jagadapillai R, Vaishnav RA, Friedland RP, Drinovac R, Lin X, Gozal E. Increased pulmonary arteriolar tone associated with lung oxidative stress and nitric oxide in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/17/e12953. [PMID: 27604401 PMCID: PMC5027359 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction and decreased cerebral blood flow are linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Loss of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) and oxidative stress in human cerebrovascular endothelium increase expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and enhance production of the Aβ peptide, suggesting that loss of endothelial NO contributes to AD pathology. We hypothesize that decreased systemic NO bioavailability in AD may also impact lung microcirculation and induce pulmonary endothelial dysfunction. The acute effect of NO synthase (NOS) inhibition on pulmonary arteriolar tone was assessed in a transgenic mouse model (TgAD) of AD (C57BL/6‐Tg(Thy1‐APPSwDutIowa)BWevn/Mmjax) and age‐matched wild‐type controls (C57BL/6J). Arteriolar diameters were measured before and after the administration of the NOS inhibitor, L‐NAME. Lung superoxide formation (DHE) and formation of nitrotyrosine (3‐NT) were assessed as indicators of oxidative stress, inducible NOS (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) expression as indicators of inflammation. Administration of L‐NAME caused either significant pulmonary arteriolar constriction or no change from baseline tone in wild‐type (WT) mice, and significant arteriolar dilation in TgAD mice. DHE, 3‐NT, TNF‐α, and iNOS expression were higher in TgAD lung tissue, compared to WT mice. These data suggest L‐NAME could induce increased pulmonary arteriolar tone in WT mice from loss of bioavailable NO. In contrast, NOS inhibition with L‐NAME had a vasodilator effect in TgAD mice, potentially caused by decreased reactive nitrogen species formation, while significant oxidative stress and inflammation were present. We conclude that AD may increase pulmonary microvascular tone as a result of loss of bioavailable NO and increased oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that AD may have systemic microvascular implications beyond central neural control mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Roberts
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202 Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Rekha Jagadapillai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Radhika A Vaishnav
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Robert P Friedland
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202 Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Robert Drinovac
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202 Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Evelyne Gozal
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202 Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Montagne A, Zhao Z, Zlokovic BV. Alzheimer's disease: A matter of blood-brain barrier dysfunction? J Exp Med 2017; 214:3151-3169. [PMID: 29061693 PMCID: PMC5679168 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Montagne et al. examine the role of blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in Alzheimer’s neurodegeneration and how targeting the BBB can influence the course of neurological disorder in transgenic models with human APP, PSEN1 and TAU mutations, APOE4 (major genetic risk), and pericyte degeneration causing loss of BBB integrity. The blood–brain barrier (BBB) keeps neurotoxic plasma-derived components, cells, and pathogens out of the brain. An early BBB breakdown and/or dysfunction have been shown in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) before dementia, neurodegeneration and/or brain atrophy occur. However, the role of BBB breakdown in neurodegenerative disorders is still not fully understood. Here, we examine BBB breakdown in animal models frequently used to study the pathophysiology of AD, including transgenic mice expressing human amyloid-β precursor protein, presenilin 1, and tau mutations, and apolipoprotein E, the strongest genetic risk factor for AD. We discuss the role of BBB breakdown and dysfunction in neurodegenerative process, pitfalls in BBB measurements, and how targeting the BBB can influence the course of neurological disorder. Finally, we comment on future approaches and models to better define, at the cellular and molecular level, the underlying mechanisms between BBB breakdown and neurodegeneration as a basis for developing new therapies for BBB repair to control neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Minogue AM. Role of infiltrating monocytes/macrophages in acute and chronic neuroinflammation: Effects on cognition, learning and affective behaviour. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 79:15-18. [PMID: 28189704 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral macrophages have limited capacity to gain access to the brain parenchyma under normal physiological conditions. However, accumulating evidence indicates that significant trafficking to the central nervous systems occurs in response to injury or infection and is also apparent under chronic neuroinflammatory conditions. The role of infiltrating macrophages in neuronal function is unclear and confounded by the similarity in morphology and phenotype adopted by both activated macrophages and microglia. Furthermore, the ability of macrophages/microglia to adopt both pro- and anti-inflammatory activation states, along with the fact that these cells display heterogenous expression of molecules associated with both states, has made it difficult to discover their impact upon neuronal injury and cognitive processes. The ability of macrophages to exert a neuroprotective role is influenced by the microenvironment they encounter upon tissue invasion. Upon encountering an inflammatory microenvironment, macrophage polarisation is driven towards a pro-inflammatory (M1) phenotype, a state associated with reduced capacity for restorative processes such as the removal of debris, and enhanced production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNFα, IL-1β and NADPH oxidase. Prolonged production of these inflammatory mediators has been shown to affect neuronal function and health. Thus, macrophage polarisation may be dictated by the inflammatory queues these cells are exposed to upon migration and their subsequent impact on neuronal function may be determined by their ability to resolve the underlying inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aedín M Minogue
- Department of Physiology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Hainsworth AH, Minett T, Andoh J, Forster G, Bhide I, Barrick TR, Elderfield K, Jeevahan J, Markus HS, Bridges LR. Neuropathology of White Matter Lesions, Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction, and Dementia. Stroke 2017; 48:2799-2804. [PMID: 28855392 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.018101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We tested whether blood-brain barrier dysfunction in subcortical white matter is associated with white matter abnormalities or risk of clinical dementia in older people (n=126; mean age 86.4, SD: 7.7 years) in the MRC CFAS (Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study). METHODS Using digital pathology, we quantified blood-brain barrier dysfunction (defined by immunohistochemical labeling for the plasma marker fibrinogen). This was assessed within subcortical white matter tissue samples harvested from postmortem T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected white matter hyperintensities, from normal-appearing white matter (distant from coexistent MRI-defined hyperintensities), and from equivalent areas in MRI normal brains. Histopathologic lesions were defined using a marker for phagocytic microglia (CD68, clone PGM1). RESULTS Extent of fibrinogen labeling was not significantly associated with white matter abnormalities defined either by MRI (odds ratio, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-1.03; P=0.130) or by histopathology (odds ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.77-1.12; P=0.452). Among participants with normal MRI (no detectable white matter hyperintensities), increased fibrinogen was significantly related to decreased risk of clinical dementia (odds ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.94; P=0.013). Among participants with histological lesions, increased fibrinogen was related to increased risk of dementia (odds ratio, 2.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-4.08; P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that some degree of blood-brain barrier dysfunction is common in older people and that this may be related to clinical dementia risk, additional to standard MRI biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atticus H Hainsworth
- From the Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., L.R.B.) and Neuroscience Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., T.R.B., L.R.B.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (A.H.H.) and Department of Cellular Pathology (K.E., J.J., L.R.B.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care (T.M.), Department of Radiology (T.M.), and Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.S.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and The Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (G.F.).
| | - Thais Minett
- From the Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., L.R.B.) and Neuroscience Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., T.R.B., L.R.B.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (A.H.H.) and Department of Cellular Pathology (K.E., J.J., L.R.B.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care (T.M.), Department of Radiology (T.M.), and Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.S.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and The Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (G.F.)
| | - Joycelyn Andoh
- From the Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., L.R.B.) and Neuroscience Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., T.R.B., L.R.B.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (A.H.H.) and Department of Cellular Pathology (K.E., J.J., L.R.B.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care (T.M.), Department of Radiology (T.M.), and Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.S.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and The Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (G.F.)
| | - Gillian Forster
- From the Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., L.R.B.) and Neuroscience Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., T.R.B., L.R.B.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (A.H.H.) and Department of Cellular Pathology (K.E., J.J., L.R.B.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care (T.M.), Department of Radiology (T.M.), and Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.S.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and The Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (G.F.)
| | - Ishaan Bhide
- From the Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., L.R.B.) and Neuroscience Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., T.R.B., L.R.B.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (A.H.H.) and Department of Cellular Pathology (K.E., J.J., L.R.B.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care (T.M.), Department of Radiology (T.M.), and Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.S.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and The Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (G.F.)
| | - Thomas R Barrick
- From the Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., L.R.B.) and Neuroscience Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., T.R.B., L.R.B.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (A.H.H.) and Department of Cellular Pathology (K.E., J.J., L.R.B.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care (T.M.), Department of Radiology (T.M.), and Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.S.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and The Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (G.F.)
| | - Kay Elderfield
- From the Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., L.R.B.) and Neuroscience Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., T.R.B., L.R.B.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (A.H.H.) and Department of Cellular Pathology (K.E., J.J., L.R.B.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care (T.M.), Department of Radiology (T.M.), and Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.S.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and The Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (G.F.)
| | - Jamuna Jeevahan
- From the Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., L.R.B.) and Neuroscience Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., T.R.B., L.R.B.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (A.H.H.) and Department of Cellular Pathology (K.E., J.J., L.R.B.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care (T.M.), Department of Radiology (T.M.), and Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.S.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and The Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (G.F.)
| | - Hugh S Markus
- From the Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., L.R.B.) and Neuroscience Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., T.R.B., L.R.B.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (A.H.H.) and Department of Cellular Pathology (K.E., J.J., L.R.B.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care (T.M.), Department of Radiology (T.M.), and Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.S.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and The Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (G.F.)
| | - Leslie R Bridges
- From the Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., L.R.B.) and Neuroscience Research Centre (A.H.H., J.A., I.B., T.R.B., L.R.B.), Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (A.H.H.) and Department of Cellular Pathology (K.E., J.J., L.R.B.), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health and Primary Care (T.M.), Department of Radiology (T.M.), and Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (H.S.M.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; and The Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (G.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Kell DB, Pretorius E. To What Extent Are the Terminal Stages of Sepsis, Septic Shock, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Actually Driven by a Prion/Amyloid Form of Fibrin? Semin Thromb Hemost 2017; 44:224-238. [PMID: 28778104 PMCID: PMC6193370 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1604108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A well-established development of increasing disease severity leads from sepsis through systemic inflammatory response syndrome, septic shock, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and cellular and organismal death. Less commonly discussed are the equally well-established coagulopathies that accompany this. We argue that a lipopolysaccharide-initiated (often disseminated intravascular) coagulation is accompanied by a proteolysis of fibrinogen such that formed fibrin is both inflammatory and resistant to fibrinolysis. In particular, we argue that the form of fibrin generated is amyloid in nature because much of its normal α-helical content is transformed to β-sheets, as occurs with other proteins in established amyloidogenic and prion diseases. We hypothesize that these processes of amyloidogenic clotting and the attendant coagulopathies play a role in the passage along the aforementioned pathways to organismal death, and that their inhibition would be of significant therapeutic value, a claim for which there is considerable emerging evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Yi C, Ezan P, Fernández P, Schmitt J, Sáez JC, Giaume C, Koulakoff A. Inhibition of glial hemichannels by boldine treatment reduces neuronal suffering in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Glia 2017; 65:1607-1625. [PMID: 28703353 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of reactive gliosis to the pathological phenotype of Alzheimer's disease (AD) opened the way for therapeutic strategies targeting glial cells instead of neurons. In such context, connexin hemichannels were proposed recently as potential targets since neuronal suffering is alleviated when connexin expression is genetically suppressed in astrocytes of a murine model of AD. Here, we show that boldine, an alkaloid from the boldo tree, inhibited hemichannel activity in astrocytes and microglia without affecting gap junctional communication in culture and acute hippocampal slices. Long-term oral administration of boldine in AD mice prevented the increase in glial hemichannel activity, astrocytic Ca2+ signal, ATP and glutamate release and alleviated hippocampal neuronal suffering. These findings highlight the important pathological role of hemichannels in AD mice. The neuroprotective effect of boldine treatment might provide the basis for future pharmacological strategies that target glial hemichannels to reduce neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenju Yi
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Pascal Ezan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Paola Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Julien Schmitt
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), Cerebellum Navigation and Memory team (CeZaMe), Paris, 75005, France
| | - Juan C Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Christian Giaume
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Annette Koulakoff
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, 75005, France
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Thomas R, Morris AW, Tai LM. Epidermal growth factor prevents APOE4-induced cognitive and cerebrovascular deficits in female mice. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00319. [PMID: 28626809 PMCID: PMC5463012 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular dysfunction is re-emerging as a major component of aging, and may contribute to the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Two important risk factors for cerebrovascular dysfunction are APOE and female sex, which are primarily researched in the context of high amyloid-β (Aβ) levels as found in AD. However, APOE4 and sex modulate Aβ-independent pathways that may induce cerebrovascular dysfunction as a downstream consequence. Therefore, testing the activity of factors that target cerebrovascular dysfunction in Aβ-independent models that incorporate APOE4 and female sex is crucial. We have previously demonstrated that peripheral administration of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) prevents cognitive dysfunction, cerebrovascular leakiness, and cerebrovascular coverage deficits in female mice that express APOE4 and overproduce Aβ, without affecting Aβ levels. These data raise the question of whether EGF protects the cerebrovasculature from general stress-induced damage. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine whether EGF prevents Aβ-independent cerebrovascular dysfunction. In eight-month old mice that express human APOE, the interaction of APOE4 and female sex induced cognitive dysfunction, increased cerebrovascular leakiness and lowered vessel coverage. Importantly, in a prevention paradigm (from six to eight and a half months of age), EGF ameliorated cognitive decline and cerebrovascular deficits in female mice that express APOE4. Thus, developing treatment strategies based on EGF signaling could provide alternative therapeutic options for age-related cerebrovascular dysfunction and reduce AD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leon M. Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Mendiola AS, Cardona AE. The IL-1β phenomena in neuroinflammatory diseases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:781-795. [PMID: 28534174 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that neuroinflammation has a causal role in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS)-related diseases, and therefore therapeutic strategies targeting the regulation or availability of inflammatory mediators can be used to prevent or mitigate pathology. Interestingly, the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), has been implicated in perpetuating immune responses and contributing to disease severity in a variety of CNS diseases ranging from multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injury, and diabetic retinopathy. Moreover, pharmacological blockade of IL-1 signaling has shown to be beneficial in some autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, making IL-1β a promising therapeutic target in neuroinflammatory conditions. This review highlights recent advances of our understanding on the multifaceted roles of IL-1β in neuroinflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Mendiola
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Michalicova A, Galba J, Novak M, Kovac A. Determination of Evans blue as a blood–brain barrier integrity tracer in plasma and brain tissue by UHPLC/UV method. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1320289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Michalicova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- AXON Neuroscience R&D, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaroslav Galba
- AXON Neuroscience R&D, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Faculty of Pharmacy of Comenius University, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Novak
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- AXON Neuroscience R&D, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- AXON Neuroscience R&D, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
ADAMTS13 controls vascular remodeling by modifying VWF reactivity during stroke recovery. Blood 2017; 130:11-22. [PMID: 28428179 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-747089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenic response is essential for ischemic brain repair. The von Willebrand factor (VWF)-cleaving protease disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type I motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13) is required for endothelial tube formation in vitro, but there is currently no in vivo evidence supporting a function of ADAMTS13 in angiogenesis. Here we show that mice deficient in ADAMTS13 exhibited reduced neovascularization, brain capillary perfusion, pericyte and smooth muscle cell coverage on microvessels, expression of the tight junction and basement membrane proteins, and accelerated blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and extravascular deposits of serum proteins in the peri-infarct cortex at 14 days after stroke. Deficiency of VWF or anti-VWF antibody treatment significantly increased microvessels, perfused capillary length, and reversed pericyte loss and BBB changes in Adamts13-/- mice. Furthermore, we observed that ADAMTS13 deficiency decreased angiopoietin-2 and galectin-3 levels in the isolated brain microvessels, whereas VWF deficiency had the opposite effect. Correlating with this, overexpression of angiopoietin-2 by adenoviruses treatment or administration of recombinant galectin-3 normalized microvascular reductions, pericyte loss, and BBB breakdown in Adamts13-/- mice. The vascular changes induced by angiopoietin-2 overexpression and recombinant galectin-3 treatment in Adamts13-/- mice were abolished by the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 antagonist SU1498. Importantly, treating wild-type mice with recombinant ADAMTS13 at 7 days after stroke markedly increased neovascularization and vascular repair and improved functional recovery at 14 days. Our results suggest that ADAMTS13 controls key steps of ischemic vascular remodeling and that recombinant ADAMTS13 is a putative therapeutic avenue for promoting stroke recovery.
Collapse
|
134
|
Zamolodchikov D, Strickland S. A possible new role for Aβ in vascular and inflammatory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Thromb Res 2017; 141 Suppl 2:S59-61. [PMID: 27207427 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(16)30367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is often characterized by vascular pathology, a procoagulant state, and chronic inflammation. The mechanisms behind these abnormalities in AD are not clear. Here, we review evidence for the role of the AD-associated peptide Aβ in promoting inflammation and thrombosis in AD via its interaction with the circulating proteins factor XII and fibrinogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Zamolodchikov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics; The Rockefeller University; New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics; The Rockefeller University; New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Yang T, Sun Y, Lu Z, Leak RK, Zhang F. The impact of cerebrovascular aging on vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 34:15-29. [PMID: 27693240 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As human life expectancy rises, the aged population will increase. Aging is accompanied by changes in tissue structure, often resulting in functional decline. For example, aging within blood vessels contributes to a decrease in blood flow to important organs, potentially leading to organ atrophy and loss of function. In the central nervous system, cerebral vascular aging can lead to loss of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, eventually resulting in cognitive and sensorimotor decline. One of the major of types of cognitive dysfunction due to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). In spite of recent progress in clinical and experimental VCID research, our understanding of vascular contributions to the pathogenesis of VCID is still very limited. In this review, we summarize recent findings on VCID, with a focus on vascular age-related pathologies and their contribution to the development of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Yang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Zhengyu Lu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Key Lab of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Rustenhoven J, Jansson D, Smyth LC, Dragunow M. Brain Pericytes As Mediators of Neuroinflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:291-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
137
|
Depletion of coagulation factor XII ameliorates brain pathology and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease mice. Blood 2017; 129:2547-2556. [PMID: 28242605 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-753202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular abnormalities and inflammation are found in many Alzheimer disease (AD) patients, but whether these changes play a causative role in AD is not clear. The factor XII (FXII) -initiated contact system can trigger both vascular pathology and inflammation and is activated in AD patients and AD mice. We have investigated the role of the contact system in AD pathogenesis. Cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK), a marker for activation of the inflammatory arm of the contact system, is increased in a mouse model of AD, and this cleavage is temporally correlated with the onset of brain inflammation. Depletion of FXII in AD mice inhibited HK cleavage in plasma and reduced neuroinflammation, fibrinogen deposition, and neurodegeneration in the brain. Moreover, FXII-depleted AD mice showed better cognitive function than untreated AD mice. These results indicate that FXII-mediated contact system activation contributes to AD pathogenesis, and therefore this system may offer novel targets for AD treatment.
Collapse
|
138
|
Müller K, Courtois G, Ursini MV, Schwaninger M. New Insight Into the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Small-Vessel Diseases. Stroke 2017; 48:520-527. [PMID: 28082670 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.012888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Müller
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany (K.M., M.S.); INSERM U1038/BIG, CEA, Grenoble, France (G.C.); and Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", IGB-CNR, Naples, Italy (M.V.U.)
| | - Gilles Courtois
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany (K.M., M.S.); INSERM U1038/BIG, CEA, Grenoble, France (G.C.); and Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", IGB-CNR, Naples, Italy (M.V.U.)
| | - Matilde Valeria Ursini
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany (K.M., M.S.); INSERM U1038/BIG, CEA, Grenoble, France (G.C.); and Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", IGB-CNR, Naples, Italy (M.V.U.)
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- From the Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Germany (K.M., M.S.); INSERM U1038/BIG, CEA, Grenoble, France (G.C.); and Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", IGB-CNR, Naples, Italy (M.V.U.).
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Mendiola AS, Garza R, Cardona SM, Mythen SA, Lira SA, Akassoglou K, Cardona AE. Fractalkine Signaling Attenuates Perivascular Clustering of Microglia and Fibrinogen Leakage during Systemic Inflammation in Mouse Models of Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 10:303. [PMID: 28119571 PMCID: PMC5222852 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fractalkine (FKN) is a chemokine expressed constitutively by healthy neurons and signals to microglia upon interaction with the FKN receptor, CX3CR1. Signaling between FKN and CX3CR1 transduces inhibitory signals that ameliorate microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine release in neuroinflammatory conditions. The aim of this study is to determine the mechanisms associated with microglial activation and vascular leakage during diabetic retinopathy (DR) and under conditions of low-level endotoxemia, common in diabetic patients. Utilizing the Ins2Akita strain (Akita), a mouse model of type 1 diabetes, our results show that leakage of the blood-protein fibrin(ogen) into the retina occurs as a result of chronic (4 months) but not acute (1.5 months) hyperglycemia. Conversely, inducing endotoxin-mediated systemic inflammation during acute diabetes resulted in fibrinogen deposition in the retina, a phenotype that was exacerbated in mice lacking CX3CR1 signaling. Systemic inflammation in Cx3cr1-/- mice led to robust perivascular clustering of proliferating microglia in areas of fibrinogen extravasation, and induced IL-1β expression in microglia and astrocytes. Lastly, we determined a protective effect of modulating FKN/CX3CR1 signaling in the diabetic retina. We show that intravitreal (iv) administration of recombinant FKN into diabetic FKN-KO mice, reduced fibrinogen deposition and perivascular clustering of microglia in the retina during systemic inflammation. These data suggest that dysregulated microglial activation via loss of FKN/CX3CR1 signaling disrupts the vascular integrity in retina during systemic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Mendiola
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Rolando Garza
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sandra M Cardona
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shannon A Mythen
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sergio A Lira
- Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Hsieh JY, Smith TD, Meli VS, Tran TN, Botvinick EL, Liu WF. Differential regulation of macrophage inflammatory activation by fibrin and fibrinogen. Acta Biomater 2017; 47:14-24. [PMID: 27662809 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibrin is a major component of the provisional extracellular matrix formed during tissue repair following injury, and enables cell infiltration and anchoring at the wound site. Macrophages are dynamic regulators of this process, advancing and resolving inflammation in response to cues in their microenvironment. Although much is known about how soluble factors such as cytokines and chemokines regulate macrophage polarization, less is understood about how insoluble and adhesive cues, specifically the blood coagulation matrix fibrin, influence macrophage behavior. In this study, we observed that fibrin and its precursor fibrinogen elicit distinct macrophage functions. Culturing macrophages on fibrin gels fabricated by combining fibrinogen with thrombin stimulated secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10). In contrast, exposure of macrophages to soluble fibrinogen stimulated high levels of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Macrophages maintained their anti-inflammatory behavior when cultured on fibrin gels in the presence of soluble fibrinogen. In addition, adhesion to fibrin matrices inhibited TNF-α production in response to stimulation with LPS and IFN-γ, cytokines known to promote inflammatory macrophage polarization. Our data demonstrate that fibrin exerts a protective effect on macrophages, preventing inflammatory activation by stimuli including fibrinogen, LPS, and IFN-γ. Together, our study suggests that the presentation of fibrin(ogen) may be a key switch in regulating macrophage phenotype behavior, and this feature may provide a valuable immunomodulatory strategy for tissue healing and regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Fibrin is a fibrous protein resulting from blood clotting and provides a provisional matrix into which cells migrate and to which they adhere during wound healing. Macrophages play an important role in this process, and are needed for both advancing and resolving inflammation. We demonstrate that culture of macrophages on fibrin matrices exerts an anti-inflammatory effect, whereas the soluble precursor fibrinogen stimulates inflammatory activation. Moreover, culture on fibrin completely abrogates inflammatory signaling caused by fibrinogen or known inflammatory stimuli including LPS and IFN-γ. Together, these studies show that the presentation of fibrin(ogen) is important for regulating a switch between macrophage pro- and anti-inflammatory behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States; The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States
| | - Tim D Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States; The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States
| | - Vijaykumar S Meli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States; The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States
| | - Thi N Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States; The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States
| | - Elliot L Botvinick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States; The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States
| | - Wendy F Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States; The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, 2412 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2730, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Proteins behaving badly. Substoichiometric molecular control and amplification of the initiation and nature of amyloid fibril formation: lessons from and for blood clotting. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 123:16-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
142
|
Nikolakopoulou AM, Zhao Z, Montagne A, Zlokovic BV. Regional early and progressive loss of brain pericytes but not vascular smooth muscle cells in adult mice with disrupted platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176225. [PMID: 28441414 PMCID: PMC5404855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes regulate key neurovascular functions of the brain. Studies in pericyte-deficient transgenic mice with aberrant signaling between endothelial-derived platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) in pericytes have contributed to better understanding of the role of pericytes in the brain. Here, we studied PdgfrβF7/F7 mice, which carry seven point mutations that disrupt PDGFRβ signaling causing loss of pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the developing brain. We asked whether these mice have a stable or progressive vascular phenotype after birth, and whether both pericyte and VSMCs populations are affected in the adult brain. We found an early and progressive region-dependent loss of brain pericytes, microvascular reductions and blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, which were more pronounced in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum than in the thalamus, whereas VSMCs population remained unaffected at the time when pericyte loss was already established. For example, compared to age-matched controls, PdgfrβF7/F7 mice between 4-6 and 36-48 weeks of age developed a region-dependent loss in pericyte coverage (22-46, 24-44 and 4-31%) and cell numbers (36-49, 34-64 and 11-36%), reduction in capillary length (20-39, 13-46 and 1-30%), and an increase in extravascular fibrinogen-derived deposits (3.4-5.2, 2.8-4.1 and 0-3.6-fold) demonstrating BBB breakdown in the cortex, hippocampus and thalamus, respectively. Capillary reductions and BBB breakdown correlated with loss of pericyte coverage. Our data suggest that PdgfrβF7/F7 mice develop an aggressive and rapid vascular phenotype without appreciable early involvement of VSMCs, therefore providing a valuable model to study regional effects of pericyte loss on brain vascular and neuronal functions. This model could be a useful tool for future studies directed at understanding the role of pericytes in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders associated with pericyte loss such as vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke and human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Maria Nikolakopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Axel Montagne
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Vadivel K, Kumar Y, Ogueli GI, Ponnuraj SM, Wongkongkathep P, Loo JA, Bajaj MS, Bajaj SP. S2'-subsite variations between human and mouse enzymes (plasmin, factor XIa, kallikrein) elucidate inhibition differences by tissue factor pathway inhibitor -2 domain1-wild-type, Leu17Arg-mutant and aprotinin. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:2509-2523. [PMID: 27797450 PMCID: PMC5504414 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Current antifibrinolytics - aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid-can cause seizures or renal injury. KD1L17R -KT , aprotinin and tranexamic acid were tested in a modified mouse tail-amputation model. S2'-subsite variations between human and mouse factor XIa result in vastly different inhibition profiles. KD1L17R -KT reduces blood loss and D-dimer levels in mouse with unobserved seizures or renal injury. SUMMARY Background Using tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)-2 Kunitz domain1 (KD1), we obtained a bifunctional antifibrinolytic molecule (KD1L17R -KT ) with C-terminal lysine (kringle domain binding) and P2'-residue arginine (improved specificity towards plasmin). KD1L17R -KT strongly inhibited human plasmin (hPm), with no inhibition of human kallikrein (hKLK) or factor XIa (hXIa). Furthermore, KD1L17R -KT reduced blood loss comparable to aprotinin in a mouse liver-laceration model of organ hemorrhage. However, effectiveness of these antifibrinolytic agents in a model of hemorrhage mimicking extremity trauma and their inhibition efficiencies for mouse enzymes (mPm, mKLK or mXIa) remain to be determined. Objective To determine potential differences in inhibition constants of various antifibrinolytic agents against mouse and human enzymes and test their effectiveness in a modified mouse tail-amputation hemorrhage model. Methods/Results Unexpectedly, mXIa was inhibited with ~ 17-fold increased affinity by aprotinin (Ki ~ 20 nm) and with measurable affinity for KD1L17R -KT (Ki ~ 3 μm); in contrast, KD1WT -VT inhibited hXIa or mXIa with similar affinity. Compared with hPm, mPm had ~ 3-fold reduced affinity, whereas species specificity for hKLK and mKLK was comparable for each inhibitor. S2'-subsite variations largely accounted for the observed differences. KD1L17R -KT and aprotinin were more effective than KD1WT -VT or tranexamic acid in inhibiting tPA-induced mouse plasma clot lysis. Further, KD1L17R -KT was more effective than KD1WT -VT and was comparable to aprotinin and tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss and D-dimer levels in the mouse tail-amputation model. Conclusions Inhibitor potencies differ between antifibrinolytic agents against human and mouse enzymes. KD1L17R -KT is effective in reducing blood loss in a tail-amputation model that mimics extremity injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Vadivel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Y Kumar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - G I Ogueli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S M Ponnuraj
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P Wongkongkathep
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M S Bajaj
- Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S P Bajaj
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Chakraborty A, de Wit NM, van der Flier WM, de Vries HE. The blood brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 89:12-18. [PMID: 27894893 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting millions of people worldwide. One of the prominent causative factors of AD pathogenesis is cerebral vascular dysfunction, which results in diminished cerebral perfusion. Moreover, due to the loss of the protective function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), impaired clearance of excess neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) occurs, causing vascular perturbation and diminished cognitive functioning. The relationship between the prevalence of AD and vascular risk factors is complex and not fully understood. In this review we illustrate the vascular risk factors, their effects on BBB function and their contributions to the onset of AD. Additionally, we discuss the underlying factors that may lead to altered neurovascular function and/or cerebral hypoperfusion in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Chakraborty
- Blood-brain barrier research group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - N M de Wit
- Blood-brain barrier research group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H E de Vries
- Blood-brain barrier research group, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007, MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Derakhshankhah H, Hajipour MJ, Barzegari E, Lotfabadi A, Ferdousi M, Saboury AA, Ng EP, Raoufi M, Awala H, Mintova S, Dinarvand R, Mahmoudi M. Zeolite Nanoparticles Inhibit Aβ-Fibrinogen Interaction and Formation of a Consequent Abnormal Structural Clot. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:30768-30779. [PMID: 27766857 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
EMT-type zeolite nanoparticles (EMT NPs) with particle size of 10-20 nm and external surface area of 200 m2/g have shown high selective affinity toward plasma protein (fibrinogen). Besides, the EMT NPs have demonstrated no adverse effect on blood coagulation hemostasis. Therefore, it was envisioned that the EMT NPs could inhibit possible β-amyloid (Aβ)-fibrinogen interactions that result in the formation of structurally abnormal clots, which are resistant to lysis, in cerebral vessels of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). To evaluate this hypothesis, the clot formation and degradation of Aβ-fibrinogen in the presence and absence of the EMT zeolite NPs were assessed. The results clearly showed that the delay in clot dissolution was significantly reduced in the presence of zeolite NPs. By formation of protein corona, the EMT NPs showed a negligible reduction in their inhibitory strength. Docking of small molecules (Aβ-fibrinogen) introduced a novel potential inhibitory candidate. The zeolite NPs showed similar inhibitory effects on binding of fibrinogen to both Aβ(25-35) and/or Aβ(1-42). This indicates that the inhibitory strength of these NPs is independent of Aβ sequence, and it is suggested that the zeolite NPs adsorb fibrinogen and specifically obstruct their Aβ binding sites. Therefore, the zeolite NPs can be the safe and effective inhibitors in preventing Aβ-fibrinogen interaction and consequent cognitive damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Javad Hajipour
- Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr 75147, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Eng Poh Ng
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , 11800 USM, Malaysia
| | | | - Hussein Awala
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Spectroscopy, ENSICAEN, University of Caen , CNRS, 6 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
| | - Svetlana Mintova
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Spectroscopy, ENSICAEN, University of Caen , CNRS, 6 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14050 Caen, France
| | | | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Xie T, Vora A, Mulcahey PJ, Nanescu SE, Singh M, Choi DS, Huang JK, Liu CC, Sanders DP, Hahm JI. Surface Assembly Configurations and Packing Preferences of Fibrinogen Mediated by the Periodicity and Alignment Control of Block Copolymer Nanodomains. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7705-7720. [PMID: 27462904 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the specific adsorption and packing behaviors of biomedically important proteins by effectively guiding their preferred surface adsorption configuration and packing orientation on polymeric surfaces may have utility in many applications such as biomaterials, medical implants, and tissue engineering. Herein, we investigate the distinct adhesion configurations of fibrinogen (Fg) proteins and the different organization behaviors between single Fg molecules that are mediated by the changes in the periodicity and alignment of chemically alternating nanodomains in thin films of polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) block copolymer (BCP). Specifically, the adsorption characteristics of individual Fg molecules were unambiguously resolved on four different PS-b-PMMA templates of dsa PS-b-PMMA, sm PS-b-PMMA, com PS-b-PMMA, and PS-r-PMMA. By direct visualization through high resolution imaging, the distinct adsorption and packing configurations of both isolated and interacting Fg molecules were determined as a function of the BCP template-specific nanodomain periodicity, domain alignment (random versus fully aligned), and protein concentration. The three dominant Fg adsorption configurations, SP∥, SP⊥, and TP, were observed and their occurrence ratios were ascertained on each PS-b-PMMA template. During surface packing, the orientation of the protein backbone was largely governed by the periodicity and alignment of the underlying PS-b-PMMA nanodomains whose specific direction was explicitly resolved relative to the polymeric nanodomain axis. The use of PS-b-PMMA with a periodicity much smaller than (and comparable to) the length of Fg led to a Fg scaffold with the protein backbone aligned parallel (and perpendicular) to the nanodomain major axis. In addition, we have successfully created fully Fg-decorated BCP constructs analogous to two-dimensional Fg crystals in which aligned protein molecules are arranged either side-on or end-on, depending on the BCP template. Our results demonstrate that the geometry and orientation of the protein can be effectively guided during Fg self-assembly by controlling the physical dimensions and orientations of the underlying BCP templates. Finally, the biofunctionality of the BCP surface-bound Fg was assessed and the Fg/BCP construct was successfully used in the Ca-P nanoparticle nucleation/growth and microglia cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , 37th & O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Ankit Vora
- IBM Research-Almaden , 650 Harry Rd, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Patrick J Mulcahey
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , 37th & O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Sonia E Nanescu
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University , 37th & O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Manpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , 37th & O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Daniel S Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , 37th & O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Huang
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University , 37th & O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057
| | - Chi-Chun Liu
- IBM Research-Albany Nanotech , 257 Fuller Rd, Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Daniel P Sanders
- IBM Research-Almaden , 650 Harry Rd, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Jong-In Hahm
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University , 37th & O Streets NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Burrell M, Henderson SJ, Ravnefjord A, Schweikart F, Fowler SB, Witt S, Hansson KM, Webster CI. Neprilysin Inhibits Coagulation through Proteolytic Inactivation of Fibrinogen. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158114. [PMID: 27437944 PMCID: PMC4954676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neprilysin (NEP) is an endogenous protease that degrades a wide range of peptides including amyloid beta (Aβ), the main pathological component of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have engineered NEP as a potential therapeutic for AD but found in pre-clinical safety testing that this variant increased prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of wild type NEP and the engineered variant on coagulation and define the mechanism by which this effect is mediated. PT and APTT were measured in cynomolgus monkeys and rats dosed with a human serum albumin fusion with an engineered variant of NEP (HSA-NEPv) as well as in control plasma spiked with wild type or variant enzyme. The coagulation factor targeted by NEP was determined using in vitro prothrombinase, calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT) and fibrin formation assays as well as N-terminal sequencing of fibrinogen treated with the enzyme. We demonstrate that HSA-NEP wild type and HSA-NEPv unexpectedly impaired coagulation, increasing PT and APTT in plasma samples and abolishing fibrin formation from fibrinogen. This effect was mediated through cleavage of the N-termini of the Aα- and Bβ-chains of fibrinogen thereby significantly impairing initiation of fibrin formation by thrombin. Fibrinogen has therefore been identified for the first time as a substrate for NEP wild type suggesting that the enzyme may have a role in regulating fibrin formation. Reductions in NEP levels observed in AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy may contribute to neurovascular degeneration observed in these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Burrell
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Henderson
- Biologics Safety Assessment, MedImmune, Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Ravnefjord
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Fritz Schweikart
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Susan B. Fowler
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Witt
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kenny M. Hansson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Carl I. Webster
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Kuntz M, Candela P, Saint-Pol J, Lamartinière Y, Boucau MC, Sevin E, Fenart L, Gosselet F. Bexarotene Promotes Cholesterol Efflux and Restricts Apical-to-Basolateral Transport of Amyloid-β Peptides in an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-Brain Barrier. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:849-62. [PMID: 26402114 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the prime features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the excessive accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Several recent studies suggest that this phenomenon results from the dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis in the brain and impaired bidirectional Aβ exchange between blood and brain. These mechanisms appear to be closely related and are controlled by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) at the brain microvessel level. In animal models of AD, the anticancer drug bexarotene (a retinoid X receptor agonist) has been found to restore cognitive functions and decrease the brain amyloid burden by regulating cholesterol homeostasis. However, the drug's therapeutic effect is subject to debate and the exact mechanism of action has not been characterized. Therefore, the objective of this present study was to determine bexarotene's effects on the BBB. Using an in vitro model of the human BBB, we investigated the drug's effects on cholesterol exchange between abluminal and luminal compartments and the apical-to-basolateral transport of Aβ peptides across the BBB. Our results demonstrated that bexarotene induces the expression of ABCA1 but not ApoE. This upregulation correlates with an increase in ApoE2-, ApoE4-, ApoA-I-, and HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux. Regarding the transport of Aβ peptides, bexarotene increases the expression of ABCB1, which in turn decreases Aβ apical-to-basolateral transport. Our results showed that bexarotene not only promotes the cholesterol exchange between the brain and the blood but also decreases the influx of Aβ peptides across BBB, suggesting that bexarotene is a promising drug candidate for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
|
149
|
Aso E, Serrano AL, Muñoz-Cánoves P, Ferrer I. Fibrinogen-Derived γ377-395 Peptide Improves Cognitive Performance and Reduces Amyloid-β Deposition, without Altering Inflammation, in AβPP/PS1 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 47:403-12. [PMID: 26401562 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen has emerged as a promising therapeutic target against Alzheimer's disease because of its dual role in altered vascular function and amyloid-β aggregation. Here we provide evidence regarding cognitive improvement and reduction of brain parenchyma amyloid-β deposition in AβPP/PS1 mice after treatment for one month with the fibrinogen-blocking peptide Fibγ377-395. No alteration in glial response or other neuroinflammatory markers was observed in the cortex of treated animals. Considering these results and the fact that Fibγ377-395 does not affect coagulation function, this peptide could be considered as a promising and safe candidate for chronic treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Aso
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Carlos III, Spain
| | - Antonio L Serrano
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Carlos III, Spain.,Cell Biology Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Carlos III, Spain.,Cell Biology Group, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Carlos III, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Qosa H, Mohamed LA, Al Rihani SB, Batarseh YS, Duong QV, Keller JN, Kaddoumi A. High-Throughput Screening for Identification of Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Enhancers: A Drug Repurposing Opportunity to Rectify Vascular Amyloid Toxicity. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 53:1499-516. [PMID: 27392852 PMCID: PMC4992409 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface that maintains brain homeostasis and protects it from free entry of chemicals, toxins, and drugs. The barrier function of the BBB is maintained mainly by capillary endothelial cells that physically separate brain from blood. Several neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), are known to disrupt BBB integrity. In this study, a high-throughput screening (HTS) was developed to identify drugs that rectify/protect BBB integrity from vascular amyloid toxicity associated with AD progression. Assessing Lucifer Yellow permeation across in-vitro BBB model composed from mouse brain endothelial cells (bEnd3) grown on 96-well plate inserts was used to screen 1280 compounds of Sigma LOPAC®1280 library for modulators of bEnd3 monolayer integrity. HTS identified 62 compounds as disruptors, and 50 compounds as enhancers of the endothelial barrier integrity. From these 50 enhancers, 7 FDA approved drugs were identified with EC50 values ranging from 0.76-4.56 μM. Of these 7 drugs, 5 were able to protect bEnd3-based BBB model integrity against amyloid toxicity. Furthermore, to test the translational potential to humans, the 7 drugs were tested for their ability to rectify the disruptive effect of Aβ in the human endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3. Only 3 (etodolac, granisetron, and beclomethasone) out of the 5 effective drugs in the bEnd3-based BBB model demonstrated a promising effect to protect the hCMEC/D3-based BBB model integrity. These drugs are compelling candidates for repurposing as therapeutic agents that could rectify dysfunctional BBB associated with AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Qosa
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Loqman A. Mohamed
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Sweilem B. Al Rihani
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Yazan S. Batarseh
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Quoc-Viet Duong
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Jeffrey N. Keller
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|