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Auer TO, Khallaf MA, Silbering AF, Zappia G, Ellis K, Álvarez-Ocaña R, Arguello JR, Hansson BS, Jefferis GSXE, Caron SJC, Knaden M, Benton R. Olfactory receptor and circuit evolution promote host specialization. Nature 2020; 579:402-408. [PMID: 32132713 PMCID: PMC7100913 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of animal behaviour is poorly understood1,2. Despite numerous correlations of behavioural and nervous system divergence, demonstration of the genetic basis of interspecific behavioural differences remains rare3–5. Here, we develop a novel neurogenetic model, Drosophila sechellia, a close cousin of D. melanogaster6,7 that displays profound behavioural changes linked to its extreme specialisation on noni fruit8–16. Using calcium imaging, we identify D. sechellia olfactory pathways detecting host volatiles. Mutational analysis indicates roles for different olfactory receptors in long- and short-range attraction to noni. Cross-species allele transfer demonstrates that tuning of one of these receptors is important for species-specific host-seeking. We identify the molecular determinants of this functional change, and characterise their evolutionary origin and behavioural significance. Through circuit tracing in the D. sechellia brain, we find that receptor adaptations are accompanied by increased sensory pooling onto interneurons and novel central projection patterns. This work reveals the accumulation of molecular, physiological and anatomical traits linked to behavioural divergence, and defines a powerful model for investigating nervous system evolution and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Auer
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Mohammed A Khallaf
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ana F Silbering
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Zappia
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kaitlyn Ellis
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Raquel Álvarez-Ocaña
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Roman Arguello
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Sophie J C Caron
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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102
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Merivee E, Must A, Nurme K, Di Giulio A, Muzzi M, Williams I, Mänd M. Neural Code for Ambient Heat Detection in Elaterid Beetles. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:1. [PMID: 32116586 PMCID: PMC7016213 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental thermal conditions play a major role at all levels of biological organization; however, there is little information on noxious high temperature sensation crucial in behavioral thermoregulation and survival of small ectothermic animals such as insects. So far, a capability to unambiguously encode heat has been demonstrated only for the sensory triad of the spike bursting thermo- and two bimodal hygro-thermoreceptor neurons located in the antennal dome-shaped sensilla (DSS) in a carabid beetle. We used extracellular single sensillum recording in the range of 20-45°C to demonstrate that a similar sensory triad in the elaterid Agriotes obscurus also produces high temperature-induced bursty spike trains. Several parameters of the bursts are temperature dependent, allowing the neurons in a certain order to encode different, but partly overlapping ranges of heat up to lethal levels in a graded manner. ISI in a burst is the most useful parameter out of six. Our findings consider spike bursting as a general, fundamental quality of the classical sensory triad of antennal thermo- and hygro-thermoreceptor neurons widespread in many insect groups, being a flexible and reliable mode of coding unfavorably high temperatures. The possible involvement of spike bursting in behavioral thermoregulation of the beetles is discussed. By contrast, the mean firing rate of the neurons in regular and bursty spike trains combined does not carry useful thermal information at the high end of noxious heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enno Merivee
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anne Must
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karin Nurme
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Maurizio Muzzi
- Department of Science, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Ingrid Williams
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marika Mänd
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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103
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Missbach C, Vogel H, Hansson BS, Große-Wilde E, Vilcinskas A, Kaiser TS. Developmental and sexual divergence in the olfactory system of the marine insect Clunio marinus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2125. [PMID: 32034235 PMCID: PMC7005812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An animal's fitness strongly depends on successful feeding, avoidance of predators and reproduction. All of these behaviours commonly involve chemosensation. As a consequence, when species' ecological niches and life histories differ, their chemosensory abilities need to be adapted accordingly. The intertidal insect Clunio marinus (Diptera: Chironomidae) has tuned its olfactory system to two highly divergent niches. The long-lived larvae forage in a marine environment. During the few hours of terrestrial adult life, males have to find the female pupae floating on the water surface, free the cryptic females from their pupal skin, copulate and carry the females to the oviposition sites. In order to explore the possibility for divergent olfactory adaptations within the same species, we investigated the chemosensory system of C. marinus larvae, adult males and adult females at the morphological and molecular level. The larvae have a well-developed olfactory system, but olfactory gene expression only partially overlaps with that of adults, likely reflecting their marine vs. terrestrial lifestyles. The olfactory system of the short-lived adults is simple, displaying no glomeruli in the antennal lobes. There is strong sexual dimorphism, the female olfactory system being particularly reduced in terms of number of antennal annuli and sensilla, olfactory brain centre size and gene expression. We found hints for a pheromone detection system in males, including large trichoid sensilla and expression of specific olfactory receptors and odorant binding proteins. Taken together, this makes C. marinus an excellent model to study within-species evolution and adaptation of chemosensory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Missbach
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ewald Große-Wilde
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.,Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, EXTEMIT-K, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Tobias S Kaiser
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna (CIBIV), Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9, A-1030, Wien, Austria. .,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Research Group "Biological Clocks", August-Thienemann-Strasse 2, 24306, Plön, Germany.
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104
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Sun YL, Dong JF, Gu N, Wang SL. Identification of Candidate Chemosensory Receptors in the Antennae of the Variegated Cutworm, Peridroma saucia Hübner, Based on a Transcriptome Analysis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:39. [PMID: 32082194 PMCID: PMC7005060 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect chemoreception, including olfaction and gustation, involves several families of genes, including odorant receptors (ORs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), and gustatory receptors (GRs). The variegated cutworm Peridroma saucia Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a worldwide agricultural pest that causes serious damage to many crops. To identify such olfactory and gustatory receptors in P. saucia, we performed a systematic analysis of the antennal transcriptome of adult P. saucia through Illumina sequencing. A total of 103 candidate chemosensory receptor genes were identified, including 63 putative ORs, 10 GRs, 24 IRs, and 6 ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). Phylogenetic relationships of these genes with those from other species were predicted, and specific chemosensory receptor genes were analyzed, including ORco, pheromone receptors (PRs), sugar receptors, CO2 receptors, and IR co-receptors. RT-qPCR analyses of these annotated genes revealed that 6 PRs were predominantly expressed in male antennae; 3 ORs, 1 GR, 2 IRs, and 2 iGluRs had higher expression levels in male than in female antennae; and 14 ORs, 1 GR, and 3 IRs had higher expression levels in female than in male antennae. This research increases the understanding of olfactory and gustatory systems in the antennae of P. saucia and facilitates the discovery of novel strategies for controlling this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lan Sun
- Forestry College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jun-Feng Dong
- Forestry College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Nan Gu
- Forestry College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shao-Li Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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105
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Sharko FS, Nedoluzhko AV, Lê BM, Tsygankova SV, Boulygina ES, Rastorguev SM, Sokolov AS, Rodriguez F, Mazur AM, Polilov AA, Benton R, Evgen'ev MB, Arkhipova IR, Prokhortchouk EB, Skryabin KG. A partial genome assembly of the miniature parasitoid wasp, Megaphragma amalphitanum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226485. [PMID: 31869362 PMCID: PMC6927652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size reduction, also known as miniaturization, is an important evolutionary process that affects a number of physiological and phenotypic traits and helps animals conquer new ecological niches. However, this process is poorly understood at the molecular level. Here, we report genomic and transcriptomic features of arguably the smallest known insect-the parasitoid wasp, Megaphragma amalphitanum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). In contrast to expectations, we find that the genome and transcriptome sizes of this parasitoid wasp are comparable to other members of the Chalcidoidea superfamily. Moreover, compared to other chalcid wasps the gene content of M. amalphitanum is remarkably conserved. Intriguingly, we observed significant changes in M. amalphitanum transposable element dynamics over time, in which an initial burst was followed by suppression of activity, possibly due to a recent reinforcement of the genome defense machinery. Overall, while the M. amalphitanum genomic data reveal certain features that may be linked to the unusual biological properties of this organism, miniaturization is not associated with a large decrease in genome complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor S. Sharko
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V. Nedoluzhko
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
- Nord University, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Bodø, Norway
| | - Brandon M. Lê
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Alexey S. Sokolov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alexander M. Mazur
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Polilov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Irina R. Arkhipova
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Egor B. Prokhortchouk
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin G. Skryabin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, Russia
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106
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Senapati B, Tsao CH, Juan YA, Chiu TH, Wu CL, Waddell S, Lin S. A neural mechanism for deprivation state-specific expression of relevant memories in Drosophila. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:2029-2039. [PMID: 31659341 PMCID: PMC6885014 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Motivational states modulate how animals value sensory stimuli and engage in goal-directed behaviors. The motivational states of thirst and hunger are represented in the brain by shared and unique neuromodulatory systems. However, it is unclear how such systems interact to coordinate the expression of appropriate state-specific behavior. We show that the activity of two brain neurons expressing leucokinin neuropeptide is elevated in thirsty and hungry flies, and that leucokinin release is necessary for state-dependent expression of water- and sugar-seeking memories. Leucokinin inhibits two types of mushroom-body-innervating dopaminergic neurons (DANs) to promote thirst-specific water memory expression, whereas it activates other mushroom-body-innervating DANs to facilitate hunger-dependent sugar memory expression. Selection of hunger- or thirst-appropriate memory emerges from competition between leucokinin and other neuromodulatory hunger signals at the level of the DANs. Therefore, coordinated modulation of the dopaminergic system allows flies to prioritize the expression of the relevant state-dependent motivated behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashree Senapati
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hui Tsao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Juan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Hsiang Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Scott Waddell
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Suewei Lin
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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107
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He P, Wang MM, Wang H, Ma YF, Yang S, Li SB, Li XG, Li S, Zhang F, Wang Q, Ran HN, Yang GQ, Dewer Y, He M. Genome-wide identification of chemosensory receptor genes in the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus. Genomics 2019; 112:2034-2040. [PMID: 31765823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus is one of the major insect pests of rice, but little is known about the molecular-level means by which it locates its hosts. SBPH host-seeking behavior heavily relies on chemosensory receptors (CRs). In this study, we utilized genome analysis of the SBPH to identify 169 CRs, including: 133 odorant receptors (ORs), 13 gustatory receptors (GRs) and 23 ionotropic receptors (IRs). The phylogenetic relationships of OR genes from three rice planthoppers and other insect species revealed that the odorant co-receptor (Orco) clade is the most conserved group. Among the candidate GRs, two sugar receptors and five fructose receptors have been identified but no carbon dioxide receptors investigated. Furthermore, we identified homologs of the three highly conserved IR co-receptors. The obtained results will provide us with precious information needed to better understand the interaction between insect pests and crop plants required for effective crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Mei-Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Yu-Feng Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Shao-Bing Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Xuan-Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Shuo Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Hui-Nu Ran
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Gui-Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Youssef Dewer
- Bioassay Research Department, Central Agricultural Pesticide Laboratory, Sabahia Plant Protection Research Station, Agricultural Research Center, Alexandria 21616, Egypt
| | - Ming He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
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108
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Raji JI, Gonzalez S, DeGennaro M. Aedes aegypti Ir8a mutant female mosquitoes show increased attraction to standing water. Commun Integr Biol 2019; 12:181-186. [PMID: 31700566 PMCID: PMC6824317 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2019.1681063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of water sources is crucial for insects such as mosquitoes to avoid desiccation and survive. In addition, mosquitoes use humidity cues to successfully navigate the environment to find a suitable oviposition site. Previous studies have implicated some members of the ionotropic receptor family in humidity sensing by Drosophila. Here, we investigate if IR8a co-receptor mediates water detection in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Using a simple behavioral assay, we examined the attraction of Ir8a mutant mosquitoes to standing water. Ir8a mutant mosquitoes were able to discriminate between traps containing water and those without as well as wild-type and heterozygous control females. Surprisingly, the female mutants were more robustly drawn to standing water than control mosquitoes. Further investigation revealed that the increased behavioral attraction to water is likely not mediated by a metabolic need or an activity defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Raji
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sheyla Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthew DeGennaro
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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109
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Shan S, Wang SN, Song X, Khashaveh A, Lu ZY, Dhiloo KH, Li RJ, Gao XW, Zhang YJ. Antennal ionotropic receptors IR64a1 and IR64a2 of the parasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator (Hymenoptera: Braconidate) collaboratively perceive habitat and host cues. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 114:103204. [PMID: 31422151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic receptors (IRs), as a member of the conserved chemoreceptor families in the peripheral nervous system, play a critical role in the chemoreception of Drosophila. However, little is known about IRs in Hymenoptera insects. Here, we comprehensively characterized the gene structure, topological map and chemosensory roles of antennal IRs (MmedIRs) in the hymenopteran parasitoid wasp Microplitis mediator. We found that the IRs were conserved across various insect species. In the in situ hybridization assays, most IRs showed female antennae biased features, and there was no co-expression of the IRs and the olfactory receptor co-receptor (ORco). Moreover, three IR co-expressed complexes, IR75u-IR8a, IR64a1-IR8a and IR64a2-IR8a, were detected. Two genes with high similarity, IR64a1 and IR64a2, were located in distinct neurons but projected to the same sensillum. In two-electrode voltage-clamp recordings, IR64a1 was widely tuned to the chemicals from habitat cues released from host plants over long distances, whereas IR64a2 responded to a narrow range host cues and plant odors with low-volatility. Notably, IR64a2 was able to perceive Z9-14: Ald, a vital sex pheromone component that is released from Helicoverpa armigera, which is the preferred host of M. mediator. Furthermore, most ligands of IR64a1 and IR64a2 can trigger electrophysiological responses in female wasps. We propose that IR64a1 and IR64a2 collaboratively perceive habitat and host cues to assist parasitoids in efficiently seeking hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shan-Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xuan Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Adel Khashaveh
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zi-Yun Lu
- IPM Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Protection Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Khalid Hussain Dhiloo
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Crop Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, 70060, Pakistan
| | - Rui-Jun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Xi-Wu Gao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yong-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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110
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Cui Y, Kang C, Wu Z, Lin J. Identification and Expression Analyses of Olfactory Gene Families in the Rice Grasshopper, Oxya chinensis, From Antennal Transcriptomes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1223. [PMID: 31616318 PMCID: PMC6775195 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice grasshopper Oxya chinensis is an important agricultural pest of rice and other gramineous plants. Chemosensory genes are crucial factors in direct interactions with odorants in the olfactory process. Here we identified genes encoding 18 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 13 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 94 olfactory receptors (ORs), 12 ionotropic receptors (IRs), and two sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) from O. chinensis using an transcriptomic approach. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR assays revealed that six OBP-encoding genes (OchiOBP4, 5, 8, 9, 10, and 14), one CSP gene (OchiOBP10) and two IR genes (OchiIR28 and 29) were exclusively expressed in antennae, suggesting their roles in olfaction. Real-time quantitative PCR analyses revealed that genes expressed exclusively or predominantly in antennae also displayed significant differences in expression levels between males and females. Among the differentially expressed genes, 17 OR-encoding genes, one CSP- and one SNMP-gene showed female-biased expression, suggesting that they may be involved in some female-specific behaviors such as seeking oviposition site; whereas the three remaining OR-encoding genes showed male-biased expression, indicating their possible roles in sensing female sex pheromones. Our results laid a solid foundation for future studies to reveal olfactory mechanisms as well as designing strategies for controlling this rice pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cui
- Guang Zhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Kang
- Guang Zhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongzhen Wu
- Guang Zhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jintian Lin
- Guang Zhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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111
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Zhou LY, Li W, Liu HY, Xiang F, Kang YK, Yin X, Huang AP, Wang YJ. Systemic identification and analyses of genes potentially involved in chemosensory in the devastating tea pest Basilepta melanopus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 31:100586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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112
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Wu Z, Kang C, Qu M, Chen J, Chen M, Bin S, Lin J. Candidates for chemosensory genes identified in the Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax, through a transcriptomic analysis. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:646. [PMID: 31412763 PMCID: PMC6693287 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The males of many Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) respond strongly to plant-derived chemicals (male lures) and can be divided into cue lure/raspberry ketone (CL/RK) responders, methyl eugenol (ME) responders and non-responders. Representing a non-responders, Bactrocera minax display unique olfactory sensory characteristics compared with other Bactrocera species. The chemical senses of insects mediate behaviors that are associated with survival and reproduction. Here, we report the generation of transcriptomes from antennae and the rectal glands of both male and female adults of B. minax using Illumina sequencing technology, and annotated gene families potentially responsible for chemosensory. Results We developed four transcriptomes from different tissues of B. minax and identified a set of candidate genes potentially responsible for chemosensory by analyzing the transcriptomic data. The candidates included 40 unigenes coding for odorant receptors (ORs), 30 for ionotropic receptors (IRs), 17 for gustatory receptors (GRs), three for sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), 33 for odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), four for chemosensory proteins (CSPs). Sex- and tissue-specific expression profiles for candidate chemosensory genes were analyzed via transcriptomic data analyses, and expression profiles of all ORs and antennal IRs were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Phylogenetic analyses were also conducted on gene families and paralogs from other insect species together. Conclusions A large number of chemosensory genes were identified from transcriptomic data. Identification of these candidate genes and their expression profiles in various tissues provide useful information for future studies towards revealing their function in B. minax. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-6022-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhen Wu
- Guang Zhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Kang
- Guang Zhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqiu Qu
- Guang Zhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Chen
- Guang Zhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Shuying Bin
- Guang Zhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Jintian Lin
- Guang Zhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China.
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113
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Latorre-Estivalis JM, Lorenzo MG. Molecular bases of sensory processes in kissing bugs, vectors of Chagas disease. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 34:80-84. [PMID: 31247423 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sensory processes represent an information gathering interface between animals and their surrounding world. Therefore, they serve to scan the environment for resources and threats. The behavior of kissing bugs has been studied to aid their control because they transmit Chagas disease to humans. Besides, a few triatomines represent important insect models since Wigglesworth times. These hematophagous insects rely on different sensory systems to scan their environment for blood-sources, mating partners, and hiding places. The study of the molecular bases of sensory processes has undergone a dramatic progress due the advent of new technologies allowing mass-sequencing of genes. Here, we focus on reviewing the fundamental knowledge gathered to date about the molecular bases of kissing bug sensory processes.
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114
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Zhao HX, Xiao WY, Ji CH, Ren Q, Xia XS, Zhang XF, Huang WZ. Candidate chemosensory genes identified from the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, through a transcriptomic analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10032. [PMID: 31296896 PMCID: PMC6624281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Galleriinae), is a ubiquitous pest of the honeybee, and poses a serious threat to the global honeybee industry. G. mellonella pheromone system is unusual compared to other lepidopterans and provides a unique olfactory model for pheromone perception. To better understand the olfactory mechanisms in G. mellonella, we conducted a transcriptomic analysis on the antennae of both male and female adults of G. mellonella using high-throughput sequencing and annotated gene families potentially involved in chemoreception. We annotated 46 unigenes coding for odorant receptors, 25 for ionotropic receptors, two for sensory neuron membrane proteins, 22 for odorant binding proteins and 20 for chemosensory proteins. Expressed primarily in antennae were all the 46 odorant receptor unigenes, nine of the 14 ionotropic receptor unigenes, and two of the 22 unigenes coding for odorant binding proteins, suggesting their putative roles in olfaction. The expression of some of the identified unigenes were sex-specific, suggesting that they may have important functions in the reproductive behavior of the insect. Identification of the candidate unigenes and initial analyses on their expression profiles should facilitate functional studies in the future on chemoreception mechanisms in this species and related lepidopteran moths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Wan-Yu Xiao
- Guangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510308, PR China
| | - Cong-Hui Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Qin Ren
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, 402460, PR China
| | - Xiao-Shan Xia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China
| | - Xue-Feng Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China.
| | - Wen-Zhong Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, 510260, PR China.
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115
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Lei J, Liu Q, Kadowaki T. Honey Bee Parasitic Mite Contains the Sensilla-Rich Sensory Organ on the Foreleg Tarsus Expressing Ionotropic Receptors With Conserved Functions. Front Physiol 2019; 10:556. [PMID: 31143129 PMCID: PMC6520597 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bee parasitic mites (Tropilaelaps mercedesae and Varroa destructor) detect temperature, humidity, and odor but the underlying sensory mechanisms are poorly understood. To uncover how T. mercedesae responds to environmental stimuli inside a hive, we first identified the sensilla-rich sensory organ on the foreleg tarsus. The organ appeared to correspond to Haller's organ in ticks and contained four types of sensilla, which may respond to different stimuli based on their morphology. We searched for differentially expressed genes between the forelegs and hindlegs to identify mRNAs potentially associated with the sensory organ. The forelegs were enriched with mRNAs encoding sensory proteins such as ionotropic receptors (IRs) and gustatory receptors, as well as proteins involved in ciliary transport. We also found that T. mercedesae IR25a and IR93a were capable of rescuing temperature and humidity preference defects in Drosophila melanogaster IR25a and IR93a mutants. These results demonstrate that the structures and physiological functions of ancient IRs have been conserved during arthropod evolution. Our study provides insight into the sensory mechanisms of honey bee parasitic mites, as well as potential targets for methods to control the most serious honey bee pest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tatsuhiko Kadowaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
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116
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Abuin L, Prieto-Godino LL, Pan H, Gutierrez C, Huang L, Jin R, Benton R. In vivo assembly and trafficking of olfactory Ionotropic Receptors. BMC Biol 2019; 17:34. [PMID: 30995910 PMCID: PMC6472016 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ionotropic receptors (IRs) are a large, divergent subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) that are expressed in diverse peripheral sensory neurons and function in olfaction, taste, hygrosensation and thermosensation. Analogous to the cell biological properties of their synaptic iGluR ancestors, IRs are thought to form heteromeric complexes that localise to the ciliated dendrites of sensory neurons. IR complexes are composed of selectively expressed ‘tuning’ receptors and one of two broadly expressed co-receptors (IR8a or IR25a). While the extracellular ligand-binding domain (LBD) of tuning IRs is likely to define the stimulus specificity of the complex, the role of this domain in co-receptors is unclear. Results We identify a sequence in the co-receptor LBD, the ‘co-receptor extra loop’ (CREL), which is conserved across IR8a and IR25a orthologues but not present in either tuning IRs or iGluRs. The CREL contains a single predicted N-glycosylation site, which we show bears a sugar modification in recombinantly expressed IR8a. Using the Drosophila olfactory system as an in vivo model, we find that a transgenically encoded IR8a mutant in which the CREL cannot be N-glycosylated is impaired in localisation to cilia in some, though not all, populations of sensory neurons expressing different tuning IRs. This defect can be complemented by the presence of endogenous wild-type IR8a, indicating that IR complexes contain at least two IR8a subunits and that this post-translational modification is dispensable for protein folding or complex assembly. Analysis of the subcellular distribution of the mutant protein suggests that its absence from sensory cilia is due to a failure in exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Protein modelling and in vivo analysis of tuning IR and co-receptor subunit interactions by a fluorescent protein fragment complementation assay reveal that the CREL N-glycosylation site is likely to be located on the external face of a heterotetrameric IR complex. Conclusions Our data reveal an important role for the IR co-receptor LBD in control of intracellular transport, provide novel insights into the stoichiometry and assembly of IR complexes and uncover an unexpected heterogeneity in the trafficking regulation of this sensory receptor family. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-019-0651-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Abuin
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode Building, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucia L Prieto-Godino
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode Building, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Present address: The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Brill Place, London, NW1 1BF, UK
| | - Haiyun Pan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Conagen, 15 DeAngelo Dr, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | - Craig Gutierrez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Rongsheng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode Building, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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117
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Raji JI, Melo N, Castillo JS, Gonzalez S, Saldana V, Stensmyr MC, DeGennaro M. Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Detect Acidic Volatiles Found in Human Odor Using the IR8a Pathway. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1253-1262.e7. [PMID: 30930038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes use olfaction as a primary means of detecting their hosts. Previously, the functional ablation of a family of Aedes aegypti olfactory receptors, the odorant receptors (ORs), was not sufficient to reduce host seeking in the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2). This suggests the olfactory receptors that remain, such as the ionotropic receptors (IRs), could play a significant role in host detection. To test this, we disrupted the Ir8a co-receptor in Ae. aegypti using CRISPR/Cas9. We found that Ir8a mutant female mosquitoes are not attracted to lactic acid, a behaviorally active component of human sweat, and they lack odor-evoked responses to acidic volatiles. The loss of Ir8a reduces mosquito attraction to humans and their odor. We show that the CO2-detection pathway is necessary but not sufficient for IR8a to detect human odor. Our study reveals that the IR8a pathway is crucial for an anthropophilic vector mosquito to effectively seek hosts. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Raji
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Nadia Melo
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - John S Castillo
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Sheyla Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Valeria Saldana
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | | | - Matthew DeGennaro
- Department of Biological Sciences & Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
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118
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Giraldo D, Adden A, Kuhlemann I, Gras H, Geurten BRH. Correcting locomotion dependent observation biases in thermal preference of Drosophila. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3974. [PMID: 30850647 PMCID: PMC6408449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing environmental temperatures is essential for the survival of ectothermic organisms. In Drosophila, two of the most used methodologies to study temperature preferences (TP) and the genes involved in thermosensation are two-choice assays and temperature gradients. Whereas two-choice assays reveal a relative TP, temperature gradients can identify the absolute Tp. One drawback of gradients is that small ectothermic animals are susceptible to cold-trapping: a physiological inability to move at the cold area of the gradient. Often cold-trapping cannot be avoided, biasing the resulting TP to lower temperatures. Two mathematical models were previously developed to correct for cold-trapping. These models, however, focus on group behaviour which can lead to overestimation of cold-trapping due to group aggregation. Here we present a mathematical model that simulates the behaviour of individual Drosophila in temperature gradients. The model takes the spatial dimension and temperature difference of the gradient into account, as well as the rearing temperature of the flies. Furthermore, it allows the quantification of cold-trapping and reveals unbiased TP. Additionally, our model reveals that flies have a range of tolerable temperatures, and this measure is more informative about the behaviour than commonly used TP. Online simulation is hosted at http://igloo.uni-goettingen.de. The code can be accessed at https://github.com/zerotonin/igloo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Giraldo
- Department for Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Adden
- Department for Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ilyas Kuhlemann
- Department for Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heribert Gras
- Department for Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bart R H Geurten
- Department for Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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119
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Budelli G, Ni L, Berciu C, van Giesen L, Knecht ZA, Chang EC, Kaminski B, Silbering AF, Samuel A, Klein M, Benton R, Nicastro D, Garrity PA. Ionotropic Receptors Specify the Morphogenesis of Phasic Sensors Controlling Rapid Thermal Preference in Drosophila. Neuron 2019; 101:738-747.e3. [PMID: 30654923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermosensation is critical for avoiding thermal extremes and regulating body temperature. While thermosensors activated by noxious temperatures respond to hot or cold, many innocuous thermosensors exhibit robust baseline activity and lack discrete temperature thresholds, suggesting they are not simply warm and cool detectors. Here, we investigate how the aristal Cold Cells encode innocuous temperatures in Drosophila. We find they are not cold sensors but cooling-activated and warming-inhibited phasic thermosensors that operate similarly at warm and cool temperatures; we propose renaming them "Cooling Cells." Unexpectedly, Cooling Cell thermosensing does not require the previously reported Brivido Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels. Instead, three Ionotropic Receptors (IRs), IR21a, IR25a, and IR93a, specify both the unique structure of Cooling Cell cilia endings and their thermosensitivity. Behaviorally, Cooling Cells promote both warm and cool avoidance. These findings reveal a morphogenetic role for IRs and demonstrate the central role of phasic thermosensing in innocuous thermosensation. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Budelli
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Lina Ni
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA; School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Cristina Berciu
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Lena van Giesen
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Zachary A Knecht
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Elaine C Chang
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Benjamin Kaminski
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Ana F Silbering
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Aravi Samuel
- Department of Physics and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mason Klein
- Department of Physics, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA; Department of Physics and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA; Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9039, USA.
| | - Paul A Garrity
- Volen Center for Complex Systems, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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120
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Robertson HM. Molecular Evolution of the Major Arthropod Chemoreceptor Gene Families. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 64:227-242. [PMID: 30312552 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary origins of the three major families of chemoreceptors in arthropods-the odorant receptor (OR), gustatory receptor (GR), and ionotropic receptor (IR) families-occurred at the base of the Insecta, Animalia, and Protostomia, respectively. Comparison of receptor family sizes across arthropods reveals a generally positive correlation with their widely disparate complexity of chemical ecology. Closely related species reveal the ongoing processes of gene family evolution, including gene duplication, divergence, pseudogenization, and loss, that mediate these larger patterns. Sets of paralogous receptors within species reveal positive selection on amino acids in regions likely to contribute to ligand binding and specificity. Ligands of many ORs and some GRs and IRs have been identified; however, ligand identification for many more chemoreceptors is needed, as are structures for the OR/GR superfamily, to improve our understanding of the molecular evolution of these ecologically important receptors in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA;
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121
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Sun Y, Gao S, Ji F, Zhu Y. A Novel Hygrotaxis Assay for Assessing Thirst Perception and Water Sensation in Drosophila. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3154. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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122
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Dong X, Chaisiri K, Xia D, Armstrong SD, Fang Y, Donnelly MJ, Kadowaki T, McGarry JW, Darby AC, Makepeace BL. Genomes of trombidid mites reveal novel predicted allergens and laterally transferred genes associated with secondary metabolism. Gigascience 2018; 7:5160133. [PMID: 30445460 PMCID: PMC6275457 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trombidid mites have a unique life cycle in which only the larval stage is ectoparasitic. In the superfamily Trombiculoidea ("chiggers"), the larvae feed preferentially on vertebrates, including humans. Species in the genus Leptotrombidium are vectors of a potentially fatal bacterial infection, scrub typhus, that affects 1 million people annually. Moreover, chiggers can cause pruritic dermatitis (trombiculiasis) in humans and domesticated animals. In the Trombidioidea (velvet mites), the larvae feed on other arthropods and are potential biological control agents for agricultural pests. Here, we present the first trombidid mites genomes, obtained both for a chigger, Leptotrombidium deliense, and for a velvet mite, Dinothrombium tinctorium. Results Sequencing was performed using Illumina technology. A 180 Mb draft assembly for D. tinctorium was generated from two paired-end and one mate-pair library using a single adult specimen. For L. deliense, a lower-coverage draft assembly (117 Mb) was obtained using pooled, engorged larvae with a single paired-end library. Remarkably, both genomes exhibited evidence of ancient lateral gene transfer from soil-derived bacteria or fungi. The transferred genes confer functions that are rare in animals, including terpene and carotenoid synthesis. Thirty-seven allergenic protein families were predicted in the L. deliense genome, of which nine were unique. Preliminary proteomic analyses identified several of these putative allergens in larvae. Conclusions Trombidid mite genomes appear to be more dynamic than those of other acariform mites. A priority for future research is to determine the biological function of terpene synthesis in this taxon and its potential for exploitation in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dong
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.,Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China.,Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, United Kingdom
| | - Kittipong Chaisiri
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Dong Xia
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, United Kingdom.,The Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D Armstrong
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, United Kingdom
| | - Yongxiang Fang
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Tatsuhiko Kadowaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - John W McGarry
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RP, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair C Darby
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin L Makepeace
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, L3 5RF, United Kingdom
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123
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Kaushik S, Kumar R, Kain P. Salt an Essential Nutrient: Advances in Understanding Salt Taste Detection Using Drosophila as a Model System. J Exp Neurosci 2018; 12:1179069518806894. [PMID: 30479487 PMCID: PMC6249657 DOI: 10.1177/1179069518806894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste modalities are conserved in insects and mammals. Sweet gustatory signals evoke attractive behaviors while bitter gustatory information drive aversive behaviors. Salt (NaCl) is an essential nutrient required for various physiological processes, including electrolyte homeostasis, neuronal activity, nutrient absorption, and muscle contraction. Not only mammals, even in Drosophila melanogaster, the detection of NaCl induces two different behaviors: Low concentrations of NaCl act as an attractant, whereas high concentrations act as repellant. The fruit fly is an excellent model system for studying the underlying mechanisms of salt taste due to its relatively simple neuroanatomical organization of the brain and peripheral taste system, the availability of powerful genetic tools and transgenic strains. In this review, we have revisited the literature and the information provided by various laboratories using invertebrate model system Drosophila that has helped us to understand NaCl salt taste so far. We hope that this compiled information from Drosophila will be of general significance and interest for forthcoming studies of the structure, function, and behavioral role of NaCl-sensitive (low and high concentrations) gustatory circuitry for understanding NaCl salt taste in all animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Kaushik
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Pinky Kain
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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124
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Ayala D, Zhang S, Chateau M, Fouet C, Morlais I, Costantini C, Hahn MW, Besansky NJ. Association mapping desiccation resistance within chromosomal inversions in the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Mol Ecol 2018; 28:1333-1342. [PMID: 30252170 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inversion polymorphisms are responsible for many ecologically important phenotypes and are often found under balancing selection. However, the same features that ensure their large role in local adaptation-especially reduced recombination between alternate arrangements-mean that uncovering the precise loci within inversions that control these phenotypes is unachievable using standard mapping approaches. Here, we take advantage of long-term balancing selection on a pair of inversions in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae to map desiccation tolerance via pool-GWAS. Two polymorphic inversions on chromosome 2 of this species (denoted 2La and 2Rb) are associated with arid and hot conditions in Africa and are maintained in spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments. After measuring thousands of wild-caught individuals for survival under desiccation stress, we used phenotypically extreme individuals homozygous for alternative arrangements at the 2La inversion to construct pools for whole-genome sequencing. Genomewide association mapping using these pools revealed dozens of significant SNPs within both 2La and 2Rb, many of which neighboured genes controlling ion channels or related functions. Our results point to the promise of similar approaches in systems with inversions maintained by balancing selection and provide a list of candidate genes underlying the specific phenotypes controlled by the two inversions studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ayala
- Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Simo Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Mathieu Chateau
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC (IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier), Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Fouet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC (IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier), Montpellier, France.,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCAEC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC (IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier), Montpellier, France.,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCAEC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Carlo Costantini
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, MIVEGEC (IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier), Montpellier, France.,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCAEC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Matthew W Hahn
- Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.,Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Nora J Besansky
- Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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125
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Sánchez-Alcañiz JA, Silbering AF, Croset V, Zappia G, Sivasubramaniam AK, Abuin L, Sahai SY, Münch D, Steck K, Auer TO, Cruchet S, Neagu-Maier GL, Sprecher SG, Ribeiro C, Yapici N, Benton R. An expression atlas of variant ionotropic glutamate receptors identifies a molecular basis of carbonation sensing. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4252. [PMID: 30315166 PMCID: PMC6185939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Through analysis of the Drosophila ionotropic receptors (IRs), a family of variant ionotropic glutamate receptors, we reveal that most IRs are expressed in peripheral neuron populations in diverse gustatory organs in larvae and adults. We characterise IR56d, which defines two anatomically-distinct neuron classes in the proboscis: one responds to carbonated solutions and fatty acids while the other represents a subset of sugar- and fatty acid-sensing cells. Mutational analysis indicates that IR56d, together with the broadly-expressed co-receptors IR25a and IR76b, is essential for physiological responses to carbonation and fatty acids, but not sugars. We further demonstrate that carbonation and fatty acids both promote IR56d-dependent attraction of flies, but through different behavioural outputs. Our work provides a toolkit for investigating taste functions of IRs, defines a subset of these receptors required for carbonation sensing, and illustrates how the gustatory system uses combinatorial expression of sensory molecules in distinct neurons to coordinate behaviour. Little is known about the role of variant ionotropic glutamate receptors (IRs) in insect taste. Here the authors characterise the expression pattern of IRs in the Drosophila gustatory system and highlight the role of one receptor, IR56d, in the detection of carbonation
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Sánchez-Alcañiz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Ana Florencia Silbering
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Croset
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.,Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SR, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Zappia
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Anantha Krishna Sivasubramaniam
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Liliane Abuin
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Saumya Yashmohini Sahai
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, W153 Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Daniel Münch
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Kathrin Steck
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Thomas O Auer
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Steeve Cruchet
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - G Larisa Neagu-Maier
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Simon G Sprecher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, Fribourg, CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Ribeiro
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Nilay Yapici
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, W153 Mudd Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Richard Benton
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Génopode Building, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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126
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Kozma MT, Schmidt M, Ngo-Vu H, Sparks SD, Senatore A, Derby CD. Chemoreceptor proteins in the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus: Expression of Ionotropic Receptors, Gustatory Receptors, and TRP channels in two chemosensory organs and brain. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203935. [PMID: 30240423 PMCID: PMC6150509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, has two classes of chemosensilla representing “olfaction” and “distributed chemoreception,” as is typical for decapod crustaceans. Olfactory sensilla are found exclusively on antennular lateral flagella and are innervated only by olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) that project into olfactory lobes organized into glomeruli in the brain. Distributed chemoreceptor sensilla are found on all body surfaces including the antennular lateral flagella (LF) and walking leg dactyls (dactyls), and are innervated by both chemoreceptor neurons (CRNs) and mechanoreceptor neurons that project into somatotopically organized neuropils. Here, we examined expression of three classes of chemosensory genes in transcriptomes of the LF (with ORNs and CRNs), dactyls (with only CRNs), and brain of P. argus: Ionotropic Receptors (IRs), which are related to ionotropic glutamate receptors and found in all protostomes including crustaceans; Gustatory Receptors (GRs), which are ionotropic receptors that are abundantly expressed in insects but more restricted in crustaceans; and Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, a diverse set of sensor-channels that include several chemosensors in diverse animals. We identified 108 IRs, one GR, and 18 homologues representing all seven subfamilies of TRP channels. The number of IRs expressed in the LF is far greater than in dactyls, possibly reflecting the contribution of receptor proteins associated with the ORNs beyond those associated with CRNs. We found co-receptor IRs (IR8a, IR25a, IR76b, IR93a) and conserved IRs (IR21a, IR40a) in addition to the numerous divergent IRs in the LF, dactyl, and brain. Immunocytochemistry showed that IR25a is expressed in ORNs, CRNs, and a specific type of cell located in the brain near the olfactory lobes. While the function of IRs, TRP channels, and the GR was not explored, our results suggest that P. argus has an abundance of diverse putative chemoreceptor proteins that it may use in chemoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihika T. Kozma
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hanh Ngo-Vu
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shea D. Sparks
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles D. Derby
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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127
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Sun JS, Larter NK, Chahda JS, Rioux D, Gumaste A, Carlson JR. Humidity response depends on the small soluble protein Obp59a in Drosophila. eLife 2018; 7:39249. [PMID: 30230472 PMCID: PMC6191283 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hygrosensation is an essential sensory modality that is used to find sources of moisture. Hygroreception allows animals to avoid desiccation, an existential threat that is increasing with climate change. Humidity response, however, remains poorly understood. Here we find that humidity-detecting sensilla in the Drosophila antenna express and rely on a small protein, Obp59a. Mutants lacking this protein are defective in three hygrosensory behaviors, one operating over seconds, one over minutes, and one over hours. Remarkably, loss of Obp59a and humidity response leads to an increase in desiccation resistance. Obp59a is an exceptionally well-conserved, highly localized, and abundantly expressed member of a large family of secreted proteins. Antennal Obps have long been believed to transport hydrophobic odorants, and a role in hygroreception was unexpected. The results enhance our understanding of hygroreception, Obp function, and desiccation resistance, a process that is critical to insect survival. Some insects have a sense – called hygroreception – that allows them to detect changing levels of moisture in the air. These insects use this sense to avoid becoming too dry, or to find food or places to lay their eggs. In many species, including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the antennae are important for hygroreception. Cells in the antennae produce lots of small proteins called odorant binding proteins, or Obps for short. These proteins are believed mostly to help the antennae to detect various chemical signals in the air, but it was not known if any of these proteins were also involved in hygroreception. Obp59a is an odorant binding protein that is found in the parts of the antennae that sense moisture, and Sun et al. set out to establish whether it has a role in hygroreception in the fruit fly. A closer look confirmed that Obp59a proteins were indeed found specifically in the moisture-sensitive parts of the antennae, the hygroreceptive sensilla. Further experiments showed that flies without Obp59a could not respond properly to changing humidity over periods of seconds, minutes and hours. These results indicated that Obp59a is important for insect hygroreception. Perhaps unexpectedly, these mutant flies were also more resistant to drying out. Sun et al. suggest that, because flies without Obp59a struggle with hygroreception, they may also become more cautious to avoid becoming too dry. Further experiments could now test this hypothesis. Since insects like mosquitoes use hygroreception to find their human hosts or choose where to lay their eggs, Obp59a may become a useful target for controlling insect-borne infections. Also, understanding insect hygroreception may yield new insights into how climate change will affect insect populations around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Sun
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Nikki K Larter
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - J Sebastian Chahda
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Douglas Rioux
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Ankita Gumaste
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - John R Carlson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, United States
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128
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Analysis of the grapevine moth Lobesia botrana antennal transcriptome and expression of odorant-binding and chemosensory proteins. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 27:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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129
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Gomez-Diaz C, Martin F, Garcia-Fernandez JM, Alcorta E. The Two Main Olfactory Receptor Families in Drosophila, ORs and IRs: A Comparative Approach. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:253. [PMID: 30214396 PMCID: PMC6125307 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most insect species rely on the detection of olfactory cues for critical behaviors for the survival of the species, e.g., finding food, suitable mates and appropriate egg-laying sites. Although insects show a diverse array of molecular receptors dedicated to the detection of sensory cues, two main types of molecular receptors have been described as responsible for olfactory reception in Drosophila, the odorant receptors (ORs) and the ionotropic receptors (IRs). Although both receptor families share the role of being the first chemosensors in the insect olfactory system, they show distinct evolutionary origins and several distinct structural and functional characteristics. While ORs are seven-transmembrane-domain receptor proteins, IRs are related to the ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) family. Both types of receptors are expressed on the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of the main olfactory organ, the antenna, but they are housed in different types of sensilla, IRs in coeloconic sensilla and ORs in basiconic and trichoid sensilla. More importantly, from the functional point of view, they display different odorant specificity profiles. Research advances in the last decade have improved our understanding of the molecular basis, evolution and functional roles of these two families, but there are still controversies and unsolved key questions that remain to be answered. Here, we present an updated review on the advances of the genetic basis, evolution, structure, functional response and regulation of both types of chemosensory receptors. We use a comparative approach to highlight the similarities and differences among them. Moreover, we will discuss major open questions in the field of olfactory reception in insects. A comprehensive analysis of the structural and functional convergence and divergence of both types of receptors will help in elucidating the molecular basis of the function and regulation of chemoreception in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gomez-Diaz
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Martin
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Esther Alcorta
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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130
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Liu NY, Xu W, Dong SL, Zhu JY, Xu YX, Anderson A. Genome-wide analysis of ionotropic receptor gene repertoire in Lepidoptera with an emphasis on its functions of Helicoverpa armigera. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 99:37-53. [PMID: 29800678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The functions of the Ionotropic Receptor (IR) family have been well studied in Drosophila melanogaster, but only limited information is available in Lepidoptera. Here, we conducted a large-scale genome-wide analysis of the IR gene repertoire in 13 moths and 16 butterflies. Combining a homology-based approach and manual efforts, totally 996 IR candidates are identified including 31 pseudogenes and 825 full-length sequences, representing the most current comprehensive annotation in lepidopteran species. The phylogeny, expression and sequence characteristics classify Lepidoptera IRs into three sub-families: antennal IRs (A-IRs), divergent IRs (D-IRs) and Lepidoptera-specific IRs (LS-IRs), which is distinct from the case of Drosophila IRs. In comparison to LS-IRs and D-IRs, A-IRs members share a higher degree of protein identity and are distinguished into 16 orthologous groups in the phylogeny, showing conservation of gene structure. Analysis of selective forces on 27 orthologous groups reveals that these lepidopteran IRs have evolved under strong purifying selection (dN/dS≪1). Most notably, lineage-specific gene duplications that contribute primarily to gene number variations across Lepidoptera not only exist in D-IRs, but are present in the two other sub-families including members of IR41a, 76b, 87a, 100a and 100b. Expression profiling analysis reveals that over 80% (21/26) of Helicoverpa armigera A-IRs are expressed more highly in antennae of adults or larvae than other tissues, consistent with its proposed function in olfaction. However, some are also detected in taste organs like proboscises and legs. These results suggest that some A-IRs in H. armigera likely bear a dual function with their involvement in olfaction and gustation. Results from mating experiments show that two HarmIRs (IR1.2 and IR75d) expression is significantly up-regulated in antennae of mated female moths. However, no expression difference is observed between unmated female and male adults, suggesting an association with female host-searching behaviors. Our current study has greatly extended the IR gene repertoire resource in Lepidoptera, and more importantly, identifies potential IR candidates for olfactory, gustatory and oviposition behaviors in the cotton bollworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Shuang-Lin Dong
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yu-Xing Xu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Alisha Anderson
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia.
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131
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Robertson HM, Baits RL, Walden KK, Wada‐Katsumata A, Schal C. Enormous expansion of the chemosensory gene repertoire in the omnivorous German cockroach Blattella germanica. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:265-278. [PMID: 29566459 PMCID: PMC6175461 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of genome sequences from a wide range of insects and other arthropods has revealed a broad positive correlation between the complexity of their chemical ecology and the size of their chemosensory gene repertoire. The German cockroach Blattella germanica is an extreme omnivore and has the largest chemosensory gene repertoire known for an arthropod, exceeding even the highly polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae. While the Odorant Receptor family is not particularly large, with 123 genes potentially encoding 134 receptors (105 intact), the Gustatory Receptor family is greatly expanded to 431 genes potentially encoding 545 receptors (483 intact), the largest known for insects and second only to the spider mite. The Ionotropic Receptor family of olfactory and gustatory receptors is vastly expanded to at least 897 genes (604 intact), the largest size known in arthropods, far surpassing the 150 known from the dampwood termite Zootermopsis nevadensis. Commensurately, the Odorant Binding Protein family is expanded to the largest known for insects at 109 genes (all intact). Comparison with the far more specialized, but phylogenetically related termite, within the Dictyoptera, reveals considerable gene losses from the termite, and massive species-specific gene expansions in the cockroach. The cockroach has lost function of 11%-41% of these three chemoreceptor gene families to pseudogenization, and most of these are young events, implying rapid turnover of genes along with these major expansions, presumably in response to changes in its chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh M. Robertson
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Rachel L. Baits
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Kimberly K.O. Walden
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Ayako Wada‐Katsumata
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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132
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Barish S, Volkan PC. Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29985372 DOI: 10.3791/57716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory system of Drosophila is a widely used system in developmental neurobiology, systems neuroscience, as well as neurophysiology, behavior, and behavioral evolution. Drosophila olfactory tissues house the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) that detect volatile chemical cues in addition to hydro- and thermo-sensory neurons. In this protocol, we describe the dissection of developing peripheral olfactory tissue of the adult Drosophila species. We first describe how to stage and age Drosophila larvae, followed by the dissection of the antennal disc from early pupal stages, followed by the dissection of the antennae from mid-pupal stages and adults. We also show methods where preparations can be utilized in molecular techniques, such as the RNA extraction for qRT-PCR, RNAseq, or immunohistochemistry. These methods can also be applied to other Drosophila species after species-specific pupal development times are determined, and respective stages are calculated for appropriate aging.
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133
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Metaxakis A, Petratou D, Tavernarakis N. Multimodal sensory processing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Open Biol 2018; 8:180049. [PMID: 29925633 PMCID: PMC6030117 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisensory integration is a mechanism that allows organisms to simultaneously sense and understand external stimuli from different modalities. These distinct signals are transduced into neuronal signals that converge into decision-making neuronal entities. Such decision-making centres receive information through neuromodulators regarding the organism's physiological state and accordingly trigger behavioural responses. Despite the importance of multisensory integration for efficient functioning of the nervous system, and also the implication of dysfunctional multisensory integration in the aetiology of neuropsychiatric disease, little is known about the relative molecular mechanisms. Caenorhabditis elegans is an appropriate model system to study such mechanisms and elucidate the molecular ways through which organisms understand external environments in an accurate and coherent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Metaxakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Dionysia Petratou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
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134
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A foreleg transcriptome for Ixodes scapularis ticks: Candidates for chemoreceptors and binding proteins that might be expressed in the sensory Haller's organ. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1317-1327. [PMID: 29886186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular basis for the olfactory capabilities of the sensory Haller's organ on the forelegs of ticks. We first expanded the known repertoire of Ionotropic Receptors (IRs), a variant lineage of the ionotropic glutamate receptors, encoded by the black-legged Ixodes scapularis genome from 15 to 125. We then undertook a transcriptome study of fore- and hind-legs of this tick in an effort to identify candidate chemoreceptors differentially expressed in forelegs as likely to be involved in Haller's organ functions. We primarily identified members of the IR family, specifically Ir25a and Ir93a, as highly and differentially expressed in forelegs. Several other IRs, as well as a few members of the gustatory receptor family, were expressed at low levels in forelegs and might contribute to the sensory function of Haller's organ. In addition, we identified eight small families of secreted proteins, with sets of conserved cysteines, which might function as binding proteins. The genes encoding these Microplusin-Like proteins and two previously described Odorant Binding Protein-Like proteins share a common exon-intron structure, suggesting that they all evolved from a common ancestor and represent an independent origin of binding proteins with potential roles comparable to the ChemoSensory Proteins and Odorant Binding Proteins of insects. We also found two Niemann-Pick Type C2 proteins with foreleg-biased expression, however we were unable to detect foreleg-biased expression of a G-Protein-Coupled pathway previously proposed to mediate olfaction in the tick Haller's organ.
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135
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Genome-based identification and analysis of ionotropic receptors in Spodoptera litura. Naturwissenschaften 2018; 105:38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-018-1563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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136
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Dehydration prompts increased activity and blood feeding by mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6804. [PMID: 29717151 PMCID: PMC5931509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Current insights into the mosquito dehydration response rely on studies that examine specific responses but ultimately fail to provide an encompassing view of mosquito biology. Here, we examined underlying changes in the biology of mosquitoes associated with dehydration. Specifically, we show that dehydration increases blood feeding in the northern house mosquito, Culex pipiens, which was the result of both higher activity and a greater tendency to land on a host. Similar observations were noted for Aedes aegypti and Anopheles quadrimaculatus. RNA-seq and metabolome analyses in C. pipiens following dehydration revealed that factors associated with carbohydrate metabolism are altered, specifically the breakdown of trehalose. Suppression of trehalose breakdown in C. pipiens by RNA interference reduced phenotypes associated with lower hydration levels. Lastly, mesocosm studies for C. pipiens confirmed that dehydrated mosquitoes were more likely to host feed under ecologically relevant conditions. Disease modeling indicates dehydration bouts will likely enhance viral transmission. This dehydration-induced increase in blood feeding is therefore likely to occur regularly and intensify during periods when availability of water is low.
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137
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Hoffstaetter LJ, Bagriantsev SN, Gracheva EO. TRPs et al.: a molecular toolkit for thermosensory adaptations. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:745-759. [PMID: 29484488 PMCID: PMC5945325 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to sense temperature is crucial for the survival of an organism. Temperature influences all biological operations, from rates of metabolic reactions to protein folding, and broad behavioral functions, from feeding to breeding, and other seasonal activities. The evolution of specialized thermosensory adaptations has enabled animals to inhabit extreme temperature niches and to perform specific temperature-dependent behaviors. The function of sensory neurons depends on the participation of various types of ion channels. Each of the channels involved in neuronal excitability, whether through the generation of receptor potential, action potential, or the maintenance of the resting potential have temperature-dependent properties that can tune the neuron's response to temperature stimuli. Since the function of all proteins is affected by temperature, animals need adaptations not only for detecting different temperatures, but also for maintaining sensory ability at different temperatures. A full understanding of the molecular mechanism of thermosensation requires an investigation of all channel types at each step of thermosensory transduction. A fruitful avenue of investigation into how different molecules can contribute to the fine-tuning of temperature sensitivity is to study the specialized adaptations of various species. Given the diversity of molecular participants at each stage of sensory transduction, animals have a toolkit of channels at their disposal to adapt their thermosensitivity to their particular habitats or behavioral circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Hoffstaetter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
| | - Sviatoslav N Bagriantsev
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA
| | - Elena O Gracheva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA.
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8026, USA.
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138
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Identification and characterization of chemosensory gene families in the bark beetle, Tomicus yunnanensis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 25:73-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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139
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Wolff GH, Riffell JA. Olfaction, experience and neural mechanisms underlying mosquito host preference. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/4/jeb157131. [PMID: 29487141 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.157131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are best known for their proclivity towards biting humans and transmitting bloodborne pathogens, but there are over 3500 species, including both blood-feeding and non-blood-feeding taxa. The diversity of host preference in mosquitoes is exemplified by the feeding habits of mosquitoes in the genus Malaya that feed on ant regurgitation or those from the genus Uranotaenia that favor amphibian hosts. Host preference is also by no means static, but is characterized by behavioral plasticity that allows mosquitoes to switch hosts when their preferred host is unavailable and by learning host cues associated with positive or negative experiences. Here we review the diverse range of host-preference behaviors across the family Culicidae, which includes all mosquitoes, and how adaptations in neural circuitry might affect changes in preference both within the life history of a mosquito and across evolutionary time-scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella H Wolff
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Riffell
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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140
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Fleischer J, Pregitzer P, Breer H, Krieger J. Access to the odor world: olfactory receptors and their role for signal transduction in insects. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:485-508. [PMID: 28828501 PMCID: PMC11105692 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The sense of smell enables insects to recognize and discriminate a broad range of volatile chemicals in their environment originating from prey, host plants and conspecifics. These olfactory cues are received by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that relay information about food sources, oviposition sites and mates to the brain and thus elicit distinct odor-evoked behaviors. Research over the last decades has greatly advanced our knowledge concerning the molecular basis underlying the reception of odorous compounds and the mechanisms of signal transduction in OSNs. The emerging picture clearly indicates that OSNs of insects recognize odorants and pheromones by means of ligand-binding membrane proteins encoded by large and diverse families of receptor genes. In contrast, the mechanisms of the chemo-electrical transduction process are not fully understood; the present status suggests a contribution of ionotropic as well as metabotropic mechanisms. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge on the peripheral mechanisms of odor sensing in insects focusing on olfactory receptors and their specific role in the recognition and transduction of odorant and pheromone signals by OSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Fleischer
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pablo Pregitzer
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heinz Breer
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krieger
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology/Zoology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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141
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Rimal S, Lee Y. The multidimensional ionotropic receptors of Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:1-7. [PMID: 28857341 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic receptors (IRs), which form ion channels, can be categorized into conserved 'antennal IRs', which define the first olfactory receptor family of insects, and species-specific 'divergent IRs', which are expressed in gustatory receptor neurones. These receptors are located primarily in cell bodies and dendrites, and are highly enriched in the tips of the dendritic terminals that convey sensory information to higher brain centres. Antennal IRs play important roles in odour and thermosensation, whereas divergent IRs are involved in other important biological processes such as taste sensation. Some IRs are known to play specific biological roles in the perception of various molecules; however, many of their functions have not yet been defined. Although progress has been made in this field, many functions and mechanisms of these receptors remain unknown. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the current state of knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rimal
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Project, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Lee
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Project, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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142
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Abstract
The ability to identify nutrient-rich food and avoid toxic substances is essential for an animal's survival. Although olfaction and vision contribute to food detection, the gustatory system acts as a final checkpoint control for food acceptance or rejection. The vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster tastes many of the same stimuli as mammals and provides an excellent model system for comparative studies of taste detection. The relative simplicity of the fly brain and behaviors, along with the molecular genetic and functional approaches available in this system, allow the examination of gustatory neural circuits from sensory input to motor output. This review discusses the molecules and cells that detect taste compounds in the periphery and the circuits that process taste information in the brain. These studies are providing insight into how the detection of taste compounds regulates feeding decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Scott
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720;
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143
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Lee Y, Poudel S, Kim Y, Thakur D, Montell C. Calcium Taste Avoidance in Drosophila. Neuron 2017; 97:67-74.e4. [PMID: 29276056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many animals, ranging from vinegar flies to humans, discriminate a wide range of tastants, including sugars, bitter compounds, NaCl, and sour. However, the taste of Ca2+ is poorly understood, and it is unclear whether animals such as Drosophila melanogaster are endowed with this sense. Here, we examined Ca2+ taste in Drosophila and showed that high levels of Ca2+ are aversive. The repulsion was mediated by two mechanisms-activation of a specific class of gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs), which suppresses feeding and inhibition of sugar-activated GRNs, which normally stimulates feeding. The distaste for Ca2+, and Ca2+-activated action potentials required several members of the variant ionotropic receptor (IR) family (IR25a, IR62a, and IR76b). Consistent with the Ca2+ rejection, we found that high concentrations of Ca2+ decreased survival. We conclude that gustatory detection of Ca2+ represents an additional sense of taste in Drosophila and is required for avoiding toxic levels of this mineral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngseok Lee
- Department of Bio & Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Project, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seeta Poudel
- Department of Bio & Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Project, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Kim
- Department of Bio & Fermentation Convergence Technology, BK21 PLUS Project, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhananjay Thakur
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Craig Montell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and the Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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144
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Ahn JE, Chen Y, Amrein H. Molecular basis of fatty acid taste in Drosophila. eLife 2017; 6:30115. [PMID: 29231818 PMCID: PMC5747521 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral studies have established that Drosophila appetitive taste responses towards fatty acids are mediated by sweet sensing Gustatory Receptor Neurons (GRNs). Here we show that sweet GRN activation requires the function of the Ionotropic Receptor genes IR25a, IR76b and IR56d. The former two IR genes are expressed in several neurons per sensillum, while IR56d expression is restricted to sweet GRNs. Importantly, loss of appetitive behavioral responses to fatty acids in IR25a and IR76b mutant flies can be completely rescued by expression of respective transgenes in sweet GRNs. Interestingly, appetitive behavioral responses of wild type flies to hexanoic acid reach a plateau at ~1%, but decrease with higher concentration, a property mediated through IR25a/IR76b independent activation of bitter GRNs. With our previous report on sour taste, our studies suggest that IR-based receptors mediate different taste qualities through cell-type specific IR subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Ahn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Hubert Amrein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
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145
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Crustacean olfactory systems: A comparative review and a crustacean perspective on olfaction in insects. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 161:23-60. [PMID: 29197652 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malacostracan crustaceans display a large diversity of sizes, morphs and life styles. However, only a few representatives of decapod taxa have served as models for analyzing crustacean olfaction, such as crayfish and spiny lobsters. Crustaceans bear multiple parallel chemosensory pathways represented by different populations of unimodal chemosensory and bimodal chemo- and mechanosensory sensilla on the mouthparts, the walking limbs and primarily on their two pairs of antennae. Here, we focus on the olfactory pathway associated with the unimodal chemosensory sensilla on the first antennal pair, the aesthetascs. We explore the diverse arrangement of these sensilla across malacostracan taxa and point out evolutionary transformations which occurred in the central olfactory pathway. We discuss the evolution of chemoreceptor proteins, comparative aspects of active chemoreception and the temporal resolution of crustacean olfactory system. Viewing the evolution of crustacean brains in light of energetic constraints can help us understand their functional morphology and suggests that in various crustacean lineages, the brains were simplified convergently because of metabolic limitations. Comparing the wiring of afferents, interneurons and output neurons within the olfactory glomeruli suggests a deep homology of insect and crustacean olfactory systems. However, both taxa followed distinct lineages during the evolutionary elaboration of their olfactory systems. A comparison with insects suggests their olfactory systems ö especially that of the vinegar fly ö to be superb examples for "economy of design". Such a comparison also inspires new thoughts about olfactory coding and the functioning of malacostracan olfactory systems in general.
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146
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Enjin A. Humidity sensing in insects-from ecology to neural processing. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:1-6. [PMID: 29208217 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Humidity is an omnipresent climatic factor that influences the fitness, reproductive behavior and geographic distribution of animals. Insects in particular use humidity cues to navigate the environment. Although the sensory neurons of this elusive sense were first described more than fifty years ago, the transduction mechanism of humidity sensing (hygrosensation) remains unknown. Recent work has uncovered some of the key molecules involved, opening up for novel approaches to study hygrosensory transduction. In this review, I will discuss this progress made toward understanding hygrosensation in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Enjin
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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147
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A simple high throughput assay to evaluate water consumption in the fruit fly. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16786. [PMID: 29196744 PMCID: PMC5711950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16849-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Water intake is essential for survival and thus under strong regulation. Here, we describe a simple high throughput system to monitor water intake over time in Drosophila. The design of the assay involves dehydrating fly food and then adding water back separately so flies either eat or drink. Water consumption is then evaluated by weighing the water vessel and comparing this back to an evaporation control. Our system is high throughput, does not require animals to be artificially dehydrated, and is simple both in design and implementation. Initial characterisation of homeostatic water consumption shows high reproducibility between biological replicates in a variety of experimental conditions. Water consumption was dependent on ambient temperature and humidity and was equal between sexes when corrected for mass. By combining this system with the Drosophila genetics tools, we could confirm a role for ppk28 and DopR1 in promoting water consumption, and through functional investigation of RNAseq data from dehydrated animals, we found DopR1 expression in the mushroom body was sufficient to drive consumption and enhance water taste sensitivity. Together, we provide a simple high throughput water consumption assay that can be used to dissect the cellular and molecular machinery regulating water homeostasis in Drosophila.
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148
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Ioannidis P, Simao FA, Waterhouse RM, Manni M, Seppey M, Robertson HM, Misof B, Niehuis O, Zdobnov EM. Genomic Features of the Damselfly Calopteryx splendens Representing a Sister Clade to Most Insect Orders. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:415-430. [PMID: 28137743 PMCID: PMC5381652 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects comprise the most diverse and successful animal group with over one million described species that are found in almost every terrestrial and limnic habitat, with many being used as important models in genetics, ecology, and evolutionary research. Genome sequencing projects have greatly expanded the sampling of species from many insect orders, but genomic resources for species of certain insect lineages have remained relatively limited to date. To address this paucity, we sequenced the genome of the banded demoiselle, Calopteryx splendens, a damselfly (Odonata: Zygoptera) belonging to Palaeoptera, the clade containing the first winged insects. The 1.6 Gbp C. splendens draft genome assembly is one of the largest insect genomes sequenced to date and encodes a predicted set of 22,523 protein-coding genes. Comparative genomic analyses with other sequenced insects identified a relatively small repertoire of C. splendens detoxification genes, which could explain its previously noted sensitivity to habitat pollution. Intriguingly, this repertoire includes a cytochrome P450 gene not previously described in any insect genome. The C. splendens immune gene repertoire appears relatively complete and features several genes encoding novel multi-domain peptidoglycan recognition proteins. Analysis of chemosensory genes revealed the presence of both gustatory and ionotropic receptors, as well as the insect odorant receptor coreceptor gene (OrCo) and at least four partner odorant receptors (ORs). This represents the oldest known instance of a complete OrCo/OR system in insects, and provides the molecular underpinning for odonate olfaction. The C. splendens genome improves the sampling of insect lineages that diverged before the radiation of Holometabola and offers new opportunities for molecular-level evolutionary, ecological, and behavioral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Felipe A Simao
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mosè Manni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Seppey
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evgeny M Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
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149
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Lee MJ, Sung HY, Jo H, Kim HW, Choi MS, Kwon JY, Kang K. Ionotropic Receptor 76b Is Required for Gustatory Aversion to Excessive Na+ in Drosophila. Mol Cells 2017; 40:787-795. [PMID: 29081083 PMCID: PMC5682255 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Avoiding ingestion of excessively salty food is essential for cation homeostasis that underlies various physiological processes in organisms. The molecular and cellular basis of the aversive salt taste, however, remains elusive. Through a behavioral reverse genetic screening, we discover that feeding suppression by Na+-rich food requires Ionotropic Receptor 76b (Ir76b) in Drosophila labellar gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs). Concentrated sodium solutions with various anions caused feeding suppression dependent on Ir76b. Feeding aversion to caffeine and high concentrations of divalent cations and sorbitol was unimpaired in Ir76b-deficient animals, indicating sensory specificity of Ir76b-dependent Na+ detection and the irrelevance of hyperosmolarity-driven mechanosensation to Ir76b-mediated feeding aversion. Ir76b-dependent Na+-sensing GRNs in both L- and s-bristles are required for repulsion as opposed to the previous report where the L-bristle GRNs direct only low-Na+ attraction. Our work extends the physiological implications of Ir76b from low-Na+ attraction to high-Na+ aversion, prompting further investigation of the physiological mechanisms that modulate two competing components of Na+-evoked gustation coded in heterogeneous Ir76b-positive GRNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Lee
- Samsung Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419,
Korea
- Dong-A ST Research Institute, Yongin 17073,
Korea
| | - Ha Yeon Sung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - HyunJi Jo
- Samsung Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - Hyung-Wook Kim
- College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006,
Korea
| | - Min Sung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - Jae Young Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419,
Korea
| | - KyeongJin Kang
- Samsung Medical Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419,
Korea
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150
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van Giesen L, Garrity PA. More than meets the IR: the expanding roles of variant Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in sensing odor, taste, temperature and moisture. F1000Res 2017; 6:1753. [PMID: 29034089 PMCID: PMC5615767 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionotropic receptors (IRs) are a branch of the ionotropic glutamate receptor family and serve as important mediators of sensory transduction in invertebrates. Recent work shows that, though initially studied as olfactory receptors, the IRs also mediate the detection of taste, temperature, and humidity. Here, we summarize recent insights into IR evolution and its potential ecological significance as well as recent advances in our understanding of how IRs contribute to diverse sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena van Giesen
- National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul A Garrity
- National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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