151
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Oplustil O'Connor L, Rulten SL, Cranston AN, Odedra R, Brown H, Jaspers JE, Jones L, Knights C, Evers B, Ting A, Bradbury RH, Pajic M, Rottenberg S, Jonkers J, Rudge D, Martin NMB, Caldecott KW, Lau A, O'Connor MJ. The PARP Inhibitor AZD2461 Provides Insights into the Role of PARP3 Inhibition for Both Synthetic Lethality and Tolerability with Chemotherapy in Preclinical Models. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6084-6094. [PMID: 27550455 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The PARP inhibitor AZD2461 was developed as a next-generation agent following olaparib, the first PARP inhibitor approved for cancer therapy. In BRCA1-deficient mouse models, olaparib resistance predominantly involves overexpression of P-glycoprotein, so AZD2461 was developed as a poor substrate for drug transporters. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of this compound against olaparib-resistant tumors that overexpress P-glycoprotein. In addition, AZD2461 was better tolerated in combination with chemotherapy than olaparib in mice, which suggests that AZD2461 could have significant advantages over olaparib in the clinic. However, this superior toxicity profile did not extend to rats. Investigations of this difference revealed a differential PARP3 inhibitory activity for each compound and a higher level of PARP3 expression in bone marrow cells from mice as compared with rats and humans. Our findings have implications for the use of mouse models to assess bone marrow toxicity for DNA-damaging agents and inhibitors of the DNA damage response. Finally, structural modeling of the PARP3-active site with different PARP inhibitors also highlights the potential to develop compounds with different PARP family member specificity profiles for optimal antitumor activity and tolerability. Cancer Res; 76(20); 6084-94. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rajesh Odedra
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Brown
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Janneke E Jaspers
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise Jones
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bastiaan Evers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Attilla Ting
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marina Pajic
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Rudge
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Lau
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
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152
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Boelens MC, Nethe M, Klarenbeek S, de Ruiter JR, Schut E, Bonzanni N, Zeeman AL, Wientjens E, van der Burg E, Wessels L, van Amerongen R, Jonkers J. PTEN Loss in E-Cadherin-Deficient Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells Rescues Apoptosis and Results in Development of Classical Invasive Lobular Carcinoma. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2087-2101. [PMID: 27524621 PMCID: PMC4999419 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with poor response to chemotherapy. Besides loss of E-cadherin, a hallmark of ILC, genetic inactivation of PTEN is frequently observed in patients. Through concomitant Cre-mediated inactivation of E-cadherin and PTEN in mammary epithelium, we generated a mouse model of classical ILC (CLC), the main histological ILC subtype. While loss of E-cadherin induced cell dissemination and apoptosis, additional PTEN inactivation promoted cell survival and rapid formation of invasive mammary tumors that recapitulate the histological and molecular features, estrogen receptor (ER) status, growth kinetics, metastatic behavior, and tumor microenvironment of human CLC. Combined inactivation of E-cadherin and PTEN is sufficient to cause CLC development. These CLCs showed significant tumor regression upon BEZ235-mediated inhibition of PI3K signaling. In summary, this mouse model provides important insights into CLC development and suggests inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling as a potential therapeutic strategy for targeting CLC. PTEN loss rescues apoptosis induced by E-cadherin loss in mouse mammary epithelium Combined loss of E-cadherin and PTEN is sufficient to cause mouse mammary tumors These mouse mammary tumors closely resemble human classical lobular carcinoma (CLC) Mouse CLCs induced by loss of E-cadherin and PTEN regress upon PI3K inhibition
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam C Boelens
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Micha Nethe
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Klarenbeek
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julian R de Ruiter
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Schut
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicola Bonzanni
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amber L Zeeman
- Section of Molecular Cytology and Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen Wientjens
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eline van der Burg
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lodewyk Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renée van Amerongen
- Section of Molecular Cytology and Van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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153
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Drost R, Dhillon KK, van der Gulden H, van der Heijden I, Brandsma I, Cruz C, Chondronasiou D, Castroviejo-Bermejo M, Boon U, Schut E, van der Burg E, Wientjens E, Pieterse M, Klijn C, Klarenbeek S, Loayza-Puch F, Elkon R, van Deemter L, Rottenberg S, van de Ven M, Dekkers DHW, Demmers JAA, van Gent DC, Agami R, Balmaña J, Serra V, Taniguchi T, Bouwman P, Jonkers J. BRCA1185delAG tumors may acquire therapy resistance through expression of RING-less BRCA1. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2903-18. [PMID: 27454287 DOI: 10.1172/jci70196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous germline mutations in breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) strongly predispose women to breast cancer. BRCA1 plays an important role in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair via homologous recombination (HR), which is important for tumor suppression. Although BRCA1-deficient cells are highly sensitive to treatment with DSB-inducing agents through their HR deficiency (HRD), BRCA1-associated tumors display heterogeneous responses to platinum drugs and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in clinical trials. It is unclear whether all pathogenic BRCA1 mutations have similar effects on the response to therapy. Here, we have investigated mammary tumorigenesis and therapy sensitivity in mice carrying the Brca1185stop and Brca15382stop alleles, which respectively mimic the 2 most common BRCA1 founder mutations, BRCA1185delAG and BRCA15382insC. Both the Brca1185stop and Brca15382stop mutations predisposed animals to mammary tumors, but Brca1185stop tumors responded markedly worse to HRD-targeted therapy than did Brca15382stop tumors. Mice expressing Brca1185stop mutations also developed therapy resistance more rapidly than did mice expressing Brca15382stop. We determined that both murine Brca1185stop tumors and human BRCA1185delAG breast cancer cells expressed a really interesting new gene domain-less (RING-less) BRCA1 protein that mediated resistance to HRD-targeted therapies. Together, these results suggest that expression of RING-less BRCA1 may serve as a marker to predict poor response to DSB-inducing therapy in human cancer patients.
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154
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Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors induce DNA damage through nucleoside depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E4338-47. [PMID: 27402769 PMCID: PMC4968752 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522223113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that combining a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor with a poly-ADP Rib polymerase (PARP)-inhibitor enhanced DNA damage and cell death in breast cancers that have genetic aberrations in BRCA1 and TP53. Here, we show that enhanced DNA damage induced by PI3K inhibitors in this mutational background is a consequence of impaired production of nucleotides needed for DNA synthesis and DNA repair. Inhibition of PI3K causes a reduction in all four nucleotide triphosphates, whereas inhibition of the protein kinase AKT is less effective than inhibition of PI3K in suppressing nucleotide synthesis and inducing DNA damage. Carbon flux studies reveal that PI3K inhibition disproportionately affects the nonoxidative pentose phosphate pathway that delivers Rib-5-phosphate required for base ribosylation. In vivo in a mouse model of BRCA1-linked triple-negative breast cancer (K14-Cre BRCA1(f/f)p53(f/f)), the PI3K inhibitor BKM120 led to a precipitous drop in DNA synthesis within 8 h of drug treatment, whereas DNA synthesis in normal tissues was less affected. In this mouse model, combined PI3K and PARP inhibition was superior to either agent alone to induce durable remissions of established tumors.
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155
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Nolan E, Vaillant F, Branstetter D, Pal B, Giner G, Whitehead L, Lok SW, Mann GB, Rohrbach K, Huang LY, Soriano R, Smyth GK, Dougall WC, Visvader JE, Lindeman GJ. RANK ligand as a potential target for breast cancer prevention in BRCA1-mutation carriers. Nat Med 2016; 22:933-9. [PMID: 27322743 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Individuals who have mutations in the breast-cancer-susceptibility gene BRCA1 (hereafter referred to as BRCA1-mutation carriers) frequently undergo prophylactic mastectomy to minimize their risk of breast cancer. The identification of an effective prevention therapy therefore remains a 'holy grail' for the field. Precancerous BRCA1(mut/+) tissue harbors an aberrant population of luminal progenitor cells, and deregulated progesterone signaling has been implicated in BRCA1-associated oncogenesis. Coupled with the findings that tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11; also known as RANKL) is a key paracrine effector of progesterone signaling and that RANKL and its receptor TNFRSF11A (also known as RANK) contribute to mammary tumorigenesis, we investigated a role for this pathway in the pre-neoplastic phase of BRCA1-mutation carriers. We identified two subsets of luminal progenitors (RANK(+) and RANK(-)) in histologically normal tissue of BRCA1-mutation carriers and showed that RANK(+) cells are highly proliferative, have grossly aberrant DNA repair and bear a molecular signature similar to that of basal-like breast cancer. These data suggest that RANK(+) and not RANK(-) progenitors are a key target population in these women. Inhibition of RANKL signaling by treatment with denosumab in three-dimensional breast organoids derived from pre-neoplastic BRCA1(mut/+) tissue attenuated progesterone-induced proliferation. Notably, proliferation was markedly reduced in breast biopsies from BRCA1-mutation carriers who were treated with denosumab. Furthermore, inhibition of RANKL in a Brca1-deficient mouse model substantially curtailed mammary tumorigenesis. Taken together, these findings identify a targetable pathway in a putative cell-of-origin population in BRCA1-mutation carriers and implicate RANKL blockade as a promising strategy in the prevention of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Nolan
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - François Vaillant
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Bhupinder Pal
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Göknur Giner
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lachlan Whitehead
- Imaging Laboratory, Systems Biology and Personalized Medicine Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheau W Lok
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Familial Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory B Mann
- The Breast Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital and Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Kathy Rohrbach
- Department of Pathology, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Li-Ya Huang
- Department of Pathology, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rosalia Soriano
- Department of Pathology, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jane E Visvader
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Lindeman
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Familial Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Familial Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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156
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Sigl V, Owusu-Boaitey K, Joshi PA, Kavirayani A, Wirnsberger G, Novatchkova M, Kozieradzki I, Schramek D, Edokobi N, Hersl J, Sampson A, Odai-Afotey A, Lazaro C, Gonzalez-Suarez E, Pujana MA, Cimba F, Heyn H, Vidal E, Cruickshank J, Berman H, Sarao R, Ticevic M, Uribesalgo I, Tortola L, Rao S, Tan Y, Pfeiler G, Lee EY, Bago-Horvath Z, Kenner L, Popper H, Singer C, Khokha R, Jones LP, Penninger JM. RANKL/RANK control Brca1 mutation- . Cell Res 2016; 26:761-74. [PMID: 27241552 PMCID: PMC5129883 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer, affecting approximately one in eight women during their life-time. Besides environmental triggers and hormones, inherited mutations in the breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) or BRCA2 genes markedly increase the risk for the development of breast cancer. Here, using two different mouse models, we show that genetic inactivation of the key osteoclast differentiation factor RANK in the mammary epithelium markedly delayed onset, reduced incidence, and attenuated progression of Brca1;p53 mutation-driven mammary cancer. Long-term pharmacological inhibition of the RANK ligand RANKL in mice abolished the occurrence of Brca1 mutation-driven pre-neoplastic lesions. Mechanistically, genetic inactivation of Rank or RANKL/RANK blockade impaired proliferation and expansion of both murine Brca1;p53 mutant mammary stem cells and mammary progenitors from human BRCA1 mutation carriers. In addition, genome variations within the RANK locus were significantly associated with risk of developing breast cancer in women with BRCA1 mutations. Thus, RANKL/RANK control progenitor cell expansion and tumorigenesis in inherited breast cancer. These results present a viable strategy for the possible prevention of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Sigl
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Kwadwo Owusu-Boaitey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Purna A Joshi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Anoop Kavirayani
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Gerald Wirnsberger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Ivona Kozieradzki
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Daniel Schramek
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Nnamdi Edokobi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Jerome Hersl
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Aishia Sampson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ashley Odai-Afotey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Conxi Lazaro
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eva Gonzalez-Suarez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Pujana
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - For Cimba
- Department of Public and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Holger Heyn
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Enrique Vidal
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jennifer Cruickshank
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1Z5
| | - Hal Berman
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1Z5
| | - Renu Sarao
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Melita Ticevic
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Iris Uribesalgo
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Luigi Tortola
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Shuan Rao
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Yen Tan
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Georg Pfeiler
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Eva Yhp Lee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Zsuzsanna Bago-Horvath
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Pathology of Laboratory Animals, Medical University Vienna and University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Pathology of Laboratory Animals, Medical University Vienna and University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research (LBI-CR), Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmuth Popper
- Research Unit Molecular Lung and Pleura Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Christian Singer
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Laundette P Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1030, Austria
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157
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Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity impinges on prognosis, response to therapy, and metastasis. As such, heterogeneity is one of the most important and clinically relevant areas of cancer research. Breast cancer displays frequent intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity as the result of genetic and non-genetic alterations that often enhance the vigor of cancer cells. In-depth characterization and understanding of the origin of this phenotypic and molecular diversity is paramount to improving diagnosis, the definition of prognostic and predictive biomarkers, and the design of therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize current knowledge about sources of breast cancer heterogeneity, its consequences, and possible counter-measures. We discuss especially the impact on tumor heterogeneity of the differentiation state of the cell-of-origin, cancer cell plasticity, the microenvironment, and genetic evolution. Factors that enhance cancer cell vigor are clearly detrimental for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shany Koren
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI), Basel, Switzerland
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158
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The acetyltransferase Tip60 contributes to mammary tumorigenesis by modulating DNA repair. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1198-208. [PMID: 26915295 PMCID: PMC4946888 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The acetyltransferase Tip60/Kat5 acetylates both histone and non-histone proteins, and is involved in a variety of biological processes. By acetylating p53, Tip60 controls p53-dependent transcriptional activity and so is implicated as a tumor suppressor. However, many breast cancers with low Tip60 also show p53 mutation, implying that Tip60 has a tumor suppressor function independent of its acetylation of p53. Here, we show in a p53-null mouse model of sporadic invasive breast adenocarcinoma that heterozygosity for Tip60 deletion promotes mammary tumorigenesis. Low Tip60 reduces DNA repair in normal and tumor mammary epithelial cells, both under resting conditions and following genotoxic stress. We demonstrate that Tip60 controls homologous recombination (HR)-directed DNA repair, and that Tip60 levels correlate inversely with a gene expression signature associated with defective HR-directed DNA repair. In human breast cancer data sets, Tip60 mRNA is downregulated, with low Tip60 levels correlating with p53 mutations in basal-like breast cancers. Our findings indicate that Tip60 is a novel breast tumor suppressor gene whose loss results in genomic instability leading to cancer formation.
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159
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Rad51c- and Trp53-double-mutant mouse model reveals common features of homologous recombination-deficient breast cancers. Oncogene 2016; 35:4601-10. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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160
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Yu H, Hendrikx JJMA, Rottenberg S, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH, Huitema ADR. Development of a Tumour Growth Inhibition Model to Elucidate the Effects of Ritonavir on Intratumoural Metabolism and Anti-tumour Effect of Docetaxel in a Mouse Model for Hereditary Breast Cancer. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 18:362-71. [PMID: 26603889 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In a mouse tumour model for hereditary breast cancer, we previously explored the anti-cancer effects of docetaxel, ritonavir and the combination of both and studied the effect of ritonavir on the intratumoural concentration of docetaxel. The objective of the current study was to apply pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) modelling on this previous study to further elucidate and quantify the effects of docetaxel when co-administered with ritonavir. PK models of docetaxel and ritonavir in plasma and in tumour were developed. The effect of ritonavir on docetaxel concentration in the systemic circulation of Cyp3a knock-out mice and in the implanted tumour (with inherent Cyp3a expression) was studied, respectively. Subsequently, we designed a tumour growth inhibition model that included the inhibitory effects of both docetaxel and ritonavir. Ritonavir decreased docetaxel systemic clearance with 8% (relative standard error 0.4%) in the co-treated group compared to that in the docetaxel only-treated group. The docetaxel concentration in tumour tissues was significantly increased by ritonavir with mean area under the concentration-time curve 2.5-fold higher when combined with ritonavir. Observed tumour volume profiles in mice could be properly described by the PK/PD model. In the co-treated group, the enhanced anti-tumour effect was mainly due to increased docetaxel tumour concentration; however, we demonstrated a small but significant anti-tumour effect of ritonavir addition (p value <0.001). In conclusion, we showed that the increased anti-tumour effect observed when docetaxel is combined with ritonavir is mainly caused by enhanced docetaxel tumour concentration and to a minor extent by a direct anti-tumour effect of ritonavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Yu
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/Slotervaart Hospital, Louwesweg 6, PO Box 90440, 1006 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen J M A Hendrikx
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/Slotervaart Hospital, Louwesweg 6, PO Box 90440, 1006 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Division of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/Slotervaart Hospital, Louwesweg 6, PO Box 90440, 1006 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/Slotervaart Hospital, Louwesweg 6, PO Box 90440, 1006 BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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161
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Serçin Ö, Larsimont JC, Karambelas AE, Marthiens V, Moers V, Boeckx B, Le Mercier M, Lambrechts D, Basto R, Blanpain C. Transient PLK4 overexpression accelerates tumorigenesis in p53-deficient epidermis. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 18:100-10. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb3270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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162
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Muggia FM, Bonetti A, Hoeschele JD, Rozencweig M, Howell SB. Platinum Antitumor Complexes: 50 Years Since Barnett Rosenberg's Discovery. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:4219-26. [PMID: 26503202 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.60.7481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Franco M Muggia
- Franco M. Muggia, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; Andrea Bonetti, Mater Salutis Hospitaļ Legnago, Italy; James D. Hoeschele, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI; Marcel Rozencweig, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; and Stephen B. Howell, University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA.
| | - Andrea Bonetti
- Franco M. Muggia, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; Andrea Bonetti, Mater Salutis Hospitaļ Legnago, Italy; James D. Hoeschele, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI; Marcel Rozencweig, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; and Stephen B. Howell, University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA
| | - James D Hoeschele
- Franco M. Muggia, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; Andrea Bonetti, Mater Salutis Hospitaļ Legnago, Italy; James D. Hoeschele, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI; Marcel Rozencweig, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; and Stephen B. Howell, University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA
| | - Marcel Rozencweig
- Franco M. Muggia, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; Andrea Bonetti, Mater Salutis Hospitaļ Legnago, Italy; James D. Hoeschele, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI; Marcel Rozencweig, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; and Stephen B. Howell, University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen B Howell
- Franco M. Muggia, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY; Andrea Bonetti, Mater Salutis Hospitaļ Legnago, Italy; James D. Hoeschele, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI; Marcel Rozencweig, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France; and Stephen B. Howell, University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA
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163
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Huijbers IJ, Del Bravo J, Bin Ali R, Pritchard C, Braumuller TM, van Miltenburg MH, Henneman L, Michalak EM, Berns A, Jonkers J. Using the GEMM-ESC strategy to study gene function in mouse models. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:1755-85. [PMID: 26492136 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical in vivo validation of target genes for therapeutic intervention requires careful selection and characterization of the most suitable animal model in order to assess the role of these genes in a particular process or disease. To this end, genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are typically used. However, the appropriate engineering of these models is often cumbersome and time consuming. Recently, we and others described a modular approach for fast-track modification of existing GEMMs by re-derivation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that can be modified by recombinase-mediated transgene insertion and subsequently used for the production of chimeric mice. This 'GEMM-ESC strategy' allows for rapid in vivo analysis of gene function in the chimeras and their offspring. Moreover, this strategy is compatible with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. This protocol describes when and how to use the GEMM-ESC strategy effectively, and it provides a detailed procedure for re-deriving and manipulating GEMM-ESCs under feeder- and serum-free conditions. This strategy produces transgenic mice with the desired complex genotype faster than traditional methods: generation of validated GEMM-ESC clones for controlled transgene integration takes 9-12 months, and recombinase-mediated transgene integration and chimeric cohort production takes 2-3 months. The protocol requires skills in embryology, stem cell biology and molecular biology, and it is ideally performed within, or in close collaboration with, a transgenic facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo J Huijbers
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging research (MCCA) Transgenic Core Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Del Bravo
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging research (MCCA) Transgenic Core Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rahmen Bin Ali
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging research (MCCA) Transgenic Core Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin Pritchard
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging research (MCCA) Transgenic Core Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanya M Braumuller
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging research (MCCA) Transgenic Core Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine H van Miltenburg
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Henneman
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewa M Michalak
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Berns
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Skoltech Center for Stem Cell Research, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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164
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Specks J, Nieto-Soler M, Lopez-Contreras AJ, Fernandez-Capetillo O. Modeling the study of DNA damage responses in mice. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1267:413-37. [PMID: 25636482 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2297-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Damaged DNA has a profound impact on mammalian health and overall survival. In addition to being the source of mutations that initiate cancer, the accumulation of toxic amounts of DNA damage can cause severe developmental diseases and accelerate aging. Therefore, understanding how cells respond to DNA damage has become one of the most intense areas of biomedical research in the recent years. However, whereas most mechanistic studies derive from in vitro or in cellulo work, the impact of a given mutation on a living organism is largely unpredictable. For instance, why BRCA1 mutations preferentially lead to breast cancer whereas mutations compromising mismatch repair drive colon cancer is still not understood. In this context, evaluating the specific physiological impact of mutations that compromise genome integrity has become crucial for a better dimensioning of our knowledge. We here describe the various technologies that can be used for modeling mutations in mice and provide a review of the genes and pathways that have been modeled so far in the context of DNA damage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Specks
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), C/Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
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165
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Hendrikx JJMA, Lagas JS, Song JY, Rosing H, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH, Rottenberg S, Schinkel AH. Ritonavir inhibits intratumoral docetaxel metabolism and enhances docetaxel antitumor activity in an immunocompetent mouse breast cancer model. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:758-69. [PMID: 26297509 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Docetaxel (Taxotere(®)) is currently used intravenously as an anticancer agent and is primarily metabolized by Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A). The HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, decreased first-pass metabolism of orally administered docetaxel. Anticancer effects of ritonavir itself have also been described. We here aimed to test whether ritonavir co-administration could decrease intratumoral metabolism of intravenously administered docetaxel and thus increase the antitumor activity of docetaxel in an orthotopic, immunocompetent mouse model for breast cancer. Spontaneously arising K14cre;Brca1(F/F) ;p53(F/F) mouse mammary tumors were orthotopically implanted in syngeneic mice lacking Cyp3a (Cyp3a(-/-)) to limit ritonavir effects on systemic docetaxel clearance. Over 3 weeks, docetaxel (20 mg/kg) was administered intravenously once weekly, with or without ritonavir (12.5 mg/kg) administered orally for 5 days per week. Untreated mice were used as control for tumor growth. Ritonavir treatment alone did not significantly affect the median time of survival (14 vs. 10 days). Median time of survival in docetaxel-treated mice was 54 days. Ritonavir co-treatment significantly increased this to 66 days, and substantially reduced relative average tumor size, without altering tumor histology. Concentrations of the major docetaxel metabolite M2 in tumor tissue were reduced by ritonavir co-administration, whereas tumor RNA expression of Cyp3a was unaltered. In this breast cancer model, we observed no direct antitumor effect of ritonavir alone, but we found enhanced efficacy of docetaxel treatment when combined with ritonavir. Our data, therefore, suggest that decreased docetaxel metabolism inside the tumor as a result of Cyp3a inhibition contributes to increased antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen J M A Hendrikx
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen S Lagas
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Department of Experimental Animal Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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166
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Harlan BA, Nikitin AY. A Quest for Better Mouse Models of Breast and Ovarian Cancers. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1268-9. [PMID: 26629501 PMCID: PMC4634751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Blaine A Harlan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Alexander Yu Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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167
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Greenow KR, Smalley MJ. Overview of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer Used in Translational Biology and Drug Development. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 70:14.36.1-14.36.14. [PMID: 26331886 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1436s70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous condition with no single standard of treatment and no definitive method for determining whether a tumor will respond to therapy. The development of murine models that faithfully mimic specific human breast cancer subtypes is critical for the development of patient-specific treatments. While the artificial nature of traditional in vivo xenograft models used to characterize novel anticancer treatments has limited clinical predictive value, the development of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) makes it possible to study the therapeutic responses in an intact microenvironment. GEMMs have proven to be an experimentally tractable platform for evaluating the efficacy of novel therapeutic combinations and for defining the mechanisms of acquired resistance. Described in this overview are several of the more popular breast cancer GEMMs, including details on their value in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Greenow
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Current Address: Propath UK Ltd., Hereford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Smalley
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Corresponding Author:
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168
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Ortiz-Ruiz MJ, Álvarez-Fernández S, Parrott T, Zaknoen S, Burrows FJ, Ocaña A, Pandiella A, Esparís-Ogando A. Therapeutic potential of ERK5 targeting in triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11308-18. [PMID: 25350956 PMCID: PMC4294347 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) account for 15% of all breast cancers, and represent one of the most aggressive forms of the disease, exhibiting short relapse-free survival. In contrast to other breast cancer subtypes, the absence of knowledge about the etiopathogenic alterations that cause TNBCs force the use of chemotherapeutics to treat these tumors. Because of this, efforts have been devoted with the aim of incorporating novel therapies into the clinical setting. Kinases play important roles in the pathophysiology of several tumors, including TNBC. Since expression of the MAP kinase ERK5 has been linked to patient outcome in breast cancer, we analyzed the potential value of its targeting in TNBC. ERK5 was frequently overexpressed and active in samples from patients with TNBC, as well as in explants from mice carrying genetically-defined TNBC tumors. Moreover, expression of ERK5 was linked to a worse prognosis in TNBC patients. Knockdown experiments demonstrated that ERK5 supported proliferation of TNBC cells. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK5 with TG02, a clinical stage inhibitor which targets ERK5 and other kinases, inhibited cell proliferation by blocking passage of cells through G1 and G2, and also triggered apoptosis in certain TNBC cell lines. TG02 had significant antitumor activity in a TNBC xenograft model in vivo, and also augmented the activity of chemotherapeutic agents commonly used to treat TNBC. Together, these data indicate that ERK5 targeting may represent a valid strategy against TNBC, and support the development of trials aimed at evaluating the clinical effectiveness of drugs that block this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Ortiz-Ruiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer. CSIC-IBSAL-Universidad de Salamanca. Spain
| | - Stela Álvarez-Fernández
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer. CSIC-IBSAL-Universidad de Salamanca. Spain
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Ocaña
- Hospital Universitario de Albacete, and AECC Unit, Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer. CSIC-IBSAL-Universidad de Salamanca. Spain
| | - Azucena Esparís-Ogando
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer. CSIC-IBSAL-Universidad de Salamanca. Spain
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169
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Ronowicz A, Janaszak-Jasiecka A, Skokowski J, Madanecki P, Bartoszewski R, Bałut M, Seroczyńska B, Kochan K, Bogdan A, Butkus M, Pęksa R, Ratajska M, Kuźniacka A, Wasąg B, Gucwa M, Krzyżanowski M, Jaśkiewicz J, Jankowski Z, Forsberg L, Ochocka JR, Limon J, Crowley MR, Buckley PG, Messiaen L, Dumanski JP, Piotrowski A. Concurrent DNA Copy-Number Alterations and Mutations in Genes Related to Maintenance of Genome Stability in Uninvolved Mammary Glandular Tissue from Breast Cancer Patients. Hum Mutat 2015. [PMID: 26219265 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mosaicism for DNA copy-number alterations (SMC-CNAs) is defined as gain or loss of chromosomal segments in somatic cells within a single organism. As cells harboring SMC-CNAs can undergo clonal expansion, it has been proposed that SMC-CNAs may contribute to the predisposition of these cells to genetic disease including cancer. Herein, the gross genomic alterations (>500 kbp) were characterized in uninvolved mammary glandular tissue from 59 breast cancer patients and matched samples of primary tumors and lymph node metastases. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization showed 10% (6/59) of patients harbored one to 359 large SMC-CNAs (mean: 1,328 kbp; median: 961 kbp) in a substantial portion of glandular tissue cells, distal from the primary tumor site. SMC-CNAs were partially recurrent in tumors, albeit with considerable contribution of stochastic SMC-CNAs indicating genomic destabilization. Targeted resequencing of 301 known predisposition and somatic driver loci revealed mutations and rare variants in genes related to maintenance of genomic integrity: BRCA1 (p.Gln1756Profs*74, p.Arg504Cys), BRCA2 (p.Asn3124Ile), NCOR1 (p.Pro1570Glnfs*45), PALB2 (p.Ser500Pro), and TP53 (p.Arg306*). Co-occurrence of gross SMC-CNAs along with point mutations or rare variants in genes responsible for safeguarding genomic integrity highlights the temporal and spatial neoplastic potential of uninvolved glandular tissue in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ronowicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Jarosław Skokowski
- The Central Bank of Tissues and Genetic Specimens, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Madanecki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Bałut
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Seroczyńska
- The Central Bank of Tissues and Genetic Specimens, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Kinga Kochan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adam Bogdan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Rafał Pęksa
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ratajska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alina Kuźniacka
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wasąg
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gucwa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Krzyżanowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Janusz Jaśkiewicz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Lars Forsberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Renata Ochocka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Janusz Limon
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michael R Crowley
- Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Ludwine Messiaen
- Medical Genomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jan P Dumanski
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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170
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Blatter S, Rottenberg S. Minimal residual disease in cancer therapy--Small things make all the difference. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 21-22:1-10. [PMID: 26307504 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Minimal residual disease (MRD) is a major hurdle in the eradication of malignant tumors. Despite the high sensitivity of various cancers to treatment, some residual cancer cells persist and lead to tumor recurrence and treatment failure. Obvious reasons for residual disease include mechanisms of secondary therapy resistance, such as the presence of mutant cells that are insensitive to the drugs, or the presence of cells that become drug resistant due to activation of survival pathways. In addition to such unambiguous resistance modalities, several patients with relapsing tumors do not show refractory disease and respond again when the initial therapy is repeated. These cases cannot be explained by the selection of mutant tumor cells, and the precise mechanisms underlying this clinical drug resistance are ill-defined. In the current review, we put special emphasis on cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms that may explain mechanisms of MRD that are independent of secondary therapy resistance. In particular, we show that studying genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), which highly resemble the disease in humans, provides a complementary approach to understand MRD. In these animal models, specific mechanisms of secondary resistance can be excluded by targeted genetic modifications. This allows a clear distinction between the selection of cells with stable secondary resistance and mechanisms that result in the survival of residual cells but do not provoke secondary drug resistance. Mechanisms that may explain the latter feature include special biochemical defense properties of cancer stem cells, metabolic peculiarities such as the dependence on autophagy, drug-tolerant persisting cells, intratumoral heterogeneity, secreted factors from the microenvironment, tumor vascularization patterns and immunosurveillance-related factors. We propose in the current review that a common feature of these various mechanisms is cancer cell dormancy. Therefore, dormant cancer cells appear to be an important target in the attempt to eradicate residual cancer cells, and eventually cure patients who repeatedly respond to anticancer therapy but lack complete tumor eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohvi Blatter
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laengassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Laengassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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171
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Guerini-Rocco E, Hodi Z, Piscuoglio S, Ng CKY, Rakha EA, Schultheis AM, Marchiò C, da Cruz Paula A, De Filippo MR, Martelotto LG, De Mattos-Arruda L, Edelweiss M, Jungbluth AA, Fusco N, Norton L, Weigelt B, Ellis IO, Reis-Filho JS. The repertoire of somatic genetic alterations of acinic cell carcinomas of the breast: an exploratory, hypothesis-generating study. J Pathol 2015; 237:166-78. [PMID: 26011570 DOI: 10.1002/path.4566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) of the breast is a rare form of triple-negative (that is, oestrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, HER2-negative) salivary gland-type tumour displaying serous acinar differentiation. Despite its triple-negative phenotype, breast ACCs are reported to have an indolent clinical behaviour. Here, we sought to define whether ACCs have a mutational repertoire distinct from that of other triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs). DNA was extracted from microdissected formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of tumour and normal tissue from two pure and six mixed breast ACCs. Each tumour component of the mixed cases was microdissected separately. Tumour and normal samples were subjected to targeted capture massively parallel sequencing targeting all exons of 254 genes, including genes most frequently mutated in breast cancer and related to DNA repair. Selected somatic mutations were validated by targeted amplicon resequencing and Sanger sequencing. Akin to other forms of TNBC, the most frequently mutated gene found in breast ACCs was TP53 (one pure and six mixed cases). Additional somatic mutations affecting breast cancer-related genes found in ACCs included PIK3CA, MTOR, CTNNB1, BRCA1, ERBB4, ERBB3, INPP4B, and FGFR2. Copy number alteration analysis revealed complex patterns of gains and losses similar to those of common forms of TNBCs. Of the mixed cases analysed, identical somatic mutations were found in the acinic and the high-grade non-acinic components in two out of four cases analysed, providing evidence of their clonal relatedness. In conclusion, breast ACCs display the hallmark somatic genetic alterations found in high-grade forms of TNBC, including complex patterns of gene copy number alterations and recurrent TP53 mutations. Furthermore, we provide circumstantial genetic evidence to suggest that ACCs may constitute the substrate for the development of more aggressive forms of triple-negative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Guerini-Rocco
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,School of Pathology, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Zsolt Hodi
- Department of Pathology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlotte K Y Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Department of Pathology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anne M Schultheis
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caterina Marchiò
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Arnaud da Cruz Paula
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria R De Filippo
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luciano G Martelotto
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leticia De Mattos-Arruda
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcia Edelweiss
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Achim A Jungbluth
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,School of Pathology, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Larry Norton
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Department of Pathology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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172
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Maia ARR, de Man J, Boon U, Janssen A, Song JY, Omerzu M, Sterrenburg JG, Prinsen MBW, Willemsen-Seegers N, de Roos JADM, van Doornmalen AM, Uitdehaag JCM, Kops GJPL, Jonkers J, Buijsman RC, Zaman GJR, Medema RH. Inhibition of the spindle assembly checkpoint kinase TTK enhances the efficacy of docetaxel in a triple-negative breast cancer model. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:2180-92. [PMID: 26153498 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are considered the most aggressive type of breast cancer, for which no targeted therapy exists at the moment. These tumors are characterized by having a high degree of chromosome instability and often overexpress the spindle assembly checkpoint kinase TTK. To explore the potential of TTK inhibition as a targeted therapy in TNBC, we developed a highly potent and selective small molecule inhibitor of TTK, NTRC 0066-0. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The compound is characterized by long residence time on the target and inhibits the proliferation of a wide variety of human cancer cell lines with potency in the same range as marketed cytotoxic agents. In cell lines and in mice, NTRC 0066-0 inhibits the phosphorylation of a TTK substrate and induces chromosome missegregation. NTRC 0066-0 inhibits tumor growth in MDA-MB-231 xenografts as a single agent after oral application. To address the effect of the inhibitor in breast cancer, we used a well-defined mouse model that spontaneously develops breast tumors that share key morphologic and molecular features with human TNBC. Our studies show that combination of NTRC 0066-0 with a therapeutic dose of docetaxel resulted in doubling of mouse survival and extended tumor remission, without toxicity. Furthermore, we observed that treatment efficacy is only achieved upon co-administration of the two compounds, which suggests a synergistic in vivo effect. Therefore, we propose TTK inhibition as a novel therapeutic target for neoadjuvant therapy in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R R Maia
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - J de Man
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss
| | - U Boon
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Centre
| | - A Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - J-Y Song
- Division of Experimental Animal Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - G J P L Kops
- Department of Medical Oncology Department of Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Genomics Centre Department of Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R C Buijsman
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss
| | - G J R Zaman
- Netherlands Translational Research Center B.V., Oss
| | - R H Medema
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam Department of Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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173
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Selective resistance to the PARP inhibitor olaparib in a mouse model for BRCA1-deficient metaplastic breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8409-14. [PMID: 26100884 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500223112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is a rare histological breast cancer subtype characterized by mesenchymal elements and poor clinical outcome. A large fraction of MBCs harbor defects in breast cancer 1 (BRCA1). As BRCA1 deficiency sensitizes tumors to DNA cross-linking agents and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, we sought to investigate the response of BRCA1-deficient MBCs to the PARP inhibitor olaparib. To this end, we established a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) for BRCA1-deficient MBC by introducing the MET proto-oncogene into a BRCA1-associated breast cancer model, using our novel female GEMM ES cell (ESC) pipeline. In contrast to carcinomas, BRCA1-deficient mouse carcinosarcomas resembling MBC show intrinsic resistance to olaparib caused by increased P-glycoprotein (Pgp) drug efflux transporter expression. Indeed, resistance could be circumvented by using another PARP inhibitor, AZD2461, which is a poor Pgp substrate. These preclinical findings suggest that patients with BRCA1-associated MBC may show poor response to olaparib and illustrate the value of GEMM-ESC models of human cancer for evaluation of novel therapeutics.
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174
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Granulosa Cell-Specific Brca1 Loss Alone or Combined with Trp53 Haploinsufficiency and Transgenic FSH Expression Fails to Induce Ovarian Tumors. Discov Oncol 2015; 6:142-52. [PMID: 25943777 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-015-0222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 mutations are associated with ovarian cancer. Previous studies reported that murine granulosa cell (GC) Brca1 loss caused ovarian-uterine tumors resembling serous cystadenomas, but the pathogenesis of these tumors may have been confounded by ectopic Brca1 expression and altered estrous cycling. We have used Tg.AMH.Cre conferring proven ovarian and GC-specific Cre activity to selectively target Brca1 disruption, denoted Brca1(GC-/-). Furthermore, ovary-specific Brca1(GC-/-) was combined with global Trp53 haploinsufficiency (Trp53(+/-)) and transgenic follicle-stimulating hormone (Tg.FSH) overexpression as a multi-hit strategy to investigate additional genetic and hormonal ovarian tumorigenesis mechanisms. However, 12-month-old Brca1(GC-/-) mice had no detectable ovarian or uterine tumors. Brca1(GC-/-) mice had significantly increased ovary weights, follicles exhibiting more pyknotic granulosa cells, and fewer corpora lutea with regular estrous cycling compared to controls. Isolated Brca1(GC-/-) mutation lengthened the estrous cycle and proestrus stage; however, ovarian cystadenomas were not observed, even when Brca1(GC-/-) was combined with Trp53(+/-) and overexpressed Tg.FSH. Our Brca1(GC-/-) models reveal that specific intra-follicular Brca1 loss alone, or combined with cancer-promoting genetic (Trp53 loss) and endocrine (high serum FSH) changes, was not sufficient to cause ovarian tumors. Our findings show that the ovary is remarkably resistant to oncogenesis, and support the emerging view of an extragonadal, multi-hit origin for ovarian tumorigenesis.
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175
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ID4 controls mammary stem cells and marks breast cancers with a stem cell-like phenotype. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6548. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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176
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Exosome transfer from stromal to breast cancer cells regulates therapy resistance pathways. Cell 2015; 159:499-513. [PMID: 25417103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 597] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stromal communication with cancer cells can influence treatment response. We show that stromal and breast cancer (BrCa) cells utilize paracrine and juxtacrine signaling to drive chemotherapy and radiation resistance. Upon heterotypic interaction, exosomes are transferred from stromal to BrCa cells. RNA within exosomes, which are largely noncoding transcripts and transposable elements, stimulates the pattern recognition receptor RIG-I to activate STAT1-dependent antiviral signaling. In parallel, stromal cells also activate NOTCH3 on BrCa cells. The paracrine antiviral and juxtacrine NOTCH3 pathways converge as STAT1 facilitates transcriptional responses to NOTCH3 and expands therapy-resistant tumor-initiating cells. Primary human and/or mouse BrCa analysis support the role of antiviral/NOTCH3 pathways in NOTCH signaling and stroma-mediated resistance, which is abrogated by combination therapy with gamma secretase inhibitors. Thus, stromal cells orchestrate an intricate crosstalk with BrCa cells by utilizing exosomes to instigate antiviral signaling. This expands BrCa subpopulations adept at resisting therapy and reinitiating tumor growth.
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177
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Tumiati M, Hemmes A, Uusivirta S, Koopal S, Kankainen M, Lehtonen E, Kuznetsov SG. Loss of Rad51c accelerates tumourigenesis in sebaceous glands of Trp53-mutant mice. J Pathol 2015; 235:136-46. [PMID: 25270124 DOI: 10.1002/path.4455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in RAD51C predispose to breast and ovarian cancers. However, the mechanism of RAD51C-mediated carcinogenesis is poorly understood. We previously reported a first-generation Rad51c-knock-out mouse model, in which a spontaneous loss of both Rad51c and Trp53 together resulted in a high incidence of sebaceous carcinomas, particularly in preputial glands. Here we describe a second-generation mouse model, in which Rad51c is deleted, alone or together with Trp53, in sebaceous glands, using Cre-mediated recombination. We demonstrate that deletion of Rad51c alone is not sufficient to drive tumourigenesis and may only cause keratinization of preputial sebocytes. However, deletion of Rad51c together with Trp53 leads to tumour development at around 6 months of age, compared to 11 months for single Trp53-mutant mice. Preputial glands of double-mutant mice are also characterized by increased levels of cell proliferation and DNA damage and form multiple hyperplasias, detectable as early as 2 months of age. Our results reveal a critical synergy between Rad51c and Trp53 in tumour progression and provide a predictable in vivo model system for studying mechanisms of Rad51c-mediated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Tumiati
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
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178
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Lipowska-Bhalla G. Meeting report from the second EurocanPlatform summer school on translational cancer research, Portugal, 20-24 October 2014. Ecancermedicalscience 2015; 9:512. [PMID: 25729425 PMCID: PMC4335964 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2015.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The second EurocanPlatform summer school was held in Algarve, Portugal and attracted scientists, clinicians and pathologists with a common interest in cancer research to discuss the latest developments and challenges in the field. The meeting focused on translational cancer research and also included lectures, workshops and discussions, which covered all aspects of the translational research continuum, from early detection through treatment to survivorship. The rate of new cancer cases and cancer mortality increases every year. Although the last decade witnessed enormous progress in understanding cancer biology and the development of new therapies, the efficacy of these therapies is challenged by cancer resistance. It clearly suggests that new druggable targets are required and their translation from laboratory to bedside must be faster and more efficient to improve survival rates and standards of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Lipowska-Bhalla
- Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M20 4BX 2, UK
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179
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Weigelt B, Ng CKY, Shen R, Popova T, Schizas M, Natrajan R, Mariani O, Stern MH, Norton L, Vincent-Salomon A, Reis-Filho JS. Metaplastic breast carcinomas display genomic and transcriptomic heterogeneity [corrected]. . Mod Pathol 2015; 28:340-51. [PMID: 25412848 PMCID: PMC4523239 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metaplastic breast carcinoma is a rare and aggressive histologic type of breast cancer, preferentially displaying a triple-negative phenotype. We sought to define the transcriptomic heterogeneity of metaplastic breast cancers on the basis of current gene expression microarray-based classifiers, and to determine whether these tumors display gene copy number profiles consistent with those of BRCA1-associated breast cancers. Twenty-eight consecutive triple-negative metaplastic breast carcinomas were reviewed, and the metaplastic component present in each frozen specimen was defined (ie, spindle cell, squamous, chondroid metaplasia). RNA and DNA extracted from frozen sections with tumor cell content >60% were subjected to gene expression (Illumina HumanHT-12 v4) and copy number profiling (Affymetrix SNP 6.0), respectively. Using the best practice PAM50/claudin-low microarray-based classifier, all metaplastic breast carcinomas with spindle cell metaplasia were of claudin-low subtype, whereas those with squamous or chondroid metaplasia were preferentially of basal-like subtype. Triple-negative breast cancer subtyping using a dedicated website (http://cbc.mc.vanderbilt.edu/tnbc/) revealed that all metaplastic breast carcinomas with chondroid metaplasia were of mesenchymal-like subtype, spindle cell carcinomas preferentially of unstable or mesenchymal stem-like subtype, and those with squamous metaplasia were of multiple subtypes. None of the cases was classified as immunomodulatory or luminal androgen receptor subtype. Integrative clustering, combining gene expression and gene copy number data, revealed that metaplastic breast carcinomas with spindle cell and chondroid metaplasia were preferentially classified as of integrative clusters 4 and 9, respectively, whereas those with squamous metaplasia were classified into six different clusters. Eight of the 26 metaplastic breast cancers subjected to SNP6 analysis were classified as BRCA1-like. The diversity of histologic features of metaplastic breast carcinomas is reflected at the transcriptomic level, and an association between molecular subtypes and histology was observed. BRCA1-like genomic profiles were found only in a subset (31%) of metaplastic breast cancers, and were not associated with a specific molecular or histologic subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlotte KY Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronglai Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Michail Schizas
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | - Marc-Henri Stern
- INSERM U830, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France,Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Larry Norton
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne Vincent-Salomon
- INSERM U830, Institut Curie, 75248 Paris, France,Institut Curie, Department of Tumor Biology, 75248 Paris, France
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA,Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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180
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Zaman G, de Man J, Uitdehaag J, Maia A, Boon U, Sterrenburg JG, Prinsen M, Willemsen-Seegers N, Jonkers J, Kops G, Medema R, Buijsman R. Identification of selective inhibitors of the spindle assembly checkpoint kinase TTK (Mps1) for treatment of triple negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv095.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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181
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The origin of breast tumor heterogeneity. Oncogene 2015; 34:5309-16. [PMID: 25703331 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How breast diversity is generated is a fascinating and fundamental question with important clinical implications. It is clear that the diversity of phenotypes displayed by breast cancer cells reflects the array of cell types present in the disease-free breast epithelium, including luminal, basal and stem cells. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the molecular regulators governing normal development of the breast epithelium may double as engines of breast tumor diversity. In the past few years, a deepened understanding of the mammary epithelial hierarchy has prompted the search for the cellular precursors of breast tumors. At the same time, the use of novel experimental strategies including the new technology of massively parallel sequencing has provided insight into the origin and evolution of breast tumors. Here, we review the current understanding of the basis of the intrinsic subtypes and the sources of inter-tumor heterogeneity.
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182
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van de Ven RAH, Tenhagen M, Meuleman W, van Riel JJG, Schackmann RCJ, Derksen PWB. Nuclear p120-catenin regulates the anoikis resistance of mouse lobular breast cancer cells through Kaiso-dependent Wnt11 expression. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:373-84. [PMID: 25713299 PMCID: PMC4381336 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.018648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin inactivation underpins the progression of invasive lobular breast carcinoma (ILC). In ILC, p120-catenin (p120) translocates to the cytosol where it controls anchorage independence through the Rho-Rock signaling pathway, a key mechanism driving tumor growth and metastasis. We now demonstrate that anchorage-independent ILC cells show an increase in nuclear p120, which results in relief of transcriptional repression by Kaiso. To identify the Kaiso target genes that control anchorage independence we performed genome-wide mRNA profiling on anoikis-resistant mouse ILC cells, and identified 29 candidate target genes, including the established Kaiso target Wnt11. Our data indicate that anchorage-independent upregulation of Wnt11 in ILC cells is controlled by nuclear p120 through inhibition of Kaiso-mediated transcriptional repression. Finally, we show that Wnt11 promotes activation of RhoA, which causes ILC anoikis resistance. Our findings thereby establish a mechanistic link between E-cadherin loss and subsequent control of Rho-driven anoikis resistance through p120- and Kaiso-dependent expression of Wnt11.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milou Tenhagen
- Department of Pathology, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Meuleman
- Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Division of Molecular Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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183
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Nguyen DH, Ouyang H, Mao JH, Hlatky L, Barcellos-Hoff MH. Distinct luminal-type mammary carcinomas arise from orthotopic Trp53-null mammary transplantation of juvenile versus adult mice. Cancer Res 2014; 74:7149-58. [PMID: 25281718 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Age and physiologic status, such as menopause, are risk factors for breast cancer. Less clear is what factors influence the diversity of breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the effect of host age on the distribution of tumor subtypes in mouse mammary chimera consisting of wild-type hosts and Trp53 nullizygous epithelium, which undergoes a high rate of neoplastic transformation. Wild-type mammary glands cleared of endogenous epithelium at 3 weeks of age were subsequently transplanted during puberty (5 weeks) or at maturation (10 weeks) with syngeneic Trp53-null mammary tissue fragments and monitored for one year. Tumors arose sooner from adult hosts (AH) compared with juvenile hosts (JH). However, compared with AH tumors, JH tumors grew several times faster, were more perfused, exhibited a two-fold higher mitotic index, and were more highly positive for insulin-like growth factor receptor phosphorylation. Most tumors in each setting were estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (80% JH vs. 70% AH), but JH tumors were significantly more ER-immunoreactive (P = 0.0001) than AH tumors. A differential expression signature (JvA) of juvenile versus adult tumors revealed a luminal transcriptional program. Centroids of the human homologs of JvA genes showed that JH tumors were more like luminal A tumors and AH tumors were more like luminal B tumors. Hierarchical clustering with the JvA human ortholog gene list segregated luminal A and luminal B breast cancers across datasets. These data support the notion that age-associated host physiology greatly influences the intrinsic subtype of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Haoxu Ouyang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
| | - Lynn Hlatky
- Center of Cancer Systems Biology, GeneSys Research Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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184
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Abstract
In 2007, three scientists, Drs. Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans, and Oliver Smithies, received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their contributions of introducing specific gene modifications into mice. This technology, commonly referred to as gene targeting or knockout, has proven to be a powerful means for precisely manipulating the mammalian genome and has generated great impacts on virtually all phases of mammalian biology and basic biomedical research. Of note, germline mutations of many genes, especially tumor suppressors, often result in lethality during embryonic development or at developmental stages before tumor formation. This obstacle has been effectively overcome by the use of conditional knockout technology in conjunction with Cre-LoxP- or Flp-Frt-mediated temporal and/or spatial systems to generate genetic switches for precise DNA recombination. Currently, numerous conditional knockout mouse models have been successfully generated and applied in studying tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. This review summarizes some conditional mutant mouse models that are widely used in cancer research and our understanding of the possible mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Xia Deng
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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185
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Aqeilan RI, Abu-Remaileh M, Abu-Odeh M. The common fragile site FRA16D gene product WWOX: roles in tumor suppression and genomic stability. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4589-99. [PMID: 25245215 PMCID: PMC11113097 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The fragile WWOX gene, encompassing the chromosomal fragile site FRA16D, is frequently altered in human cancers. While vulnerable to DNA damage itself, recent evidence has shown that the WWOX protein is essential for proper DNA damage response (DDR). Furthermore, the gene product, WWOX, has been associated with multiple protein networks, highlighting its critical functions in normal cell homeostasis. Targeted deletion of Wwox in murine models suggests its in vivo requirement for proper growth, metabolism, and survival. Recent molecular and biochemical analyses of WWOX functions highlighted its role in modulating aerobic glycolysis and genomic stability. Cumulatively, we propose that the gene product of FRA16D, WWOX, is a functionally essential protein that is required for cell homeostasis and that its deletion has important consequences that contribute to the neoplastic process. This review discusses the essential role of WWOX in tumor suppression and genomic stability and how its alteration contributes to cancer transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami I Aqeilan
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91220, Jerusalem, Israel,
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186
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Pathania S, Bade S, Le Guillou M, Burke K, Reed R, Bowman-Colin C, Su Y, Ting DT, Polyak K, Richardson AL, Feunteun J, Garber JE, Livingston DM. BRCA1 haploinsufficiency for replication stress suppression in primary cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5496. [PMID: 25400221 PMCID: PMC4243249 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1—a breast and ovarian cancer suppressor gene—promotes genome integrity. To study the functionality of BRCA1 in the heterozygous state, we established a collection of primary human BRCA1+/+ and BRCA1mut/+ mammary epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Here we report that all BRCA1mut/+ cells exhibited multiple normal BRCA1 functions, including the support of homologous recombination- type double-strand break repair (HR-DSBR), checkpoint functions, centrosome number control, spindle pole formation, Slug expression and satellite RNA suppression. In contrast, the same cells were defective in stalled replication fork repair and/or suppression of fork collapse, that is, replication stress. These defects were rescued by reconstituting BRCA1mut/+ cells with wt BRCA1. In addition, we observed ‘conditional’ haploinsufficiency for HR-DSBR in BRCA1mut/+ cells in the face of replication stress. Given the importance of replication stress in epithelial cancer development and of an HR defect in breast cancer pathogenesis, both defects are candidate contributors to tumorigenesis in BRCA1-deficient mammary tissue. BRCA1 is a key breast and ovarian cancer suppressor involved in DSB repair. Here, the authors show that cells heterozygous for several BRCA1 mutations are universally defective in the response to replication stress, which could contribute to the BRCA1 breast cancer development pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Pathania
- 1] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Sangeeta Bade
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Morwenna Le Guillou
- Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-UMR8200, Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Karly Burke
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Rachel Reed
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Christian Bowman-Colin
- 1] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Ying Su
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David T Ting
- 1] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Department of Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- 1] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Andrea L Richardson
- 1] Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA [2] Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jean Feunteun
- Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-UMR8200, Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Judy E Garber
- 1] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David M Livingston
- 1] Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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187
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Wip1 phosphatase in breast cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:4429-38. [PMID: 25381821 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the factors contributing to tumor initiation, progression and evolution is of paramount significance. Among them, wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) is emerging as an important oncogene by virtue of its negative control on several key tumor suppressor pathways. Originally discovered as a p53-regulated gene, Wip1 has been subsequently found amplified and more recently mutated in a significant fraction of human cancers including breast tumors. Recent development in the field further uncovered the utility of anti-Wip1-directed therapies in delaying tumor onset or in reducing the tumor burden. Furthermore, Wip1 could be an important factor that contributes to tumor heterogeneity, suggesting that its inhibition may decrease the rate of cancer evolution. These effects depend on several signaling pathways modulated by Wip1 phosphatase in a spatial and temporal manner. In this review we discuss the recent development in understanding how Wip1 contributes to tumorigenesis with its relevance to breast cancer.
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188
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Cicchini M, Chakrabarti R, Kongara S, Price S, Nahar R, Lozy F, Zhong H, Vazquez A, Kang Y, Karantza V. Autophagy regulator BECN1 suppresses mammary tumorigenesis driven by WNT1 activation and following parity. Autophagy 2014; 10:2036-52. [PMID: 25483966 PMCID: PMC4502817 DOI: 10.4161/auto.34398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies reported allelic deletion of the essential autophagy regulator BECN1 in breast cancers implicating BECN1 loss, and likely defective autophagy, in tumorigenesis. Recent studies have questioned the tumor suppressive role of autophagy, as autophagy-related gene (Atg) defects generally suppress tumorigenesis in well-characterized mouse tumor models. We now report that, while it delays or does not alter mammary tumorigenesis driven by Palb2 loss or ERBB2 and PyMT overexpression, monoallelic Becn1 loss promotes mammary tumor development in 2 specific contexts, namely following parity and in association with wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 1 (WNT1) activation. Our studies demonstrate that Becn1 heterozygosity, which results in immature mammary epithelial cell expansion and aberrant TNFRSF11A/TNR11/RANK (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11a, NFKB activator) signaling, promotes mammary tumorigenesis in multiparous FVB/N mice and in cooperation with the progenitor cell-transforming WNT1 oncogene. Similar to our Becn1(+/-);MMTV-Wnt1 mouse model, low BECN1 expression and an activated WNT pathway gene signature correlate with the triple-negative subtype, TNFRSF11A axis activation and poor prognosis in human breast cancers. Our results suggest that BECN1 may have nonautophagy-related roles in mammary development, provide insight in the seemingly paradoxical roles of BECN1 in tumorigenesis, and constitute the basis for further studies on the pathophysiology and treatment of clinically aggressive triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs).
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Key Words
- 8-O-dG, 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydroguanine
- ATG, autophagy-related
- BECN1, Beclin 1, autophagy-related
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- Beclin 1
- CASP3, caspase 3
- CD24, cluster of differentiation 24
- DAPI, 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DFS, disease-free survival
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- E, 17b-estradiol
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EGFR/ERBB1, epidermal growth factor receptor
- EM, electron microscopy
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- ERBB2, v-erb-b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2
- ESR1, estrogen receptor 1
- FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting
- FGF2/bFGF, fibroblast growth factor 2 (basic)
- GSEA, gene set enrichment analysis
- H&E, hematoxylin &, eosin
- HR, hormone receptor
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- IL, interleukin
- ITGB1/CD29, Integrin, beta 1 (fibronectin receptor beta polypeptide, antigen CD29 includes MDF2, MSK12)
- ITGB3/CD61, integrin, beta 3 (platelet glycoprotein IIIa, antigen CD61)
- KRT, keratin
- Keratin 6
- LIN−, lineage negative (CD31− CD45− LY76−)
- LY76/TER119, lymphocyte antigen 76
- MAP1LC3B/LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta
- MEC, mammary epithelial cell
- MEGM, mammary epithelial growth medium
- MGs, mammary glands
- MKI67, marker of proliferation Ki-67
- MMTV, mouse mammary tumor virus
- MaPC, mammary progenitor cell
- MaSC, mammary stem cell
- NFKB
- NFKB/NFkB, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PECAM1/CD31, platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1
- PGR, progesterone receptor
- PI, propidium iodide
- PTPRC/CD45, protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C
- RELA/P65, v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog a
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SD, standard deviation
- SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- SQSTM1/p62, sequestosome1
- TEBs, terminal end buds
- TNBC
- TNBCs, triple-negative breast cancers
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TNF11
- TNFRSF11A
- TNFRSF11A/TNR11/RANK, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11a, NFKB activator
- TNFSF11
- TNFSF11/TNF11/RANKL, tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 11
- TNR11
- TP53 (TRP53 in mice), tumor protein p53 (transformation related protein 53 in mice)
- WNT1
- WNT1, wingless-Type MMTV integration site family, member 1
- basal-like breast cancer
- iMMECs, immortalized mouse mammary epithelial cells
- p-KRT8/p-K8, phosphorylated Keratin 8
- parity
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189
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Whole-genome sequencing analysis of phenotypic heterogeneity and anticipation in Li-Fraumeni cancer predisposition syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15497-501. [PMID: 25313051 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417322111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) and its variant form (LFL) is a familial predisposition to multiple forms of childhood, adolescent, and adult cancers associated with germ-line mutation in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene. Individual disparities in tumor patterns are compounded by acceleration of cancer onset with successive generations. It has been suggested that this apparent anticipation pattern may result from germ-line genomic instability in TP53 mutation carriers, causing increased DNA copy-number variations (CNVs) with successive generations. To address the genetic basis of phenotypic disparities of LFS/LFL, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 13 subjects from two generations of an LFS kindred. Neither de novo CNV nor significant difference in total CNV was detected in relation with successive generations or with age at cancer onset. These observations were consistent with an experimental mouse model system showing that trp53 deficiency in the germ line of father or mother did not increase CNV occurrence in the offspring. On the other hand, individual records on 1,771 TP53 mutation carriers from 294 pedigrees were compiled to assess genetic anticipation patterns (International Agency for Research on Cancer TP53 database). No strictly defined anticipation pattern was observed. Rather, in multigeneration families, cancer onset was delayed in older compared with recent generations. These observations support an alternative model for apparent anticipation in which rare variants from noncarrier parents may attenuate constitutive resistance to tumorigenesis in the offspring of TP53 mutation carriers with late cancer onset.
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190
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Bai F, Chan HL, Scott A, Smith MD, Fan C, Herschkowitz JI, Perou CM, Livingstone AS, Robbins DJ, Capobianco AJ, Pei XH. BRCA1 suppresses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stem cell dedifferentiation during mammary and tumor development. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6161-72. [PMID: 25239453 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BRCA1 mutation carriers are predisposed to developing basal-like breast cancers with high metastasis and poor prognosis. Yet, how BRCA1 suppresses formation of basal-like breast cancers is still obscure. Deletion of p18(Ink4c) (p18), an inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6, functionally inactivates the RB pathway, stimulates mammary luminal stem cell (LSC) proliferation, and leads to spontaneous luminal tumor development. Alternately, germline mutation of Brca1 shifts the fate of luminal cells to cause luminal-to-basal mammary tumor transformation. Here, we report that disrupting Brca1 by either germline or epithelium-specific mutation in p18-deficient mice activates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and induces dedifferentiation of LSCs, which associate closely with expansion of basal and cancer stem cells and formation of basal-like tumors. Mechanistically, BRCA1 bound to the TWIST promoter, suppressing its activity and inhibiting EMT in mammary tumor cells. In human luminal cancer cells, BRCA1 silencing was sufficient to activate TWIST and EMT and increase tumor formation. In parallel, TWIST expression and EMT features correlated inversely with BRCA1 expression in human breast cancers. Together, our findings showed that BRCA1 suppressed TWIST and EMT, inhibited LSC dedifferentiation, and repressed expansion of basal stem cells and basal-like tumors. Thus, our work offers the first genetic evidence that Brca1 directly suppresses EMT and LSC dedifferentiation during breast tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Bai
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery and
| | - Ho Lam Chan
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery and
| | | | - Matthew D Smith
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cheng Fan
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason I Herschkowitz
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - David J Robbins
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery and Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Anthony J Capobianco
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery and Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Xin-Hai Pei
- Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Surgery and Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
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191
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Liu JC, Egan SE, Zacksenhaus E. A Tumor initiating cell-enriched prognostic signature for HER2+:ERα- breast cancer; rationale, new features, controversies and future directions. Oncotarget 2014; 4:1317-28. [PMID: 23945331 PMCID: PMC3787160 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The high intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity of many types of cancers, including breast cancer (BC), poses great challenge to development of subtype-specific prognosis. In BC, the classification of tumors as either ERα+ (Luminal A and Luminal B), HER2+ (ERα+ or ERα−) or triple-negative (TNBC)(Basal-like, claudin-low) guides both prognostication and therapy. Indeed, prognostic signatures for ERα+ BC are being incorporated into clinical use. However, these signatures distinguish between luminal A (low risk) and Luminal B (high risk) BC; signatures that identify low/high risk patients with luminal B BC are yet to be developed. Likewise, no signature is in clinical use for HER2+ or TNBC. The major obstacles to development of robust signatures stem from diversity of BC, clonal evolution and heterogeneity within each subtype. We have recently generated a prognostic signature for HER2+:ERα− BC based on the identification of genes that were differentially expressed in a tumor-initiating cell (TIC)-enriched fraction versus non-TIC fraction from a mouse model of HER2+ BC (MMTV-Hers/Neu). Here we describe the rationale behind development of this prognosticator, and present new features of the signature, including elevated PI3K pathway activity and low TNFalpha and IFNgamma signaling in high-risk tumors. In addition, we address controversies in the field such as whether random gene expression signatures significantly associate with cancer outcome. Finally, we suggest a guideline for development of prognostic signatures and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff C Liu
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute - University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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192
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Melchor L, Molyneux G, Mackay A, Magnay FA, Atienza M, Kendrick H, Nava-Rodrigues D, López-García MÁ, Milanezi F, Greenow K, Robertson D, Palacios J, Reis-Filho JS, Smalley MJ. Identification of cellular and genetic drivers of breast cancer heterogeneity in genetically engineered mouse tumour models. J Pathol 2014; 233:124-37. [PMID: 24615332 DOI: 10.1002/path.4345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature of mammary tumours may arise from different initiating genetic lesions occurring in distinct cells of origin. Here, we generated mice in which Brca2, Pten and p53 were depleted in either basal mammary epithelial cells or luminal oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative cells. Basal cell-origin tumours displayed similar histological phenotypes, regardless of the depleted gene. In contrast, luminal ER-negative cells gave rise to diverse phenotypes, depending on the initiating lesions, including both ER-negative and, strikingly, ER-positive invasive ductal carcinomas. Molecular profiling demonstrated that luminal ER-negative cell-origin tumours resembled a range of the molecular subtypes of human breast cancer, including basal-like, luminal B and 'normal-like'. Furthermore, a subset of these tumours resembled the 'claudin-low' tumour subtype. These findings demonstrate that not only do mammary tumour phenotypes depend on the interactions between cell of origin and driver genetic aberrations, but also multiple mammary tumour subtypes, including both ER-positive and -negative disease, can originate from a single epithelial cell type. This is a fundamental advance in our understanding of tumour aetiology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- BRCA2 Protein/deficiency
- BRCA2 Protein/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Claudins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/deficiency
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/deficiency
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Melchor
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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193
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Wang L, Di LJ. BRCA1 and estrogen/estrogen receptor in breast cancer: where they interact? Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:566-75. [PMID: 24910535 PMCID: PMC4046883 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 mainly acts as a tumor suppressor and BRCA1 mutation correlates with increased cancer risk. Although it is well recognized that BRCA1 related tumorigenesis is mainly caused by the increased DNA damage and decreased genome stability, it is not clear that why BRCA1 related patients have higher risk for cancer development mainly in estrogen responsive tissues such as breast and ovary. Recent studies suggested that BRCA1 and E-ER (estrogen and estrogen receptor) signaling synergistically regulate the mammary epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. In this current presentation, we reviewed the correlation between mammary gland epithelial cell transformation and the status of BRCA1 and ER. Then the mechanisms of BRCA1 and E-ER interaction at both gene transcription level and protein-protein interaction level are discussed. Furthermore, the tumorigenic mechanisms are discussed by focusing on the synergistic effect of BRCA1 and E-ER on cell metabolism, ROS management, and antioxidant activity in mammary gland epithelial cells. Also, the possibility of cell de-differentiation promoted by coordinated effect between BRCA1 mutation and E-ER signal is explored. Together, the currently available evidences suggest that BRCA1 mutation and E-ER signal together, contribute to breast tumorigenesis by providing the metabolic support for cancer cell growth and even may directly be involved in promoting the de-differentiation of cancer-prone epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Faculty of health sciences, University of Macau, SAR of People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Di
- Faculty of health sciences, University of Macau, SAR of People's Republic of China
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194
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Chiche A, Moumen M, Petit V, Jonkers J, Medina D, Deugnier MA, Faraldo MM, Glukhova MA. Somatic loss of p53 leads to stem/progenitor cell amplification in both mammary epithelial compartments, basal and luminal. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1857-67. [PMID: 23712598 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammary epithelium comprises a layer of luminal cells and a basal myoepithelial cell layer. Both mammary epithelial compartments, basal and luminal, contain stem and progenitor cells, but only basal cells are capable of gland regeneration upon transplantation. Aberrant expansion of stem/progenitor cell populations is considered to contribute to breast tumorigenesis. Germline deletions of p53 in humans and mice confer a predisposition to tumors, and stem cell frequency is abnormally high in the mammary epithelium of p53-deficient mice. However, it is unknown whether stem/progenitor cell amplification occurs in both, basal and luminal cell populations in p53-deficient mammary tissue. We used a conditional gene deletion approach to study the role of p53 in stem/progenitor cells residing in the mammary luminal and basal layers. Using two- and three-dimensional cell culture assays, we showed that p53 loss led to the expansion of clonogenic stem/progenitor cells in both mammary epithelial cell layers. Moreover, following p53 deletion, luminal and basal stem/progenitor cells acquired a capacity for unlimited propagation in mammosphere culture. Furthermore, limiting dilution and serial transplantation assays revealed amplification and enhanced self-renewal in the basal regenerating cell population of p53-deficient mammary epithelium. Our data suggest that the increase in stem/progenitor cell activity may be, at least, partially mediated by the Notch pathway. Taken together, these results strongly indicate that p53 restricts the propagation and self-renewal of stem/progenitor cells in both layers of the mammary epithelium providing further insight into the impact of p53 loss in breast cancerogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Chiche
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR144, Paris, France
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195
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Campbell JJ, Hume RD, Watson CJ. Engineering Mammary Gland in Vitro Models for Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1971-81. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500121c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Campbell
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles
Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
| | - Robert D. Hume
- Department
of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP. U.K
| | - Christine J. Watson
- Department
of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP. U.K
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196
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Spliethoff JW, Evers DJ, Jaspers JE, Hendriks BHW, Rottenberg S, Ruers TJM. Monitoring of tumor response to Cisplatin using optical spectroscopy. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:230-9. [PMID: 24726234 PMCID: PMC4101345 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anatomic imaging alone is often inadequate for tuning systemic treatment for individual tumor response. Optically based techniques could potentially contribute to fast and objective response monitoring in personalized cancer therapy. In the present study, we evaluated the feasibility of dual-modality diffuse reflectance spectroscopy-autofluorescence spectroscopy (DRS-AFS) to monitor the effects of systemic treatment in a mouse model for hereditary breast cancer. METHODS Brca1(-/-); p53(-/-) mammary tumors were grown in 36 mice, half of which were treated with a single dose of cisplatin. Changes in the tumor physiology and morphology were measured for a period of 1 week using dual-modality DRS-AFS. Liver and muscle tissues were also measured to distinguish tumor-specific alterations from systemic changes. Model-based analyses were used to derive different optical parameters like the scattering and absorption coefficients, as well as sources of intrinsic fluorescence. Histopathologic analysis was performed for cross-validation with trends in optically based parameters. RESULTS Treated tumors showed a significant decrease in Mie-scattering slope and Mie-to-total scattering fraction and an increase in both fat volume fraction and tissue oxygenation after 2 days of follow-up. Additionally, significant tumor-specific changes in the fluorescence spectra were seen. These longitudinal trends were consistent with changes observed in the histopathologic analysis, such as vital tumor content and formation of fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that dual-modality DRS-AFS provides quantitative functional information that corresponds well with the degree of pathologic response. DRS-AFS, in conjunction with other imaging modalities, could be used to optimize systemic cancer treatment on the basis of early individual tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarich W Spliethoff
- Department of Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniel J Evers
- Department of Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke E Jaspers
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benno H W Hendriks
- Department of Minimally Invasive Healthcare, Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J M Ruers
- Department of Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MIRA Institute, Technical University Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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197
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Weigelt B, Eberle C, Cowell CF, Ng CKY, Reis-Filho JS. Metaplastic breast carcinoma: more than a special type. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:147-8. [PMID: 25688406 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is a special histological type of invasive breast cancer. MBC is a descriptive and operational term for a heterogeneous collection of tumours with distinct histologies, clinical behaviours and potentially responses to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Carey Eberle
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Catherine F Cowell
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Charlotte K Y Ng
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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198
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Estrogen controls the survival of BRCA1-deficient cells via a PI3K-NRF2-regulated pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:4472-7. [PMID: 24567396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1324136111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor suppressor BRCA1 predispose women to breast and ovarian cancers. The mechanism underlying the tissue-specific nature of BRCA1's tumor suppression is obscure. We previously showed that the antioxidant pathway regulated by the transcription factor NRF2 is defective in BRCA1-deficient cells. Reactivation of NRF2 through silencing of its negative regulator KEAP1 permitted the survival of BRCA1-null cells. Here we show that estrogen (E2) increases the expression of NRF2-dependent antioxidant genes in various E2-responsive cell types. Like NRF2 accumulation triggered by oxidative stress, E2-induced NRF2 accumulation depends on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT activation. Pretreatment of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor BKM120 abolishes the capacity of E2 to increase NRF2 protein and transcriptional activity. In vivo the survival defect of BRCA1-deficient MECs is rescued by the rise in E2 levels associated with pregnancy. Furthermore, exogenous E2 administration stimulates the growth of BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors in the fat pads of male mice. Our work elucidates the basis of the tissue specificity of BRCA1-related tumor predisposition, and explains why oophorectomy significantly reduces breast cancer risk and recurrence in women carrying BRCA1 mutations.
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199
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Leidy J, Khan A, Kandil D. Basal-like breast cancer: update on clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:37-43. [PMID: 24377810 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0439-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Basal-like breast carcinoma (BLBC) is a distinct molecular subtype of breast carcinoma identified through gene expression profiling studies. OBJECTIVE To provide the clinical background, the histologic profile, and the immunohistochemical profile of these tumors and discuss the current knowledge of their molecular signature and their implications on targeted molecular therapy. DATA SOURCES Data were obtained from review of the pertinent peer-reviewed literature. CONCLUSIONS Basal-like breast carcinomas are aggressive tumors with poor prognosis. Lack of targeted therapy makes their treatment a challenging task. Traditional chemotherapy is still associated with a high risk of relapse and death in a high percentage of patients. Platinum-based chemotherapy has been considered as a candidate for the treatment of BLBCs owing to their BRCA1 phenotype. Approximately 22% of patients treated with single-agent cisplatin show pathologic complete response, which is a comparable rate to that seen with nonplatinum agents. Antiangiogenic agents have been promising, but their currently demonstrated limited response is considered disappointing. Additionally, epidermal growth factor receptor was not shown to be a helpful target for BLBC. A recent study has shown that BLBC appears to be especially sensitive to MEK inhibitors, making it a promising therapeutic possibility. The list of new targets is still evolving and the "magic" therapeutic target is yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Leidy
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester
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200
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Lee JM, Ledermann JA, Kohn EC. PARP Inhibitors for BRCA1/2 mutation-associated and BRCA-like malignancies. Ann Oncol 2014; 25:32-40. [PMID: 24225019 PMCID: PMC3868320 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) have shown promising activity in patients with BRCA1/2 mutation-associated (BRCA1/2(MUT+)) ovarian and breast cancers. Accumulating evidence suggests that PARPi may have a wider application in the treatment of sporadic high-grade serous ovarian cancer, and cancers defective in DNA repair pathways, such as prostate, endometrial, and pancreatic cancers. Several PARPis are currently in phase 1/2 clinical investigation, with registration trials now being designed. Olaparib, one of the most studied PARPis, has demonstrated activity in BRCA1/2(MUT+) and BRCA-like sporadic ovarian and breast cancers, and looks promising in prostate and pancreatic cancers. Understanding more about the molecular abnormalities involved in BRCA-like tumors, exploring novel therapeutic trial strategies and drug combinations, and defining potential predictive biomarkers, is critical to rapidly advancing the field of PARPi therapy and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-m. Lee
- Molecular Signaling Section, Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | | | - E. C. Kohn
- Molecular Signaling Section, Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
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