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Oliveira MF, Medeiros RCA, Mietto BS, Calvo TL, Mendonça APM, Rosa TLSA, Silva DSD, Vasconcelos KGDCD, Pereira AMR, de Macedo CS, Pereira GMB, Moreira MDBP, Pessolani MCV, Moraes MO, Lara FA. Reduction of host cell mitochondrial activity as Mycobacterium leprae's strategy to evade host innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:193-208. [PMID: 33913182 PMCID: PMC10084840 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a much-feared incapacitating infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae or M lepromatosis, annually affecting roughly 200,000 people worldwide. During host-pathogen interaction, M leprae subverts the immune response, leading to development of disease. Throughout the last few decades, the impact of energy metabolism on the control of intracellular pathogens and leukocytic differentiation has become more evident. Mitochondria play a key role in regulating newly-discovered immune signaling pathways by controlling redox metabolism and the flow of energy besides activating inflammasome, xenophagy, and apoptosis. Likewise, this organelle, whose origin is probably an alphaproteobacterium, directly controls the intracellular pathogens attempting to invade its niche, a feature conquered at the expense of billions of years of coevolution. In the present review, we discuss the role of reduced host cell mitochondrial activity during M leprae infection and the consequential fates of M leprae and host innate immunity. Conceivably, inhibition of mitochondrial energy metabolism emerges as an overlooked and novel mechanism developed by M leprae to evade xenophagy and the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Fernandes Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Siqueira Mietto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thyago Leal Calvo
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Miranda Mendonça
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Cristiana Santos de Macedo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - F A Lara
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Verduci E, Calcaterra V, Di Profio E, Fiore G, Rey F, Magenes VC, Todisco CF, Carelli S, Zuccotti GV. Brown Adipose Tissue: New Challenges for Prevention of Childhood Obesity. A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051450. [PMID: 33923364 PMCID: PMC8145569 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric obesity remains a challenge in modern society. Recently, research has focused on the role of the brown adipose tissue (BAT) as a potential target of intervention. In this review, we revised preclinical and clinical works on factors that may promote BAT or browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) from fetal age to adolescence. Maternal lifestyle, type of breastfeeding and healthy microbiota can affect the thermogenic activity of BAT. Environmental factors such as exposure to cold or physical activity also play a role in promoting and activating BAT. Most of the evidence is preclinical, although in clinic there is some evidence on the role of omega-3 PUFAs (EPA and DHA) supplementation on BAT activation. Clinical studies are needed to dissect the early factors and their modulation to allow proper BAT development and functions and to prevent onset of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Verduci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20146 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (S.C.)
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Profio
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
- Department of Animal Sciences for Health, Animal Production and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Federica Rey
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Vittoria Carlotta Magenes
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Carolina Federica Todisco
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (S.C.)
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, 20154 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (E.D.P.); (G.F.); (V.C.M.); (C.F.T.); (G.V.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
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203
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Li X, Long C, Cui Y, Tao F, Yu X, Lin W. Charge-Dependent Strategy Enables a Single Fluorescent Probe to Study the Interaction Relationship between Mitochondria and Lipid Droplets. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1595-1603. [PMID: 33755435 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cooperation between organelles is essential to maintain the normal operation of the cell. A lipid droplet (LD), a dynamic organelle, is specialized in lipid storage and can interact physically with mitochondria in several cell types. However, an appropriate method for in situ studying the interaction relationships of mitochondria-LDs is still lacking. Herein, a charge-dependent strategy is proposed for the first time by considering adequately the charge difference between mitochondria and LDs. According to the novel strategy, we have developed a unique fluorescent probe Mito-LD based on the cyclization and ring-opening conversion. Mito-LD could simultaneously stain mitochondria and LDs and emit a red and green fluorescence, respectively. More importantly, with the probe Mito-LD, the in situ interaction relationships of mitochondria-LDs were investigated in detail from LD accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, lower environmental temperatures, and four aspects of apoptosis. The experimental results showed that mitochondria played an important role in LD accumulation, and the numbers and size of LDs would increase after mitochondrial dysfunction that may be due to excess liposomes. In addition, as an energy storage organelle, LDs played an important role in helping to coordinate mitochondrial energy supply in response to cold. In addition, the Mito-LD revealed that the polarity of mitochondria was higher than that of LDs. In a word, the probe Mito-LD could serve as a potential tool for further exploring mitochondria-LD interaction mechanisms, and importantly, the charge-dependent strategy is valuable for designing robust new probes in imaging multiple organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Daxue Road 3501, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, P. R. China
| | - Chenyuan Long
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Daxue Road 3501, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, P. R. China
| | - Yuezhi Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Daxue Road 3501, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, P. R. China
| | - Furong Tao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Daxue Road 3501, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- Center of Bio and Micro/Nano Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
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204
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Longo M, Paolini E, Meroni M, Dongiovanni P. Remodeling of Mitochondrial Plasticity: The Key Switch from NAFLD/NASH to HCC. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4173. [PMID: 33920670 PMCID: PMC8073183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver and the third-leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Currently, the global burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has dramatically overcome both viral and alcohol hepatitis, thus becoming the main cause of HCC incidence. NAFLD pathogenesis is severely influenced by lifestyle and genetic predisposition. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that may adapt in response to environment, genetics and epigenetics in the liver ("mitochondrial plasticity"). Mounting evidence highlights that mitochondrial dysfunction due to loss of mitochondrial flexibility may arise before overt NAFLD, and from the early stages of liver injury. Mitochondrial failure promotes not only hepatocellular damage, but also release signals (mito-DAMPs), which trigger inflammation and fibrosis, generating an adverse microenvironment in which several hepatocytes select anti-apoptotic programs and mutations that may allow survival and proliferation. Furthermore, one of the key events in malignant hepatocytes is represented by the remodeling of glucidic-lipidic metabolism combined with the reprogramming of mitochondrial functions, optimized to deal with energy demand. In sum, this review will discuss how mitochondrial defects may be translated into causative explanations of NAFLD-driven HCC, emphasizing future directions for research and for the development of potential preventive or curative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Paolini
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
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205
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Choudhary V, Schneiter R. A Unique Junctional Interface at Contact Sites Between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Lipid Droplets. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:650186. [PMID: 33898445 PMCID: PMC8060488 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.650186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) constitute compartments dedicated to the storage of metabolic energy in the form of neutral lipids. LDs originate from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with which they maintain close contact throughout their life cycle. These ER-LD junctions facilitate the exchange of both proteins and lipids between these two compartments. In recent years, proteins that are important for the proper formation of LDs and localize to ER-LD junctions have been identified. This junction is unique as it is generally believed to invoke a transition from the ER bilayer membrane to a lipid monolayer that delineates LDs. Proper formation of this junction requires the ordered assembly of proteins and lipids at specialized ER subdomains. Without such a well-ordered assembly of LD biogenesis factors, neutral lipids are synthesized throughout the ER membrane, resulting in the formation of aberrant LDs. Such ectopically formed LDs impact ER and lipid homeostasis, resulting in different types of lipid storage diseases. In response to starvation, the ER-LD junction recruits factors that tether the vacuole to these junctions to facilitate LD degradation. In addition, LDs maintain close contacts with peroxisomes and mitochondria for metabolic channeling of the released fatty acids toward beta-oxidation. In this review, we discuss the function of different components that ensure proper functioning of LD contact sites, their role in lipogenesis and lipolysis, and their relation to lipid storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Choudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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206
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Motility Plays an Important Role in the Lifetime of Mammalian Lipid Droplets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083802. [PMID: 33916886 PMCID: PMC8067576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid droplet is a kind of organelle that stores neutral lipids in cells. Recent studies have found that in addition to energy storage, lipid droplets also play an important role in biological processes such as resistance to stress, immunity, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and signal transduction. Lipid droplets are formed at the endoplasmic reticulum, and mature lipid droplets participate in various cellular processes. Lipid droplets are decomposed by lipase and lysosomes. In the life of a lipid droplet, the most important thing is to interact with other organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and autophagic lysosomes. The interaction between lipid droplets and other organelles requires them to be close to each other, which inevitably involves the motility of lipid droplets. In fact, through many microscopic observation techniques, researchers have discovered that lipid droplets are highly dynamic organelles that move quickly. This paper reviews the process of lipid droplet motility, focusing on explaining the molecular basis of lipid droplet motility, the factors that regulate lipid droplet motility, and the influence of motility on the formation and decomposition of lipid droplets. In addition, this paper also proposes several unresolved problems for lipid droplet motility. Finally, this paper makes predictions about the future research of lipid droplet motility.
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207
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Longo M, Meroni M, Paolini E, Macchi C, Dongiovanni P. Mitochondrial dynamics and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): new perspectives for a fairy-tale ending? Metabolism 2021; 117:154708. [PMID: 33444607 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a broad spectrum of liver dysfunctions and it is predicted to become the primary cause of liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles involved in multiple metabolic/bioenergetic pathways in the liver. Emerging evidence outlined that hepatic mitochondria adapt in number and functionality in response to external cues, as high caloric intake and obesity, by modulating mitochondrial biogenesis, and maladaptive mitochondrial response has been described from the early stages of NAFLD. Indeed, mitochondrial plasticity is lost in progressive NAFLD and these organelles may assume an aberrant phenotype to drive or contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis. Severe alimentary regimen and physical exercise represent the cornerstone for NAFLD care, although the low patients' compliance is urging towards the discovery of novel pharmacological treatments. Mitochondrial-targeted drugs aimed to recover mitochondrial lifecycle and to modulate oxidative stress are becoming attractive molecules to be potentially introduced for NAFLD management. Although the path guiding the switch from bench to bedside remains tortuous, the study of mitochondrial dynamics is providing intriguing perspectives for future NAFLD healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Paolini
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Macchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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208
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Maseroli E, Comeglio P, Corno C, Cellai I, Filippi S, Mello T, Galli A, Rapizzi E, Presenti L, Truglia MC, Lotti F, Facchiano E, Beltrame B, Lucchese M, Saad F, Rastrelli G, Maggi M, Vignozzi L. Testosterone treatment is associated with reduced adipose tissue dysfunction and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese hypogonadal men. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:819-842. [PMID: 32772323 PMCID: PMC7946690 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In both preclinical and clinical settings, testosterone treatment (TTh) of hypogonadism has shown beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and visceral and liver fat accumulation. This prospective, observational study was aimed at assessing the change in markers of fat and liver functioning in obese men scheduled for bariatric surgery. METHODS Hypogonadal patients with consistent symptoms (n = 15) undergoing 27.63 ± 3.64 weeks of TTh were compared to untreated eugonadal (n = 17) or asymptomatic hypogonadal (n = 46) men. A cross-sectional analysis among the different groups was also performed, especially for data derived from liver and fat biopsies. Preadipocytes isolated from adipose tissue biopsies were used to evaluate insulin sensitivity, adipogenic potential and mitochondrial function. NAFLD was evaluated by triglyceride assay and by calculating NAFLD activity score in liver biopsies. RESULTS In TTh-hypogonadal men, histopathological NAFLD activity and steatosis scores, as well as liver triglyceride content were lower than in untreated-hypogonadal men and comparable to eugonadal ones. TTh was also associated with a favorable hepatic expression of lipid handling-related genes. In visceral adipose tissue and preadipocytes, TTh was associated with an increased expression of lipid catabolism and mitochondrial bio-functionality markers. Preadipocytes from TTh men also exhibited a healthier morpho-functional phenotype of mitochondria and higher insulin-sensitivity compared to untreated-hypogonadal ones. CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest that TTh in severely obese, hypogonadal individuals induces metabolically healthier preadipocytes, improving insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial functioning and lipid handling. A potentially protective role for testosterone on the progression of NAFLD, improving hepatic steatosis and reducing intrahepatic triglyceride content, was also envisaged. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02248467, September 25th 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maseroli
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - P Comeglio
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - C Corno
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - I Cellai
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - S Filippi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - T Mello
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - A Galli
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - E Rapizzi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - L Presenti
- General, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Unit, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, , Piazza Santa Maria Nuova, 1, 50122, Florence, Italy
| | - M C Truglia
- General, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Unit, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, , Piazza Santa Maria Nuova, 1, 50122, Florence, Italy
| | - F Lotti
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - E Facchiano
- General, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Unit, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, , Piazza Santa Maria Nuova, 1, 50122, Florence, Italy
| | - B Beltrame
- General, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Unit, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, , Piazza Santa Maria Nuova, 1, 50122, Florence, Italy
| | - M Lucchese
- General, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Unit, Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, , Piazza Santa Maria Nuova, 1, 50122, Florence, Italy
| | - F Saad
- Medical Affairs, Bayer AG, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 1, 51373, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - G Rastrelli
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50134, Florence, Italy
- I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture E Biosistemi), Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - L Vignozzi
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50134, Florence, Italy.
- I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture E Biosistemi), Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy.
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Le Y, Shen H, Yang Z, Lu D, Wang C. Comprehensive analysis of organophosphorus flame retardant-induced mitochondrial abnormalities: Potential role in lipid accumulation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116541. [PMID: 33529899 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), a group of new emerging endocrine disruption chemicals, have been reported to cause metabolic disturbance. Currently, mitochondrial abnormality is a new paradigm for evaluating chemical-mediated metabolic disruption. However, a comprehensive correlation between these two aspects of OPFR remains elusive. In the work reported here, 3 markers for morphological abnormality, and 7 markers of mitochondrial dysfunction were detected after treatment with two aryl-OPFRs (TCP and TPhP) and three chlorinated-OPFRs (TDCPP, TCPP, and TCEP) on hepatocyte. The two aryl-OPFRs and TDCPP can cause intracellular lipid accumulation at non-cytotoxic concentrations (<10 μM), while the other two chlorinated-OPFRs only caused lipid deposition at 10 μM. Furthermore, at the tested concentrations, all of them reduced mitochondrial (mito)-network numbers, enlarged mito-area/cells, and skewed mitoATP/glycoATP. Excluding TCEP, the other four chemicals induced mito-ROS and depleted mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Notably, only TCP, TPhP and TDCPP impeded mitoATP generation rate and mito-respiratory rate. Based on potency estimates, the capacity for lipid accumulation was significantly correlated with mito-network numbers (R2 = 0.6481, p < 0.01), mitoATP/glycoATP (R2 = 0.5197, p < 0.01), mitoROS (R2 = 0.7197, p < 0.01), and MMP (R2 = 0.7715, p < 0.01). Remarkably, the mito-respiratory rate (R2 = 0.8753, p < 0.01) exhibited the highest correlation. Thus, the more potent lipid inducers TPhP, TCP and TDCPP could be identified. The results of this study demonstrate that aryl-OPFRs are more potent in metabolic disruption than other esters examined. Metabolic disruption should be examined further for chemicals that have the capacity to counteract the aforementioned functions of mitochondrial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Le
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Shen
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhao Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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210
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Pace NP, Vassallo J, Calleja-Agius J. Gestational diabetes, environmental temperature and climate factors - From epidemiological evidence to physiological mechanisms. Early Hum Dev 2021; 155:105219. [PMID: 33046275 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy that is generally asymptomatic in its clinical course, although it is potentially associated with a wide range of both maternal and foetal complications. The population prevalence of GDM varies widely, depending on the clinical diagnostic criteria, ethnicity, demographics and background prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Climate variability and environmental temperature have recently come to the forefront as potential direct or indirect determinants of human health. The association between GDM and environmental temperature is complex, and studies have often reported conflicting findings. Epidemiologic studies have shown a direct relation between rising environmental temperature and the risk of both GDM and impaired beta cell function. Seasonal trends in the prevalence of GDM have been reported in several populations, with a higher prevalence in summer months. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain the GDM-temperature correlation. A growing body of evidence supports a link between temperature, energy expenditure and adipose tissue metabolism. Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, induced by cold temperatures, improves insulin sensitivity. Further biological explanations for the GDM-temperature correlation lie in potential association with low vitamin D levels, which varies according to sunshine exposure. Observational studies are also complicated by lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity, that could exhibit seasonal variation. In this review article, we provide a systematic overview of available epidemiological evidence linking environmental temperature and gestational diabetes. Furthermore, the physiological mechanisms that give biological plausibility to association between GDM and temperature are explored. As future climate patterns could drive global changes in GDM prevalence, this knowledge has important implications for both clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Paul Pace
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta.
| | - Josanne Vassallo
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Jean Calleja-Agius
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
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211
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Ngo J, Benador IY, Brownstein AJ, Vergnes L, Veliova M, Shum M, Acín-Pérez R, Reue K, Shirihai OS, Liesa M. Isolation and functional analysis of peridroplet mitochondria from murine brown adipose tissue. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100243. [PMID: 33458705 PMCID: PMC7797917 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in lipid metabolism and can bind to lipid droplets. However, the role and functional specialization of the population of peridroplet mitochondria (PDMs) remain unclear, as methods to isolate functional PDMs were not developed until recently. Here, we describe an approach to isolate intact PDMs from murine brown adipose tissue based on their adherence to lipid droplets. PDMs isolated using our approach can be used to study their specialized function by respirometry. For complete information on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Benador et al. (2018). Isolation of peridroplet mitochondria (PDMs) from brown adipose tissue is described The function of murine PDMs is analyzed using 96-well format respirometry QC steps of PDM isolation by imaging and protein biochemistry are defined
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ngo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ilan Y Benador
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexandra J Brownstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Michaela Veliova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Shum
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rebeca Acín-Pérez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Metabolism Theme, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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212
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Anastasia I, Ilacqua N, Raimondi A, Lemieux P, Ghandehari-Alavijeh R, Faure G, Mekhedov SL, Williams KJ, Caicci F, Valle G, Giacomello M, Quiroga AD, Lehner R, Miksis MJ, Toth K, de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Koonin EV, Scorrano L, Pellegrini L. Mitochondria-rough-ER contacts in the liver regulate systemic lipid homeostasis. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108873. [PMID: 33730569 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Contacts between organelles create microdomains that play major roles in regulating key intracellular activities and signaling pathways, but whether they also regulate systemic functions remains unknown. Here, we report the ultrastructural organization and dynamics of the inter-organellar contact established by sheets of curved rough endoplasmic reticulum closely wrapped around the mitochondria (wrappER). To elucidate the in vivo function of this contact, mouse liver fractions enriched in wrappER-associated mitochondria are analyzed by transcriptomics, proteomics, and lipidomics. The biochemical signature of the wrappER points to a role in the biogenesis of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). Altering wrappER-mitochondria contacts curtails VLDL secretion and increases hepatic fatty acids, lipid droplets, and neutral lipid content. Conversely, acute liver-specific ablation of Mttp, the most upstream regulator of VLDL biogenesis, recapitulates this hepatic dyslipidemia phenotype and promotes remodeling of the wrappER-mitochondria contact. The discovery that liver wrappER-mitochondria contacts participate in VLDL biology suggests an involvement of inter-organelle contacts in systemic lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Anastasia
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada; Mitochondria Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolò Ilacqua
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada; Mitochondria Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe Lemieux
- Mitochondria Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Guilhem Faure
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sergei L Mekhedov
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Giorgio Valle
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ariel D Quiroga
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, CONICET, UNR, Rosario, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard Lehner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael J Miksis
- Department of Engineering Science and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Katalin Toth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Q de Aguiar Vallim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, NLM, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Pellegrini
- Mitochondria Biology Laboratory, Brain Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada.
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213
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Cui W, Sathyanarayan A, Lopresti M, Aghajan M, Chen C, Mashek DG. Lipophagy-derived fatty acids undergo extracellular efflux via lysosomal exocytosis. Autophagy 2021; 17:690-705. [PMID: 32070194 PMCID: PMC8032247 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1728097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagic degradation of lipid droplets (LDs), termed lipophagy, is a major mechanism that contributes to lipid turnover in numerous cell types. While numerous factors, including nutrient deprivation or overexpression of PNPLA2/ATGL (patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2) drive lipophagy, the trafficking of fatty acids (FAs) produced from this pathway is largely unknown. Herein, we show that PNPLA2 and nutrient deprivation promoted the extracellular efflux of FAs. Inhibition of autophagy or lysosomal lipid degradation attenuated FA efflux highlighting a critical role for lipophagy in this process. Rather than direct transport of FAs across the lysosomal membrane, lipophagy-derived FA efflux requires lysosomal fusion to the plasma membrane. The lysosomal Ca2+ channel protein MCOLN1/TRPML1 (mucolipin 1) regulates lysosomal-plasma membrane fusion and its overexpression increased, while inhibition blocked FA efflux. In addition, inhibition of autophagy/lipophagy or MCOLN1, or sequestration of extracellular FAs with BSA attenuated the oxidation and re-esterification of lipophagy-derived FAs. Overall, these studies show that the well-established pathway of lysosomal fusion to the plasma membrane is the primary route for the disposal of FAs derived from lipophagy. Moreover, the efflux of FAs and their reuptake or subsequent extracellular trafficking to adjacent cells may play an important role in cell-to-cell lipid exchange and signaling.Abbreviations: ACTB: beta actin; ADRA1A: adrenergic receptor alpha, 1a; ALB: albumin; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1; BHBA: beta-hydroxybutyrate; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CDH1: e-cadherin; CQ: chloroquine; CTSB: cathepsin B; DGAT: diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase; FA: fatty acid; HFD: high-fat diet; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LD: lipid droplet; LIPA/LAL: lysosomal acid lipase A; LLME: Leu-Leu methyl ester hydrobromide; MAP1LC3B/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MCOLN1/TRPML1: mucolipin 1; MEF: mouse embryo fibroblast; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PLIN: perilipin; PNPLA2/ATGL patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2; RUBCN (rubicon autophagy regulator); SM: sphingomyelin; TAG: triacylglycerol; TMEM192: transmembrane protein 192; VLDL: very low density lipoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Cui
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Aishwarya Sathyanarayan
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael Lopresti
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Douglas G. Mashek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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214
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Wang J, Fang N, Xiong J, Du Y, Cao Y, Ji WK. An ESCRT-dependent step in fatty acid transfer from lipid droplets to mitochondria through VPS13D-TSG101 interactions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1252. [PMID: 33623047 PMCID: PMC7902631 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21525-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon starvation, cells rewire their metabolism, switching from glucose-based metabolism to mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids, which require the transfer of FAs from lipid droplets (LDs) to mitochondria at mitochondria−LD membrane contact sites (MCSs). However, factors responsible for FA transfer at these MCSs remain uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrate that vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13D (VPS13D), loss-of-function mutations of which cause spastic ataxia, coordinates FA trafficking in conjunction with the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) protein tumor susceptibility 101 (TSG101). The VPS13 adaptor-binding domain of VPS13D and TSG101 directly remodels LD membranes in a cooperative manner. The lipid transfer domain of human VPS13D binds glycerophospholipids and FAs in vitro. Depletion of VPS13D, TSG101, or ESCRT-III proteins inhibits FA trafficking from LDs to mitochondria. Our findings suggest that VPS13D mediates the ESCRT-dependent remodeling of LD membranes to facilitate FA transfer at mitochondria-LD contacts. Metabolic rewiring requires the mobilization of fatty acids (FA) from lipid droplets (LDs) at membrane contact sites (MCSs), although the details of FA transfer remain unclear. Here, the authors show that VPS13D and the ESCRT complex remodel LD membranes to promote FA trafficking to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Na Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanjiao Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei-Ke Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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215
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Tian M, Ge E, Dong B, Zuo Y, Zhao Y, Lin W. Intramolecular Spirocyclization Enables Design of a Single Fluorescent Probe for Monitoring the Interplay between Mitochondria and Lipid Droplets. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3602-3610. [PMID: 33557515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between mitochondria and lipid droplets (LDs) plays a central role in regulating the β-oxidation and storage of fatty acids (FA) and is also engaged in responding to external stimuli such as nutrient deficiency. However, a single fluorescent probe enabling the discriminative and simultaneous visualization of the two organelles has not been reported yet, which brings limitation for the in-depth study on their interplay. In this work, utilizing the intramolecular spirocyclization reaction of rhodamine dyes that can dramatically change the optical and soluble properties, we have designed a new single fluorescent probe for labeling LDs and mitochondria in clearly separated dual-emission channels. The newly designed "biform" probe, MT-LD, presented in a ring-opened form in mitochondria to give a strong red emission, while it underwent the intramolecular spirocyclization reaction to target LDs showing an intense blue fluorescence. In this manner, MT-LD can label LDs and mitochondria in blue and red fluorescence, respectively. With this robust probe, the increase of mitochondria-LD contact and peridroplet mitochondria (PDM) amount during oleic acid treatment and starvation-induced autophagy has been successfully revealed. The interaction between the two organelles was also visualized in different tissues, which revealed an obviously higher level of mitochondria-LD contact and PDM amount in brown adipose tissue and lung tissue. This work provides a promising molecular tool to investigate the interplay between mitochondria and LDs and promotes studies on FA metabolism and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Tian
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Enxiang Ge
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoli Dong
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Zuo
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
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216
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Von Bank H, Hurtado-Thiele M, Oshimura N, Simcox J. Mitochondrial Lipid Signaling and Adaptive Thermogenesis. Metabolites 2021; 11:124. [PMID: 33671745 PMCID: PMC7926967 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermogenesis is an energy demanding process by which endotherms produce heat to maintain their body temperature in response to cold exposure. Mitochondria in the brown and beige adipocytes play a key role in thermogenesis, as the site for uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which allows for the diffusion of protons through the mitochondrial inner membrane to produce heat. To support this energy demanding process, the mitochondria in brown and beige adipocytes increase oxidation of glucose, amino acids, and lipids. This review article explores the various mitochondria-produced and processed lipids that regulate thermogenesis including cardiolipins, free fatty acids, and acylcarnitines. These lipids play a number of roles in thermogenic adipose tissue including structural support of UCP1, transcriptional regulation, fuel source, and activation of cell signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Judith Simcox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (H.V.B.); (M.H.-T.); (N.O.)
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217
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Redhai S, Boutros M. The Role of Organelles in Intestinal Function, Physiology, and Disease. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:485-499. [PMID: 33551307 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestine maintains homeostasis by coordinating internal biological processes to adjust to fluctuating external conditions. The intestinal epithelium is continuously renewed and comprises multiple cell types, including absorptive cells, secretory cells, and resident stem cells. An important feature of this organ is its ability to coordinate many processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, regeneration, damage/stress response, immune activity, feeding behavior, and age-related changes by using conserved signaling pathways. However, the subcellular spatial organization of these signaling events and the organelles involved has only recently been studied in detail. Here we discuss how organelles of intestinal cells serve to initiate, mediate, and terminate signals, that are vital for homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Redhai
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Heidelberg University, BioQuant and Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, and Heidelberg University, BioQuant and Medical Faculty Mannheim, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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218
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Wang L, Liu J, Miao Z, Pan Q, Cao W. Lipid droplets and their interactions with other organelles in liver diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 133:105937. [PMID: 33529713 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets are cellular organelles used for lipid storage with a hydrophobic core of neutral lipids enclosed by a phospholipid monolayer. Besides presenting as giant single organelles in fat tissue, lipid droplets are also widely present as a multitude of small structures in hepatocytes, where they play key roles in health and disease of the liver. In addition to lipid storage, lipid droplets are also directly involved in lipid metabolism, membrane biosynthesis, cell signaling, inflammation, pathogen-host interaction and cancer development. In addition, they interact with other cellular organelles to regulate cellular biology. It is fair to say that the exact functions of lipid droplets in cellular physiology remain largely obscure. Thus prompted, here we aim to analyze the corpus of contemporary biomedical literature to create a framework as to how the role of lipid droplets in hepatocyte physiology and pathophysiology should be understood. The resulting framework should help understanding the interaction of lipid droplets with other organelles in important liver diseases, including fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis and liver cancer and direct further research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jiaye Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zhijiang Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Wanlu Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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219
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Herker E, Vieyres G, Beller M, Krahmer N, Bohnert M. Lipid Droplet Contact Sites in Health and Disease. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:345-358. [PMID: 33546922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
After having been disregarded for a long time as inert fat drops, lipid droplets (LDs) are now recognized as ubiquitous cellular organelles with key functions in lipid biology and beyond. The identification of abundant LD contact sites, places at which LDs are physically attached to other organelles, has uncovered an unexpected level of communication between LDs and the rest of the cell. In recent years, many disease factors mutated in hereditary disorders have been recognized as LD contact site proteins. Furthermore, LD contact sites are dramatically rearranged in response to infections with intracellular pathogens, as well as under pathological metabolic conditions such as hepatic steatosis. Collectively, it is emerging that LD-organelle contacts are important players in development and progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Herker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Gabrielle Vieyres
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany; Leibniz ScienceCampus InterACt, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mathias Beller
- Institute for Mathematical Modeling of Biological Systems, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Systems Biology of Lipid Metabolism, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Natalie Krahmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Maria Bohnert
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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220
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Klemm RW. Getting in Touch Is an Important Step: Control of Metabolism at Organelle Contact Sites. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2021; 4:2515256421993708. [PMID: 37366381 PMCID: PMC10243586 DOI: 10.1177/2515256421993708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic pathways are often spread over several organelles and need to be functionally integrated by controlled organelle communication. Physical organelle contact-sites have emerged as critical hubs in the regulation of cellular metabolism, but the molecular understanding of mechanisms that mediate formation or regulation of organelle interfaces was until recently relatively limited. Mitochondria are central organelles in anabolic and catabolic pathways and therefore interact with a number of other cellular compartments including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplets (LDs). An interesting set of recent work has shed new light on the molecular basis forming these contact sites. This brief overview describes the discovery of unanticipated functions of contact sites between the ER, mitochondria and LDs in de novo synthesis of storage lipids of brown and white adipocytes. Interestingly, the factors involved in mediating the interaction between these organelles are subject to unexpected modes of regulation through newly uncovered Phospho-FFAT motifs. These results suggest dynamic regulation of contact sites between organelles and indicate that spatial organization of organelles within the cell contributes to the control of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin W. Klemm
- Department of Physiology,
Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
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221
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Li Y, Torp MK, Norheim F, Khanal P, Kimmel AR, Stensløkken KO, Vaage J, Dalen KT. Isolated Plin5-deficient cardiomyocytes store less lipid droplets than normal, but without increased sensitivity to hypoxia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158873. [PMID: 33373698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Plin5 is abundantly expressed in the heart where it binds to lipid droplets (LDs) and facilitates physical interaction between LDs and mitochondria. We isolated cardiomyocytes from adult Plin5+/+ and Plin5-/- mice to study the role of Plin5 for fatty acid uptake, LD accumulation, fatty acid oxidation, and tolerance to hypoxia. Cardiomyocytes isolated from Plin5-/- mice cultured with oleic acid stored less LDs than Plin5+/+, but comparable levels to Plin5+/+ cardiomyocytes when adipose triglyceride lipase activity was inhibited. The ability to oxidize fatty acids into CO2 was similar between Plin5+/+ and Plin5-/- cardiomyocytes, but Plin5-/- cardiomyocytes had a transient increase in intracellular fatty acid oxidation intermediates. After pre-incubation with oleic acids, Plin5-/- cardiomyocytes retained a higher content of glycogen and showed improved tolerance to hypoxia compared to Plin5+/+. In isolated, perfused hearts, deletion of Plin5 had no important effect on ventricular pressures or infarct size after ischemia. Old Plin5-/- mice had reduced levels of cardiac triacylglycerides, increased heart weight, and apart from modest elevated expression of mRNAs for beta myosin heavy chain Myh7 and the fatty acid transporter Cd36, other genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, glycogen metabolism and glucose utilization were essentially unchanged by removal of Plin5. Plin5 seems to facilitate cardiac LD storage primarily by repressing adipose triglyceride lipase activity without altering cardiac fatty acid oxidation capacity. Expression of Plin5 and cardiac LD content of isolated cardiomyocytes has little importance for tolerance to acute hypoxia and ischemia, which contrasts the protective role for Plin5 in mouse models during myocardial ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Li
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - May-Kristin Torp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Prabhat Khanal
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture (FBA), Nord University, Norway
| | - Alan R Kimmel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Vaage
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Tomas Dalen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; The Norwegian Transgenic Center, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
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222
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Xu J, Huang X. Lipid Metabolism at Membrane Contacts: Dynamics and Functions Beyond Lipid Homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:615856. [PMID: 33425923 PMCID: PMC7786193 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCSs), regions where the membranes of two organelles are closely apposed, play critical roles in inter-organelle communication, such as lipid trafficking, intracellular signaling, and organelle biogenesis and division. First identified as “fraction X” in the early 90s, MCSs are now widely recognized to facilitate local lipid synthesis and inter-organelle lipid transfer, which are important for maintaining cellular lipid homeostasis. In this review, we discuss lipid metabolism and related cellular and physiological functions in MCSs. We start with the characteristics of lipid synthesis and breakdown at MCSs. Then we focus on proteins involved in lipid synthesis and turnover at these sites. Lastly, we summarize the cellular function of lipid metabolism at MCSs beyond mere lipid homeostasis, including the physiological meaning and relevance of MCSs regarding systemic lipid metabolism. This article is part of an article collection entitled: Coupling and Uncoupling: Dynamic Control of Membrane Contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiesi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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223
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Barbato A, Scandura G, Puglisi F, Cambria D, La Spina E, Palumbo GA, Lazzarino G, Tibullo D, Di Raimondo F, Giallongo C, Romano A. Mitochondrial Bioenergetics at the Onset of Drug Resistance in Hematological Malignancies: An Overview. Front Oncol 2020; 10:604143. [PMID: 33409153 PMCID: PMC7779674 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.604143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined derangements in mitochondria network, function and dynamics can affect metabolism and ATP production, redox homeostasis and apoptosis triggering, contributing to cancer development in many different complex ways. In hematological malignancies, there is a strong relationship between cellular metabolism, mitochondrial bioenergetics, interconnections with supportive microenvironment and drug resistance. Lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, e.g., adapt to intrinsic oxidative stress by increasing mitochondrial biogenesis. In other hematological disorders such as myeloma, on the contrary, bioenergetics changes, associated to increased mitochondrial fitness, derive from the adaptive response to drug-induced stress. In the bone marrow niche, a reverse Warburg effect has been recently described, consisting in metabolic changes occurring in stromal cells in the attempt to metabolically support adjacent cancer cells. Moreover, a physiological dynamic, based on mitochondria transfer, between tumor cells and their supporting stromal microenvironment has been described to sustain oxidative stress associated to proteostasis maintenance in multiple myeloma and leukemia. Increased mitochondrial biogenesis of tumor cells associated to acquisition of new mitochondria transferred by mesenchymal stromal cells results in augmented ATP production through increased oxidative phosphorylation (OX-PHOS), higher drug resistance, and resurgence after treatment. Accordingly, targeting mitochondrial biogenesis, electron transfer, mitochondrial DNA replication, or mitochondrial fatty acid transport increases therapy efficacy. In this review, we summarize selected examples of the mitochondrial derangements in hematological malignancies, which provide metabolic adaptation and apoptosis resistance, also supported by the crosstalk with tumor microenvironment. This field promises a rational design to improve target-therapy including the metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Barbato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Scandura
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Puglisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniela Cambria
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico La Spina
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Alberto Palumbo
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biotechnological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Raimondo
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cesarina Giallongo
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Romano
- Department of Surgery and Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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224
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Cui L, Liu P. Two Types of Contact Between Lipid Droplets and Mitochondria. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:618322. [PMID: 33385001 PMCID: PMC7769837 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.618322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) and mitochondria are essential organelles involved in cellular lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. Accumulated studies have revealed that the physical contact between these two organelles is important for their functions. Current understanding of the contact between cellular organelles is highly dynamic, fitting a "kiss-and-run" model. The same pattern of contact between LDs and mitochondria has been reported and several proteins are found to mediate this contact, such as perilipin1 (PLIN1) and PLIN5. Another format of the contact has also been found and termed anchoring. LD-anchored mitochondria (LDAM) are identified in oxidative tissues including brown adipose tissue (BAT), skeletal muscle, and heart muscle, and this anchoring between these two organelles is conserved from mouse to monkey. Moreover, this anchoring is generated during the brown/beige adipocyte differentiation. In this review, we will summarize previous studies on the interaction between LDs and mitochondria, categorize the types of the contacts into dynamic and stable/anchored, present their similarities and differences, discuss their potential distinct molecular mechanism, and finally propose a working hypothesis that may explain why and how cells use two patterns of contact between LDs and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujuan Cui
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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225
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De Oliveira MP, Liesa M. The Role of Mitochondrial Fat Oxidation in Cancer Cell Proliferation and Survival. Cells 2020; 9:E2600. [PMID: 33291682 PMCID: PMC7761891 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors remodel their metabolism to support anabolic processes needed for replication, as well as to survive nutrient scarcity and oxidative stress imposed by their changing environment. In most healthy tissues, the shift from anabolism to catabolism results in decreased glycolysis and elevated fatty acid oxidation (FAO). This change in the nutrient selected for oxidation is regulated by the glucose-fatty acid cycle, also known as the Randle cycle. Briefly, this cycle consists of a decrease in glycolysis caused by increased mitochondrial FAO in muscle as a result of elevated extracellular fatty acid availability. Closing the cycle, increased glycolysis in response to elevated extracellular glucose availability causes a decrease in mitochondrial FAO. This competition between glycolysis and FAO and its relationship with anabolism and catabolism is conserved in some cancers. Accordingly, decreasing glycolysis to lactate, even by diverting pyruvate to mitochondria, can stop proliferation. Moreover, colorectal cancer cells can effectively shift to FAO to survive both glucose restriction and increases in oxidative stress at the expense of decreasing anabolism. However, a subset of B-cell lymphomas and other cancers require a concurrent increase in mitochondrial FAO and glycolysis to support anabolism and proliferation, thus escaping the competing nature of the Randle cycle. How mitochondria are remodeled in these FAO-dependent lymphomas to preferably oxidize fat, while concurrently sustaining high glycolysis and increasing de novo fatty acid synthesis is unclear. Here, we review studies focusing on the role of mitochondrial FAO and mitochondrial-driven lipid synthesis in cancer proliferation and survival, specifically in colorectal cancer and lymphomas. We conclude that a specific metabolic liability of these FAO-dependent cancers could be a unique remodeling of mitochondrial function that licenses elevated FAO concurrent to high glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis. In addition, blocking this mitochondrial remodeling could selectively stop growth of tumors that shifted to mitochondrial FAO to survive oxidative stress and nutrient scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Pinto De Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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226
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Peroxisomes form intralumenal vesicles with roles in fatty acid catabolism and protein compartmentalization in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6221. [PMID: 33277488 PMCID: PMC7718247 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are vital organelles that compartmentalize critical metabolic reactions, such as the breakdown of fats, in eukaryotic cells. Although peroxisomes typically are considered to consist of a single membrane enclosing a protein lumen, more complex peroxisomal membrane structure has occasionally been observed in yeast, mammals, and plants. However, technical challenges have limited the recognition and understanding of this complexity. Here we exploit the unusually large size of Arabidopsis peroxisomes to demonstrate that peroxisomes have extensive internal membranes. These internal vesicles accumulate over time, use ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) machinery for formation, and appear to derive from the outer peroxisomal membrane. Moreover, these vesicles can harbor distinct proteins and do not form normally when fatty acid β-oxidation, a core function of peroxisomes, is impaired. Our findings suggest a mechanism for lipid mobilization that circumvents challenges in processing insoluble metabolites. This revision of the classical view of peroxisomes as single-membrane organelles has implications for all aspects of peroxisome biogenesis and function and may help address fundamental questions in peroxisome evolution. Peroxisomes are organelles compartmentalising metabolic reactions such as the breakdown of fats, and are commonly thought of as single membrane-bound compartments. Here the authors show that Arabidopsis peroxisomes contain extensive internal vesicles that form from the bounding membrane in an ESCRT-dependent process.
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227
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Veliova M, Ferreira CM, Benador IY, Jones AE, Mahdaviani K, Brownstein AJ, Desousa BR, Acín-Pérez R, Petcherski A, Assali EA, Stiles L, Divakaruni AS, Prentki M, Corkey BE, Liesa M, Oliveira MF, Shirihai OS. Blocking mitochondrial pyruvate import in brown adipocytes induces energy wasting via lipid cycling. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49634. [PMID: 33275313 PMCID: PMC7726774 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined fatty acid esterification and lipolysis, termed lipid cycling, is an ATP‐consuming process that contributes to energy expenditure. Therefore, interventions that stimulate energy expenditure through lipid cycling are of great interest. Here we find that pharmacological and genetic inhibition of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) in brown adipocytes activates lipid cycling and energy expenditure, even in the absence of adrenergic stimulation. We show that the resulting increase in ATP demand elevates mitochondrial respiration coupled to ATP synthesis and fueled by lipid oxidation. We identify that glutamine consumption and the Malate‐Aspartate Shuttle are required for the increase in Energy Expenditure induced by MPC inhibition in Brown Adipocytes (MAShEEBA). We thus demonstrate that energy expenditure through enhanced lipid cycling can be activated in brown adipocytes by decreasing mitochondrial pyruvate availability. We present a new mechanism to increase energy expenditure and fat oxidation in brown adipocytes, which does not require adrenergic stimulation of mitochondrial uncoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Veliova
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caroline M Ferreira
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ilan Y Benador
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Nutrition and Metabolism, Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kiana Mahdaviani
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra J Brownstein
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Cellular Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandon R Desousa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rebeca Acín-Pérez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anton Petcherski
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Essam A Assali
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of The Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marc Prentki
- Department of Nutrition, , Université de Montréal, Montreal Diabetes Research Center and CRCHUM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara E Corkey
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marcus F Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Nutrition and Metabolism, Graduate Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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228
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Insulin Modulates the Bioenergetic and Thermogenic Capacity of Rat Brown Adipocytes In Vivo by Modulating Mitochondrial Mosaicism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239204. [PMID: 33287103 PMCID: PMC7730624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of insulin on the bioenergetic and thermogenic capacity of brown adipocyte mitochondria were investigated by focusing on key mitochondrial proteins. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were treated acutely or chronically with a low or high dose of insulin. Acute low insulin dose increased expression of all electron transport chain complexes and complex IV activity, whereas high dose increased complex II expression. Chronic low insulin dose decreased complex I and cyt c expression while increasing complex II and IV expression and complex IV activity. Chronic high insulin dose decreased complex II, III, cyt c, and increased complex IV expression. Uncoupling protein (UCP) 1 expression was decreased after acute high insulin but increased following chronic insulin treatment. ATP synthase expression was increased after acute and decreased after chronic insulin treatment. Only a high dose of insulin increased ATP synthase activity in acute and decreased it in chronic treatment. ATPase inhibitory factor protein expression was increased in all treated groups. Confocal microscopy showed that key mitochondrial proteins colocalize differently in different mitochondria within a single brown adipocyte, indicating mitochondrial mosaicism. These results suggest that insulin modulates the bioenergetic and thermogenic capacity of rat brown adipocytes in vivo by modulating mitochondrial mosaicism.
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229
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Seibert JT, Najt CP, Heden TD, Mashek DG, Chow LS. Muscle Lipid Droplets: Cellular Signaling to Exercise Physiology and Beyond. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:928-938. [PMID: 32917515 PMCID: PMC7704552 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Conventionally viewed as energy storage depots, lipid droplets (LDs) play a central role in muscle lipid metabolism and intracellular signaling, as recognized by recent advances in our biological understanding. Specific subpopulations of muscle LDs, defined by location and associated proteins, are responsible for distinct biological functions. In this review, the traditional view of muscle LDs is examined, and the emerging role of LDs in intracellular signaling is highlighted. The effects of chronic and acute exercise on muscle LD metabolism and signaling is discussed. In conclusion, future directions for muscle LD research are identified. The primary focus will be on human studies, with inclusion of select animal/cellular/non-muscle studies as appropriate, to provide the underlying mechanisms driving the observed findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Seibert
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Charles P Najt
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Timothy D Heden
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Douglas G Mashek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lisa S Chow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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230
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Morén B, Fryklund C, Stenkula K. Surface-associated lipid droplets: an intermediate site for lipid transport in human adipocytes? Adipocyte 2020; 9:636-648. [PMID: 33108251 PMCID: PMC7595579 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1838684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a major role in regulating whole-body energy metabolism. While the biochemical processes regulating storage and release of excess energy are well known, the temporal organization of these events is much less defined. In this study, we have characterized the presence of small surface-associated lipid droplets, distinct from the central droplet, in primary human adipocytes. Based on microscopy analyses, we illustrate the distribution of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes in the vicinity of these specialized lipid droplets. Ultrastructure analysis confirmed the presence of small droplets in intact adipose tissue. Further, CIDEC, known to bind and regulate lipid droplet expansion, clearly localized at these lipid droplets. Neither acute or prolonged stimulation with insulin or isoprenaline, or pharmacologic intervention to suppress lipid flux, affected the presence of these lipid droplets. Still, phosphorylated perilipin and hormone-sensitive lipase accumulated at these droplets following adrenergic stimuli, which supports metabolic activity at these locations. Altogether, we propose these lipid droplet clusters represent an intermediate site involved in lipid transport in primary adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Morén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Claes Fryklund
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Stenkula
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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231
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Abstract
Background Mitochondrial oxidative function plays a key role in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance (IR). Recent studies reported that fatty liver might not be a result of decreased mitochondrial fat oxidation caused by mitochondrial damage. Rather, NAFLD and IR induce an elevation in mitochondrial function that covers the increased demand for carbon intermediates and ATP caused by elevated lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, mitochondria play a role in regulating hepatic insulin sensitivity and lipogenesis by modulating redox-sensitive signaling pathways. Scope of review We review the contradictory studies indicating that NAFLD and hyperglycemia can either increase or decrease mitochondrial oxidative capacity in the liver. We summarize mechanisms regulating mitochondrial heterogeneity inside the same cell and discuss how these mechanisms may determine the role of mitochondria in NAFLD. We further discuss the role of endogenous antioxidants in controlling mitochondrial H2O2 release and redox-mediated signaling. We describe the emerging concept that the subcellular location of cellular antioxidants is a key determinant of their effects on NAFLD. Major conclusions The balance of fat oxidation versus accumulation depends on mitochondrial fuel preference rather than ATP-synthesizing respiration. As such, therapies targeting fuel preference might be more suitable for treating NAFLD. Similarly, suppressing maladaptive antioxidants, rather than interfering with physiological mitochondrial H2O2-mediated signaling, may allow the maintenance of intact hepatic insulin signaling in NAFLD. Exploration of the subcellular compartmentalization of different antioxidant systems and the unique functions of specific mitochondrial subpopulations may offer new intervention points to treat NAFLD. Mitochondrial function has been reported to be increased or decreased in NAFLD. Functionally independent subpopulations of mitochondria can clarify the conundrum of these conflicting reports. Maladaptive antioxidants decreasing mitochondrial H2O2 and promoting NAFLD are discussed. Therapies targeting mitochondria to treat NAFLD are discussed.
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232
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Zhang L, Evans A, von Ruhland C, Draman MS, Edkins S, Vincent AE, Berlinguer-Palmini R, Rees DA, Haridas AS, Morris D, Tee AR, Ludgate M, Turnbull DM, Karpe F, Dayan CM. Distinctive Features of Orbital Adipose Tissue (OAT) in Graves' Orbitopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9145. [PMID: 33266331 PMCID: PMC7730568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Depot specific expansion of orbital-adipose-tissue (OAT) in Graves' Orbitopathy (GO) is associated with lipid metabolism signaling defects. We hypothesize that the unique adipocyte biology of OAT facilitates its expansion in GO. A comprehensive comparison of OAT and white-adipose-tissue (WAT) was performed by light/electron-microscopy, lipidomic and transcriptional analysis using ex vivo WAT, healthy OAT (OAT-H) and OAT from GO (OAT-GO). OAT-H/OAT-GO have a single lipid-vacuole and low mitochondrial number. Lower lipolytic activity and smaller adipocytes of OAT-H/OAT-GO, accompanied by similar essential linoleic fatty acid (FA) and (low) FA synthesis to WAT, revealed a hyperplastic OAT expansion through external FA-uptake via abundant SLC27A6 (FA-transporter) expression. Mitochondrial dysfunction of OAT in GO was apparent, as evidenced by the increased mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and mitofusin-2 (MFN2) in OAT-GO compared to OAT-H. Transcriptional profiles of OAT-H revealed high expression of Iroquois homeobox-family (IRX-3&5), and low expression in HOX-family/TBX5 (essential for WAT/BAT (brown-adipose-tissue)/BRITE (BRown-in-whITE) development). We demonstrated unique features of OAT not presented in either WAT or BAT/BRITE. This study reveals that the pathologically enhanced FA-uptake driven hyperplastic expansion of OAT in GO is associated with a depot specific mechanism (the SLC27A6 FA-transporter) and mitochondrial dysfunction. We uncovered that OAT functions as a distinctive fat depot, providing novel insights into adipocyte biology and the pathological development of OAT expansion in GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Anna Evans
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Chris von Ruhland
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Mohd Shazli Draman
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Sarah Edkins
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Amy E. Vincent
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK; (A.E.V.); (D.M.T.)
| | | | - D. Aled Rees
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Anjana S Haridas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK; (A.S.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Dan Morris
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK; (A.S.H.); (D.M.)
| | - Andrew R. Tee
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Marian Ludgate
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Doug M. Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK; (A.E.V.); (D.M.T.)
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK;
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Center, OUH Foundation Trust, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Colin M. Dayan
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (A.E.); (C.v.R.); (M.S.D.); (S.E.); (D.A.R.); (A.R.T.); (M.L.); (C.M.D.)
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Fisher-Wellman KH, Hagen JT, Neufer PD, Kassai M, Cabot MC. On the nature of ceramide-mitochondria interactions - Dissection using comprehensive mitochondrial phenotyping. Cell Signal 2020; 78:109838. [PMID: 33212155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a unique class of lipids owing to their non-glycerol-containing backbone, ceramide, that is constructed from a long-chain aliphatic amino alcohol, sphinganine, to which a fatty acid is attached via an amide bond. Ceramide plays a star role in the initiation of apoptosis by virtue of its interactions with mitochondria, a control point for a downstream array of signaling cascades culminating in apoptosis. Many pathways converge on mitochondria to elicit mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), a step that corrupts bioenergetic service. Although much is known regarding ceramides interaction with mitochondria and the ensuing cell signal transduction cascades, how ceramide impacts the elements of mitochondrial bioenergetic function is poorly understood. The objective of this review is to introduce the reader to sphingolipid metabolism, present a snapshot of mitochondrial respiration, elaborate on ceramides convergence on mitochondria and the upstream players that collaborate to elicit MOMP, and introduce a mitochondrial phenotyping platform that can be of utility in dissecting the fine-points of ceramide impact on cellular bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America.
| | - James T Hagen
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| | - Miki Kassai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| | - Myles C Cabot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America; East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America.
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234
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Huang J, Chen X, Zhang F, Lin M, Lin G, Zhang Z. Lipid Droplet Metabolism Across Eukaryotes: Evidence from Yeast to Humans. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093020050026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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235
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Inter-organelle membrane contact sites: implications for lipid metabolism. Biol Direct 2020; 15:24. [PMID: 33176847 PMCID: PMC7661199 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-020-00279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This article supplements a recent Perspective by Scorrano et al. in Nature Communications [10 [ (1)]:1287] in which the properties and functions of inter-organelle membrane contact sites were summarized. It is now clear that inter-organelle membrane contact sites are widespread in eukaryotic cells and that diverse pairs of organelles can be linked via unique protein tethers. An appropriate definition of what constitutes an inter-organelle membrane contact site was proposed in the Perspective. In addition, the various experimental approaches that are frequently used to study these organelle associations, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods, were considered. The nature of the tethers that link the pairs of organelles at the contact sites was discussed in detail and some biological functions that have been ascribed to specific membrane contact sites were highlighted. Nevertheless, the functions of most types of organelle contact sites remain unclear. In the current article I have considered some of the points raised in the Perspective but have omitted detailed information on the roles of membrane contact sites in biological functions such as apoptosis, autophagy, calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial fusion. Instead, I have provided some background on the initial discovery of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum membrane contact sites, and have focussed on the known roles of membrane contact sites in inter-organelle lipid transport. In addition, potential roles for membrane contact sites in human diseases are briefly discussed.
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236
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Glancy B, Kim Y, Katti P, Willingham TB. The Functional Impact of Mitochondrial Structure Across Subcellular Scales. Front Physiol 2020; 11:541040. [PMID: 33262702 PMCID: PMC7686514 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.541040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key determinants of cellular health. However, the functional role of mitochondria varies from cell to cell depending on the relative demands for energy distribution, metabolite biosynthesis, and/or signaling. In order to support the specific needs of different cell types, mitochondrial functional capacity can be optimized in part by modulating mitochondrial structure across several different spatial scales. Here we discuss the functional implications of altering mitochondrial structure with an emphasis on the physiological trade-offs associated with different mitochondrial configurations. Within a mitochondrion, increasing the amount of cristae in the inner membrane improves capacity for energy conversion and free radical-mediated signaling but may come at the expense of matrix space where enzymes critical for metabolite biosynthesis and signaling reside. Electrically isolating individual cristae could provide a protective mechanism to limit the spread of dysfunction within a mitochondrion but may also slow the response time to an increase in cellular energy demand. For individual mitochondria, those with relatively greater surface areas can facilitate interactions with the cytosol or other organelles but may be more costly to remove through mitophagy due to the need for larger phagophore membranes. At the network scale, a large, stable mitochondrial reticulum can provide a structural pathway for energy distribution and communication across long distances yet also enable rapid spreading of localized dysfunction. Highly dynamic mitochondrial networks allow for frequent content mixing and communication but require constant cellular remodeling to accommodate the movement of mitochondria. The formation of contact sites between mitochondria and several other organelles provides a mechanism for specialized communication and direct content transfer between organelles. However, increasing the number of contact sites between mitochondria and any given organelle reduces the mitochondrial surface area available for contact sites with other organelles as well as for metabolite exchange with cytosol. Though the precise mechanisms guiding the coordinated multi-scale mitochondrial configurations observed in different cell types have yet to be elucidated, it is clear that mitochondrial structure is tailored at every level to optimize mitochondrial function to meet specific cellular demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Glancy
- Muscle Energetics Laboratory, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yuho Kim
- Muscle Energetics Laboratory, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Physical Therapy and Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Prasanna Katti
- Muscle Energetics Laboratory, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - T. Bradley Willingham
- Muscle Energetics Laboratory, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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237
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Gemmink A, Daemen S, Brouwers B, Hoeks J, Schaart G, Knoops K, Schrauwen P, Hesselink MKC. Decoration of myocellular lipid droplets with perilipins as a marker for in vivo lipid droplet dynamics: A super-resolution microscopy study in trained athletes and insulin resistant individuals. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1866:158852. [PMID: 33160079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In many different cell types neutral lipids can be stored in lipid droplets (LDs). Nowadays, LDs are viewed as dynamic organelles, which store and release fatty acids depending on energy demand (LD dynamics). Proteins like perilipin 2 (PLIN2) and PLIN5 decorate the LD membrane and are determinants of LD lipolysis and fat oxidation, thus affecting LD dynamics. Trained athletes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients both have high levels of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL). While IMCL content scales negatively with insulin resistance, athletes are highly insulin sensitive in contrast to T2D patients, the so-called athlete's paradox. Differences in LD dynamics may be an underlying factor explaining the athlete's paradox. We aimed to quantify PLIN2 and PLIN5 content at individual LDs as a reflection of the ability to switch between fatty acid release and storage depending on energy demand. Thus, we developed a novel fluorescent super-resolution microscopy approach and found that PLIN2 protein abundance at the LD surface was higher in T2D patients than in athletes. Localization of adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL) to the LD surface was lower in LDs abundantly decorated with PLIN2. While PLIN5 abundance at the LD surface was similar in athletes and T2D patients, we have observed previously that the number of PLIN5 decorated LDs was higher in athletes, indicating more LDs in close association with mitochondria. Thus, in athletes interaction of LDs with mitochondria was more pronounced and LDs have the protein machinery to be more dynamic, while in T2D patients the LD pool is more inert. This observation contributes to our understanding of the athlete's paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gemmink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Daemen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Brouwers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kèvin Knoops
- Microscopy Core Lab, FHML and M4I Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Xu C, Fan J, Shanklin J. Metabolic and functional connections between cytoplasmic and chloroplast triacylglycerol storage. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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239
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Aging and Immunometabolic Adaptations to Thermogenesis. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 63:101143. [PMID: 32810648 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brown and subcutaneous adipose tissues play a key role in non-shivering thermogenesis both in mice and human, and their activation by adrenergic stimuli promotes energy expenditure, reduces adiposity, and protects against age-related metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance characterize T2D. Even though the decline of thermogenic adipose tissues is well-established during ageing, the mechanisms by which this event affects immune system and contributes to the development of T2D is still poorly defined. It is emerging that activation of thermogenic adipose tissues promotes type 2 immunity skewing, limiting type 1 inflammation. Of note, metabolic substrates sustaining type 1 inflammation (e.g. glucose and succinate) are also used by activated adipocytes to promote thermogenesis. Keeping in mind this aspect, a nutrient competition between adipocytes and adipose tissue immune cell infiltrates could be envisaged. Herein, we reviewed the metabolic rewiring of adipocytes during thermogenesis in order to give important insight into the anti-inflammatory role of thermogenic adipose tissues and delineate how their decline during ageing may favor the setting of low-grade inflammatory states that predispose to type 2 diabetes in elderly. A brief description about the contribution of adipokines secreted by thermogenic adipocytes in modulation of immune cell activation is also provided. Finally, we have outlined experimental flow chart procedures and provided technical advices to investigate the physiological processes leading to thermogenic adipose tissue impairment that are behind the immunometabolic decline during aging.
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240
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Friend or Foe: Lipid Droplets as Organelles for Protein and Lipid Storage in Cellular Stress Response, Aging and Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215053. [PMID: 33143278 PMCID: PMC7663626 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) were considered as a mere lipid storage organelle for a long time. Recent evidence suggests that LDs are in fact distinct and dynamic organelles with a specialized proteome and functions in many cellular roles. As such, LDs contribute to cellular signaling, protein and lipid homeostasis, metabolic diseases and inflammation. In line with the multitude of functions, LDs interact with many cellular organelles including mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus. LDs are highly mobile and dynamic organelles and impaired motility disrupts the interaction with other organelles. The reduction of interorganelle contacts results in a multitude of pathophysiologies and frequently in neurodegenerative diseases. Contacts not only supply lipids for β-oxidation in mitochondria and peroxisomes, but also may include the transfer of toxic lipids as well as misfolded and harmful proteins to LDs. Furthermore, LDs assist in the removal of protein aggregates when severe proteotoxic stress overwhelms the proteasomal system. During imbalance of cellular lipid homeostasis, LDs also support cellular detoxification. Fine-tuning of LD function is of crucial importance and many diseases are associated with dysfunctional LDs. We summarize the current understanding of LDs and their interactions with organelles, providing a storage site for harmful proteins and lipids during cellular stress, aging inflammation and various disease states.
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241
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Functional characterization of human brown adipose tissue metabolism. Biochem J 2020; 477:1261-1286. [PMID: 32271883 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has long been described according to its histological features as a multilocular, lipid-containing tissue, light brown in color, that is also responsive to the cold and found especially in hibernating mammals and human infants. Its presence in both hibernators and human infants, combined with its function as a heat-generating organ, raised many questions about its role in humans. Early characterizations of the tissue in humans focused on its progressive atrophy with age and its apparent importance for cold-exposed workers. However, the use of positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose tracer [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) made it possible to begin characterizing the possible function of BAT in adult humans, and whether it could play a role in the prevention or treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review focuses on the in vivo functional characterization of human BAT, the methodological approaches applied to examine these features and addresses critical gaps that remain in moving the field forward. Specifically, we describe the anatomical and biomolecular features of human BAT, the modalities and applications of non-invasive tools such as PET and magnetic resonance imaging coupled with spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) to study BAT morphology and function in vivo, and finally describe the functional characteristics of human BAT that have only been possible through the development and application of such tools.
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242
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Li C, Li L, Yang M, Zeng L, Sun L. PACS-2: A key regulator of mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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243
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Tapia PJ, Figueroa AM, Eisner V, González-Hódar L, Robledo F, Agarwal AK, Garg A, Cortés V. Absence of AGPAT2 impairs brown adipogenesis, increases IFN stimulated gene expression and alters mitochondrial morphology. Metabolism 2020; 111:154341. [PMID: 32810486 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic loss of function variants in AGPAT2, encoding 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2, cause congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1, a disease characterized by near total loss of white adipose tissue and metabolic complications. Agpat2 deficient (Agpat2-/-) mice completely lacks both white and interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT). The objective of the present study was to characterize the effects of AGPAT2 deficiency in brown adipocyte differentiation. METHODS Preadipocytes obtained from newborn (P0.5) Agpat2-/- and wild type mice iBAT were differentiated into brown adipocytes, compared by RNA microarray, RT-qPCR, High-Content Screening (HCS), western blotting and electron microscopy. RESULTS 1) Differentiated Agpat2-/- brown adipocytes have fewer lipid-laden cells and lower abundance of Pparγ, Pparα, C/ebpα and Pgc1α, both at the mRNA and protein levels, compared those to wild type cells. Prmd16 levels were equivalent in both, Agpat2-/- and wild type, while Ucp1 was only induced in wild type cells, 2) These differences were not due to lower abundance of preadipocytes, 3) Differentiated Agpat2-/- brown adipocytes are enriched in the mRNA abundance of genes participating in interferon (IFN) type I response, whereas genes involved in mitochondrial homeostasis were decreased, 4) Mitochondria in differentiated Agpat2-/- brown adipocytes had altered morphology and lower mass and contacting sites with lipid droplets concomitant with lower levels of Mitofusin 2 and Perlipin 5. CONCLUSION AGPAT2 is necessary for normal brown adipose differentiation. Its absence results in a lower proportion of lipid-laden cells, increased expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and alterations in mitochondrial morphology, mass and fewer mitochondria to lipid droplets contacting sites in differentiated brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo J Tapia
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Ana-María Figueroa
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Verónica Eisner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile.
| | - Lila González-Hódar
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Fermín Robledo
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
| | - Anil K Agarwal
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America.
| | - Abhimanyu Garg
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America.
| | - Víctor Cortés
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
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244
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Mayeuf-Louchart A, Lancel S, Sebti Y, Pourcet B, Loyens A, Delhaye S, Duhem C, Beauchamp J, Ferri L, Thorel Q, Boulinguiez A, Zecchin M, Dubois-Chevalier J, Eeckhoute J, Vaughn LT, Roach PJ, Dani C, Pederson BA, Vincent SD, Staels B, Duez H. Glycogen Dynamics Drives Lipid Droplet Biogenesis during Brown Adipocyte Differentiation. Cell Rep 2020; 29:1410-1418.e6. [PMID: 31693883 PMCID: PMC7057258 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Browning induction or transplantation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) or brown/beige adipocytes derived from progenitor or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can represent a powerful strategy to treat metabolic diseases. However, our poor understanding of the mechanisms that govern the differentiation and activation of brown adipocytes limits the development of such therapy. Various genetic factors controlling the differentiation of brown adipocytes have been identified, although most studies have been performed using in vitro cultured pre-adipocytes. We investigate here the differentiation of brown adipocytes from adipose progenitors in the mouse embryo. We demonstrate that the formation of multiple lipid droplets (LDs) is initiated within clusters of glycogen, which is degraded through glycophagy to provide the metabolic substrates essential for de novo lipogenesis and LD formation. Therefore, this study uncovers the role of glycogen in the generation of LDs. Brown adipocytes are functionally differentiated at E17.5 in the mouse embryo Lipid droplets are formed within glycogen clusters Glycogen production is crucial for lipid droplet biogenesis during BAT differentiation Glycophagy-mediated glycogen degradation drives lipid droplet formation
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Mayeuf-Louchart
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Steve Lancel
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Yasmine Sebti
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Benoit Pourcet
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Loyens
- Univ. Lille, UMR-S 1172-JPArc Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Delhaye
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Christian Duhem
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Justine Beauchamp
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Lise Ferri
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Quentin Thorel
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexis Boulinguiez
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Mathilde Zecchin
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Dubois-Chevalier
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jérôme Eeckhoute
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Logan T Vaughn
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Muncie and Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Peter J Roach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Christian Dani
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Bartholomew A Pederson
- Indiana University School of Medicine-Muncie and Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Stéphane D Vincent
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Hélène Duez
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
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245
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Kolleritsch S, Kien B, Schoiswohl G, Diwoky C, Schreiber R, Heier C, Maresch LK, Schweiger M, Eichmann TO, Stryeck S, Krenn P, Tomin T, Schittmayer M, Kolb D, Rülicke T, Hoefler G, Wolinski H, Madl T, Birner-Gruenberger R, Haemmerle G. Low cardiac lipolysis reduces mitochondrial fission and prevents lipotoxic heart dysfunction in Perilipin 5 mutant mice. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:339-352. [PMID: 31166588 PMCID: PMC7338219 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Lipotoxic cardiomyopathy in diabetic and obese patients typically encompasses increased cardiac fatty acid (FA) uptake eventually surpassing the mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Lowering FA utilization via inhibition of lipolysis represents a strategy to counteract the development of lipotoxic heart dysfunction. However, defective cardiac triacylglycerol (TAG) catabolism and FA oxidation in humans (and mice) carrying mutated ATGL alleles provokes lipotoxic heart dysfunction questioning a therapeutic approach to decrease cardiac lipolysis. Interestingly, decreased lipolysis via cardiac overexpression of Perilipin 5 (Plin5), a binding partner of ATGL, is compatible with normal heart function and lifespan despite massive cardiac lipid accumulation. Herein, we decipher mechanisms that protect Plin5 transgenic mice from the development of heart dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of Plin5 encoding a serine-155 to alanine exchange (Plin5-S155A) of the protein kinase A phosphorylation site, which has been suggested as a prerequisite to stimulate lipolysis and may play a crucial role in the preservation of heart function. Plin5-S155A mice showed a substantial increase in cardiac TAG and ceramide levels, which was comparable to mice overexpressing non-mutated Plin5. Lipid accumulation was compatible with normal heart function even under mild stress. Plin5-S155A mice showed reduced cardiac FA oxidation but normal ATP production and changes in the Plin5-S155A phosphoproteome compared to Plin5 transgenic mice. Interestingly, mitochondrial recruitment of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) was markedly reduced in cardiac muscle of Plin5-S155A and Plin5 transgenic mice accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of mitochondrial fission factor, a mitochondrial receptor of Drp1. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that low cardiac lipolysis is associated with reduced mitochondrial fission and may represent a strategy to combat the development of lipotoxic heart dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kolleritsch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Benedikt Kien
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriele Schoiswohl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Clemens Diwoky
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Heier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa Katharina Maresch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Schweiger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah Stryeck
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Krenn
- Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tamara Tomin
- Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Madl
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Guenter Haemmerle
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
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246
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Gemmink A, Schrauwen P, Hesselink MKC. Exercising your fat (metabolism) into shape: a muscle-centred view. Diabetologia 2020; 63:1453-1463. [PMID: 32529413 PMCID: PMC7351830 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are an important energy source during exercise. Training status and substrate availability are determinants of the relative and absolute contribution of fatty acids and glucose to total energy expenditure. Endurance-trained athletes have a high oxidative capacity, while, in insulin-resistant individuals, fat oxidation is compromised. Fatty acids that are oxidised during exercise originate from the circulation (white adipose tissue lipolysis), as well as from lipolysis of intramyocellular lipid droplets. Moreover, hepatic fat may contribute to fat oxidation during exercise. Nowadays, it is clear that myocellular lipid droplets are dynamic organelles and that number, size, subcellular distribution, lipid droplet coat proteins and mitochondrial tethering of lipid droplets are determinants of fat oxidation during exercise. This review summarises recent insights into exercise-mediated changes in lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in relation to lipid droplet characteristics in human liver and muscle. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gemmink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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247
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Silva BSC, DiGiovanni L, Kumar R, Carmichael RE, Kim PK, Schrader M. Maintaining social contacts: The physiological relevance of organelle interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118800. [PMID: 32712071 PMCID: PMC7377706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells form an interactive network to coordinate and facilitate cellular functions. The formation of close contacts, termed "membrane contact sites" (MCSs), represents an intriguing strategy for organelle interaction and coordinated interplay. Emerging research is rapidly revealing new details of MCSs. They represent ubiquitous and diverse structures, which are important for many aspects of cell physiology and homeostasis. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological relevance of organelle contacts. We focus on mitochondria, peroxisomes, the Golgi complex and the plasma membrane, and discuss the most recent findings on their interactions with other subcellular organelles and their multiple functions, including membrane contacts with the ER, lipid droplets and the endosomal/lysosomal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz S C Silva
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | - Laura DiGiovanni
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rechal Kumar
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | - Ruth E Carmichael
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK.
| | - Peter K Kim
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK.
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248
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Picard M, Sandi C. The social nature of mitochondria: Implications for human health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:595-610. [PMID: 32651001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sociality has profound evolutionary roots and is observed from unicellular organisms to multicellular animals. In line with the view that social principles apply across levels of biological complexity, a growing body of data highlights the remarkable social nature of mitochondria - life-sustaining endosymbiotic organelles with their own genome that populate the cell cytoplasm. Here, we draw from organizing principles of behavior in social organisms to reveal that similar to individuals among social networks, mitochondria communicate with each other and with the cell nucleus, exhibit group formation and interdependence, synchronize their behaviors, and functionally specialize to accomplish specific functions within the organism. Mitochondria are social organelles. The extension of social principles across levels of biological complexity is a theoretical shift that emphasizes the role of communication and interdependence in cell biology, physiology, and neuroscience. With the help of emerging computational methods capable of capturing complex dynamic behavioral patterns, the implementation of social concepts in mitochondrial biology may facilitate cross-talk across disciplines towards increasingly holistic and accurate models of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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249
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Assali EA, Jones AE, Veliova M, Acín-Pérez R, Taha M, Miller N, Shum M, Oliveira MF, Las G, Liesa M, Sekler I, Shirihai OS. NCLX prevents cell death during adrenergic activation of the brown adipose tissue. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3347. [PMID: 32620768 PMCID: PMC7334226 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A sharp increase in mitochondrial Ca2+ marks the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, yet the mechanisms preventing Ca2+ deleterious effects are poorly understood. Here, we show that adrenergic stimulation of BAT activates a PKA-dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ extrusion via the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, NCLX. Adrenergic stimulation of NCLX-null brown adipocytes (BA) induces a profound mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and impaired uncoupled respiration. Core body temperature, PET imaging of glucose uptake and VO2 measurements confirm a thermogenic defect in NCLX-null mice. We show that Ca2+ overload induced by adrenergic stimulation of NCLX-null BAT, triggers the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, leading to a remarkable mitochondrial swelling and cell death. Treatment with mPTP inhibitors rescue mitochondrial function and thermogenesis in NCLX-null BAT, while calcium overload persists. Our findings identify a key pathway through which BA evade apoptosis during adrenergic stimulation of uncoupling. NCLX deletion transforms the adrenergic pathway responsible for thermogenesis activation into a death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam A Assali
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, 84103, Israel
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michaela Veliova
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rebeca Acín-Pérez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mahmoud Taha
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Nathanael Miller
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michaël Shum
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Marcus F Oliveira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guy Las
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, 84103, Israel
| | - Marc Liesa
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Israel Sekler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, 84103, Israel.
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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250
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Bohnert M. Tether Me, Tether Me Not—Dynamic Organelle Contact Sites in Metabolic Rewiring. Dev Cell 2020; 54:212-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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