201
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Gossauer A. Monopyrrolic natural compounds including tetramic acid derivatives. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2003; 86:1-188. [PMID: 12899123 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6029-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gossauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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202
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Peptide nucleic acids as epigenetic inhibitors of HIV-1. Int J Pept Res Ther 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-004-4925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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203
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Iwao M, Takeuchi T, Fujikawa N, Fukuda T, Ishibashi F. Short and flexible route to 3,4-diarylpyrrole marine alkaloids: syntheses of permethyl storniamide A, ningalin B, and lamellarin G trimethyl ether. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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204
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205
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Singh SB, Zink DL, Dombrowski AW, Polishook JD, Ondeyka JG, Hirshfield J, Felock P, Hazuda DJ. Integracides: tetracyclic triterpenoid inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase produced by Fusarium sp. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:1577-82. [PMID: 12628681 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase is a critical enzyme in the replication of HIV-1. It is absent in the host cells and therefore is a good target for treatment of HIV-1 infections. Integracides are members of the tetracyclic triterpenoids family that were isolated from the fermentation broth of a Fusarium sp. Integracide A, a sulfated ester, exhibited significant inhibitory activity against strand transfer reaction of HIV-1 integrase. The discovery, structure elucidation including single crystal X-ray structure and HIV-1 inhibitory activity of these compounds are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheo B Singh
- Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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206
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Tewtrakul S, Miyashiro H, Nakamura N, Hattori M, Kawahata T, Otake T, Yoshinaga T, Fujiwara T, Supavita T, Yuenyongsawad S, Rattanasuwon P, Dej-Adisai S. HIV-1 integrase inhibitory substances from Coleus parvifolius. Phytother Res 2003; 17:232-9. [PMID: 12672152 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For the purpose of discovering anti-HIV-1 agents from natural sources, water and EtOH extracts of 50 Thai plants were screened for their inhibitory activity against HIV-1 integrase (IN), an enzyme essential for viral replication. Of these plants, an EtOH extract of Coleus parvifolius Benth. (aerial parts) showed potent activity against HIV-1 IN with an IC50 value of 9.2 microg/mL. From this extract, 11 compounds were isolated and identified as luteolin 5-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (1), luteolin (2), luteolin 7-methyl ether (3), luteolin 5-O-beta-d-glucuronide (4), 5-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-luteolin 7-methyl ether (5), rosmarinic acid (6), rosmarinic acid methyl ester (7), daucosterol (8), a mixture of alpha- and beta-amyrin (9, 10) and phytol (11). Of these compounds, rosmarinic acid methyl ester (7), rosmarinic acid (6), luteolin (2) and luteolin 7-methyl ether (3) exhibited inhibitory activities against HIV-1 IN with IC50 values of 3.1, 5.0, 11.0 and 11.0 microM, respectively. Among rosmarinic acid derivatives, the HIV-1 IN inhibitory activity increased in turn for a dimer (IC50 = 5.0 microM), a trimer (IC50 = 1.4 microM), and a tetramer (IC50 = 1.0 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Supinya Tewtrakul
- Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan
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207
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King PJ, Lee DJ, Reinke RA, Victoria JG, Beale K, Robinson WE. Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase containing a glycine to serine mutation at position 140 is attenuated for catalysis and resistant to integrase inhibitors. Virology 2003; 306:147-61. [PMID: 12620807 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(02)00042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
L-chicoric acid (L-CA) is a potent inhibitor of HIV integrase (IN) in vitro. In this report, the effects of a glycine to serine mutation at position 140 (G140S) on HIV IN and its effects on IN inhibitor resistance are described. HIV containing the G140S mutation showed a delay in replication. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, the delay was secondary to a failure in integration. The mutant protein (IN(G140S)) was attenuated approximately four-fold for catalysis under equilibrium conditions compared to wild-type IN (IN(WT)) and attenuated five-fold in steady-state kinetic analysis of disintegration. Fifty percent inhibitory concentration assays were performed with IN inhibitors against both IN proteins in disintegration and strand transfer reactions. IN(G140S) was resistant to both L-CA and L-731,988, a diketoacid. HIV containing the mutation was resistant to both inhibitors as well. The G140S mutation attenuates IN activity and confers resistance to IN inhibitors, suggesting that diketoacids and L-CA interact with a similar binding site on HIV IN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J King
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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208
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Ploypradith P, Jinaglueng W, Pavaro C, Ruchirawat S. Further developments in the synthesis of lamellarin alkaloids via direct metal–halogen exchange. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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209
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Prinsep MR. Sulfur-Containing Natural Products from Marine Invertebrates. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART I) 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(03)80151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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210
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Rowley DC, Hansen MST, Rhodes D, Sotriffer CA, Ni H, McCammon JA, Bushman FD, Fenical W. Thalassiolins A-C: new marine-derived inhibitors of HIV cDNA integrase. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:3619-25. [PMID: 12213478 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication requires integration of viral cDNA into the host genome, a process mediated by the viral enzyme integrase. We describe a new series of HIV integrase inhibitors, thalassiolins A-C (1-3), isolated from the Caribbean sea grass Thalassia testudinum. The thalassiolins are distinguished from other flavones previously studied by the substitution of a sulfated beta-D-glucose at the 7-position, a substituent that imparts increased potency against integrase in biochemical assays. The most active of these molecules, thalassiolin A (1), displays in vitro inhibition of the integrase catalyzed strand transfer reaction (IC50=0.4 microM) and an antiviral IC50 of 30 microM. Molecular modeling studies indicate a favorable binding mode is probable at the catalytic core domain of HIV-1 integrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Rowley
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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211
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Zhang CF, Nakamura N, Tewtrakul S, Hattori M, Sun QS, Wang ZT, Fujiwara T. Sesquiterpenes and alkaloids from Lindera chunii and their inhibitory activities against HIV-1 integrase. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:1195-200. [PMID: 12237535 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three new eudesmane type sesquiterpenoid lindenanolides E (1), F (2) and G (3), and two new aporphine alkaloid lindechunines A (18) and B (20) were isolated from roots of Lindera chunii MERR., together with seven known sesquiterpenes including a new naturally-occurring lindenanolide H (4) and eight known aporphine alkaloids. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic means. Of the isolated compounds, hernandonine (14), laurolistine (16), 7-oxohernangerine (17) and lindechunine A (18) showed significant anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase activity with IC(50) values of 16.3, 7.7, 18.2 and 21.1 microM, respectively. The major alkaloids presented in the roots of L. chunii were quantitatively analyzed by an HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-feng Zhang
- Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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212
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Fürstner A, Krause H, Thiel OR. Efficient relay syntheses and assessment of the DNA-cleaving properties of the pyrrole alkaloid derivatives permethyl storniamide A, lycogalic acid A dimethyl ester, and the halitulin core. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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213
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Mayer AMS, Hamann MT. Marine pharmacology in 1999: compounds with antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antiprotozoal and antiviral activities affecting the cardiovascular, endocrine, immune and nervous systems, and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2002; 132:315-39. [PMID: 12161166 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(02)00094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review, a sequel to the 1998 review, classifies 63 peer-reviewed articles on the basis of the reported preclinical pharmacological properties of marine chemicals derived from a diverse group of marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria. In all, 21 marine chemicals demonstrated anthelmintic, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, antimalarial, antiplatelet, antituberculosis or antiviral activities. An additional 23 compounds had significant effects on the cardiovascular, sympathomimetic or the nervous system, as well as possessed anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant or fibrinolytic effects. Finally, 22 marine compounds were reported to act on a variety of molecular targets, and thus could potentially contribute to several pharmacological classes. Thus, during 1999 pharmacological research with marine chemicals continued to contribute potentially novel chemical leads in the ongoing global search for therapeutic agents for the treatment of multiple disease categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M S Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
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214
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Abd-Elazem IS, Chen HS, Bates RB, Huang RCC. Isolation of two highly potent and non-toxic inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Antiviral Res 2002; 55:91-106. [PMID: 12076754 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(02)00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Water soluble extracts of the herbal plant, Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) exhibited potent effect against HIV-1 integrase activity in vitro and viral replication in vivo. We have developed an extensive purification scheme to isolate effective, non-toxic inhibitors against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) using the 3'-processing activity of integrase as a purification guide and assay. Two water soluble compounds, M(5)22 and M(5)32, have been discovered by isolating them from S. miltiorrhiza roots in purities of >99.5% as shown by NMR spectral analysis with yields of 0.018 and 0.038%, respectively. Structural determination revealed that M(5)22 is lithospermic acid and M(5)32 is lithospermic acid B. These two structurally related compounds are potent anti-HIV inhibitors and showed no cytotoxicity to H9 cells at high concentrations (CC(100)>297 microM for M(5)22 and >223 microM for M(5)32). The IC50 for inhibition of 3'-processing by HIV-1 integrase was found to be 0.83 microM for M(5)22 and 0.48 microM for M(5)32. In addition, M(5)22 and M(5)32 inhibited HIV-1 integrase catalytic activities of 3'-joining to the target DNA with IC50 of 0.48 microM for M(5)22 and 0.37 microM for M(5)32. Furthermore, kinetic and mechanistic studies suggested that drug binding to HIV-1 integrase and inhibition of enzymatic activity occur at a fast rate. Both M(5)22 and M(5)32 do not prevent HIV entry in H9 cells. They also show no inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity in infected cells. The levels of intracellular strong stop and full-length viral DNA remained unchanged following drug treatment. However, both inhibitors strongly suppressed the acute HIV-1 infection of H9 cells with IC50 values of 2 and 6.9 microM for M(5)22 and M(5)32, respectively. Thus these two selective integrase inhibitors hold promise as a novel class of therapeutic drugs for AIDS based on their high potencies and absence of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim S Abd-Elazem
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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215
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216
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Dupont R, Jeanson L, Mouscadet JF, Cotelle P. Synthesis and HIV-1 integrase inhibitory activities of catechol and bis-catechol derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:3175-8. [PMID: 11720868 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen catechol and bis-catechol derivatives have been synthesised and tested for their HIV-1 inhibitory activities. The six more active molecules have been tested for their antiviral activity and cytotoxicity. We have found that bis-catechols 1 and 2 are the most active HIV-1 integrase inhibitor whereas the best antiviral compound is 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dupont
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Physique, UPRESA CNRS 8009, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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217
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Ravikanth V, Niranjan Reddy VL, Ramesh P, Prabhakar Rao T, Diwan PV, Khar A, Venkateswarlu Y. An immunosuppressive tryptophan-derived alkaloid from Lepidagathis cristata. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 58:1263-1266. [PMID: 11738419 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An immunosuppressive, tryptophan-derived alkaloid cristatin A (1), and two known compounds, cycloartenol and stigmasta-5,11(12)-diene-3 beta-ol, were isolated from the whole plant Lepidagathis cristata Willd. The structures of the isolates were established by interpretation of their spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ravikanth
- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007India
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218
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Vandegraaff N, Kumar R, Hocking H, Burke TR, Mills J, Rhodes D, Burrell CJ, Li P. Specific inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integration in cell culture: putative inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2510-6. [PMID: 11502522 PMCID: PMC90685 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.9.2510-2516.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the effect of potential human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase inhibitors during virus replication in cell culture, we used a modified nested Alu-PCR assay to quantify integrated HIV DNA in combination with the quantitative analysis of extrachromosomal HIV DNA. The two diketo acid integrase inhibitors (L-708,906 and L-731,988) blocked the accumulation of integrated HIV-1 DNA in T cells following infection but did not alter levels of newly synthesized extrachromosomal HIV DNA. In contrast, we demonstrated that L17 (a member of the bisaroyl hydrazine family of integrase inhibitors) and AR177 (an oligonucleotide inhibitor) blocked the HIV replication cycle at, or prior to, reverse transcription, although both drugs inhibited integrase activity in cell-free assays. Quercetin dihydrate (a flavone) was shown to not have any antiviral activity in our system despite reported anti-integration properties in cell-free assays. This refined Alu-PCR assay for HIV provirus is a useful tool for screening anti-integration compounds identified in biochemical assays for their ability to inhibit the accumulation of integrated HIV DNA in cell culture, and it may be useful for studying the effects of these inhibitors in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Vandegraaff
- National Centre for HIV Virology Research, Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia 5000.
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219
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) integrase is an essential enzyme for the obligatory integration of the viral DNA into the infected cell chromosome. As no cellular homologue of HIV integrase has been identified, this unique HIV-1 enzyme is an attractive target for the development of new therapeutics. Treatment of HIV-1 infection and AIDS currently consists of the use of combinations of HIV-1 inhibitors directed against reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease. However, their numerous side effects and the rapid emergence of drug-resistant variants limit greatly their use in many AIDS patients. In principle, inhibitors of the HIV-1 integrase should be relatively non-toxic and provide additional benefits for AIDS chemotherapy. There have been many major advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanism of the integration reaction, although some critical aspects remain obscure. Several classes of compounds have been screened and further scrutinised for their inhibitory properties against the HIV integrase; however, there are currently no useful inhibitors available clinically for the treatment of AIDS patients. This review describes the current knowledge of the biological functions of the HIV-1 integrase and reports the major classes of integrase inhibitors identified to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khampoune Sayasith
- CRRA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, PO Box 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 7C6.
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220
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Ruchirawat S, Mutarapat T. An efficient synthesis of lamellarin alkaloids: synthesis of lamellarin G trimethyl ether. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)02222-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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221
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Pommier Y, Marchand C, Neamati N. Retroviral integrase inhibitors year 2000: update and perspectives. Antiviral Res 2000; 47:139-48. [PMID: 10974366 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(00)00112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase is an essential enzyme for retroviral replication and a rational target for the design of anti-AIDS drugs. A number of inhibitors have been reported in the past 8 years. This review focuses on the recent developments in the past 2 years. There are now several inhibitors with known sites of actions and antiviral activity. The challenge is to convert these leads into drugs that will selectively target integrase in vivo, and can be added to our antiviral armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA.
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222
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Abstract
Despite dramatic declines in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated morbidity and mortality as a result of highly active antiretroviral combination therapies, including protease inhibitors, treatment failure occurs at such high rates as 20-50%. As drug regimens are very demanding, even short decreases of drug concentrations may trigger resistance. Viral loads can be decreased to very low concentrations, and there is no strict cut-off regarding the definition of treatment failure. Nevertheless, continuous detection of HIV of more than 50 copies per mL blood plasma is a predictor of increasing viral loads and of a suboptimal response to therapy. From a theoretical point of view, treatment changes should be made at low HIV RNA levels, but fewer options often dictate a more conservative approach. Drug susceptibility testing will be of increasing value, especially in patients experiencing drug failure for the first time. Success of salvage therapies is closely connected with the use of new compounds including new drug classes. As drugs susceptible to a multi-drug-resistant HIV are not yet available, regimens with more than three or even with five to nine drugs are used in clinical trials. Salvage therapies often fail in virological terms, ie in 50-80% of patients, depending primarily on the treatment history, but immunological and clinical stability can often be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Battegay
- Basel Center for HIV-Research, Outpatient Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
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