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Fu J, Li Z, Zhang H, Mao Y, Wang A, Wang X, Zou Z, Zhang X. Molecular pathways regulating the formation of brown-like adipocytes in white adipose tissue. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:433-52. [PMID: 25139773 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is functionally composed of brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue. The unique thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue results from expression of uncoupling protein 1 in the mitochondrial inner membrane. On the basis of recent findings that adult humans have functionally active brown adipose tissue, it is now recognized as playing a much more important role in human metabolism than was previously thought. More importantly, brown-like adipocytes can be recruited in white adipose tissue upon environmental stimulation and pharmacologic treatment, and this change is associated with increased energy expenditure, contributing to a lean and healthy phenotype. Thus, the promotion of brown-like adipocyte development in white adipose tissue offers novel possibilities for the development of therapeutic strategies to combat obesity and related metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the recruitment of brown-like adipocyte in white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Fu
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medical Records and Statistics, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yushan Mao
- The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anshi Wang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zuquan Zou
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
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202
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Chau YY, Hastie N. Wt1, the mesothelium and the origins and heterogeneity of visceral fat progenitors. Adipocyte 2015; 4:217-21. [PMID: 26257994 PMCID: PMC4496970 DOI: 10.4161/21623945.2014.985009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
One major gap in adipocyte biology has been a lack of understanding of the developmental origins of the different visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) depots and subcutaneous WAT. In a recent study we showed that most visceral WAT but no subcutaneous WAT arises from cells expressing the Wilms’ tumor 1 (Wt1) gene late in mouse gestation.1 Wt1 continues to be expressed in visceral WAT progenitors into adult life. We also showed that visceral WAT is lined by a mesothelium and provided evidence that this structure is the source of adipocytes. Our study also adds to the growing body of evidence that there is heterogeneity in the visceral progenitors, such that there are Wt1-expressing and non-expressing subsets, the relative proportions of which vary between depots. This raises the enticing prospect that the adipocytes arising from these progenitor subsets may have different properties and our preliminary data support this notion. Finally, evidence from our study and one from Spiegelman's group2 suggests that Wt1 is not just a marker but regulates visceral WAT identity and the progenitor population. We discuss the implications of this work and some of the questions and future directions that arise from it.
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203
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Kim HS, Ryoo ZY, Choi SU, Lee S. Gene expression profiles reveal effect of a high-fat diet on the development of white and brown adipose tissues. Gene 2015; 565:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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204
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Iyer A, Brown L, Whitehead JP, Prins JB, Fairlie DP. Nutrient and immune sensing are obligate pathways in metabolism, immunity, and disease. FASEB J 2015; 29:3612-25. [PMID: 26065858 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The growth and survival of multicellular organisms depend upon their abilities to acquire and metabolize nutrients, efficiently store and harness energy, and sense and fight infection. Systems for sensing and using nutrients have consequently coevolved alongside systems for sensing and responding to danger signals, including pathogens, and share many of the same cell signaling proteins and networks. Diets rich in carbohydrates and fats can overload these systems, leading to obesity, metabolic dysfunction, impaired immunity, and cardiovascular disease. Excessive nutrient intake promotes adiposity, typically altering adipocyte function and immune cell distribution, both of which trigger metabolic dysfunction. Here, we discuss novel mechanistic links between metabolism and immunity that underlie metabolic dysfunction in obesity. We aim to stimulate debate about how the endocrine and immune systems are connected through autocrine, paracrine, and neuroendocrine signaling in sophisticated networks that are only now beginning to be resolved. Understanding the expression and action of signaling proteins, together with modulating their receptors or pattern recognition using agonists or antagonists, will enable rational intervention in immunometabolism that may lead to novel treatments for obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lindsay Brown
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan P Whitehead
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes B Prins
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- *Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia; and Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
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205
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During MJ, Liu X, Huang W, Magee D, Slater A, McMurphy T, Wang C, Cao L. Adipose VEGF Links the White-to-Brown Fat Switch With Environmental, Genetic, and Pharmacological Stimuli in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2059-73. [PMID: 25763639 PMCID: PMC4430610 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Living in an enriched environment (EE) decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditure, causes resistance to diet induced obesity, and induces brown-like (beige) cells in white fat via activating a hypothalamic-adipocyte axis. Here we report that EE stimulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in a fat depot-specific manner prior to the emergence of beige cells. The VEGF up-regulation was independent of hypoxia but required intact sympathetic tone to the adipose tissue. Targeted adipose overexpression of VEGF reproduced the browning effect of EE. Adipose-specific VEGF knockout or pharmacological VEGF blockade with antibodies abolished the induction of beige cell by EE. Hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulated by EE regulated the adipose VEGF expression, and VEGF signaling was essential to the hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced white adipose tissue browning. Furthermore, VEGF signaling was essential to the beige cells induction by exercise, a β3-adrenergic agonist, and a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligand, suggesting a common downstream pathway integrating diverse upstream mechanisms. Exploiting this pathway may offer potential therapeutic interventions to obesity and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J During
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics and The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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206
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Abstract
There are three different types of adipose tissue (AT)-brown, white, and beige-that differ with stage of development, species, and anatomical location. Of these, brown AT (BAT) is the least abundant but has the greatest potential impact on energy balance. BAT is capable of rapidly producing large amounts of heat through activation of the unique uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) located within the inner mitochondrial membrane. White AT is an endocrine organ and site of lipid storage, whereas beige AT is primarily white but contains some cells that possess UCP1. BAT first appears in the fetus around mid-gestation and is then gradually lost through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. We focus on the interrelationships between adipocyte classification, anatomical location, and impact of diet in early life together with the extent to which fat development differs between the major species examined. Ultimately, novel dietary interventions designed to reactivate BAT could be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Symonds
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; , ,
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207
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Abstract
Obesity and its associated metabolic diseases present a major public health problem around the world. The discovery that thermogenic fat is active in adult humans has sparked a renewal of interest in the study of its development and function and in the feasibility of using modulators of thermogenesis to work against obesity. In recent years, it has been shown that there are at least two distinct types of thermogenic fat cells: brown and beige fat. In this review, we discuss the transcriptional mediators of thermogenesis and the signaling molecules that regulate thermogenic cells. We also review the effects of thermogenic fat activation on whole-body metabolic parameters and evaluate the increasing evidence that activating thermogenesis in humans can be a viable method of ameliorating obesity. In these discussions, we highlight targets that can potentially be stimulated or modified in anti-obesity treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo P Emont
- Life Sciences Institute Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, LSI, RM5115A, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA Life Sciences Institute Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, LSI, RM5115A, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Hui Yu
- Life Sciences Institute Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, LSI, RM5115A, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Life Sciences Institute Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, LSI, RM5115A, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA Life Sciences Institute Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, LSI, RM5115A, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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208
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Francés DE, Motiño O, Agrá N, González-Rodríguez Á, Fernández-Álvarez A, Cucarella C, Mayoral R, Castro-Sánchez L, García-Casarrubios E, Boscá L, Carnovale CE, Casado M, Valverde ÁM, Martín-Sanz P. Hepatic cyclooxygenase-2 expression protects against diet-induced steatosis, obesity, and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2015; 64:1522-31. [PMID: 25422106 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation evidence links obesity-induced inflammation as an important contributor to the development of insulin resistance, which plays a key role in the pathophysiology of obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 catalyze the first step in prostanoid biosynthesis. Because adult hepatocytes fail to induce COX-2 expression regardless of the proinflammatory stimuli used, we have evaluated whether this lack of expression under mild proinflammatory conditions might constitute a permissive condition for the onset of insulin resistance. Our results show that constitutive expression of human COX-2 (hCOX-2) in hepatocytes protects against adiposity, inflammation, and, hence, insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet, as demonstrated by decreased hepatic steatosis, adiposity, plasmatic and hepatic triglycerides and free fatty acids, increased adiponectin-to-leptin ratio, and decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, together with an enhancement of insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Furthermore, hCOX-2 transgenic mice exhibited increased whole-body energy expenditure due in part by induction of thermogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. The analysis of hepatic insulin signaling revealed an increase in insulin receptor-mediated Akt phosphorylation in hCOX-2 transgenic mice. In conclusion, our results point to COX-2 as a potential therapeutic target against obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Francés
- Institute of Experimental Physiology (Instituto de Fisiología Experimental), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Omar Motiño
- Institute of Biomedical Research Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Agrá
- Institute of Biomedical Research Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Águeda González-Rodríguez
- Institute of Biomedical Research Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Fernández-Álvarez
- Institute of Experimental Physiology (Instituto de Fisiología Experimental), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carme Cucarella
- Biomedical Institute of Valencia, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Mayoral
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Luis Castro-Sánchez
- Institute of Biomedical Research Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester García-Casarrubios
- Institute of Biomedical Research Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Institute of Biomedical Research Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina E Carnovale
- Institute of Experimental Physiology (Instituto de Fisiología Experimental), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Marta Casado
- Biomedical Institute of Valencia, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Institute of Biomedical Research Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Institute of Biomedical Research Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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209
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Contreras C, Gonzalez F, Fernø J, Diéguez C, Rahmouni K, Nogueiras R, López M. The brain and brown fat. Ann Med 2015; 47:150-68. [PMID: 24915455 PMCID: PMC4438385 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2014.919727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized organ responsible for thermogenesis, a process required for maintaining body temperature. BAT is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which activates lipolysis and mitochondrial uncoupling in brown adipocytes. For many years, BAT was considered to be important only in small mammals and newborn humans, but recent data have shown that BAT is also functional in adult humans. On the basis of this evidence, extensive research has been focused on BAT function, where new molecules, such as irisin and bone morphogenetic proteins, particularly BMP7 and BMP8B, as well as novel central factors and new regulatory mechanisms, such as orexins and the canonical ventomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) AMP- activated protein kinase (AMPK)-SNS-BAT axis, have been discovered and emerged as potential drug targets to combat obesity. In this review we provide an overview of the complex central regulation of BAT and how different neuronal cell populations co-ordinately work to maintain energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria , Santiago de Compostela, 15782 , Spain
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210
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Abstract
Inflammation regulates energy metabolism in both physiological and pathological conditions. Pro-inflammatory cytokines involves in energy regulation in several conditions, such as obesity, aging (calorie restriction), sports (exercise), and cancer (cachexia). Here, we introduce a view of integrative physiology to understand pro-inflammatory cytokines in the control of energy expenditure. In obesity, chronic inflammation is derived from energy surplus that induces adipose tissue expansion and adipose tissue hypoxia. In addition to the detrimental effect on insulin sensitivity, pro-inflammatory cytokines also stimulate energy expenditure and facilitate adipose tissue remodeling. In caloric restriction (CR), inflammatory status is decreased by low energy intake that results in less energy supply to immune cells to favor energy saving under caloric restriction. During physical exercise, inflammatory status is elevated due to muscle production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which promote fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue to meet the muscle energy demand. In cancer cachexia, chronic inflammation is elevated by the immune response in the fight against cancer. The energy expenditure from chronic inflammation contributes to weight loss. Immune tolerant cancer cells gains more nutrients during the inflammation. In these conditions, inflammation coordinates energy distribution and energy demand between tissues. If the body lacks response to the pro-inflammatory cytokines (Inflammation Resistance), the energy metabolism will be impaired leading to an increased risk for obesity. In contrast, super-induction of the inflammation activity leads to weight loss and malnutrition in cancer cachexia. In summary, inflammation is a critical component in the maintenance of energy balance in the body. Literature is reviewed in above fields to support this view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine in Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Ye
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System
- Correspondence:
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211
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Low level of trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid decreases adiposity and increases browning independent of inflammatory signaling in overweight Sv129 mice. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:616-25. [PMID: 25801353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which a low level of trans-10, cis-12 (10,12) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) decreases adiposity and increases browning in overweight mice, its dependence on inflammatory signaling and potential synergistic effects of daily exercise. Young, Sv129 male mice were fed a high-fat diet for 5 weeks to make them fat and glucose intolerant and then switch them to a low-fat diet with or without 0.1% 10,12 CLA, sodium salicylate or exercise for another 7 weeks. 10,12 CLA decreased white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue mass, and increased the messenger RNA and protein levels, and activities of enzymes associated with thermogenesis or fatty acid oxidation in WAT. Mice fed 10,12 CLA had lower body temperatures compared to controls during cold exposure, which coincided with decreased adiposity. Although sodium salicylate decreased 10,12 CLA-mediated increases in markers of inflammation in WAT, it did not affect other outcomes. Exercise had no further effect on the outcomes measured. Collectively, these data indicate that 10,12 CLA-mediated reduction of adiposity is independent of inflammatory signaling, and possibly due to up-regulation of fatty acid oxidation and heat production in order to regulate body temperature. Although this low level of 10,12 CLA reduced adiposity in overweight mice, hepatomegaly and inflammation are major health concerns.
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212
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Medrikova D, Sijmonsma TP, Sowodniok K, Richards DM, Delacher M, Sticht C, Gretz N, Schafmeier T, Feuerer M, Herzig S. Brown adipose tissue harbors a distinct sub-population of regulatory T cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118534. [PMID: 25714366 PMCID: PMC4340926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are critical determinants of both immune responses and metabolic control. Here we show that systemic ablation of Treg cells compromised the adaptation of whole-body energy expenditure to cold exposure, correlating with impairment in thermogenic marker gene expression and massive invasion of pro-inflammatory macrophages in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Indeed, BAT harbored a unique sub-set of Treg cells characterized by a unique gene signature. As these Treg cells respond to BAT activation upon cold exposure, this study defines a BAT-specific Treg sub-set with direct implications for the regulation of energy homeostasis in response to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasa Medrikova
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tjeerd P. Sijmonsma
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Sowodniok
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David M. Richards
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Research Group Immune Tolerance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Delacher
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Research Group Immune Tolerance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Center for Medical Research, University Clinics Mannheim, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Center for Medical Research, University Clinics Mannheim, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Schafmeier
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Research Group Immune Tolerance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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213
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Sidossis L, Kajimura S. Brown and beige fat in humans: thermogenic adipocytes that control energy and glucose homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:478-86. [PMID: 25642708 DOI: 10.1172/jci78362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a specialized fat that dissipates energy to produce heat, plays an important role in the regulation of energy balance. Two types of thermogenic adipocytes with distinct developmental and anatomical features exist in rodents and humans: classical brown adipocytes and beige (also referred to as brite) adipocytes. While classical brown adipocytes are located mainly in dedicated BAT depots of rodents and infants, beige adipocytes sporadically reside with white adipocytes and emerge in response to certain environmental cues, such as chronic cold exposure, a process often referred to as "browning" of white adipose tissue. Recent studies indicate the existence of beige adipocytes in adult humans, making this cell type an attractive therapeutic target for obesity and obesity-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes. This Review aims to cover recent progress in our understanding of the anatomical, developmental, and functional characteristics of brown and beige adipocytes and discuss emerging questions, with a special emphasis on adult human BAT.
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214
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Yu J, Zhang S, Cui L, Wang W, Na H, Zhu X, Li L, Xu G, Yang F, Christian M, Liu P. Lipid droplet remodeling and interaction with mitochondria in mouse brown adipose tissue during cold treatment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:918-28. [PMID: 25655664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) maintains animal body temperature by non-shivering thermogenesis, which is through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and utilizes β-oxidation of fatty acids released from triacylglycerol (TAG) in lipid droplets (LDs). Increasing BAT activity and "browning" other tissues such as white adipose tissue (WAT) can enhance the expenditure of excess stored energy, and in turn reduce prevalence of metabolic diseases. Although many studies have characterized the biology of BAT and brown adipocytes, BAT LDs especially their activation induced by cold exposure remain to be explored. We have isolated LDs from mouse interscapular BAT and characterized the full proteome using mass spectrometry. Both morphological and biochemical experiments showed that the LDs could tightly associate with mitochondria. Under cold treatment mouse BAT started expressing LD structure protein PLIN-2/ADRP and increased expression of PLIN1. Both hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose TAG lipase (ATGL) were increased in LDs. In addition, isolated BAT LDs showed increased levels of the mitochondrial protein UCP1, and prolonged cold exposure could stimulate BAT mitochondrial cristae biogenesis. These changes were in agreement with the data from transcriptional analysis. Our results provide the BAT LD proteome for the first time and show that BAT LDs facilitate heat production by coupling increasing TAG hydrolysis through recruitment of ATGL and HSL to the organelle and expression of another LD resident protein PLIN2/ADRP, as well as by tightly associating with activated mitochondria. These findings will benefit the study of BAT activation and the interaction between LDs and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhai Yu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuyan Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liujuan Cui
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huimin Na
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linghai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Guoheng Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fuquan Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mark Christian
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Pingsheng Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Yamaguchi M, Matsui M, Higa R, Yamazaki Y, Ikari A, Miyake M, Miwa M, Ishii S, Sugatani J, Shimizu T. A platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor deficiency exacerbates diet-induced obesity but PAF/PAF receptor signaling does not contribute to the development of obesity-induced chronic inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 93:482-95. [PMID: 25577975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a well-known phospholipid that mediates acute inflammatory responses. In the present study, we investigated whether PAF/PAF receptor signaling contributed to chronic inflammation in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of PAF receptor-knockout (PAFR-KO) mice. Body and epididymal WAT weights were higher in PAFR-KO mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) than in wild-type (WT) mice. TNF-α mRNA expression levels in epididymal WAT and the infiltration of CD11c-positive macrophages into epididymal WAT, which led to chronic inflammation, were also elevated in HFD-fed PAFR-KO mice. HFD-fed PAFR-KO mice had higher levels of fasting serum glucose than HFD-fed WT mice as well as impaired glucose tolerance. Although PAF receptor signaling up-regulated the expression of TNF-α and lipopolysaccharide induced the expression of acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2) mRNA in bone marrow-derived macrophages, no significant differences were observed in the expression of LPCAT2 mRNA and PAF levels in epididymal WAT between HFD-fed mice and normal diet-fed mice. In addition to our previous finding in which energy expenditure in PAF receptor (PAFR)-deficient mice was low due to impaired brown adipose tissue function, the present study demonstrated that PAF/PAF receptor signaling up-regulated the expression of Ucp1 mRNA, which is essential for cellular thermogenesis, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We concluded that the marked accumulation of abdominal fat due to HFD feeding led to more severe chronic inflammation in WAT, which is associated with glucose metabolism disorders, in PAFR-KO mice than in WT mice, and PAF/PAF receptor signaling may regulate energy expenditure and adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masakazu Matsui
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Ryoko Higa
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yamazaki
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masaki Miyake
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masao Miwa
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita City, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Junko Sugatani
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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216
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Qian S, Huang H, Tang Q. Brown and beige fat: the metabolic function, induction, and therapeutic potential. Front Med 2015; 9:162-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-015-0382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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217
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Karbiener M, Pisani DF, Frontini A, Oberreiter LM, Lang E, Vegiopoulos A, Mössenböck K, Bernhardt GA, Mayr T, Hildner F, Grillari J, Ailhaud G, Herzig S, Cinti S, Amri EZ, Scheideler M. MicroRNA-26 family is required for human adipogenesis and drives characteristics of brown adipocytes. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1578-90. [PMID: 24375761 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue contains thermogenic adipocytes (i.e., brown and brite/beige) that oxidize nutrients at exceptionally high rates via nonshivering thermogenesis. Its recent discovery in adult humans has opened up new avenues to fight obesity and related disorders such as diabetes. Here, we identified miR-26a and -26b as key regulators of human white and brite adipocyte differentiation. Both microRNAs are upregulated in early adipogenesis, and their inhibition prevented lipid accumulation while their overexpression accelerated it. Intriguingly, miR-26a significantly induced pathways related to energy dissipation, shifted mitochondrial morphology toward that seen in brown adipocytes, and promoted uncoupled respiration by markedly increasing the hallmark protein of brown fat, uncoupling protein 1. By combining in silico target prediction, transcriptomics, and an RNA interference screen, we identified the sheddase ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 (ADAM17) as a direct target of miR-26 that mediated the observed effects on white and brite adipogenesis. These results point to a novel, critical role for the miR-26 family and its downstream effector ADAM17 in human adipocyte differentiation by promoting characteristics of energy-dissipating thermogenic adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karbiener
- RNA Biology Group, Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Graz University of Technology, Austria
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218
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Bayindir I, Babaeikelishomi R, Kocanova S, Sousa IS, Lerch S, Hardt O, Wild S, Bosio A, Bystricky K, Herzig S, Vegiopoulos A. Transcriptional Pathways in cPGI2-Induced Adipocyte Progenitor Activation for Browning. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:129. [PMID: 26347713 PMCID: PMC4538297 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo formation of beige/brite adipocytes from progenitor cells contributes to the thermogenic adaptation of adipose tissue and holds great potential for the therapeutic remodeling of fat as a treatment for obesity. Despite the recent identification of several factors regulating browning of white fat, there is a lack of physiological cell models for the mechanistic investigation of progenitor-mediated beige/brite differentiation. We have previously revealed prostacyclin (PGI2) as one of the few known endogenous extracellular mediators promoting de novo beige/brite formation by relaying β-adrenergic stimulation to the progenitor level. Here, we present a cell model based on murine primary progenitor cells defined by markers previously shown to be relevant for in vivo browning, including a simplified isolation procedure. We demonstrate the specific and broad induction of thermogenic gene expression by PGI2 signaling in the absence of lineage conversion, and reveal the previously unidentified nuclear relocalization of the Ucp1 gene locus in association with transcriptional activation. By profiling the time course of the progenitor response, we show that PGI2 signaling promoted progenitor cell activation through cell cycle and adhesion pathways prior to metabolic maturation toward an oxidative cell phenotype. Our results highlight the importance of core progenitor activation pathways for the recruitment of thermogenic cells and provide a resource for further mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Bayindir
- DKFZ Junior Group Metabolism and Stem Cell Plasticity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rohollah Babaeikelishomi
- DKFZ Junior Group Metabolism and Stem Cell Plasticity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Kocanova
- University of Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabel Sofia Sousa
- DKFZ Junior Group Metabolism and Stem Cell Plasticity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sarah Lerch
- DKFZ Junior Group Metabolism and Stem Cell Plasticity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Hardt
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Stefan Wild
- Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Bystricky
- University of Toulouse (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Helmholtz Center Munich, Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandros Vegiopoulos
- DKFZ Junior Group Metabolism and Stem Cell Plasticity, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alexandros Vegiopoulos, DKFZ Junior Group Metabolism and Stem Cell Plasticity, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany,
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219
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Jeanson Y, Carrière A, Casteilla L. A New Role for Browning as a Redox and Stress Adaptive Mechanism? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:158. [PMID: 26500607 PMCID: PMC4598589 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide epidemic of obesity and metabolic disorders is focusing the attention of the scientific community on white adipose tissue (WAT) and its biology. This tissue is characterized not only by its capability to change in size and shape but also by its heterogeneity and versatility. WAT can be converted into brown fat-like tissue according to different physiological and pathophysiological situations. The expression of uncoupling protein-1 in brown-like adipocytes changes their function from energy storage to energy dissipation. This plasticity, named browning, was recently rediscovered and convergent recent accounts, including in humans, have revived the idea of using these oxidative cells to fight against metabolic diseases. Furthermore, recent reports suggest that, beside the increased energy dissipation and thermogenesis that may have adverse effects in situations such as cancer-associated cachexia and massive burns, browning could be also considered as an adaptive stress response to high redox pressure and to major stress that could help to maintain tissue homeostasis and integrity. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge concerning brown adipocytes and the browning process and also to explore unexpected putative role(s) for these cells. While it is important to find new browning inducers to limit energy stores and metabolic diseases, it also appears crucial to develop new browning inhibitors to limit adverse energy dissipation in wasting-associated syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Jeanson
- UMR STROMALab, CNRS 5273, INSERM U1031, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Carrière
- UMR STROMALab, CNRS 5273, INSERM U1031, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Louis Casteilla
- UMR STROMALab, CNRS 5273, INSERM U1031, Université Toulouse III – Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Louis Casteilla,
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220
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Park JW, Jung KH, Lee JH, Quach CHT, Moon SH, Cho YS, Lee KH. 18F-FDG PET/CT monitoring of β3 agonist-stimulated brown adipocyte recruitment in white adipose tissue. J Nucl Med 2014; 56:153-8. [PMID: 25525187 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.147603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is rising interest in recruitment of brown adipocytes into white adipose tissue (WAT) as a means to augment energy expenditure for weight reduction. We thus investigated the potential of (18)F-FDG uptake as an imaging biomarker that can monitor the process of WAT browning. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated daily with the β3 agonist CL316,243 (5-[(2R)-2-[[(2R)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]propyl]-1,3-benzodioxole-2,2-dicarboxylic acid disodium salt), whereas controls received saline. (18)F-FDG small-animal PET/CT was serially performed at 1 h after CL316,243 injection. After sacrifice, interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) and WAT depots were extracted, weighed, and measured for (18)F-FDG uptake. Tissues underwent immunostaining, and UCP1 content was quantified by Western blotting. RESULTS PET/CT showed low (18)F-FDG uptake in both BAT and inguinal WAT at baseline. BAT uptake was substantially increased by a single stimulation with CL316,243. Uptake in inguinal WAT was only modestly elevated by the first stimulation uptake but gradually increased to BAT level by prolonged stimulation. Ex vivo measurements recapitulated the PET findings, and measured (18)F-FDG uptake in other WAT depots was similar to inguinal WAT. WAT browning by prolonged stimulation was confirmed by a substantial increase in uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), cytochrome-c oxidase 4 (COX4), and PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16) staining as markers of brown adipocytes. UCP1 content, which served as a measure for extent of browning, was low in baseline inguinal WAT but linearly increased over 10 d of CL316,243 injection. Finally, image-based and ex vivo-measured (18)F-FDG uptake in inguinal WAT correlated well with UCP1 content. CONCLUSION (18)F-FDG PET/CT has the capacity to monitor brown adipocyte recruitment into WAT depots in vivo and may thus be useful for screening the efficacy of strategies to promote WAT browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Won Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cung Hoa Thien Quach
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Seok Cho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Han Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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221
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Yan Z, Zhang H, Maher C, Arteaga-Solis E, Champagne FA, Wu L, McDonald JD, Yan B, Schwartz GJ, Miller RL. Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, adiposity, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ methylation in offspring, grand-offspring mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110706. [PMID: 25347678 PMCID: PMC4210202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Greater levels of prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) have been associated with childhood obesity in epidemiological studies. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Objectives We hypothesized that prenatal PAH over-exposure during gestation would lead to weight gain and increased fat mass in offspring and grand-offspring mice. Further, we hypothesized that altered adipose gene expression and DNA methylation in genes important to adipocyte differentiation would be affected. Materials and Methods Pregnant dams were exposed to a nebulized PAH mixture versus negative control aerosol 5 days a week, for 3 weeks. Body weight was recorded from postnatal day (PND) 21 through PND60. Body composition, adipose cell size, gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) α, cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and adiponectin, and DNA methylation of PPAR γ, were assayed in both the offspring and grand-offspring adipose tissue. Findings Offspring of dams exposed to greater PAH during gestation had increased weight, fat mass, as well as higher gene expression of PPAR γ, C/EBP α, Cox2, FAS and adiponectin and lower DNA methylation of PPAR γ. Similar differences in phenotype and DNA methylation extended through the grand-offspring mice. Conclusions Greater prenatal PAH exposure was associated with increased weight, fat mass, adipose gene expression and epigenetic changes in progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghai Yan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hanjie Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christina Maher
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Emilio Arteaga-Solis
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Frances A. Champagne
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Licheng Wu
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. McDonald
- Department of Toxicology, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Schwartz
- Departments of Medicine and Neuroscience, Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rachel L. Miller
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Daquinag AC, Tseng C, Salameh A, Zhang Y, Amaya-Manzanares F, Dadbin A, Florez F, Xu Y, Tong Q, Kolonin MG. Depletion of white adipocyte progenitors induces beige adipocyte differentiation and suppresses obesity development. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:351-63. [PMID: 25342467 PMCID: PMC4291494 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overgrowth of white adipose tissue (WAT) in obesity occurs as a result of adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Expansion and renewal of adipocytes relies on proliferation and differentiation of white adipocyte progenitors (WAP); however, the requirement of WAP for obesity development has not been proven. Here, we investigate whether depletion of WAP can be used to prevent WAT expansion. We test this approach by using a hunter-killer peptide designed to induce apoptosis selectively in WAP. We show that targeted WAP cytoablation results in a long-term WAT growth suppression despite increased caloric intake in a mouse diet-induced obesity model. Our data indicate that WAP depletion results in a compensatory population of adipose tissue with beige adipocytes. Consistent with reported thermogenic capacity of beige adipose tissue, WAP-depleted mice display increased energy expenditure. We conclude that targeting of white adipocyte progenitors could be developed as a strategy to sustained modulation of WAT metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Daquinag
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C Tseng
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Salameh
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - F Amaya-Manzanares
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Dadbin
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - F Florez
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Q Tong
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M G Kolonin
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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223
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Mössenböck K, Vegiopoulos A, Rose AJ, Sijmonsma TP, Herzig S, Schafmeier T. Browning of white adipose tissue uncouples glucose uptake from insulin signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110428. [PMID: 25313899 PMCID: PMC4197027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Presence of thermogenically active adipose tissue in adult humans has been inversely associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. While it had been shown that insulin is crucial for the development of classical brown fat, its role in development and function of inducible brown-in-white (brite) adipose tissue is less clear. Here we show that insulin deficiency impaired differentiation of brite adipocytes. However, adrenergic stimulation almost fully induced the thermogenic program under these settings. Although brite differentiation of adipocytes as well as browning of white adipose tissue entailed substantially elevated glucose uptake by adipose tissue, the capacity of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake surprisingly was not higher in the brite state. Notably, in line with the insulin-independent stimulation of glucose uptake, our data revealed that brite recruitment results in induction of solute carrier family 2 (GLUT-1) expression in adipocytes and inguinal WAT. These results for the first time demonstrate that insulin signaling is neither essential for brite recruitment, nor is it improved in cells or tissues upon browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Mössenböck
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandros Vegiopoulos
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Junior research group Metabolism and Stem Cell Plasticity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adam J. Rose
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tjeerd P. Sijmonsma
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Tobias Schafmeier
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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224
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Masoodi M, Kuda O, Rossmeisl M, Flachs P, Kopecky J. Lipid signaling in adipose tissue: Connecting inflammation & metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:503-18. [PMID: 25311170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-associated low-grade inflammation of white adipose tissue (WAT) contributes to development of insulin resistance and other disorders. Accumulation of immune cells, especially macrophages, and macrophage polarization from M2 to M1 state, affect intrinsic WAT signaling, namely anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokines, fatty acids (FA), and lipid mediators derived from both n-6 and n-3 long-chain PUFA such as (i) arachidonic acid (AA)-derived eicosanoids and endocannabinoids, and (ii) specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators including resolvins derived from both eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lipoxins (AA metabolites), protectins and maresins (DHA metabolites). In this respect, potential differences in modulating adipocyte metabolism by various lipid mediators formed by inflammatory M1 macrophages typical of obese state, and non-inflammatory M2 macrophages typical of lean state remain to be established. Studies in mice suggest that (i) transient accumulation of M2 macrophages could be essential for the control of tissue FA levels during activation of lipolysis, (ii) currently unidentified M2 macrophage-borne signaling molecule(s) could inhibit lipolysis and re-esterification of lipolyzed FA back to triacylglycerols (TAG/FA cycle), and (iii) the egress of M2 macrophages from rebuilt WAT and removal of the negative feedback regulation could allow for a full unmasking of metabolic activities of adipocytes. Thus, M2 macrophages could support remodeling of WAT to a tissue containing metabolically flexible adipocytes endowed with a high capacity of both TAG/FA cycling and oxidative phosphorylation. This situation could be exemplified by a combined intervention using mild calorie restriction and dietary supplementation with EPA/DHA, which enhances the formation of "healthy" adipocytes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance."
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Masoodi
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, EPFL Innovation Park, bâtiment H, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Flachs
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.
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García-Alonso V, Clària J. Prostaglandin E2 signals white-to-brown adipogenic differentiation. Adipocyte 2014; 3:290-6. [PMID: 26317053 DOI: 10.4161/adip.29993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of new adipocytes from precursor cells is a crucial aspect of normal adipose tissue function. During the adipogenic process, adipocytes differentiated from mesenchymal stem cells give rise to two main types of fat: white adipose tissue (WAT) characterized by the presence of adipocytes containing large unilocular lipid droplets, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) composed by multilocular brown adipocytes packed with mitochondria. WAT is not only important for energy storage but also as an endocrine organ regulating whole body homeostasis by secreting adipokines and other mediators, which directly impact metabolic functions in obesity. By contrast, BAT is specialized in dissipating energy in form of heat and has salutary effects in combating obesity and associated disorders. Unfortunately, WAT is the predominant fat type, whereas BAT is scarce and located in discrete pockets in adult humans. Luckily, another type of brown adipocytes, called beige or brite (brown-in-white) adipocytes, with similar functions to those of "classical" brown adipocytes has recently been identified in WAT. In this review, a close look is given into the role of bioactive lipid mediators in the regulation of adipogenesis, with a special emphasis on the role of the microsomal prostaglandin E (PGE) synthase-1, a terminal enzyme in PGE2 biosynthesis, as a key regulator of white-to-brown adipogenesis in WAT.
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226
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Diaz MB, Herzig S, Vegiopoulos A. Thermogenic adipocytes: from cells to physiology and medicine. Metabolism 2014; 63:1238-49. [PMID: 25107565 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The identification of active brown fat in humans has evoked widespread interest in the biology of non-shivering thermogenesis among basic and clinical researchers. As a consequence we have experienced a plethora of contributions related to cellular and molecular processes in thermogenic adipocytes as well as their function in the organismal context and their relevance to human physiology. In this review we focus on the cellular basis of non-shivering thermogenesis, particularly in relation to human health and metabolic disease. We provide an overview of the cellular function and distribution of thermogenic adipocytes in mouse and humans, and how this can be affected by environmental factors, such as prolonged cold exposure. We elaborate on recent evidence and open questions on the distinction of classical brown versus beige/brite adipocytes. Further, the origin of thermogenic adipocytes as well as current models for the recruitment of beige/brite adipocytes is discussed with an emphasis on the role of progenitor cells. Focusing on humans, we describe the expanding evidence for the activity, function and physiological relevance of thermogenic adipocytes. Finally, as the potential of thermogenic adipocyte activation as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic diseases becomes evident, we highlight goals and challenges for current research on the road to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Berriel Diaz
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alexandros Vegiopoulos
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; DKFZ Junior Group Metabolism and Stem Cell Plasticity, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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227
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Pisani DF, Ghandour RA, Beranger GE, Le Faouder P, Chambard JC, Giroud M, Vegiopoulos A, Djedaini M, Bertrand-Michel J, Tauc M, Herzig S, Langin D, Ailhaud G, Duranton C, Amri EZ. The ω6-fatty acid, arachidonic acid, regulates the conversion of white to brite adipocyte through a prostaglandin/calcium mediated pathway. Mol Metab 2014; 3:834-47. [PMID: 25506549 PMCID: PMC4264041 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Brite adipocytes are inducible energy-dissipating cells expressing UCP1 which appear within white adipose tissue of healthy adult individuals. Recruitment of these cells represents a potential strategy to fight obesity and associated diseases. Methods/Results Using human Multipotent Adipose-Derived Stem cells, able to convert into brite adipocytes, we show that arachidonic acid strongly inhibits brite adipocyte formation via a cyclooxygenase pathway leading to secretion of PGE2 and PGF2α. Both prostaglandins induce an oscillatory Ca++ signaling coupled to ERK pathway and trigger a decrease in UCP1 expression and in oxygen consumption without altering mitochondriogenesis. In mice fed a standard diet supplemented with ω6 arachidonic acid, PGF2α and PGE2 amounts are increased in subcutaneous white adipose tissue and associated with a decrease in the recruitment of brite adipocytes. Conclusion Our results suggest that dietary excess of ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids present in Western diets, may also favor obesity by preventing the “browning” process to take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier F Pisani
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; CNRS, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; Inserm, iBV, U1091, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Rayane A Ghandour
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; CNRS, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; Inserm, iBV, U1091, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Guillaume E Beranger
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; CNRS, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; Inserm, iBV, U1091, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Pauline Le Faouder
- Lipidomic Core Facility, Metatoul Platform, France ; INSERM, UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France ; University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Claude Chambard
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; CNRS, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; Inserm, iBV, U1091, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Maude Giroud
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; CNRS, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; Inserm, iBV, U1091, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Alexandros Vegiopoulos
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mansour Djedaini
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; CNRS, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; Inserm, iBV, U1091, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- Lipidomic Core Facility, Metatoul Platform, France ; INSERM, UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France ; University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Tauc
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, LP2M, UMR 7370, 06100 Nice, France ; UMR 7370, CNRS-LP2M, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominique Langin
- INSERM, UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France ; University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France ; Toulouse University Hospitals, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, France
| | - Gérard Ailhaud
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; CNRS, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; Inserm, iBV, U1091, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Christophe Duranton
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, LP2M, UMR 7370, 06100 Nice, France ; UMR 7370, CNRS-LP2M, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Ez-Zoubir Amri
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; CNRS, iBV, UMR 7277, 06100 Nice, France ; Inserm, iBV, U1091, 06100 Nice, France
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228
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A switch from white to brown fat increases energy expenditure in cancer-associated cachexia. Cell Metab 2014; 20:433-47. [PMID: 25043816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a wasting syndrome characterized by systemic inflammation, body weight loss, atrophy of white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle. Limited therapeutic options are available and the underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. Here we show that a phenotypic switch from WAT to brown fat, a phenomenon termed WAT browning, takes place in the initial stages of CAC, before skeletal muscle atrophy. WAT browning is associated with increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which uncouples mitochondrial respiration toward thermogenesis instead of ATP synthesis, leading to increased lipid mobilization and energy expenditure in cachectic mice. Chronic inflammation and the cytokine interleukin-6 increase UCP1 expression in WAT, and treatments that reduce inflammation or β-adrenergic blockade reduce WAT browning and ameliorate the severity of cachexia. Importantly, UCP1 staining is observed in WAT from CAC patients. Thus, inhibition of WAT browning represents a promising approach to ameliorate cachexia in cancer patients.
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229
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Abstract
Igniting thermogenesis within white adipose tissue (i.e., promoting expression and activity of the uncoupling protein UCP1) has attracted much interest. Numerous "browning agents" have now been described (gene ablations, transgenes, food components, drugs, environments, etc.). The implied action of browning agents is that they increase UCP1 through this heat production, leading to slimming. Here, we particularly point to the possibility that cause and effect may on occasion be the reverse: browning agents may disrupt, for example, the fur, leading to increased heat loss, increased thermogenic demand to counteract this heat loss, and thus, through sympathetic nervous system activation, to enhanced UCP1 expression in white (and brown) adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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230
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Yan S, Zhang Q, Zhong X, Tang J, Wang Y, Yu J, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Guo F, Liu Y, FitzGerald GA, Yu Y. I prostanoid receptor-mediated inflammatory pathway promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis through activation of PKA and inhibition of AKT. Diabetes 2014; 63:2911-23. [PMID: 24722246 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), improve glucose metabolism in diabetic subjects, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we observed dysregulated expression of cyclooxygenase-2, prostacyclin biosynthesis, and the I prostanoid receptor (IP) in the liver's response to diabetic stresses. High doses of ASA reduced hepatic prostaglandin generation and suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis in mice during fasting, and the hypoglycemic effect of ASA could be restored by IP agonist treatment. IP deficiency inhibited starvation-induced hepatic gluconeogenesis, thus inhibiting the progression of diabetes, whereas hepatic overexpression of IP increased gluconeogenesis. IP deletion depressed cAMP-dependent CREB phosphorylation and elevated AKT phosphorylation by suppressing PI3K-γ/PKC-ζ-mediated TRB3 expression, which subsequently downregulated the gluconeogenic genes for glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase 1 in hepatocytes. We therefore conclude that suppression of IP modulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis through the PKA/CREB and PI3K-γ/PKC-ζ/TRB3/AKT pathways contributes to the effects of NSAIDs in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yan
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
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231
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Su YF, Yang SH, Lee YH, Wu BC, Huang SC, Liu CM, Chen SL, Pan YF, Chou S, Chou MY, Yang HW. Aspirin-induced inhibition of adipogenesis was p53-dependent and associated with inactivation of pentose phosphate pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 738:101-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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232
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Pfeifer A, Hoffmann LS. Brown, beige, and white: the new color code of fat and its pharmacological implications. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 55:207-27. [PMID: 25149919 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) was previously regarded as a special type of fat relevant only for defending hibernating animals and newborns against a cold environment. Recently, BAT has received considerable attention following its (re)discovery in humans. Using glucose tracers, multiple laboratories independently found metabolically active BAT in adults. The enormous metabolic powers of BAT in animal models could make it an attractive target for antiobesity therapies in humans. Here, we review the present knowledge on the role of BAT in energy homeostasis and metabolism, focusing on signaling pathways and potential targets for novel therapeutics. We also shine light on ongoing debates, including those about the true color of brown fat in adults, as well as on the requirements for translation of basic research on BAT into clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany;
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233
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Rajan S, Gupta A, Beg M, Shankar K, Srivastava A, Varshney S, Kumar D, Gaikwad AN. Adipocyte transdifferentiation and its molecular targets. Differentiation 2014; 87:183-92. [PMID: 25130315 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of fat, which increases risk of other metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, etc. There are two types of adipose tissue, white and brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the latter has recently gathered interest of the scientific community. Discovery of BAT has opened avenues for a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic syndrome. BAT utilizes accumulated fatty acids for energy expenditure; hence it is seen as one of the possible alternates to the current treatment. Moreover, browning of white adipocyte on exposure to cold, as well as with some of the pharmacological agents presents exciting outcomes and indicates the feasibility of transdifferentiation. A better understanding of molecular pathways and differentiation factors, those that play a key role in transdifferentiation are of extreme importance in designing novel strategies for the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Rajan
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India
| | - Muheeb Beg
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India
| | - Kripa Shankar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Salil Varshney
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India
| | - Anil Nilkanth Gaikwad
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031 UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CDRI, India.
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234
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Gunawardana SC. Benefits of healthy adipose tissue in the treatment of diabetes. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:420-430. [PMID: 25126390 PMCID: PMC4127579 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i4.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The major malfunction in diabetes mellitus is severe perturbation of glucose homeostasis caused by deficiency of insulin. Insulin deficiency is either absolute due to destruction or failure of pancreatic β cells, or relative due to decreased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin. The primary lesion being related to insulin, treatments for diabetes focus on insulin replacement and/or increasing sensitivity to insulin. These therapies have their own limitations and complications, some of which can be life-threatening. For example, exogenous insulin administration can lead to fatal hypoglycemic episodes; islet/pancreas transplantation requires life-long immunosuppressive therapy; and anti-diabetic drugs have dangerous side effects including edema, heart failure and lactic acidosis. Thus the need remains for better safer long term treatments for diabetes. The ultimate goal in treating diabetes is to re-establish glucose homeostasis, preferably through endogenously generated hormones. Recent studies increasingly show that extra-pancreatic hormones, particularly those arising from adipose tissue, can compensate for insulin, or entirely replace the function of insulin under appropriate circumstances. Adipose tissue is a versatile endocrine organ that secretes a variety of hormones with far-reaching effects on overall metabolism. While unhealthy adipose tissue can exacerbate diabetes through limiting circulation and secreting of pro-inflammatory cytokines, healthy uninflamed adipose tissue secretes beneficial adipokines with hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory properties, which can complement and/or compensate for the function of insulin. Administration of specific adipokines is known to alleviate both type 1 and 2 diabetes, and leptin mono-therapy is reported to reverse type 1 diabetes independent of insulin. Although specific adipokines may correct diabetes, administration of individual adipokines still carries risks similar to those of insulin monotherapy. Thus a better approach is to achieve glucose homeostasis with endogenously-generated adipokines through transplantation or regeneration of healthy adipose tissue. Our recent studies on mouse models show that type 1 diabetes can be reversed without insulin through subcutaneous transplantation of embryonic brown adipose tissue, which leads to replenishment of recipients’ white adipose tissue; increase of a number of beneficial adipokines; and fast and long-lasting euglycemia. Insulin-independent glucose homeostasis is established through a combination of endogenously generated hormones arising from the transplant and/or newly-replenished white adipose tissue. Transplantation of healthy white adipose tissue is reported to alleviate type 2 diabetes in rodent models on several occasions, and increasing the content of endogenous brown adipose tissue is known to combat obesity and type 2 diabetes in both humans and animal models. While the underlying mechanisms are not fully documented, the beneficial effects of healthy adipose tissue in improving metabolism are increasingly reported, and are worthy of attention as a powerful tool in combating metabolic disease.
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235
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Zhao M, Chen X. Eicosapentaenoic acid promotes thermogenic and fatty acid storage capacity in mouse subcutaneous adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1446-51. [PMID: 25017914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we determined if eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) promotes beneficial metabolic activities of subcutaneous adipocytes. Stromal-vascular (SV) cells were isolated from inguinal adipose tissue of C57BL/6 mice and induced to differentiate into adipocytes. EPA effect on thermogenic and mitochondrial gene expression and oxidative metabolism were assessed in inguinal adipocytes. When added to SV cell cultures during 8 day differentiation, EPA significantly increased the expression of thermogenic genes UCP1-3, CIDEA and VEGFα. Moreover, EPA increased mitochondrial DNA content and the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis including PGC1α, Nrf1 and COXiv. However, this effect was not perceived when EPA was added to mature inguinal adipocytes for 24h, suggesting that EPA exerts its browning effect via recruiting brite adipocytes. Consistently, long-term EPA treatment also upregulated AMPKα phosphorylation and CPT1 expression and increased glucose uptake and GLUT4 mRNA expression, suggesting improved mitochondrial oxidation. Additionally, EPA-treated adipocytes had enlarged lipid droplets and increased expression of triglyceride synthesis genes GPAT1 and GPAT3, while significantly decreased glycerol release and down-regulation of HSL and ATGL gene expression. We conclude that EPA enhances energy dissipation capacity by recruiting brite adipocytes to stimulate oxidative metabolism and reduces fatty acid release by facilitating fatty acid storage in subcutaneous adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States.
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236
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PI3K/Akt is involved in brown adipogenesis mediated by growth differentiation factor-5 in association with activation of the Smad pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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237
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Li Y, Lasar D, Fromme T, Klingenspor M. White, brite, and brown adipocytes: the evolution and function of a heater organ in mammals. CAN J ZOOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2013-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brown fat is a specialized heater organ in eutherian mammals. In contrast to the energy storage function of white adipocytes, brown adipocytes dissipate nutrient energy by uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which depends on uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). UCP1, as well as UCP2 and UCP3, belong to the family of mitochondrial carriers inserted into the inner mitochondrial membrane for metabolite trafficking between the matrix and the intermembrane space. UCP1 transports protons into the mitochondrial matrix when activated by a rise in free fatty acid levels in the cell. This UCP1-dependant proton leak drives high oxygen consumption rates in the absence of ATP synthesis and dissipates proton motive force as heat. The enormous heating capacity of brown fat is supported by dense vascularization, high rates of tissue perfusion, and high mitochondrial density in brown adipocytes. It has been known for more than 50 years that nonshivering thermogenesis in brown fat serves to maintain body temperature of neonates and small mammals in cold environments, and is used by hibernators for arousal from torpor. It has been speculated that the development of brown fat as a new source for nonshivering thermogenesis provided mammals with a unique advantage for survival in the cold. Indeed brown fat and UCP1 is found in ancient groups of mammals, like the afrotherians and marsupials. In the latter, however, the thermogenic function of UCP1 and brown fat has not been demonstrated as of yet. Notably, orthologs of all three mammalian UCP genes are also present in the genomes of bony fishes and in amphibians. Molecular phylogeny reveals a striking increase in the substitution rate of UCP1 between marsupial and eutherian lineages. At present, it seems that UCP1 only gained thermogenic function in brown adipocytes of eutherian mammals, whereas the function of UCP1 and that of the other UCPs in ectotherms remains to be identified. Evolution of thermogenic function required expression of UCP1 in a brown-adipocyte-like cell equipped with high mitochondrial density embedded in a well-vascularized tissue. Brown-adipocyte-like cells in white adipose tissue, called “brite” (brown-in-white) or “beige” adipocytes, emerge during adipogenesis and in response to cold exposure in anatomically distinct adipose tissue depots of juvenile and adult rodents. These brite adipocytes may resemble the archetypical brown adipocyte in vertebrate evolution. It is therefore of interest to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of brite adipocyte differentiation, study the bioenergetic properties of these cells, and search for the presence of related brown-adipocyte-like cells in nonmammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongguo Li
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München (TUM), Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine & Z I E L – Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85350 Freising – Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - David Lasar
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München (TUM), Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine & Z I E L – Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85350 Freising – Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Tobias Fromme
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München (TUM), Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine & Z I E L – Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85350 Freising – Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München (TUM), Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine & Z I E L – Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 2, 85350 Freising – Weihenstephan, Germany
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238
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Li Y, Bolze F, Fromme T, Klingenspor M. Intrinsic differences in BRITE adipogenesis of primary adipocytes from two different mouse strains. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1345-52. [PMID: 24953778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BRITE (brown-in-white) cells are brown adipocyte-like cells found in white adipose tissue (WAT) of rodents and/or humans. The recruitment of BRITE adipocytes, referred to as the browning of WAT, is hallmarked by the expression of UCP1 and exerts beneficial metabolic effects. Here we address whether beyond systemic cues depot- and strain-specific variation in BRITE recruitment is determined by a cellular program intrinsic to progenitors. Therefore we compared the browning capacity of serum and investigated brown and BRITE adipogenesis in primary cultures of stromal-vascular cells isolated from interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT), inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) in two inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (B6, a strain with low browning propensity) and 129/S6SvEv (129, a strain with high browning propensity). Paradoxically, serum collected from B6 mice was more potent in the promotion of browning than serum collected from 129 mice. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that depot- and strain-specific differences observed in vivo are pheno-copied in primary cultures in vitro, as judged by UCP1 expression and by functional analysis. Notably, primary adipocytes from 129 mice had a higher capacity for isoproterenol-induced uncoupled respiration than B6. We conclude that cues intrinsic to the progenitor cells contribute to differential BRITE adipogenesis. Further analyses demonstrate that these cues are independent of autocrine/paracrine mechanisms, BRITE progenitor abundance and genetic variation in the gene regulatory region of Ucp1 but rather depend on trans-acting factors. These results provide new insights on the molecular basis of strain and depot-specific differences in BRITE adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongguo Li
- Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, Freising, Germany
| | - Florian Bolze
- Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Fromme
- Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technische Universität München, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, Freising, Germany.
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239
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Shen Y, Liu X, Dong M, Lin J, Zhao Q, Lee H, Jin W. Recent advances in brown adipose tissue biology. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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240
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Fjære E, Aune UL, Røen K, Keenan AH, Ma T, Borkowski K, Kristensen DM, Novotny GW, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Hudson BD, Milligan G, Xi Y, Newman JW, Haj FG, Liaset B, Kristiansen K, Madsen L. Indomethacin treatment prevents high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance but not glucose intolerance in C57BL/6J mice. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16032-45. [PMID: 24742673 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.525220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low grade inflammation is closely linked to obesity-associated insulin resistance. To examine how administration of the anti-inflammatory compound indomethacin, a general cyclooxygenase inhibitor, affected obesity development and insulin sensitivity, we fed obesity-prone male C57BL/6J mice a high fat/high sucrose (HF/HS) diet or a regular diet supplemented or not with indomethacin (±INDO) for 7 weeks. Development of obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance was monitored, and the effect of indomethacin on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was measured in vivo and in vitro using MIN6 β-cells. We found that supplementation with indomethacin prevented HF/HS-induced obesity and diet-induced changes in systemic insulin sensitivity. Thus, HF/HS+INDO-fed mice remained insulin-sensitive. However, mice fed HF/HS+INDO exhibited pronounced glucose intolerance. Hepatic glucose output was significantly increased. Indomethacin had no effect on adipose tissue mass, glucose tolerance, or GSIS when included in a regular diet. Indomethacin administration to obese mice did not reduce adipose tissue mass, and the compensatory increase in GSIS observed in obese mice was not affected by treatment with indomethacin. We demonstrate that indomethacin did not inhibit GSIS per se, but activation of GPR40 in the presence of indomethacin inhibited glucose-dependent insulin secretion in MIN6 cells. We conclude that constitutive high hepatic glucose output combined with impaired GSIS in response to activation of GPR40-dependent signaling in the HF/HS+INDO-fed mice contributed to the impaired glucose clearance during a glucose challenge and that the resulting lower levels of plasma insulin prevented the obesogenic action of the HF/HS diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Even Fjære
- From the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark, the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ulrike L Aune
- From the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark, the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristin Røen
- From the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alison H Keenan
- From the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark, the Departments of Nutrition and
| | - Tao Ma
- From the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamil Borkowski
- From the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M Kristensen
- the INSERM U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France, the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guy W Novotny
- the Section for Endocrinological Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of 2200 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen
- the Section for Endocrinological Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of 2200 Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Brian D Hudson
- the Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom, and
| | - Graeme Milligan
- the Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom, and
| | | | - John W Newman
- the Departments of Nutrition and the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California 95616
| | - Fawaz G Haj
- the Departments of Nutrition and Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Bjørn Liaset
- the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- From the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark,
| | - Lise Madsen
- From the Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark, the National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway,
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241
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Abstract
There has been an upsurge of interest in the adipocyte coincident with the onset of the obesity epidemic and the realization that adipose tissue plays a major role in the regulation of metabolic function. The past few years, in particular, have seen significant changes in the way that we classify adipocytes and how we view adipose development and differentiation. We have new perspective on the roles played by adipocytes in a variety of homeostatic processes and on the mechanisms used by adipocytes to communicate with other tissues. Finally, there has been significant progress in understanding how these relationships are altered during metabolic disease and how they might be manipulated to restore metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Departments of Genetics and Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Departments of Genetics and Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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242
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Cohen P, Levy JD, Zhang Y, Frontini A, Kolodin DP, Svensson KJ, Lo JC, Zeng X, Ye L, Khandekar MJ, Wu J, Gunawardana SC, Banks AS, Camporez JPG, Jurczak MJ, Kajimura S, Piston DW, Mathis D, Cinti S, Shulman GI, Seale P, Spiegelman BM. Ablation of PRDM16 and beige adipose causes metabolic dysfunction and a subcutaneous to visceral fat switch. Cell 2014; 156:304-16. [PMID: 24439384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 646] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A clear relationship exists between visceral obesity and type 2 diabetes, whereas subcutaneous obesity is comparatively benign. Here, we show that adipocyte-specific deletion of the coregulatory protein PRDM16 caused minimal effects on classical brown fat but markedly inhibited beige adipocyte function in subcutaneous fat following cold exposure or β3-agonist treatment. These animals developed obesity on a high-fat diet, with severe insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. They also showed altered fat distribution with markedly increased subcutaneous adiposity. Subcutaneous adipose tissue in mutant mice acquired many key properties of visceral fat, including decreased thermogenic and increased inflammatory gene expression and increased macrophage accumulation. Transplantation of subcutaneous fat into mice with diet-induced obesity showed a loss of metabolic benefit when tissues were derived from PRDM16 mutant animals. These findings indicate that PRDM16 and beige adipocytes are required for the "browning" of white fat and the healthful effects of subcutaneous adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cohen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia D Levy
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrea Frontini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60020, Italy
| | - Dmitriy P Kolodin
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katrin J Svensson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - James C Lo
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xing Zeng
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Li Ye
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Melin J Khandekar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Subhadra C Gunawardana
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - João Paulo G Camporez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- UCSF Diabetes Center and Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David W Piston
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona 60020, Italy
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bruce M Spiegelman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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243
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Brown fat determination and development from muscle precursor cells by novel action of bone morphogenetic protein 6. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92608. [PMID: 24658703 PMCID: PMC3962431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a pivotal role in promoting energy expenditure by the virtue of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) that differentiates BAT from its energy storing white adipose tissue (WAT) counterpart. The clinical implication of “classical” BAT (originates from Myf5 positive myoblastic lineage) or the “beige” fat (originates through trans-differentiation of WAT) activation in improving metabolic parameters is now becoming apparent. However, the inducers and endogenous molecular determinants that govern the lineage commitment and differentiation of classical BAT remain obscure. We report here that in the absence of any forced gene expression, stimulation with bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) induces brown fat differentiation from skeletal muscle precursor cells of murine and human origins. Through a comprehensive transcriptional profiling approach, we have discovered that two days of BMP6 stimulation in C2C12 myoblast cells is sufficient to induce genes characteristic of brown preadipocytes. This developmental switch is modulated in part by newly identified regulators, Optineurin (Optn) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2). Furthermore, pathway analyses using the Causal Reasoning Engine (CRE) identified additional potential causal drivers of this BMP6 induced commitment switch. Subsequent analyses to decipher key pathway that facilitates terminal differentiation of these BMP6 primed cells identified a key role for Insulin Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor (IGF-1R). Collectively these data highlight a therapeutically innovative role for BMP6 by providing a means to enhance the amount of myogenic lineage derived brown fat.
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244
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Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Guertin DA. Adipocyte lineages: tracing back the origins of fat. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:340-51. [PMID: 23747579 PMCID: PMC3805734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic has intensified efforts to understand the mechanisms controlling adipose tissue development. Adipose tissue is generally classified as white adipose tissue (WAT), the major energy storing tissue, or brown adipose tissue (BAT), which mediates non-shivering thermogenesis. It is hypothesized that brite adipocytes (brown in white) may represent a third adipocyte class. The recent realization that brown fat exist in adult humans suggests increasing brown fat energy expenditure could be a therapeutic strategy to combat obesity. To understand adipose tissue development, several groups are tracing the origins of mature adipocytes back to their adult precursor and embryonic ancestors. From these studies emerged a model that brown adipocytes originate from a precursor shared with skeletal muscle that expresses Myf5-Cre, while all white adipocytes originate from a Myf5-negative precursors. While this provided a rational explanation to why BAT is more metabolically favorable than WAT, recent work indicates the situation is more complex because subsets of white adipocytes also arise from Myf5-Cre expressing precursors. Lineage tracing studies further suggest that the vasculature may provide a niche supporting both brown and white adipocyte progenitors; however, the identity of the adipocyte progenitor cell is under debate. Differences in origin between adipocytes could explain metabolic heterogeneity between depots and/or influence body fat patterning particularly in lipodystrophy disorders. Here, we discuss recent insights into adipose tissue origins highlighting lineage-tracing studies in mice, how variations in metabolism or signaling between lineages could affect body fat distribution, and the questions that remain unresolved. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Sanchez-Gurmaches
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - David A Guertin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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245
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Lee YH, Jung YS, Choi D. Recent advance in brown adipose physiology and its therapeutic potential. Exp Mol Med 2014; 46:e78. [PMID: 24556827 PMCID: PMC3944445 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized thermoregulatory organ that has a critical role in the regulation of energy metabolism. Specifically, energy expenditure can be enhanced by the activation of BAT function and the induction of a BAT-like catabolic phenotype in white adipose tissue (WAT). Since the recent recognition of metabolically active BAT in adult humans, BAT has been extensively studied as one of the most promising targets identified for treating obesity and its related disorders. In this review, we summarize information on the developmental origin of BAT and the progenitors of brown adipocytes in WAT. We explore the transcriptional control of brown adipocyte differentiation during classical BAT development and in WAT browning. We also discuss the neuronal control of BAT activity and summarize the recently identified non-canonical stimulators of BAT that can act independently of β-adrenergic stimulation. Finally, we review new findings on the beneficial effects of BAT activation and development with respect to improving metabolic profiles. We highlight the therapeutic potential of BAT and its future prospects, including pharmacological intervention and cell-based therapies designed to enhance BAT activity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Lee
- Center for Integrative and Metabolic Endocrine Research, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dalwoong Choi
- 1] Department of Environmental Health, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea [2] BK21+ Program, Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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246
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Sheyn D, Pelled G, Tawackoli W, Su S, Ben-David S, Gazit D, Gazit Z. Transient overexpression of Pparγ2 and C/ebpα in mesenchymal stem cells induces brown adipose tissue formation. Regen Med 2014; 8:295-308. [PMID: 23627824 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue plays a pivotal role in mammal metabolism and thermogenesis. It has a great therapeutic potential in several metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are suitable candidates for brown adipose tissue formation de novo. Pparγ2 and C/ebpα are nucleic receptors known to mediate adipogenic differentiation. We hypothesized that overexpression of the Pparγ2 and C/ebpα genes in MSCs would lead to the formation of adipose tissue. MATERIALS & METHODS MSCs bearing the Luc reporter gene were transfected to overexpress Pparγ2 and C/ebpα. Differentiation of nucleofected cells was evaluated in vitro and in vivo following ectopic implantation of the cells in C3H/HeN mice. RESULTS After implantation, the engineered cells survived for 5 weeks and brown adipose-like tissue was observed in histological samples. Immunostaining and bioluminescent imaging showed new adipocytes expressing Luc and the brown adipose tissue marker, UCP1, in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION We show that gene delivery of transcription factors into MSCs generates brown adipose tissue in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Sheyn
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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247
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Simonson MA, McQueen MB, Keller MC. Whole-genome pathway analysis on 132,497 individuals identifies novel gene-sets associated with body mass index. PLoS One 2014; 9:e78546. [PMID: 24497910 PMCID: PMC3908858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole genome pathway analysis is a powerful tool for the exploration of the combined effects of gene-sets within biological pathways. This study applied Interval Based Enrichment Analysis (INRICH) to perform whole-genome pathway analysis of body-mass index (BMI). We used a discovery set composed of summary statistics from a meta-analysis of 123,865 subjects performed by the GIANT Consortium, and an independent sample of 8,632 subjects to assess replication of significant pathways. We examined SNPs within nominally significant pathways using linear mixed models to estimate their contribution to overall BMI heritability. Six pathways replicated as having significant enrichment for association after correcting for multiple testing, including the previously unknown relationships between BMI and the Reactome regulation of ornithine decarboxylase pathway, the KEGG lysosome pathway, and the Reactome stabilization of P53 pathway. Two non-overlapping sets of genes emerged from the six significant pathways. The clustering of shared genes based on previously identified protein-protein interactions listed in PubMed and OMIM supported the relatively independent biological effects of these two gene-sets. We estimate that the SNPs located in examined pathways explain ∼20% of the heritability for BMI that is tagged by common SNPs (3.35% of the 16.93% total).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Simonson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Health Sciences, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew B. McQueen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Keller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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248
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Cudaback E, Jorstad NL, Yang Y, Montine TJ, Keene CD. Therapeutic implications of the prostaglandin pathway in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:565-72. [PMID: 24434190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An important pathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neuroinflammation, a process characterized in AD by disproportionate activation of cells (microglia and astrocytes, primarily) of the non-specific innate immune system within the CNS. While inflammation itself is not intrinsically detrimental, a delicate balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory signals must be maintained to ensure that long-term exaggerated responses do not damage the brain over time. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent a broad class of powerful therapeutics that temper inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-mediated signaling pathways including prostaglandins, which are the principal mediators of CNS neuroinflammation. While historically used to treat discrete or systemic inflammatory conditions, epidemiologic evidence suggests that protracted NSAID use may delay AD onset, as well as decrease disease severity and rate of progression. Unfortunately, clinical trials with NSAIDs have thus far yielded disappointing results, including premature discontinuation of a large-scale prevention trial due to unexpected cardiovascular side effects. Here we review the literature and make the argument that more targeted exploitation of downstream prostaglandin signaling pathways may offer significant therapeutic benefits for AD while minimizing adverse side effects. Directed strategies such as these may ultimately help to delay the deleterious consequences of brain aging and might someday lead to new therapies for AD and other chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiron Cudaback
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Nikolas L Jorstad
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Yue Yang
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- University of Washington Harborview Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Box 359791, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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249
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Zheng Z, Liu X, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Li C, Xue Y. Regulation of UCP1 in the Browning of Epididymal Adipose Tissue by β3-Adrenergic Agonist: A Role for MicroRNAs. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:530636. [PMID: 25587272 PMCID: PMC4281391 DOI: 10.1155/2014/530636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. White adipose tissue browning may be a promising strategy to combat obesity. UCP1 is strongly induced in White adipose tissue with β3-adrenergic agonist treatment, but the causes of this increase have not been fully elucidated. This study aims to explore more miRNAs involved in the process of browning of visceral adipose tissue. Methods. Total of fourteen mice were randomly divided into control and study group. Study group mice were injected intraperitoneally with CL316243 once daily for seven days; meanwhile the control group were treated with 0.9% NaCl. After a 7-day period, the expression of genes involved in WAT browning and potential UCP1-targeting miRNAs in adipose tissues was analyzed by qPCR. Results. qPCR analysis revealed that UCP1, DIO2, CIDEA, and CPT1B in epididymal adipose tissue were overexpressed in CL316243 group. Furthermore, potential UCP1-targeting miR-9 and miR-338-3p in epididymal adipose tissue were significantly decreased in CL316243 group. Conclusion. This suggests that potential UCP1-targeting miR-9 and miR-338-3p may be involved in the browning of epididymal adipose tissue by regulating UCP1 gene expression. In this study, we demonstrated that this increase of UCP1 is due, at least in part, to the decreased expression of certain UCP1-targeting miRNAs in epididymal adipose tissue compared to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongji Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Xiaomeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qianwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chenzhong Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Yaoming Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
- *Yaoming Xue:
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Kim SF. The Nitric Oxide-Mediated Regulation of Prostaglandin Signaling in Medicine. VITAMINS & HORMONES 2014; 96:211-45. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800254-4.00009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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