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Dip N, Reis ST, Timoszczuk LS, Viana NI, Piantino CB, Morais DR, Moura CM, Abe DK, Silva IA, Srougi M, Dall'Oglio MF, Leite KRM. Stage, grade and behavior of bladder urothelial carcinoma defined by the microRNA expression profile. J Urol 2012; 188:1951-6. [PMID: 22999546 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We identified miRNA expression profiles in urothelial carcinoma that are associated with grade, stage, and recurrence-free and disease specific survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of 14 miRNAs was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in surgical specimens from 30 patients with low grade, noninvasive (pTa) and 30 with high grade, invasive (pT2-3) urothelial carcinoma. Controls were normal bladder tissue from 5 patients who underwent surgical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Endogenous controls were RNU-43 and RNU-48. miRNA profiles were compared and Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to analyze disease-free and disease specific survival. RESULTS miR-100 was under expressed in 100% of low grade pTa specimens (p <0.001) and miR-10a was over expressed in 73.3% (p <0.001). miR-21 and miR-205 were over expressed in high grade pT2-3 disease (p = 0.02 and <0.001, respectively). The other miRNAs were present at levels similar to those of normal bladder tissue or under expressed in each tumor group. miR-21 over expression (greater than 1.08) was related to shorter disease-free survival in patients with low grade pTa urothelial carcinoma. Higher miR-10a levels (greater than 2.30) were associated with shorter disease-free and disease specific survival in patients with high grade pT2-3 urothelial carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Four miRNAs were differentially expressed in the 2 urothelial carcinoma groups. miR-100 and miR-10a showed under expression and over expression, respectively, in low grade pTa tumors. miR-21 and miR-205 were over expressed in pT2-3 disease. In addition, miR-10a and miR-21 over expression was associated with shorter disease-free and disease specific survival. miRNAs could be incorporated into the urothelial carcinoma molecular pathway. These miRNAs could also serve as new diagnostic or prognostic markers and new target drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Dip
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Urology Department, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Distinct patterns and behaviour of urothelial carcinoma with respect to anatomical location: how molecular biomarkers can augment clinico-pathological predictors in upper urinary tract tumours. World J Urol 2012; 31:21-9. [PMID: 22986906 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-012-0946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) shares many similarities with bladder-UC, but there is strong evidence on a clinical, aetiological, epidemiological and genetic level that key differences exist. In this review, we aim to highlight how UTUC differs from bladder-UC and report on the utility of molecular markers in the diagnosis and management of UTUC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using the Medline and Embase databases and specific keyword combinations: 'urothelial carcinoma', 'bladder cancer', 'transitional cell carcinoma', 'upper tract', 'upper urinary tract', 'genetics', 'prognosis' and 'biomarkers'. RESULTS UTUC has specific acquired (e.g. Balkans nephropathy, phenacetin abuse) and genetic hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer risk factors compared with bladder-UC. In general, the molecular biology of UC is broadly similar, irrespective of location in the urinary tract. However, there are distinct genetic (microsatellite instability) and epigenetic (hypermethylation) differences between some UTUC and bladder-UC. Clinical-pathological variables (e.g. hydronephrosis, tumour architecture, tumour location, stage and grade) have independent predictive power in UTUC, but tissue and urinary biomarkers can improve the clinical prediction of recurrence, invasion and survival in UTUC, though the evidence level is weak. CONCLUSIONS UTUC shares many similarities with bladder-UC, but there is strong evidence that they should be considered as distinct urothelial entities. Prospective multi-institutional studies investigating molecular markers are urgently needed to augment clinic-pathological predictors in UTUC.
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203
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Wang Q, Huang Z, Ni S, Xiao X, Xu Q, Wang L, Huang D, Tan C, Sheng W, Du X. Plasma miR-601 and miR-760 are novel biomarkers for the early detection of colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44398. [PMID: 22970209 PMCID: PMC3435315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of death worldwide. Sensitive, non-invasive diagnostic screen methods are urgently needed to improve its survival rates. Stable circulating microRNA offers unique opportunities for the early diagnosis of several diseases, including cancers. Our aim has been to find new plasma miRNAs that can be used as biomarkers for the detection of CRC. Methodology/Principal Findings According to the results of miRNA profiling performed on pooling plasma samples form 10 CRC patients or 10 healthy controls, a panel of miRNAs (hsa-miR-10a, -19a, -22*, -24, -92a, 125a-5p, -141, -150, -188-3p, -192, -210, -221, -224*, -376a, -425*, -495, -572, -601, -720, -760 and hsa-let-7a, -7e) were deregulated in CRC plasma with fold changes >5. After large scale validation by qRT-PCR performed on another 191 independent individuals (90 CRC, 43 advanced adenoma and 58 healthy participants), we found that the levels of plasma miR-601 and miR-760 were significantly decreased in colorectal neoplasia (carcinomas and advanced adenomas) compared with healthy controls. ROC curve analysis showed that plasma miR-601 and miR-760 were of significant diagnostic value for advanced neoplasia. These two miRNAs together yield an AUC of 0.792 with 83.3% sensitivity and 69.1% specificity for separating CRC from normal controls, and yield an AUC of 0.683 with 72.1% sensitivity and 62.1% specificity in discriminating advanced adenomas from normal controls. Conclusions/Significance Plasma miR-601 and miR-760 can potentially serve as promising non-invasive biomarkers for the early detection of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the 4th Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Wuxi Oncology Institute, the 4th Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shujuan Ni
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuying Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghua Xu
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center - Institute Mérieux Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisha Wang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Tan
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqi Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Du
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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204
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Adam L, Wszolek MF, Liu CG, Jing W, Diao L, Zien A, Zhang JD, Jackson D, Dinney CPN. Plasma microRNA profiles for bladder cancer detection. Urol Oncol 2012; 31:1701-8. [PMID: 22863868 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer (BC) is a burdensome disease with significant morbidity, mortality, and cost. The development of novel plasma-based biomarkers for BC diagnosis and surveillance could significantly improve clinical outcomes and decrease health expenditures. Plasma miRNAs are promising biomarkers that have yet to be rigorously investigated in BC. OBJECTIVE To determine the feasibility and efficacy of detecting BC with plasma miRNA signatures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma miRNA was isolated from 20 patients with bladder cancer and 18 noncancerous controls. Samples were analyzed with a miRNA array containing duplicate probes for each miRNA in the Sanger database. Logistic regression modeling was used to optimize diagnostic miRNA signatures to distinguish between muscle invasive BC (MIBC), non-muscle-invasive BC (NMIBC) and noncancerous controls. RESULTS Seventy-nine differentially expressed plasma miRNAs (local false discovery rate [FDR] <0.5) in patients with or without BC were identified. Some diagnostically relevant miRNAs, such as miR-200b, were up-regulated in MIBC patients, whereas others, such as miR-92 and miR-33, were inversely correlated with advanced clinical stage, supporting the notion that miRNAs released in the circulation have a variety of cellular origins. Logistic regression modeling was able to predict diagnosis with 89% accuracy for detecting the presence or absence of BC, 92% accuracy for distinguishing invasive BC from other cases, 100% accuracy for distinguishing MIBC from controls, and 79% accuracy for three-way classification between MIBC, NIMBC, and controls. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary data supporting the use of plasma miRNAs as a noninvasive means of BC detection. Future studies will be required to further specify the optimal plasma miRNA signature, and to apply these signatures to clinical scenarios, such as initial BC detection and BC surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Adam
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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205
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Theepigenetic profile of bladder cancer. Epigenomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511777271.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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206
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Zaravinos A, Radojicic J, Lambrou GI, Volanis D, Delakas D, Stathopoulos EN, Spandidos DA. Expression of miRNAs Involved in Angiogenesis, Tumor Cell Proliferation, Tumor Suppressor Inhibition, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Activation of Metastasis in Bladder Cancer. J Urol 2012; 188:615-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.03.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Zaravinos
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jelena Radojicic
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George I. Lambrou
- First Department of Pediatrics, Choremeio Research Laboratory, University of Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Volanis
- Laboratory of Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Urology, Asklipieio General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Delakas
- Department of Urology, Asklipieio General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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207
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A Decade of FGF Receptor Research in Bladder Cancer: Past, Present, and Future Challenges. Adv Urol 2012; 2012:429213. [PMID: 22899908 PMCID: PMC3415141 DOI: 10.1155/2012/429213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) orchestrate a variety of cellular functions by binding to their transmembrane tyrosine-kinase receptors (FGFRs) and activating downstream signalling pathways, including RAS/MAPK, PLCγ1, PI3K, and STATs. In the last ten years, it has become clear that FGF signalling is altered in a high proportion of bladder tumours. Activating mutations and/or overexpression of FGFR3 are common in urothelial tumours with low malignant potential and low-stage and -grade urothelial carcinomas (UCs) and are associated with a lower risk of progression and better survival in some subgroups. FGFR1 is not mutated in UC, but overexpression is frequent in all grades and stages and recent data indicate a role in urothelial epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that FGFR inhibition has cytotoxic and/or cytostatic effects in FGFR-dependent bladder cancer cells and FGFR-targeted agents are currently being investigated in clinical studies for the treatment of UC. Urine-based tests detecting common FGFR3 mutations are also under development for surveillance of low-grade and -stage tumours and for general population screening. Overall, FGFRs hold promise as therapeutic targets, diagnostic and prognostic markers, and screening tools for early detection and clinical management of UC.
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208
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Ratert N, Meyer HA, Jung M, Mollenkopf HJ, Wagner I, Miller K, Kilic E, Erbersdobler A, Weikert S, Jung K. Reference miRNAs for miRNAome analysis of urothelial carcinomas. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39309. [PMID: 22745731 PMCID: PMC3380005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is widely used in microRNA (miRNA) expression studies on cancer. To compensate for the analytical variability produced by the multiple steps of the method, relative quantification of the measured miRNAs is required, which is based on normalization to endogenous reference genes. No study has been performed so far on reference miRNAs for normalization of miRNA expression in urothelial carcinoma. The aim of this study was to identify suitable reference miRNAs for miRNA expression studies by RT-qPCR in urothelial carcinoma. METHODS Candidate reference miRNAs were selected from 24 urothelial carcinoma and normal bladder tissue samples by miRNA microarrays. The usefulness of these candidate reference miRNAs together with the commonly for normalization purposes used small nuclear RNAs RNU6B, RNU48, and Z30 were thereafter validated by RT-qPCR in 58 tissue samples and analyzed by the algorithms geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Based on the miRNA microarray data, a total of 16 miRNAs were identified as putative reference genes. After validation by RT-qPCR, miR-101, miR-125a-5p, miR-148b, miR-151-5p, miR-181a, miR-181b, miR-29c, miR-324-3p, miR-424, miR-874, RNU6B, RNU48, and Z30 were used for geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper analyses that gave different combinations of recommended reference genes for normalization. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided the first systematic analysis for identifying suitable reference miRNAs for miRNA expression studies of urothelial carcinoma by RT-qPCR. Different combinations of reference genes resulted in reliable expression data for both strongly and less strongly altered miRNAs. Notably, RNU6B, which is the most frequently used reference gene for miRNA studies, gave inaccurate normalization. The combination of four (miR-101, miR-125a-5p, miR-148b, and miR-151-5p) or three (miR-148b, miR-181b, and miR-874,) reference miRNAs is recommended for normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ratert
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
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209
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Slaby O, Bienertova-Vasku J, Svoboda M, Vyzula R. Genetic polymorphisms and microRNAs: new direction in molecular epidemiology of solid cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:8-21. [PMID: 21692980 PMCID: PMC3823089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, which regulate gene expression. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may occur in miRNA biogenesis pathway genes, primary miRNA, pre-miRNA or a mature miRNA sequence. Such polymorphisms may be functional with respect to biogenesis and actions of mature miRNA. Specific SNPs were identified in predicted miRNA target sites within 3′ untranslated regions of mRNAs. These SNPs have a potential to affect the efficiency of miRNA binding to the target sites or can create or disrupt binding sites. Resulting gene dysregulation may involve changes in phenotype and may eventually prove critical for the susceptibility to cancer and its onset as well as for estimates of prognosis and therapy response. In this review, we provide a comprehensive list of potentially functional miRNA-related SNPs and summarize their importance as candidate cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Slaby
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Brno, Czech Republic.
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210
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Miah S, Dudziec E, Drayton RM, Zlotta AR, Morgan SL, Rosario DJ, Hamdy FC, Catto JWF. An evaluation of urinary microRNA reveals a high sensitivity for bladder cancer. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:123-8. [PMID: 22644299 PMCID: PMC3389418 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Urinary biomarkers are needed to improve the care and reduce the cost of managing bladder cancer. Current biomarkers struggle to identify both high and low-grade cancers due to differing molecular pathways. Changes in microRNA (miR) expression are seen in urothelial carcinogenesis in a phenotype-specific manner. We hypothesised that urinary miRs reflecting low- and high-grade pathways could detect bladder cancers and overcome differences in genetic events seen within the disease. Methods: We investigated urinary samples (n=121) from patients with bladder cancer (n=68) and age-matched controls (n=53). Fifteen miRs were quantified using real-time PCR. Results: We found that miR is stable within urinary cells despite adverse handling and detected differential expression of 10 miRs from patients with cancer and controls (miRs−15a/15b/24-1/27b/100/135b/203/212/328/1224, ANOVA P<0.05). Individually, miR-1224-3p had the best individual performance with specificity, positive and negative predictive values and concordance of 83%, 83%, 75% and 77%, respectively. The combination of miRs-135b/15b/1224-3p detected bladder cancer with a high sensitivity (94.1%), sufficient specificity (51%) and was correct in 86% of patients (concordance). Conclusion: The use of this panel in patients with haematuria would have found 94% of urothelial cell carcinoma, while reducing cystoscopy rates by 26%. However, two invasive cancers (3%) would have been missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miah
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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211
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Netto GJ, Cheng L. Emerging critical role of molecular testing in diagnostic genitourinary pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2012; 136:372-90. [PMID: 22458900 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2011-0471-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The unprecedented advances in cancer genetics and genomics are rapidly affecting clinical management and diagnostics in solid tumor oncology. Molecular diagnostics is now an integral part of routine clinical management in patients with lung, colon, and breast cancer. In sharp contrast, molecular biomarkers have been largely excluded from current management algorithms of urologic malignancies. OBJECTIVE To discuss promising candidate biomarkers that may soon make their transition to the realm of clinical management of genitourologic malignancies. The need for new treatment alternatives that can improve upon the modest outcome so far in patients with several types of urologic cancer is evident. Well-validated prognostic molecular biomarkers that can help clinicians identify patients in need of early aggressive management are lacking. Identifying robust predictive biomarkers that will stratify response to emerging targeted therapeutics is another crucially needed development. A compiled review of salient studies addressing the topic could be helpful in focusing future efforts. DATA SOURCES A PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) search for published studies with the following search terms was conducted: molecular , prognostic , targeted therapy , genomics , theranostics and urinary bladder cancer , prostate adenocarcinoma , and renal cell carcinoma . Articles with large cohorts and multivariate analyses were given preference. CONCLUSIONS Our recent understanding of the complex molecular alterations involved in the development and progression of urologic malignancies is yielding novel diagnostic and prognostic molecular tools and opening the doors for experimental targeted therapies for these prevalent, frequently lethal solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
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212
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Thomas F, Rosario DJ, Rubin N, Goepel JR, Abbod MF, Catto JWF. The long-term outcome of treated high-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer: time to change treatment paradigm? Cancer 2012; 118:5525-34. [PMID: 22544645 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of high-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is difficult given its unpredictable natural history and patient comorbidities. Because current case series are mostly limited in size, the authors report the outcomes from a large, single-center series. METHODS The authors reviewed all patients with primary, high-risk NMIBC at their institution from 1994 to 2010. Outcomes were matched with clinicopathologic data. Patients who had muscle invasion within 6 months or had insufficient follow-up (<6 months) were excluded. Correlations were analyzed using multivariable Cox regression and log-rank analysis (2-sided; P < .05). RESULTS In total, 712 patients (median age, 73.7 years) were included. Progression to muscle invasion occurred in 110 patients (15.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 13%-18.3%) at a median of 17.2 months (interquartile range, 8.9-35.8 months), including 26.5% (95% CI, 22.2%-31.3%) of the 366 patients who had >5 years follow-up. Progression was associated with age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; P = .007), dysplastic urothelium (HR, 1.6; P = .003), urothelial cell carcinoma variants (HR, 3.2; P = .001), and recurrence (HR, 18.3; P < .001). Disease-specific mortality occurred in 134 patients (18.8%; 95% CI, 16.1%-21.9%) at a median of 28 months (interquartile range, 15-45 months), including 28.7% (95% CI, 24.5%-33.3%) of those who had 5 years of follow-up. Disease-specific mortality was associated with age (HR, 1.1; P < .001), stage (HR, 1.7; P = .003), dysplasia (HR, 1.3; P = .05), and progression (HR, 5.2; P < .001). Neither progression nor disease-specific mortality were associated with the receipt of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (P > .6). CONCLUSIONS Within a program of conservative treatment, progression of high-risk NMIBC was associated with a poor prognosis. Surveillance and bacillus Calmette-Guerin were ineffective in altering the natural history of this disease. The authors concluded that the time has come to rethink the paradigm of management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Thomas
- The Academic Urology Unit and Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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213
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Abstract
This article focuses on the epigenetic alterations of aberrant promoter hypermethylation of genes, and histone modifications or RNA interference in cancer cells. Current knowledge of the hypermethylation of allele(s) in classical tumor suppressor genes in inherited and sporadic cancer, candidate tumor suppressor and other cancer genes is summarized gene by gene. Global and array-based studies of tumor cell hypermethylation are discussed. The importance of standardization of scoring of the methylation status of a gene is highlighted. The histone marks associated with hypermethylated genes, and the miRNAs with dysregulated expression, in kidney or bladder tumor cells are also discussed. Kidney cancer has the highest mortality rate of the genito-urinary cancers. There are management issues associated with the high recurrence rate of superficial bladder cancer, while muscle-invasive bladder cancer has a poor prognosis. These clinical problems are the basis for the translational application of gene hypermethylation in the diagnosis and prognosis of kidney and bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Hoffman
- Departments of Surgical Oncology & Pathology, W350, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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214
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Dudziec E, Goepel JR, Catto JWF. Global epigenetic profiling in bladder cancer. Epigenomics 2012; 3:35-45. [PMID: 22126151 DOI: 10.2217/epi.10.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is a common disease that arises from two distinct molecular pathways, and is one of the most expensive malignancies to manage. Accurate biomarkers that could detect tumor recurrence or predict future progression would improve the care of patients and reduce the cost of managing the disease. DNA methylation, histone modification and ncRNA expression are important epigenetic mechanisms that regulate the expression of genes. These regulatory mechanisms are altered with bladder cancer, and therefore, represent potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets owing to the reversible nature of their modification. In this article, we will discuss these epigenetic changes in bladder cancer and assess their clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dudziec
- The Institute for Cancer Studies & The Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, UK
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215
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Puerta-Gil P, García-Baquero R, Jia AY, Ocaña S, Alvarez-Múgica M, Alvarez-Ossorio JL, Cordon-Cardo C, Cava F, Sánchez-Carbayo M. miR-143, miR-222, and miR-452 are useful as tumor stratification and noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers for bladder cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1808-15. [PMID: 22426337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Altered microRNA (miRNA) expression may occur early in bladder cancer and may play a role in carcinogenesis and tumor behavior. We evaluated whether alterations in miRNA expression could improve disease stratification and outcome prognosis in bladder tumors and noninvasive diagnosis in urinary samples. miR-143, miR-222, and miR-452 expression levels were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) in paired urinary and matching tumors and in two independent prospective series of tumors and urinary specimens. Differential expression of miR-143, miR-222, and miR-452 in urine were verified by in situ hybridization in matching tumors. Tumor miRNA expression by RT-qPCR correlated with tumor grade, size, and presence of carcinoma in situ for miR-222, recurrence (miR-222 and miR-143), progression (miR-222 and miR-143), disease-specific survival (miR-222), and overall survival (miR-222). Protein expression patterns of potential miRNA targets, including vascular endothelial growth factor, BCL2, v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene (ERBB) homolog 3, and ERBB4, were evaluated by IHC in tissue arrays containing tumors for which miRNAs were assessed by RT-qPCR. Target expression correlated with expression of their predicted regulatory miRNAs, recurrence (ERBB3), progression (ERBB4), disease-specific survival (ERBB3 and ERBB4), and overall survival (ERBB3 and ERBB4). Furthermore, RT-qPCR of miR-452 (area under the curve, 0.848) and miR-222 (area under the curve, 0.718) in urine provided high accuracies for bladder cancer diagnosis. Thus, bladder tumors were characterized by changes in miRNA expression that could aid in tumor stratification and clinical outcome prognosis, and miRNAs were detected in urinary specimens for noninvasive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Puerta-Gil
- Tumor Markers Group, Molecular Pathology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center, Madrid, Spain
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216
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Dudziec E, Gogol-Döring A, Cookson V, Chen W, Catto J. Integrated epigenome profiling of repressive histone modifications, DNA methylation and gene expression in normal and malignant urothelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32750. [PMID: 22412920 PMCID: PMC3296741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is commonly altered in human cancer. We have observed alterations of DNA methylation and microRNA expression that reflect the biology of bladder cancer. This common disease arises by distinct pathways with low and high-grade differentiation. We hypothesized that epigenetic gene regulation reflects an interaction between histone and DNA modifications, and differences between normal and malignant urothelial cells represent carcinogenic events within bladder cancer. To test this we profiled two repressive histone modifications (H3K9m3 and H3K27m3) using ChIP-Seq, cytosine methylation using MeDIP and mRNA expression in normal and malignant urothelial cell lines. In genes with low expression we identified H3K27m3 and DNA methylation each in 20–30% of genes and both marks in 5% of genes. H3K9m3 was detected in 5–10% of genes but was not associated with overall expression. DNA methylation was more closely related to gene expression in malignant than normal cells. H3K27m3 was the epigenetic mark most specifically correlated to gene silencing. Our data suggest that urothelial carcinogenesis is accompanied by a loss of control of both DNA methylation and H3k27 methylation. From our observations we identified a panel of genes with cancer specific-epigenetic mediated aberrant expression including those with reported carcinogenic functions and members potentially mediating a positive epigenetic feedback loop. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed genes marked by H3K9m3 were involved with cell homeostasis, those marked by H3K27m3 mediated pro-carcinogenic processes and those marked with cytosine methylation were mixed in function. In 150 normal and malignant urothelial samples, our gene panel correctly estimated expression in 65% of its members. Hierarchical clustering revealed that this gene panel stratified samples according to the presence and phenotype of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dudziec
- Institute for Cancer Studies and Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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217
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Nair VS, Maeda LS, Ioannidis JPA. Clinical outcome prediction by microRNAs in human cancer: a systematic review. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:528-40. [PMID: 22395642 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djs027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA (miR) expression may have prognostic value for many types of cancers. However, the miR literature comprises many small studies. We systematically reviewed and synthesized the evidence. METHODS Using MEDLINE (last update December 2010), we identified English language studies that examined associations between miRs and cancer prognosis using tumor specimens for more than 10 patients during classifier development. We included studies that assessed a major clinical outcome (nodal disease, disease progression, response to therapy, metastasis, recurrence, or overall survival) in an agnostic fashion using either polymerase chain reaction or hybridized oligonucleotide microarrays. RESULTS Forty-six articles presenting results on 43 studies pertaining to 20 different types of malignancy were eligible for inclusion in this review. The median study size was 65 patients (interquartile range [IQR] = 34-129), the median number of miRs assayed was 328 (IQR = 250-470), and overall survival or recurrence were the most commonly measured outcomes (30 and 19 studies, respectively). External validation was performed in 21 studies, 20 of which reported at least one nominally statistically significant result for a miR classifier. The median hazard ratio for poor outcome in externally validated studies was 2.52 (IQR = 2.26-5.40). For all classifier miRs in studies that evaluated overall survival across diverse malignancies, the miRs most frequently associated with poor outcome after accounting for differences in miR assessment due to platform type were let-7 (decreased expression in patients with cancer) and miR 21 (increased expression). CONCLUSIONS MiR classifiers show promising prognostic associations with major cancer outcomes and specific miRs are consistently identified across diverse studies and platforms. These types of classifiers require careful external validation in large groups of cancer patients that have adequate protection from bias. -
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswam S Nair
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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218
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Foster DJ, Barros S, Duncan R, Shaikh S, Cantley W, Dell A, Bulgakova E, O'Shea J, Taneja N, Kuchimanchi S, Sherrill CB, Akinc A, Hinkle G, Seila White AC, Pang B, Charisse K, Meyers R, Manoharan M, Elbashir SM. Comprehensive evaluation of canonical versus Dicer-substrate siRNA in vitro and in vivo. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 18:557-68. [PMID: 22294662 PMCID: PMC3285942 DOI: 10.1261/rna.031120.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), researchers have identified a variety of small interfering RNA (siRNA) structures that demonstrate the ability to silence gene expression through the classical RISC-mediated mechanism. One such structure, termed "Dicer-substrate siRNA" (dsiRNA), was proposed to have enhanced potency via RISC-mediated gene silencing, although a comprehensive comparison of canonical siRNAs and dsiRNAs remains to be described. The present study evaluates the in vitro and in vivo activities of siRNAs and dsiRNAs targeting Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog (PTEN) and Factor VII (FVII). More than 250 compounds representing both siRNA and dsiRNA structures were evaluated for silencing efficacy. Lead compounds were assessed for duration of silencing and other key parameters such as cytokine induction. We identified highly active compounds from both canonical siRNAs and 25/27 dsiRNAs. Lead compounds were comparable in potency both in vitro and in vivo as well as duration of silencing in vivo. Duplexes from both structural classes tolerated 2'-OMe chemical modifications well with respect to target silencing, although some modified dsiRNAs demonstrated reduced activity. On the other hand, dsiRNAs were more immunostimulatory as compared with the shorter siRNAs, both in vitro and in vivo. Because the dsiRNA structure does not confer any appreciable benefits in vitro or in vivo while demonstrating specific liabilities, further studies are required to support their applications in RNAi therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Foster
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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219
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Teo MT, Landi D, Taylor CF, Elliott F, Vaslin L, Cox DG, Hall J, Landi S, Bishop D, Kiltie AE. The role of microRNA-binding site polymorphisms in DNA repair genes as risk factors for bladder cancer and breast cancer and their impact on radiotherapy outcomes. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:581-6. [PMID: 22166496 PMCID: PMC3291859 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression through binding to messenger RNAs (mRNA) thereby promoting mRNA degradation or altered translation. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located within a miRNA-binding site could thus alter mRNA translation and influence cancer risk and treatment response. The common SNPs located within the 3'-untranslated regions of 20 DNA repair genes were analysed for putative miRNA-binding sites using bioinformatics algorithms, calculating the difference in Gibbs free binding energy (ΔΔG) for each wild-type versus variant allele. Seven SNPs were selected to be genotyped in germ line DNAs both from a bladder cancer case-control series (752 cases and 704 controls) and 202 muscle-invasive bladder cancer radiotherapy cases. The PARP-1 SNP rs8679 was also genotyped in a breast cancer case-control series (257 cases and 512 controls). Without adjustment for multiple testing, multivariate analysis demonstrated an association with increased bladder cancer risk with PARP1 rs8679 (P(trend) = 0.05) while variant homozygotes of PARP1 rs8679 were also noted to have an increased breast cancer risk (P = 0.03). In the radiotherapy cases, carriers of the RAD51 rs7180135 minor allele had improved cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.31-0.87, P = 0.01). This is the first report of associations between DNA repair gene miRNA-binding site SNPs with bladder and breast cancer risk and radiotherapy outcomes. If validated, these findings may give further insight into the biology of bladder carcinogenesis, allow testing of the RAD51 SNP as a potential predictive biomarker and also reveal potential targets for new cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debora Landi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | | | | | - Laurence Vaslin
- INSERM U612, Orsay 91405, France
- Institut Curie, Orsay 91405, France
| | - David G. Cox
- Lyon Cancer Research Centre, INSERM U1052, Lyon 69008, France
| | - Janet Hall
- INSERM U612, Orsay 91405, France
- Institut Curie, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Stefano Landi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | | | - Anne E. Kiltie
- Department of Oncology, Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DU, UK
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220
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Miah S, Catto JWF. MicroRNA in prostate cancer: an opportunity to individualize patient care. J Urol 2012; 187:1155-6. [PMID: 22335879 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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221
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Chen H, Lin YW, Mao YQ, Wu J, Liu YF, Zheng XY, Xie LP. MicroRNA-449a acts as a tumor suppressor in human bladder cancer through the regulation of pocket proteins. Cancer Lett 2012; 320:40-7. [PMID: 22266187 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Frequent downregulation of microRNA-449a (miR-449a) was detected in 14 human bladder cancer tissues. The restoration of miR-449a inhibited cell growth and induced G1-phase arrest in T24 and 5637 human bladder cancer cells. CDK6 and CDC25a were downregulated after miR-449a treatment, resulting in the functional accumulation of the pocket proteins Rb and p130. The growth of T24 tumor xenografts was suppressed by exogenous miR-449a, and the nuclear proliferation antigen Ki-67 was downregulated in miR-449a-treated tumors. These results suggest a tumor-suppressive role for miR-449a in human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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222
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Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that changes in circulating microRNAs (miRs) represent potentially useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, staging and prediction of outcome in prostate cancer. Methods: Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of 742 miRs was performed using plasma-derived circulating microvesicles of 78 prostate cancer patients and 28 normal control individuals to identify differentially quantified miRs. Results: A total of 12 miRs were differentially quantified in prostate cancer patients compared with controls, including 9 in patients without metastases. In all, 11 miRs were present in significantly greater amounts in prostate cancer patients with metastases compared with those without metastases. The association of miR-141 and miR-375 with metastatic prostate cancer was confirmed using serum-derived exosomes and microvesicles in a separate cohort of patients with recurrent or non-recurrent disease following radical prostatectomy. An analysis of five selected miRs in urine samples found that miR-107 and miR-574-3p were quantified at significantly higher concentrations in the urine of men with prostate cancer compared with controls. Conclusion: These observations suggest that changes in miR concentration in prostate cancer patients may be identified by analysing various body fluids. Moreover, circulating miRs may be used to diagnose and stage prostate cancer.
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223
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Tatarano S, Chiyomaru T, Kawakami K, Enokida H, Yoshino H, Hidaka H, Nohata N, Yamasaki T, Gotanda T, Tachiwada T, Seki N, Nakagawa M. Novel oncogenic function of mesoderm development candidate 1 and its regulation by MiR-574-3p in bladder cancer cell lines. Int J Oncol 2011; 40:951-9. [PMID: 22179486 PMCID: PMC3584521 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies suggested that microRNA (miR)-574-3p is a candidate tumor suppressor microRNA (miRNA) in human bladder cancer (BC). Among 17 down-regulated miRNAs, miR-574-3p is located on chromosome 4p14 where we had identified a chromosomal loss region by array-CGH in BC cell lines. MiR-574-3p expression was down-regulated in BC cell lines. Gain-of-function analysis revealed that cell proliferation, migration and invasion were significantly inhibited in miR-574-3p-transfected BC cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis showed that cell apoptosis was induced in miR-574-3p transfectants. Oligo microarray analysis suggested that the mesoderm development candidate 1 (MESDC1) gene was a target gene in miR-574-3p transfectants. Luciferase assays revealed that miR-574-3p was directly bound to MESDC1 mRNA. MESDC1 is predicted to be a novel actin-binding protein located on chromosome 15q13. Although the gene is conserved among many species, its functional role is still unknown in both human malignancies and normal tissues. Loss-of-function studies demonstrated that cell proliferation, migration and invasion were significantly inhibited in si-MESDC1-transfected BC cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis showed that apoptosis was induced in si-MESDC1 transfectants. We are the first to demonstrate that miR-574-3p is a miRNA with tumor suppressor function and that MESDC1 (which has a potential oncogenic function in BC) may be targeted by miR-574-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Tatarano
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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224
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Abstract
The unprecedented advances in cancer genetics and genomics are rapidly affecting the clinical management of solid tumors. Molecular diagnostics are now an integral part of routine clinical management for patients with lung, colon, and breast cancer. In sharp contrast, molecular biomarkers have been largely excluded from current management algorithms for urologic malignancies. The need for new treatment options that can improve upon the modest outcomes currently associated with muscle-invasive bladder cancer is evident, and validated prognostic molecular biomarkers that can help clinicians to identify patients in need of early, aggressive management are lacking. Robust predictive biomarkers that are able to forecast and stratify responses to emerging targeted therapies are also needed.
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225
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Kilinc D, Ozdemir O, Ozdemir S, Korgali E, Koksal B, Uslu A, Gultekin YE. Alterations in promoter methylation status of tumor suppressor HIC1, SFRP2, and DAPK1 genes in prostate carcinomas. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 31:826-32. [PMID: 22136354 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypermethylated genomic DNA is a common feature in tumoral tissues, although the prevalence of this modification remains poorly understood. We aimed to determine the frequency of five tumor suppressor (TS) genes in prostate cancer and the correlation between promoter hypermethylation of these genes and low and high grade of prostate carcinomas. A total of 30 prostate tumor specimens were investigated for promoter methylation status of TS hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1), death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1), secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (SFRP2), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16), and O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) genes by using bisulfite modifying method. A high frequency of promoter hypermethylation was found in HIC1 (70.9%), SFRP2 (58.3%), and DAPK1 (33.3%) genes in tumor samples that were examined. The current data show high frequency of hypermethylation changes in HIC1, SFRP2, and DAPK1 genes in prostate carcinomas of high Gleason Score (GS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Devran Kilinc
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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226
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Bahubeshi A, Tischkowitz M, Foulkes WD. miRNA Processing and Human Cancer: DICER1 Cuts the Mustard. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:111ps46. [DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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227
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Convergence of miRNA expression profiling, α-synuclein interacton and GWAS in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25443. [PMID: 22003392 PMCID: PMC3189215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs were recently implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). miRNAs are abundant in the nervous system, essential for efficient brain function and play important roles in neuronal patterning and cell specification. To further investigate their involvement in the etiology of PD, we conducted miRNA expression profiling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 19 patients and 13 controls using microarrays. We found 18 miRNAs differentially expressed, and pathway analysis of 662 predicted target genes of 11 of these miRNAs revealed an over-representation in pathways previously linked to PD as well as novel pathways. To narrow down the genes for further investigations, we undertook a parallel approach using chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis to uncover genome-wide interactions of α-synuclein, a molecule with a central role in both monogenic and idiopathic PD. Convergence of ChIP-seq and miRNomics data highlighted the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis and the ubiquitin proteasome system as key players in PD. We then tested the association of target genes belonging to these pathways with PD risk, and identified nine SNPs in USP37 consistently associated with PD susceptibility in three genome-wide association studies (GWAS) datasets (0.46≤OR≤0.63) and highly significant in the meta-dataset (3.36×10⁻⁴<p <1.94×10⁻³). A SNP in ST8SIA4 was also highly associated with PD (p = 6.15×10⁻³) in the meta-dataset. These findings suggest that several miRNAs may act as regulators of both known and novel biological processes leading to idiopathic PD.
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228
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Fuchs TC, Hewitt P. Biomarkers for drug-induced renal damage and nephrotoxicity-an overview for applied toxicology. AAPS JOURNAL 2011; 13:615-31. [PMID: 21969220 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) and the monitoring of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming more important in industrialized countries. Because of the direct relation of kidney damage to the increasing age of the population, as well as the connection to other diseases like diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure, renal diseases/failure has increased in the last decades. In addition, drug-induced kidney injury, especially of patients in intensive care units, is very often a cause of AKI. The need for diagnostic tools to identify drug-induced nephrotoxicity has been emphasized by the ICH-regulated agencies. This has lead to multiple national and international projects focusing on the identification of novel biomarkers to enhance drug development. Several parameters related to AKI or CKD are known and have been used for several decades. Most of these markers deliver information only when renal damage is well established, as is the case for serum creatinine. The field of molecular toxicology has spawned new options of the detection of nephrotoxicity. These new developments lead to the identification of urinary protein biomarkers, including Kim-1, clusterin, osteopontin or RPA-1, and other transcriptional biomarkers which enable the earlier detection of AKI and deliver further information about the area of nephron damage or the underlying mechanism. These biomarkers were mainly identified and qualified in rat but also for humans, several biomarkers have been described and now have to be validated. This review will give an overview of traditional and novel tools for the detection of renal damage.
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229
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Integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression in childhood medulloblastoma compared with neural stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23935. [PMID: 21931624 PMCID: PMC3170291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity. Several molecular sub-types of MB have been identified, suggesting they may arise from distinct cells of origin. Data from animal models indicate that some MB sub-types arise from multipotent cerebellar neural stem cells (NSCs). Hence, microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles of primary MB samples were compared to CD133+ NSCs, aiming to identify deregulated miRNAs involved in MB pathogenesis. Expression profiling of 662 miRNAs in primary MB specimens, MB cell lines, and human CD133+ NSCs and CD133− neural progenitor cells was performed by qRT-PCR. Clustering analysis identified two distinct sub-types of MB primary specimens, reminiscent of sub-types obtained from their mRNA profiles. 21 significantly up-regulated and 12 significantly down-regulated miRNAs were identified in MB primary specimens relative to CD133+ NSCs (p<0.01). The majority of up-regulated miRNAs mapped to chromosomal regions 14q32 and 17q. Integration of the predicted targets of deregulated miRNAs with mRNA expression data from the same specimens revealed enrichment of pathways regulating neuronal migration, nervous system development and cell proliferation. Transient over-expression of a down-regulated miRNA, miR-935, resulted in significant down-regulation of three of the seven predicted miR-935 target genes at the mRNA level in a MB cell line, confirming the validity of this approach. This study represents the first integrated analysis of MB miRNA and mRNA expression profiles and is the first to compare MB miRNA expression profiles to those of CD133+ NSCs. We identified several differentially expressed miRNAs that potentially target networks of genes and signaling pathways that may be involved in the transformation of normal NSCs to brain tumor stem cells. Based on this integrative approach, our data provide an important platform for future investigations aimed at characterizing the role of specific miRNAs in MB pathogenesis.
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230
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Tilki D, Burger M, Dalbagni G, Grossman HB, Hakenberg OW, Palou J, Reich O, Rouprêt M, Shariat SF, Zlotta AR. Urine Markers for Detection and Surveillance of Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol 2011; 60:484-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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231
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Li BH, Zhou JS, Ye F, Cheng XD, Zhou CY, Lu WG, Xie X. Reduced miR-100 expression in cervical cancer and precursors and its carcinogenic effect through targeting PLK1 protein. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2166-74. [PMID: 21636267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although aberrant miRNAs expression has been documented, altered miR-100 expression in cervical cancer and precursor tissues and its carcinogenic effect and mechanism remain unexplored. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of miR-100 alteration in cervical carcinogenesis. METHODS The expression of miR-100 was examined by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) in 125 cervical tissues including normal cervical epithelium, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and cervical cancer, as well as in five cervical cell lines. Through modulating miR-100 expression using miR-100 inhibitor or mimic in vitro, cell growth, cycle and apoptosis were tested separately by MTT or flow cytometry and meanwhile Polo-like kinase1 (PLK1) mRNA and protein expressions were detected by qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. The expression of PLK1 in 125 cervical tissues was also examined by immunohistochemical staining and the correlation between miR-100 and PLK1 expression in the same tissues was analysed. Finally, HPV-16 E6/E7 expression was modulated by gene transfection and subsequently the level of miR-100 was examined by qRT-PCR. RESULTS The miR-100 expression showed a significantly and gradually reduced tendency from low-grade CIN, high-grade CIN to cervical cancer tissues and a significant decrease in HPV positive cervical cancer cell lines. The modulation of miR-100 expression remarkably influenced cell proliferation, cycle and apoptosis, as well as the level of PLK1 protein, but not mRNA, in vitro experiments. PLK1 expression was negatively correlated with miR-100 expression in CIN3 and cervical cancer tissues. The modulation of HR-HPV E6/E7 expression did not change miR-100 level. CONCLUSIONS The reduced miR-100 expression participates in the development of cervical cancer at least partly through loss of inhibition to target gene PLK1, which probably occurs in a relative late phase of carcinogenesis. HR-HPV E6/E7 may not directly regulate miR-100 expression in cervical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Hua Li
- Women's Reproductive Health Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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232
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Li D, Liu X, Lin L, Hou J, Li N, Wang C, Wang P, Zhang Q, Zhang P, Zhou W, Wang Z, Ding G, Zhuang SM, Zheng L, Tao W, Cao X. MicroRNA-99a inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth and correlates with prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36677-85. [PMID: 21878637 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.270561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In our in-depth analysis carried out by the Illumina Solexa massive parallel signature sequencing, microRNA-99a (miR-99a) was found to be the sixth abundant microRNA in the miRNome of normal human liver but was markedly down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Compelling evidence has suggested the important roles of microRNAs in HCC development. However, the biological function of miR-99a deregulation in HCC remains unknown. In this study, we found that miR-99a was remarkably decreased in HCC tissues and cell lines. Importantly, lower miR-99a expression in HCC tissues significantly correlated with shorter survival of HCC patients, and miR-99a was identified to be an independent predictor for the prognosis of HCC patients. Furthermore, restoration of miR-99a dramatically suppressed HCC cell growth in vitro by inducing the G(1) phase cell cycle arrest. Intratumoral injection of cholesterol-conjugated miR-99a mimics significantly inhibited tumor growth and reduced the α-fetoprotein level in HCC-bearing nude mice. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were further characterized as the direct targets of miR-99a. Furthermore, protein levels of IGF-1R and mTOR were found to be inversely correlated with miR-99a expression in HCC tissues. miR-99a mimics inhibited IGF-1R and mTOR pathways and subsequently suppressed expression of cell cycle-related proteins, including cyclin D1 in HCC cells. Conclusively, miR-99a expression was frequently down-regulated in HCC tissues and correlates with the prognosis of HCC patients, thus proposing miR-99a as a prospective prognosis predictor of HCC. miR-99a suppresses HCC growth by inducing cell cycle arrest, suggesting miR-99a as potential tumor suppressor for HCC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Saini S, Arora S, Majid S, Shahryari V, Chen Y, Deng G, Yamamura S, Ueno K, Dahiya R. Curcumin modulates microRNA-203-mediated regulation of the Src-Akt axis in bladder cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1698-709. [PMID: 21836020 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is often associated with recurrence and progression to invasive metastatic disease that have palliative therapeutic options. The use of traditional chemotherapeutic agents for bladder cancer management often suffers from toxicity and resistance concerns. This emphasizes the need for development of safer, natural, nontoxic compounds as chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive agents. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a natural compound that has been known to possess anticancer properties in various cancers, including bladder cancer. However, the biological targets of curcumin are not well defined. Recently, it has been proposed that curcumin may mediate epigenetic modulation of expression of microRNAs (miRNA). In this article, we define for the first time, that curcumin directly induces a tumor-suppressive miRNA, miR-203, in bladder cancer. miR-203 is frequently downregulated in bladder cancer due to DNA hypermethylation of its promoter. We studied the functional significance of miR-203 in bladder cancer cell lines and found that miR-203 has tumor suppressive properties. Also, we define Akt2 and Src as novel miR-203 targets in bladder cancer. Curcumin induces hypomethylation of the miR-203 promoter and subsequent upregulation of miR-203 expression. This leads to downregulation of miR-203 target genes Akt2 and Src that culminates in decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of bladder cancer cells. This is the first report that shows a direct effect of curcumin on inducing epigenetic changes at a miRNA promoter with direct biological consequences. Our study suggests that curcumin may offer a therapeutic advantage in the clinical management of refractory bladder cancer over other standard treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanjot Saini
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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234
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Fendler A, Stephan C, Yousef GM, Jung K. MicroRNAs as regulators of signal transduction in urological tumors. Clin Chem 2011; 57:954-68. [PMID: 21632885 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.157727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that have been shown to play pivotal roles in carcinogenesis. In the past decade, miRNAs have been the focus of much research in oncology, and there are great expectations for their utility as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. CONTENT In this review we examine how miRNAs can regulate signal transduction pathways in urological tumors. We performed in silico target prediction using TargetScan 5.1 to identify the signal transduction targets of miRNA, and we summarize the experimental evidence detailing miRNA regulation of pathways analyzed herein. SUMMARY miRNAs, which have been shown to be dysregulated in bladder, prostate, and renal cell cancer, are predicted to target key proteins in signal transduction. Because androgen receptor signaling is a major regulator of prostate cancer growth, its regulation by miRNAs has been well described. In addition, members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase) signaling pathway have been shown to be susceptible to miRNA regulation. In contrast, there are very few studies on the impact of miRNA regulation on signaling by VHL (von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor) and vascular endothelial growth factor in renal cell carcinoma or by fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 and p53 in bladder cancer. Many miRNAs are predicted to target important signaling pathways in urological tumors and are dysregulated in their respective cancer types; a systematic overview of miRNA regulation of signal transduction in urological tumors is pending. The identification of these regulatory networks might lead to novel targeted cancer therapies. In general, the targeting of miRNAs is a valuable approach to cancer therapy, as has been shown recently for various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Fendler
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
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235
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Catto JW. Improving the Outcome for Invasive Bladder Cancer: The Debate Regarding Pelvic Lymphadenectomy Moves From If to How. Eur Urol 2011; 59:719-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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236
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Schwamborn K, Gaisa NT, Henkel C. Tissue and serum proteomic profiling for diagnostic and prognostic bladder cancer biomarkers. Expert Rev Proteomics 2011; 7:897-906. [PMID: 21142890 DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A panel of biomarkers for the early detection of bladder cancer has not yet been identified. Many different molecules, including DNA, RNA or proteins have been reported but none have provided adequate sensitivity for a single-tier screening test or a test to replace cystoscopy. Therefore, multimarker panels are discussed at present to give a more-precise answer to the biomarker quest. Mass spectrometry or 2D gel-electrophoresis have evolved greatly within recent years and are capable of analyzing multiple proteins or peptides in parallel with high sensitivity and specificity. However, transmission of screening results from one laboratory to another is still the main pitfall of those methods; a fact that emphasizes the need for consistent and standardized procedures as suggested by the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO). In this article, recent results in screening approaches and other proteomic techniques used for biomarker evaluation in bladder cancer are discussed with a focus on serum and tissue biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Schwamborn
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen, Germany.
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237
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Zlotta AR. Word of wisdom. Re: a sequence variant at 4p16.3 confers susceptibility to urinary bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2011; 58:943-4. [PMID: 21414868 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre R Zlotta
- University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital/Princess Margaret Hospital-University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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238
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The small-nucleolar RNAs commonly used for microRNA normalisation correlate with tumour pathology and prognosis. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1168-77. [PMID: 21407217 PMCID: PMC3068486 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate small-nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) as reference genes when measuring miRNA expression in tumour samples, given emerging evidence for their role in cancer. METHODS Four snoRNAs, commonly used for normalisation, RNU44, RNU48, RNU43 and RNU6B, and miRNA known to be associated with pathological factors, were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction in two patient series: 219 breast cancer and 46 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). SnoRNA and miRNA were then correlated with clinicopathological features and prognosis. RESULTS Small-nucleolar RNA expression was as variable as miRNA expression (miR-21, miR-210, miR-10b). Normalising miRNA PCR expression data to these recommended snoRNAs introduced bias in associations between miRNA and pathology or outcome. Low snoRNA expression correlated with markers of aggressive pathology. Low levels of RNU44 were associated with a poor prognosis. RNU44 is an intronic gene in a cluster of highly conserved snoRNAs in the growth arrest specific 5 (GAS5) transcript, which is normally upregulated to arrest cell growth under stress. Low-tumour GAS5 expression was associated with a poor prognosis. RNU48 and RNU43 were also identified as intronic snoRNAs within genes that are dysregulated in cancer. CONCLUSION Small-nucleolar RNAs are important in cancer prognosis, and their use as reference genes can introduce bias when determining miRNA expression.
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239
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Ayala de la Peña F, Kanasaki K, Kanasaki M, Tangirala N, Maeda G, Kalluri R. Loss of p53 and acquisition of angiogenic microRNA profile are insufficient to facilitate progression of bladder urothelial carcinoma in situ to invasive carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:20778-87. [PMID: 21388952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.198069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressors in urothelium is considered critical for development of urothelial cancer. Here we report cloning of the urothelium-specific promoter uroplakin-II (UPK II) and generation of transgenic mice in which expression of SV40 large T antigen is driven by UPK II promoter. Inactivation of tumor suppressor p53 and pRb in urothelium by SV40 T antigen resulted in urothelial carcinoma, resembling human high-grade carcinoma in situ. Specific deletion of p53 in urothelial cells using the newly generated UPK II-Cre mice results in normal bladders without any evidence of cancer. The high-grade carcinoma in situ in the UPK II-SV40 mice is associated with significant activation of angiogenic signals consisting of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and VEGF and a down-regulation of thrombospondin-1. Interestingly, such pro-angiogenic activity was not associated with progression to invasive cancer. Analysis of bladder-associated microRNAs in carcinoma in situ lesions reveals a pro-angiogenic profile, with specific overexpression of miR-18a and miR-19a and down-regulation of miR-107. A group of microRNAs (miRs) identified as associated with invasive human urothelial cancer remained unchanged in this mouse model. Collectively, our results support the notion that activation of angiogenesis and loss of p53 are not sufficient for progression to invasive cancer. Our studies identify a new mouse model for bladder cancer that can be used to study factors that determine progression to an invasive phenotype of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ayala de la Peña
- 0Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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240
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Oneyama C, Ikeda J, Okuzaki D, Suzuki K, Kanou T, Shintani Y, Morii E, Okumura M, Aozasa K, Okada M. MicroRNA-mediated downregulation of mTOR/FGFR3 controls tumor growth induced by Src-related oncogenic pathways. Oncogene 2011; 30:3489-501. [PMID: 21383697 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase c-Src is upregulated in various human cancers, but the molecular mechanisms underlying c-Src-mediated tumor growth remain unclear. Here we examined the involvement of microRNAs in the c-Src-mediated tumor growth. Microarray profiling revealed that c-Src activation downregulates a limited set of microRNAs, including miR-99a, which targets oncogenic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). Re-expression of miR-99a suppressed tumor growth of c-Src-transformed cells, and this effect was restored by the overexpression of mTOR. The downregulation of miR-99a was also observed in epidermal growth factor- and Ras-transformed cells, and it was suppressed by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Furthermore, miR-99a downregulation is associated with mTOR/FGFR3 upregulation in various human lung cancer cells/tissues. The tumorigenicity of these cells was suppressed by the introduction of miR-99a. These findings suggest that the miR-99a-mTOR/FGFR3 pathway is crucial for controlling tumor growth in a wide range of human cancers that harbor upregulation of the Src-related oncogenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oneyama
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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241
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Hao Y, Zhao Y, Zhao X, He C, Pang X, Wu TC, Califano JA, Gu X. Improvement of prostate cancer detection by integrating the PSA test with miRNA expression profiling. Cancer Invest 2011; 29:318-24. [PMID: 21345070 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2011.554477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test is limited in prostate cancer diagnosis due to its inaccuracy. A new approach which integrates the PSA test with miRNA profiling was investigated to improve prostate cancer diagnosis. Six prostate cancer-related miRNAs (miR-16, -21, -34c, -101, -125b, -141) were tested in five cultured prostate cell lines and 20 human prostate specimens. We found that the miRNA expression profiles were significantly different between nontumorigenic and tumorigenic cell lines and specimens. Positive predictive value analysis of prostate cancer was increased from 40% to 87.5% by integrating patient PSA blood levels with miR-21 and miR-141 profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Hao
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Service, College of Dentistry, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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242
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Krutovskikh VA, Herceg Z. Oncogenic microRNAs (OncomiRs) as a new class of cancer biomarkers. Bioessays 2011; 32:894-904. [PMID: 21105295 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs (microRNAs or miRs) represent one of the most fertile areas of cancer research and recent advances in the field have prompted us to reconsider the traditional concept of cancer. Some miRs exert negative control over the expression of numerous oncoproteins in normal cells and consequently their deregulation is believed to be an important mechanism underlying cancer development and progression. Owing to their distinct patterns of expression associated with cancer type, remarkable stability and presence in blood and other body fluids, miRs are considered to be highly promising cancer biomarkers. The identification of "miR signatures" associating cancer cell phenotypes with disease outcome and specific risk factor exposures will undoubtedly open new avenues for early diagnosis and therapy of cancer, as well as for the development of novel strategies for cancer prevention.
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243
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Li Q, Tainsky MA. Higher miRNA tolerance in immortal Li-Fraumeni fibroblasts with abrogated interferon signaling pathway. Cancer Res 2011; 71:255-65. [PMID: 21199806 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The IFN pathway is abrogated in fibroblasts from Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) patients during spontaneous cellular immortalization, a necessary step in carcinogenesis. Microarray profiling of differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNA) revealed that most miRNAs were upregulated in IFN pathway-defective MDAH087-10 fibroblasts compared with MDAH087-N cells with relatively normal IFN signaling. Overexpression of Dicer, a critical enzyme in miRNA biogenesis, promoted cell growth and colony formation in MDAH087-10 cells. However, double-stranded miRNA produced by Dicer enhanced the expression of IFN-stimulated genes in MDAH087-N cells resulting in significant cell death and reduced cell growth. Furthermore, manipulation of the IFN pathway in immortal LFS fibroblasts through transcription factor IRF7 reversed their response to Dicer overexpression due to changed IFN pathway activity. Dicer overexpressing MDAH087-N cells contained lower levels of miRNA than vector control, and conversely much higher miRNA expression was detected in Dicer-transfected MDAH087-10 cells. Therefore, cells with a defective IFN pathway have a higher miRNA tolerance than cells with normal IFN pathway. This work indicates for the first time that the IFN pathway as mediated through the transcription factor IRF7 must be disrupted to permit miRNA upregulation to occur in early carcinogenesis. The IFN pathway appears to provide a checkpoint for miRNA level tolerance and its abrogation leads to cellular immortalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfang Li
- Program in Molecular Biology and Genetics, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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244
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Catto JWF, Alcaraz A, Bjartell AS, De Vere White R, Evans CP, Fussel S, Hamdy FC, Kallioniemi O, Mengual L, Schlomm T, Visakorpi T. MicroRNA in prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol 2011; 59:671-81. [PMID: 21296484 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT MicroRNAs (miRNA) are noncoding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Their altered expression and function have been observed in most urologic cancers. MiRNAs represent potential disease biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets. OBJECTIVE To review and evaluate the evidence implicating miRNAs in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa), bladder cancer (BCa), and renal cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic review was performed using PubMed and Embase to search for reports using strings for microRNA, non-coding RNA, cancer, prostate, bladder, and renal cancer. Identified manuscripts were retrieved and references searched. Selected studies were required to concentrate on the role of miRNA in these urologic cancers. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS We reviewed articles that focus on this topic. More than 40 miRNAs have been implicated in urologic cancer and many target common carcinogenic pathways. In particular, apoptosis avoidance, cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenic signalling, and the generation of androgen independence are targeted or facilitated by more than one miRNA. Little work has been done to evaluate the translational applications for this knowledge to date. Novel therapeutic strategies have been developed and are under investigation to selectively modulate miRNAs; such work would potentially enable personalised tumour therapy. CONCLUSIONS MiRNAs appear to be important modulators of urologic cancer. Their expression is frequently altered in these tumours, and many are functionally implicated in their pathogenesis. They require evaluation to determine the translational role and therapeutic potential for this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W F Catto
- Institute for Cancer Studies and Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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245
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Abstract
Epigenetic gene regulation is important in human cancer. Both functional and observational data implicate alterations of histone modifications, DNA promoter methylation, and non-coding RNA expression in carcinogenic roles. We sought to explore the role of aberrant DNA hypermethylation in the regulation of microRNA (miR) expression in human cancer. From human genome databases we calculated that 13 and 28% of human miR genes are located within 3 and 10 kb of a CpG island, respectively. To identify miRs that are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms in cancer, we performed expression profiling prior to and following treatment of cell lines with 5-azacytidine. We used oligonucleotide microarrays to determine miR expression. For miRs whose expression changed following 5-azacytidine treatment, we sequenced the adjacent CpG island and promoter using bisulphite-treated DNA. Here, we describe these methods to enable other researchers to use this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Choudhry
- Academic Urology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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246
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Singh PK, Mehla K, Hollingsworth MA, Johnson KR. Regulation of Aerobic Glycolysis by microRNAs in Cancer. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 3:125-134. [PMID: 22792411 PMCID: PMC3392682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common and profound biochemical phenotypes of animal and human cancer cells is their ability to metabolize glucose at high rates, even under aerobic conditions. Such alterations lead to establishment of tumor-specific metabolic machinery that is sufficient for supporting the biosynthetic and energy requirements of the tumor cells for facilitating rapid tumor growth and adaptation to new metastatic niches. These changes entail rapid glycolysis by the tumor cells, shifting the flux of glucose from tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to glycolysis, resulting in generation of vast amounts of lactate, which is then secreted outside the tumor cells. This phenomenon is also termed as Warburg effect, as originally described by Otto Warburg. Several oncogenes and tumor suppressors have been implicated in altering tumor cell metabolism in order to facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. MicroRNAs mediate fine-tuning of the cancerassociated glycolytic pathways either directly or at the level of oncogenes. This article intends to review the mechanisms and pathways by which miRNAs regulate the aerobic glycolysis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj K. Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Kamiya Mehla
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Michael A. Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Keith R. Johnson
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
- College of Dentistry-Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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247
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Zhu Y, Yu M, Li Z, Kong C, Bi J, Li J, Gao Z, Li Z. ncRAN, a newly identified long noncoding RNA, enhances human bladder tumor growth, invasion, and survival. Urology 2010; 77:510.e1-5. [PMID: 21147498 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the functional significance of ncRAN, a newly identified long noncoding RNA, expression in bladder cancer growth, invasion, and survival. METHODS Expression of ncRAN isoforms was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in 40 clinical specimens and four bladder cancer cell lines, respectively. The expression of ncRAN in the clinical specimens was correlated to clinical stage or grade to assess for potential relationship. ncRAN-long form or ncRAN-short form was stably overexpressed in human bladder cancer cell line, RT4(superficial) exhibiting low endogenous expression of ncRAN, respectively. The influence of ncRAN on cancer cell survival was evaluated by silencing with short hairpin RNA in 5637 cells (invasive). Functional assays were performed to study the resulting changes in cell proliferation, motility, invasion, and survival. RESULTS Expression of ncRAN was significantly higher in bladder cancers compared with normal tissues (P < .01) and in invasive tumor compared with superficial ones (P < .01). Consistently, ncRAN expressed significantly higher in invasive bladder tumor cell lines (5637, T24, J82) than that in superficial tumor cell line (RT4). Overexpression of ncRAN in RT4 cells significantly enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Silencing of ncRAN improved chemotherapy sensitivity in 5637 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our clinical and experimental data suggest that ncRAN may play an important role in the pathogenesis of human bladder cancer, and may help in designing effective therapy targeting the ncRAN pathway to control bladder cancer growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Urology, the First affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China.
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248
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Dudziec E, Miah S, Choudhry HMZ, Owen HC, Blizard S, Glover M, Hamdy FC, Catto JWF. Hypermethylation of CpG islands and shores around specific microRNAs and mirtrons is associated with the phenotype and presence of bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17:1287-96. [PMID: 21138856 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the role and translational potential for hypermethylation of CpG islands and shores in the regulation of small RNAs within urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC). To examine microRNAs (miR) and mirtrons, a new class of RNA located within gene introns and processed in a Drosha-independent manner. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The methylation status of 865 small RNAs was evaluated in normal and malignant cell lines by using 5-azacytidine and microarrays. Bisulfite sequencing was used for CpG regions around selected RNAs. Prognostic and diagnostic associations for epigenetically regulated RNAs were examined by using material from 359 patients, including 216 tumors and 121 urinary samples (68 cases and 53 controls). Functional analyses examined the effect of silencing susceptible RNAs in normal urothelial cells. RESULTS Exonic/UTR-located miRs and mirtons are most susceptible to epigenetic regulation. We identified 4 mirtrons and 16 miRs with CpG hypermethylation across 35 regions in normal and malignant urothelium. For several miRs, hypermethylation was more frequent and dense in CpG shores than islands (e.g., miRs-9/149/210/212/328/503/1224/1227/1229), and was associated with tumor grade, stage, and prognosis (e.g., miR-1224 multivariate analysis OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-5.0; P = 0.006). The urinary expression of epigenetically silenced RNAs (miRs-152/328/1224) was associated with the presence of UCC (concordance index, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.80-0.93; ANOVA P < 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Hypermethylation of mirtrons and miRs is common in UCC. Mirtrons appear particularly susceptible to epigenetic regulation. Aberrant hypermethylation of small RNAs is associated with the presence and behavior of UCC, suggesting potential roles as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dudziec
- The Institute for Cancer Studies and The Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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249
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Bladder cancer: translating molecular genetic insights into clinical practice. Hum Pathol 2010; 42:455-81. [PMID: 21106220 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma of the bladder is the second most common urologic malignancy and is one of the best understood neoplasms, with relatively well-defined pathogenetic pathways, natural history, and tumor biology. Conventional clinical and pathologic parameters are widely used to grade and stage tumors and to predict clinical outcome of transitional cell carcinoma; but the predictive ability of these parameters is limited, and there is a lack of indices that could allow prospective assessment of risk for individual patients. In the last decade, a wide range of candidate biomarkers representing key pathways in carcinogenesis have been reported to be clinically relevant and potentially useful as diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers, and as potential therapeutic targets. The use of molecular markers has facilitated the development of novel and more accurate diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies. FGFR3 and TP53 mutations have been recognized as key genetic pathways in the carcinogenesis of transitional cell carcinoma. FGFR3 appears to be the most frequently mutated oncogene in transitional cell carcinoma; its mutation is strongly associated with low tumor grade, early stage, and low recurrence rate, which confer a better overall prognosis. In contrast, TP53 mutations are associated with higher tumor grade, more advanced stage, and more frequent tumor recurrences. These molecular markers offer the potential to characterize individual urothelial neoplasms more completely than is possible by histologic evaluation alone. Areas in which molecular markers may prove valuable include prediction of tumor recurrence, molecular staging of transitional cell carcinoma, detection of lymph node metastasis and circulating cancer cells, identification of therapeutic targets, and prediction of response to therapy. With accumulating molecular knowledge of transitional cell carcinoma, we are closer to the goal of bridging the gap between molecular findings and clinical outcomes. Assessment of key genetic pathways and expression profiles could ultimately establish a set of molecular markers to predict the biological nature of tumors and to establish new standards for molecular tumor grading, classification, and prognostication. The main focus of this review is to discuss clinically relevant biomarkers that might be useful in the management of transitional cell carcinoma and to provide approaches in the analysis of molecular pathways that influence the clinical course of bladder cancer.
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250
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Williams SV, Platt FM, Hurst CD, Aveyard JS, Taylor CF, Pole JCM, Garcia MJ, Knowles MA. High-resolution analysis of genomic alteration on chromosome arm 8p in urothelial carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:642-59. [PMID: 20461757 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of chromosome arm 8p, sometimes in combination with amplification of proximal 8p, is found in urothelial carcinoma (UC) and other epithelial cancers and is associated with more advanced tumor stage. We carried out array comparative genomic hybridization on 174 UC and 33 UC cell lines to examine breakpoints and copy number. This was followed by a detailed analysis of the cell lines using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and, in some cases, M-FISH, to refine breakpoints and determine translocation partners, heterozygosity analysis, and analysis of expression of selected genes. We showed an overall pattern of 8p loss with reduced heterozygosity and reduced gene expression. Amplification was seen in some samples and shown in the cell line JMSU1 to correlate with overexpression of ZNF703, ERLIN2, PROSC, GPR124, and BRF2. Apart from the centromere, no single breakpoint was overrepresented, and we postulate that frequent complex changes without consistent breakpoints reflect the need for alterations of combinations of genes. The region around 2 Mb, which was homozygously deleted in one cell line and includes the gene ARHGEF10 and the micro-RNA hsa-mir-596, is one candidate tumor suppressor gene region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V Williams
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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