201
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Leong MC, Vedula SRK, Lim CT, Ladoux B. Geometrical constraints and physical crowding direct collective migration of fibroblasts. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e23197. [PMID: 23750300 PMCID: PMC3609846 DOI: 10.4161/cib.23197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Migrating cells constantly interact with their immediate microenvironment and neighbors. Although studies on single cell migration offer us insights into the molecular and biochemical signaling pathways, they cannot predict the influence of cell crowding and geometrical cues. Using microfabrication techniques, we examine the influence of cell density and geometrical constraints on migrating fibroblasts. Fibroblasts were allowed to migrate on fibronectin strips of different widths. Under such conditions, cells experience various physical guidance cues including boundary effect, confinement and contact inhibition from neighboring cells. Fibroblasts migrating along the edge of the fibronectin pattern exhibit spindle-like morphology, reminiscent of migrating cells within confined space and high cell density are associated with increased alignment and higher speed in migrating fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Chun Leong
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore
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202
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Donnez O, Van Langendonckt A, Defrère S, Colette S, Van Kerk O, Dehoux JP, Squifflet J, Donnez J. Induction of endometriotic nodules in an experimental baboon model mimicking human deep nodular lesions. Fertil Steril 2013; 99:783-789.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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203
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Abstract
Tumour progression requires the activation of a tumour and stromal cell-driven angiogenic programme, and the targeting of this process demonstrates an impact on tumour growth and progression. The results of preclinical studies have demonstrated a proinvasive/metastatic effect of antiangiogenic treatments with recent evidence supporting a contribution of the stroma to tumour aggressiveness and the short-term effects of antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Furthermore, hypoxia-dependent and -independent factors are considered as driving forces for tumour cell escape by altering both the tumour cells themselves and the stroma. This tumour-stromal cell alliance should be taken into consideration for the development of innovative therapeutic options targeting both tumour components to improve clinical benefits for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moserle
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Spain
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204
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Abstract
Cell polarity is fundamental for the architecture and function of epithelial tissues. Epithelial polarization requires the intervention of several fundamental cell processes, whose integration in space and time is only starting to be elucidated. To understand what governs the building of epithelial tissues during development, it is essential to consider the polarization process in the context of the whole tissue. To this end, the development of three-dimensional organotypic cell culture models has brought new insights into the mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of higher-order epithelial tissue architecture, and in the dynamic remodeling of cell polarity that often occurs during development of epithelial organs. Here we discuss some important aspects of mammalian epithelial morphogenesis, from the establishment of cell polarity to epithelial tissue generation.
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205
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Scianna M, Preziosi L, Wolf K. A Cellular Potts Model simulating cell migration on and in matrix environments. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2013; 10:235-261. [PMID: 23311371 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2013.10.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration on and through extracellular matrix is fundamental in a wide variety of physiological and pathological phenomena, and is exploited in scaffold-based tissue engineering. Migration is regulated by a number of extracellular matrix- or cell-derived biophysical parameters, such as matrix fiber orientation, pore size, and elasticity, or cell deformation, proteolysis, and adhesion. We here present an extended Cellular Potts Model (CPM) able to qualitatively and quantitatively describe cell migration efficiencies and phenotypes both on two-dimensional substrates and within three-dimensional matrices, close to experimental evidence. As distinct features of our approach, cells are modeled as compartmentalized discrete objects, differentiated into nucleus and cytosolic region, while the extracellular matrix is composed of a fibrous mesh and a homogeneous fluid. Our model provides a strong correlation of the directionality of migration with the topological extracellular matrix distribution and a biphasic dependence of migration on the matrix structure, density, adhesion, and stiffness, and, moreover, simulates that cell locomotion in highly constrained fibrillar obstacles requires the deformation of the cell's nucleus and/or the activity of cell-derived proteolysis. In conclusion, we here propose a mathematical modeling approach that serves to characterize cell migration as a biological phenomenon in healthy and diseased tissues and in engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Scianna
- Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy.
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206
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Yu M, Bardia A, Wittner BS, Stott SL, Smas ME, Ting DT, Isakoff SJ, Ciciliano JC, Wells MN, Shah AM, Concannon KF, Donaldson MC, Sequist LV, Brachtel E, Sgroi D, Baselga J, Ramaswamy S, Toner M, Haber DA, Maheswaran S. Circulating breast tumor cells exhibit dynamic changes in epithelial and mesenchymal composition. Science 2013; 339:580-4. [PMID: 23372014 PMCID: PMC3760262 DOI: 10.1126/science.1228522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1915] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of adherent epithelial cells to a migratory mesenchymal state has been implicated in tumor metastasis in preclinical models. To investigate its role in human cancer, we characterized EMT in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from breast cancer patients. Rare primary tumor cells simultaneously expressed mesenchymal and epithelial markers, but mesenchymal cells were highly enriched in CTCs. Serial CTC monitoring in 11 patients suggested an association of mesenchymal CTCs with disease progression. In an index patient, reversible shifts between these cell fates accompanied each cycle of response to therapy and disease progression. Mesenchymal CTCs occurred as both single cells and multicellular clusters, expressing known EMT regulators, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β pathway components and the FOXC1 transcription factor. These data support a role for EMT in the blood-borne dissemination of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Aditya Bardia
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ben S. Wittner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Shannon L. Stott
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Center for Bioengineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Malgorzata E. Smas
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - David T. Ting
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Steven J. Isakoff
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jordan C. Ciciliano
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Marissa N. Wells
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ajay M. Shah
- Center for Bioengineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kyle F. Concannon
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Maria C. Donaldson
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Lecia V. Sequist
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Elena Brachtel
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Dennis Sgroi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jose Baselga
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Sridhar Ramaswamy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Bioengineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Daniel A. Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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207
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Structure–activity relationship investigation of methoxy substitution on anticancer pyrimido[4,5-c]quinolin-1(2H)-ones. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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208
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Boulter E, Estrach S, Errante A, Pons C, Cailleteau L, Tissot F, Meneguzzi G, Féral CC. CD98hc (SLC3A2) regulation of skin homeostasis wanes with age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:173-90. [PMID: 23296466 PMCID: PMC3549711 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Loss of CD98hc expression in young adult skin induces changes similar to those associated with aging, including improper skin homeostasis and epidermal wound healing. Skin aging is linked to reduced epidermal proliferation and general extracellular matrix atrophy. This involves factors such as the cell adhesion receptors integrins and amino acid transporters. CD98hc (SLC3A2), a heterodimeric amino acid transporter, modulates integrin signaling in vitro. We unravel CD98hc functions in vivo in skin. We report that CD98hc invalidation has no appreciable effect on cell adhesion, clearly showing that CD98hc disruption phenocopies neither CD98hc knockdown in cultured keratinocytes nor epidermal β1 integrin loss in vivo. Instead, we show that CD98hc deletion in murine epidermis results in improper skin homeostasis and epidermal wound healing. These defects resemble aged skin alterations and correlate with reduction of CD98hc expression observed in elderly mice. We also demonstrate that CD98hc absence in vivo induces defects as early as integrin-dependent Src activation. We decipher the molecular mechanisms involved in vivo by revealing a crucial role of the CD98hc/integrins/Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) leukemia-associated RhoGEF (LARG)/RhoA pathway in skin homeostasis. Finally, we demonstrate that the deregulation of RhoA activation in the absence of CD98hc is also a result of impaired CD98hc-dependent amino acid transports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Boulter
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, AVENIR Team, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1081, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7284, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice 06107, France
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209
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El Sayed KA, Foudah AI, Mayer AMS, Crider AM, Song D. Synthesis, microbial transformation, and pharmacological evaluation of 4,5-dihydronaphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-ones and related analogues. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00111c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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210
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Abstract
Cancer cell invasion and dissemination from primary tumors are complex multistep mechanisms which remain poorly understood. It is now clear that cancer cells can adapt their mode of invasion to the signalling provided by the surrounding stroma. Single and collective cancer cell invasion are the two invasion features most currently observed and described by pathologists. Here we describe a three-dimensional organotypic assay that allows the study of squamous cell carcinoma cell collective invasion induced by the carcinoma associated fibroblasts. This model preserves the relationship between epithelial and mesenchymal cells, which are observed in vivo, and allows to decipher the molecular and cellular mechanisms involving the tumor and its stromal microenvironment. This three-dimensional model of invasion provides an invaluable tool to gain major insights in the understanding of tumor cell dissemination.
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211
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Group choreography: mechanisms orchestrating the collective movement of border cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:631-45. [PMID: 23000794 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell movements are essential for animal development and homeostasis but also contribute to disease. Moving cells typically extend protrusions towards a chemoattractant, adhere to the substrate, contract and detach at the rear. It is less clear how cells that migrate in interconnected groups in vivo coordinate their behaviour and navigate through natural environments. The border cells of the Drosophila melanogaster ovary have emerged as an excellent model for the study of collective cell movement, aided by innovative genetic, live imaging, and photomanipulation techniques. Here we provide an overview of the molecular choreography of border cells and its more general implications.
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212
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Orgaz JL, Sanz-Moreno V. Emerging molecular targets in melanoma invasion and metastasis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 26:39-57. [PMID: 23095214 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic cutaneous melanoma accounts for the majority of skin cancer deaths due to its aggressiveness and high resistance to current therapies. To efficiently metastasize, invasive melanoma cells need to change their cytoskeletal organization and alter contacts with the extracellular matrix and the surrounding stromal cells. Melanoma cells can use different migratory strategies depending on varying environments to exit the primary tumour mass and invade surrounding and later distant tissues. In this review, we have focused on tumour cell plasticity or the interconvertibility that melanoma cells have as one of the factors that contribute to melanoma metastasis. This has been an area of very intense research in the last 5 yr yielding a vast number of findings. We have therefore reviewed all the possible clinical opportunities that this new knowledge offers to both stratify and treat cutaneous malignant melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Orgaz
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
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213
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Ng MR, Besser A, Danuser G, Brugge JS. Substrate stiffness regulates cadherin-dependent collective migration through myosin-II contractility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 199:545-63. [PMID: 23091067 PMCID: PMC3483134 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201207148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical microenvironment is known to influence single-cell migration; however, the extent to which mechanical cues affect collective migration of adherent cells is not well understood. We measured the effects of varying substrate compliance on individual cell migratory properties in an epithelial wound-healing assay. Increasing substrate stiffness increased collective cell migration speed, persistence, and directionality as well as the coordination of cell movements. Dynamic analysis revealed that wounding initiated a wave of motion coordination from the wound edge into the sheet. This was accompanied by a front-to-back gradient of myosin-II activation and establishment of cell polarity. The propagation was faster and farther reaching on stiff substrates, indicating that substrate stiffness affects the transmission of directional cues. Manipulation of myosin-II activity and cadherin-catenin complexes revealed that this transmission is mediated by coupling of contractile forces between neighboring cells. Thus, our findings suggest that the mechanical environment integrates in a feedback with cell contractility and cell-cell adhesion to regulate collective migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Rosa Ng
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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214
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Abstract
SUMMARY Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been identified in peripheral blood of patients affected by lung cancer. CTCs may be the origin of micrometastases, which may be present even if not detectable by standard imaging techniques. Different approaches have been developed to detect CTCs, but the only validated approach (CellSearch®; Veridex, LLC, NJ, USA) is limited by its intrinsic dependence on EpCAM expression. Several studies investigating the role of CTCs as diagnostic, prognostic and predictive factors have been published. To date, there is growing evidence supporting the notion that CTCs can be considered as independent prognostic factors in advanced and radically resected non-small-cell lung cancer and in small-cell lung cancer. CTCs could also represent a promising way to assess biological features that are predictive of response to target agents and to evaluate the onset of mechanisms of resistance after chemotherapy or biological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bordi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Marcello Tiseo
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43100 Parma, Italy
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215
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Jayo A, Parsons M. Imaging of cell adhesion events in 3D matrix environments. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:824-33. [PMID: 22705211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion plays an essential role in development and homeostasis, but is also a key regulator of many diseases such as cancer and immune dysfunction. Numerous studies over the past three decades have revealed a wealth of information detailing signalling molecules required for cell adhesion to two-dimensional surfaces. However, in vivo many cells are completely surrounded by matrix and this will very likely influence the size, composition and dynamics of adhesive structures. The study of adhesion in cells within three-dimensional environments is still in its infancy, thus the role and regulation of adhesions in these complex environments remains unclear. The recent development of new experimental models coupled with significant advances in cell imaging approaches have provided platforms for researchers to begin to dissect adhesion signalling in cells in 3D matrices. Here we summarise the recent insights in cell adhesion formation and regulation in 3D model systems and the imaging approaches used to analyse these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Jayo
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guys Campus, UK
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216
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Miron-Mendoza M, Lin X, Ma L, Ririe P, Petroll WM. Individual versus collective fibroblast spreading and migration: regulation by matrix composition in 3D culture. Exp Eye Res 2012; 99:36-44. [PMID: 22838023 PMCID: PMC3571722 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) supplies both physical and chemical signals to cells and provides a substrate through which fibroblasts migrate during wound repair. To directly assess how ECM composition regulates this process, we used a nested 3D matrix model in which cell-populated collagen buttons were embedded in cell-free collagen or fibrin matrices. Time-lapse microscopy was used to record the dynamic pattern of cell migration into the outer matrices, and 3D confocal imaging was used to assess cell connectivity and cytoskeletal organization. Corneal fibroblasts stimulated with PDGF migrated more rapidly into collagen as compared to fibrin. In addition, the pattern of fibroblast migration into fibrin and collagen ECMs was strikingly different. Corneal fibroblasts migrating into collagen matrices developed dendritic processes and moved independently, whereas cells migrating into fibrin matrices had a more fusiform morphology and formed an interconnected meshwork. A similar pattern was observed when using dermal fibroblasts, suggesting that this response is not unique to corneal cells. We next cultured corneal fibroblasts within and on top of standard collagen and fibrin matrices to assess the impact of ECM composition on the cell spreading response. Similar differences in cell morphology and connectivity were observed – cells remained separated on collagen but coalesced into clusters on fibrin. Cadherin was localized to junctions between interconnected cells, whereas fibronectin was present both between cells and at the tips of extending cell processes. Cells on fibrin matrices also developed more prominent stress fibers than those on collagen matrices. Importantly, these spreading and migration patterns were consistently observed on both rigid and compliant substrates, thus differences in ECM mechanical stiffness were not the underlying cause. Overall, these results demonstrate for the first time that ECM protein composition alone (collagen vs. fibrin) can induce a switch from individual to collective fibroblast spreading and migration in 3D culture. Similar processes may also influence cell behavior during wound healing, development, tumor invasion and repopulation of engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Miron-Mendoza
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9057
| | - Xihui Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9057
| | - Lisha Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9057
| | - Peter Ririe
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9057
| | - W. Matthew Petroll
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9057
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217
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Hsu YY, Shi GY, Kuo CH, Liu SL, Wu CM, Ma CY, Lin FY, Yang HY, Wu HL. Thrombomodulin is an ezrin-interacting protein that controls epithelial morphology and promotes collective cell migration. FASEB J 2012; 26:3440-52. [PMID: 22593542 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-204917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adhesive interactions between cells are needed to maintain tissue architecture during development, tissue renewal and wound healing. Thrombomodulin (TM) is an integral membrane protein that participates in cell-cell adhesion through its extracellular lectin-like domain. However, the molecular basis of TM-mediated cell-cell adhesion is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that TM is linked to the actin cytoskeleton via ezrin. In vitro binding assays showed that the TM cytoplasmic domain bound directly to the N-terminal domain of ezrin. Mutational analysis of the TM cytoplasmic domain identified (522)RKK(524) as important ezrin-binding residues. In epidermal epithelial A431 cells, TM colocalized with ezrin and actin filaments at cell-cell contacts. Knockdown of endogenous TM expression by RNA interference induced morphological changes and accelerated cell migration in A431 cells. Moreover, epidermal growth factor, upstream of ezrin activation, stimulated the interaction between ezrin and TM. In skin wound healing of mice, TM and ezrin were highly expressed in neoepidermis, implying that both proteins are key molecules in reepithelialization that requires collective cell migration of epithelial cells. Finally, exogenous expression of TM in TM-deficient melanoma A2058 cells promoted collective cell migration. In summary, TM, which associates with ezrin and actin filaments, maintains epithelial morphology and promotes collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yan Hsu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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218
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Abstract
It is noteworthy that bacterial or viral infections, and the resulting chronic inflammation, have been shown to predispose individuals to certain types of cancer. Remarkably, these microbes upregulated some transcription factors involved in the regulation of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition, referred herein as EMT. EMT is a cellular process that consists in the conversion of epithelial cell phenotype to a mesenchymal phenotype. Under physiological conditions EMT is clearly important for embryogenesis, organ development, wound repair and tissue remodeling. However, EMT may also be activated under pathologic conditions, more particularly in carcinogenesis and metastatic progression. In this review, we make a parallel between microbes- and growth factors- induced transcription factors. A unifying EMT model then emerges that may help in understanding the development of microbial pathogenesis and in defining new potential future therapeutic strategy in treating diseases linked to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hofman
- Institution for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN); Nice, France,University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis; Nice, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice; Hôpital Pasteur; Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Expérimentale; Nice, France
| | - Valérie Vouret-Craviari
- Institution for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN); Nice, France,University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis; Nice, France,Correspondence to: Valérie Vouret-Craviari,
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219
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Vinci M, Gowan S, Boxall F, Patterson L, Zimmermann M, Court W, Lomas C, Mendiola M, Hardisson D, Eccles SA. Advances in establishment and analysis of three-dimensional tumor spheroid-based functional assays for target validation and drug evaluation. BMC Biol 2012; 10:29. [PMID: 22439642 PMCID: PMC3349530 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 722] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is overwhelming evidence that in vitro three-dimensional tumor cell cultures more accurately reflect the complex in vivo microenvironment than simple two-dimensional cell monolayers, not least with respect to gene expression profiles, signaling pathway activity and drug sensitivity. However, most currently available three-dimensional techniques are time consuming and/or lack reproducibility; thus standardized and rapid protocols are urgently needed. Results To address this requirement, we have developed a versatile toolkit of reproducible three-dimensional tumor spheroid models for dynamic, automated, quantitative imaging and analysis that are compatible with routine high-throughput preclinical studies. Not only do these microplate methods measure three-dimensional tumor growth, but they have also been significantly enhanced to facilitate a range of functional assays exemplifying additional key hallmarks of cancer, namely cell motility and matrix invasion. Moreover, mutual tissue invasion and angiogenesis is accommodated by coculturing tumor spheroids with murine embryoid bodies within which angiogenic differentiation occurs. Highly malignant human tumor cells were selected to exemplify therapeutic effects of three specific molecularly-targeted agents: PI-103 (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor), 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) (heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor) and CCT130234 (in-house phospholipase C (PLC)γ inhibitor). Fully automated analysis using a Celigo cytometer was validated for tumor spheroid growth and invasion against standard image analysis techniques, with excellent reproducibility and significantly increased throughput. In addition, we discovered key differential sensitivities to targeted agents between two-dimensional and three-dimensional cultures, and also demonstrated enhanced potency of some agents against cell migration/invasion compared with proliferation, suggesting their preferential utility in metastatic disease. Conclusions We have established and validated a suite of highly reproducible tumor microplate three-dimensional functional assays to enhance the biological relevance of early preclinical cancer studies. We believe these assays will increase the translational predictive value of in vitro drug evaluation studies and reduce the need for in vivo studies by more effective triaging of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vinci
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
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220
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Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Using Epithelial Marker-Dependent and -Independent Approaches. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 7:306-15. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31823c5c16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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221
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Tse JM, Cheng G, Tyrrell JA, Wilcox-Adelman SA, Boucher Y, Jain RK, Munn LL. Mechanical compression drives cancer cells toward invasive phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:911-6. [PMID: 22203958 PMCID: PMC3271885 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118910109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled growth in a confined space generates mechanical compressive stress within tumors, but little is known about how such stress affects tumor cell behavior. Here we show that compressive stress stimulates migration of mammary carcinoma cells. The enhanced migration is accomplished by a subset of "leader cells" that extend filopodia at the leading edge of the cell sheet. Formation of these leader cells is dependent on cell microorganization and is enhanced by compressive stress. Accompanied by fibronectin deposition and stronger cell-matrix adhesion, the transition to leader-cell phenotype results in stabilization of persistent actomyosin-independent cell extensions and coordinated migration. Our results suggest that compressive stress accumulated during tumor growth can enable coordinated migration of cancer cells by stimulating formation of leader cells and enhancing cell-substrate adhesion. This novel mechanism represents a potential target for the prevention of cancer cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Tse
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Gang Cheng
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - James A. Tyrrell
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Thomson Reuters, Corporate Research and Development, New York, NY 10007; and
| | | | - Yves Boucher
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Rakesh K. Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Lance L. Munn
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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222
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Alexander S, Friedl P. Cancer invasion and resistance: interconnected processes of disease progression and therapy failure. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:13-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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223
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Circulating tumour cells, their role in metastasis and their clinical utility in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2011; 76:19-25. [PMID: 22209049 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have attracted much recent interest in cancer research as a potential biomarker and as a means of studying the process of metastasis. It has long been understood that metastasis is a hallmark of malignancy, and conceptual theories on the basis of metastasis from the nineteenth century foretold the existence of a tumour "seed" which is capable of establishing discrete tumours in the "soil" of distant organs. This prescient "seed and soil" hypothesis accurately predicted the existence of CTCs; microscopic tumour fragments in the blood, at least some of which are capable of forming metastases. However, it is only in recent years that reliable, reproducible methods of CTC detection and analysis have been developed. To date, the majority of studies have employed the CellSearch™ system (Veridex LLC), which is an immunomagnetic purification method. Other promising techniques include microfluidic filters, isolation of tumour cells by size using microporous polycarbonate filters and flow cytometry-based approaches. While many challenges still exist, the detection of CTCs in blood is becoming increasingly feasible, giving rise to some tantalizing questions about the use of CTCs as a potential biomarker. CTC enumeration has been used to guide prognosis in patients with metastatic disease, and to act as a surrogate marker for disease response during therapy. Other possible uses for CTC detection include prognostication in early stage patients, identifying patients requiring adjuvant therapy, or in surveillance, for the detection of relapsing disease. Another exciting possible use for CTC detection assays is the molecular and genetic characterization of CTCs to act as a "liquid biopsy" representative of the primary tumour. Indeed it has already been demonstrated that it is possible to detect HER2, KRAS and EGFR mutation status in breast, colon and lung cancer CTCs respectively. In the course of this review, we shall discuss the biology of CTCs and their role in metastagenesis, the most commonly used techniques for their detection and the evidence to date of their clinical utility, with particular reference to lung cancer.
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225
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Krebs MG, Hou JM, Ward TH, Blackhall FH, Dive C. Circulating tumour cells: their utility in cancer management and predicting outcomes. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2011; 2:351-65. [PMID: 21789147 DOI: 10.1177/1758834010378414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in technology now permit robust and reproducible detection of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) from a simple blood test. Standardization in methodology has been instrumental in facilitating multicentre trials with the purpose of evaluating the clinical utility of CTCs. We review the current body of evidence supporting the prognostic value of CTC enumeration in breast, prostate and colorectal cancer, using standardized approaches, and studies evaluating the correlation of CTC number with radiological outcome. The exploitation of CTCs in cancer management, however, is now extending beyond prognostication. As technologies emerge to characterize CTCs at the molecular level, biological information can be obtained in real time, with the promise of serving as a 'surrogate tumour biopsy'. Current studies illuminate the potential of CTCs as pharmacodynamic and predictive biomarkers and potentially their use in revealing drug resistance in real time. Approaches for CTC characterization are summarized and the potential of CTCs in cancer patient management exemplified via the detection of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations from CTCs in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The opportunity to learn more about the biology of metastasis through CTC analysis is now being realized with the horizon of CTC-guided development of novel anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Krebs
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research and School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
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226
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Valdivia LE, Young RM, Hawkins TA, Stickney HL, Cavodeassi F, Schwarz Q, Pullin LM, Villegas R, Moro E, Argenton F, Allende ML, Wilson SW. Lef1-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signalling drives the proliferative engine that maintains tissue homeostasis during lateral line development. Development 2011; 138:3931-41. [PMID: 21862557 DOI: 10.1242/dev.062695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During tissue morphogenesis and differentiation, cells must self-renew while contemporaneously generating daughters that contribute to the growing tissue. How tissues achieve this precise balance between proliferation and differentiation is, in most instances, poorly understood. This is in part due to the difficulties in dissociating the mechanisms that underlie tissue patterning from those that regulate proliferation. In the migrating posterior lateral line primordium (PLLP), proliferation is predominantly localised to the leading zone. As cells emerge from this zone, they periodically organise into rosettes that subsequently dissociate from the primordium and differentiate as neuromasts. Despite this reiterative loss of cells, the primordium maintains its size through regenerative cell proliferation until it reaches the tail. In this study, we identify a null mutation in the Wnt-pathway transcription factor Lef1 and show that its activity is required to maintain proliferation in the progenitor pool of cells that sustains the PLLP as it undergoes migration, morphogenesis and differentiation. In absence of Lef1, the leading zone becomes depleted of cells during its migration leading to the collapse of the primordium into a couple of terminal neuromasts. We show that this behaviour resembles the process by which the PLLP normally ends its migration, suggesting that suppression of Wnt signalling is required for termination of neuromast production in the tail. Our data support a model in which Lef1 sustains proliferation of leading zone progenitors, maintaining the primordium size and defining neuromast deposition rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo E Valdivia
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
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227
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Friedl P, Alexander S. Cancer Invasion and the Microenvironment: Plasticity and Reciprocity. Cell 2011; 147:992-1009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1462] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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228
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Xie Y, Zhang W, Wang L, Sun K, Sun Y, Jiang X. A microchip-based model wound with multiple types of cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:2819-2822. [PMID: 21776534 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00562b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Collective migration is critical to many physiological processes, but few methods allow for studying this behavior with precisely controlled cell-cell interaction. Here we report the development of a microchip based on co-culture of different types of cells and selective injury, and explore the dynamics of epithelial collective migration triggered by a real cell group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Xie
- CAS Key Lab for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, 11 BeiYiTiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing, 100190, China
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229
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Abstract
Chemotaxis of tumour cells and stromal cells in the surrounding microenvironment is an essential component of tumour dissemination during progression and metastasis. This Review summarizes how chemotaxis directs the different behaviours of tumour cells and stromal cells in vivo, how molecular pathways regulate chemotaxis in tumour cells and how chemotaxis choreographs cell behaviour to shape the tumour microenvironment and to determine metastatic spread. The central importance of chemotaxis in cancer progression is highlighted by discussion of the use of chemotaxis as a prognostic marker, a treatment end point and a target of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia T Roussos
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Program in Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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230
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Mills RJ, Frith JE, Hudson JE, Cooper-White JJ. Effect of geometric challenges on cell migration. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:999-1010. [PMID: 21631399 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular infiltration and colonization of three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds is influenced by many factors. One of the major factors is the internal architecture presented to the cells. In this work, we have developed and validated a microfluidic device that presents a multitude of geometric challenges to cells, mimicking the architectural aspects and characteristics of 3D porous scaffolds in a two-dimensional arrangement. This device has been utilized to investigate the influence of varying channel widths, degrees of channel tortuosity, the presence of contractions or expansions, and channel junctions on the migration of NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSCs). These two cell types were observed to have vastly different migration characteristics; 3T3 fibroblasts migrate as a collective cell front, whereas hMSCs migrate as single cells. This resulted in 3T3 fibroblasts displaying significant differences in migration depending on the type of geometrical constraint, whereas hMSCs were only influenced by channel width when it approached that of the length scale of a single cell. The differences in migration characteristics were shown to be related to the expression of the intercellular junction protein N-cadherin. We observed that 3T3 fibroblasts express higher levels of N-cadherin than hMSCs and that N-cadherin inhibition modified the migration characteristics of the 3T3 fibroblasts, so that they were then similar to that of hMSCs. The results of this study both confirm the utility of the device and highlight that differences in migration characteristics of different cell types can be deterministic of how they may respond to geometric constraints within porous tissue engineering constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Mills
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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231
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Parisi F, Vidal M. Epithelial delamination and migration: lessons from Drosophila. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 5:366-72. [PMID: 21836393 DOI: 10.4161/cam.5.4.17524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the most deadly phase of cancer progression, during which cells detach from their original niche to invade distant tissues, yet the biological processes underlying the spread of cancer are still poorly understood. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster provides important insights in our understanding of how epithelial cells migrate from their original location and find their way into surrounding and distant tissues in the metastatic process. Here we review recent studies on the mechanisms of migration of embryonic haemocytes, the macrophage-like immuno-surveillance cells, during normal development and wound healing. We highlight the interesting finding that hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) has been identified as the driving force for haemocyte chemotaxis. We also give a special emphasis to studies suggesting the concept that haemocytes, together with the tumor microenvironment, act as potential inducers of the epithelial de-lamination required for tumor invasion. We propose that cell delamination and migration could be uncoupled from loss of cell polarity via a tumor-related inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Parisi
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
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232
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Roussos ET, Balsamo M, Alford SK, Wyckoff JB, Gligorijevic B, Wang Y, Pozzuto M, Stobezki R, Goswami S, Segall JE, Lauffenburger DA, Bresnick AR, Gertler FB, Condeelis JS. Mena invasive (MenaINV) promotes multicellular streaming motility and transendothelial migration in a mouse model of breast cancer. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:2120-31. [PMID: 21670198 PMCID: PMC3113666 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.086231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that distinct Mena isoforms are expressed in invasive and migratory tumor cells in vivo and that the invasion isoform (Mena(INV)) potentiates carcinoma cell metastasis in murine models of breast cancer. However, the specific step of metastatic progression affected by this isoform and the effects on metastasis of the Mena11a isoform, expressed in primary tumor cells, are largely unknown. Here, we provide evidence that elevated Mena(INV) increases coordinated streaming motility, and enhances transendothelial migration and intravasation of tumor cells. We demonstrate that promotion of these early stages of metastasis by Mena(INV) is dependent on a macrophage-tumor cell paracrine loop. Our studies also show that increased Mena11a expression correlates with decreased expression of colony-stimulating factor 1 and a dramatically decreased ability to participate in paracrine-mediated invasion and intravasation. Our results illustrate the importance of paracrine-mediated cell streaming and intravasation on tumor cell dissemination, and demonstrate that the relative abundance of Mena(INV) and Mena11a helps to regulate these key stages of metastatic progression in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia T. Roussos
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michele Balsamo
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shannon K. Alford
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Wyckoff
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bojana Gligorijevic
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yarong Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Maria Pozzuto
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Robert Stobezki
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10033, USA
| | - Sumanta Goswami
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10033, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Segall
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anne R. Bresnick
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Frank B. Gertler
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John S. Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Gruss Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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233
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Circulating tumor cells as a window on metastasis biology in lung cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:989-96. [PMID: 21356352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) number in metastatic cancer patients yields prognostic information consistent with enhanced cell migration and invasion via loss of adhesion, a feature of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Tumor cells also invade via collective migration with maintained cell-cell contacts and consistent with this is the circulating tumor microemboli (CTM; contiguous groups of tumor cells) that are observed in metastatic cancer patients. Using a blood filtration approach, we examined markers of EMT (cytokeratins, E-cadherin, vimentin, neural cadherin) and prevalence of apoptosis in CTCs and CTM to explore likely mechanism(s) of invasion in lung cancer patients and address the hypothesis that cells within CTM have a survival advantage. Intra-patient and inter-patient heterogeneity was observed for EMT markers in CTCs and CTM. Vimentin was only expressed in some CTCs, but in the majority of cells within CTM; E-cadherin expression was lost, cytoplasmic or nuclear, and rarely expressed at the surface of the cells within CTM. A subpopulation of CTCs was apoptotic, but apoptosis was absent within CTM. This pilot study suggests that EMT is not prosecuted homogeneously in tumor cells within the circulation of lung cancer patients and that collective migration and enhanced survival of cells within CTM might contribute to lung cancer metastasis. Multiplex analysis and further detailed exploration of metastatic potential and EMT in CTCs/CTM is now warranted in a larger patient cohort.
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234
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Lee K, Gjorevski N, Boghaert E, Radisky DC, Nelson CM. Snail1, Snail2, and E47 promote mammary epithelial branching morphogenesis. EMBO J 2011; 30:2662-74. [PMID: 21610693 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several E-box-binding transcription factors regulate individual and collective cell migration and enhance the motility of epithelial cells by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we characterized the role of a subset of these transcription factors and the EMT proteome in branching morphogenesis of mammary epithelial tissues using a three-dimensional organotypic culture model of the mammary duct. We found that the transcription factors Snail1, Snail2, and E47 were transiently upregulated at branch sites; decreasing the expression of these transcription factors inhibited branching. Conversely, ectopic expression of Snail1, Snail2, and E47 induced branching in the absence of exogenous stimuli. These changes correlated with the expression of mesenchymal markers and repression of E-cadherin, which was essential for branching. Snail1 and Snail2 also promoted cell survival at branch sites, but this was not sufficient to induce branching. These findings indicate that Snail1, Snail2, and E47 can promote collective migration during branching morphogenesis of mammary epithelial tissues through key regulators of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangae Lee
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering and Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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235
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Arciero JC, Mi Q, Branca MF, Hackam DJ, Swigon D. Continuum model of collective cell migration in wound healing and colony expansion. Biophys J 2011; 100:535-543. [PMID: 21281567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration plays an important role during wound healing and embryo development. Although the exact mechanisms that coordinate such migration are still unknown, experimental studies of moving cell layers have shown that the primary interactions governing the motion of the layer are the force of lamellipodia, the adhesion of cells to the substrate, and the adhesion of cells to each other. Here, we derive a two-dimensional continuum mechanical model of cell-layer migration that is based on a novel assumption of elastic deformation of the layer and incorporates basic mechanical interactions of cells as well as cell proliferation and apoptosis. The evolution equations are solved numerically using a level set method. The model successfully reproduces data from two types of experiments: 1), the contraction of an enterocyte cell layer during wound healing; and 2), the expansion of a radially symmetric colony of MDCK cells, both in the edge migration velocity and in cell-layer density. In accord with experimental observations, and in contrast to reaction-diffusion models, this model predicts a partial wound closure if lamellipod formation is inhibited at the wound edge and gives implications of the effect of spatially restricted proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Arciero
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Qi Mi
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria F Branca
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David J Hackam
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David Swigon
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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236
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Ehrbar M, Sala A, Lienemann P, Ranga A, Mosiewicz K, Bittermann A, Rizzi SC, Weber FE, Lutolf MP. Elucidating the role of matrix stiffness in 3D cell migration and remodeling. Biophys J 2011; 100:284-93. [PMID: 21244824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reductionist in vitro model systems which mimic specific extracellular matrix functions in a highly controlled manner, termed artificial extracellular matrices (aECM), have increasingly been used to elucidate the role of cell-ECM interactions in regulating cell fate. To better understand the interplay of biophysical and biochemical effectors in controlling three-dimensional cell migration, a poly(ethylene glycol)-based aECM platform was used in this study to explore the influence of matrix cross-linking density, represented here by stiffness, on cell migration in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the migration behavior of single preosteoblastic cells within hydrogels of varying stiffness and susceptibilities to degradation by matrix metalloproteases was assessed by time-lapse microscopy. Migration behavior was seen to be strongly dependent on matrix stiffness, with two regimes identified: a nonproteolytic migration mode dominating at relatively low matrix stiffness and proteolytic migration at higher stiffness. Subsequent in vivo experiments revealed a similar stiffness dependence of matrix remodeling, albeit less sensitive to the matrix metalloprotease sensitivity. Therefore, our aECM model system is well suited to unveil the role of biophysical and biochemical determinants of physiologically relevant cell migration phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ehrbar
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
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237
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Computational Model for Migration of a Cell Cluster in Three-Dimensional Matrices. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39:2068-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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238
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RIDGWAY LOND, WETZEL MICHAELD, MARCHETTI DARIO. Heparanase Modulates Shh and Wnt3a Signaling in Human Medulloblastoma Cells. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:229-238. [PMID: 21442027 PMCID: PMC3063606 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2010.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of medulloblastoma (MB), the most common and aggressive brain tumor in children, is poorly understood. MB tumors respond to factors secreted by cerebellar Purkinje neurons such as Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Wnt3a. Understanding the modulation of Shh/Wnt signaling is critical to developing new MB treatments. Shh and Wnt3a induce MB cell proliferation, and bind heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains (HS-GAG). HS-GAG are components of syndecans: cell surface HS proteoglycans (HSPG) which act as co-receptors for extracellular matrix based ligands, and are targets of heparanase (HPSE). We hypothesized that extracellular HPSE activity can modulate MB intracellular signaling of Shh/Wnt3a, involving syndecans 1/4 carboxy terminal-associated proteins and downstream targets. We compared the regulation of Shh/Wnt3a signaling subsequent to treatment with exogenous human active HPSE in MB lines possessing increased invasive abilities. We identified GEF-H1, a small GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor, as a new component of a syndecan signaling complex. Secondly, we demonstrated that HPSE modulated Shh/Wnt3 dependent expression and intracellular distribution of GEF-H1, β-catenin, and N-Myc. Thirdly, HPSE modulated Shh/Wnt3a - dependent gene expression of HSPG and Gli transcription factors. Fourthly, pretreatment with HPSE, alone or prior to Shh/Wnt3a exposure, altered small GTPase (Rac1/RhoA) activities differentially, and promoted RhoA activation. Finally, the differential regulation of Rac1/RhoA activities by HPSE affected MB cell proliferation and invasion. Our results indicate that the HPSE/HSPG axis is implicated in critical MB cell signaling pathways with potential relevance for MB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- LON D. RIDGWAY
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,
USA
| | - MICHAEL D. WETZEL
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,
USA
| | - DARIO MARCHETTI
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030,
USA
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239
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Prasad M, Wang X, He L, Montell DJ. Border cell migration: a model system for live imaging and genetic analysis of collective cell movement. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 769:277-86. [PMID: 21748683 PMCID: PMC4006199 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-207-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Border cell migration in the Drosophila ovary has emerged as a genetically tractable model for studying collective cell movement. Over many years border cell migration was exclusively studied in fixed samples due to the inability to culture stage 9 egg chambers in vitro. Although culturing late stage egg chambers was long feasible, stage 9 egg chambers survived only briefly outside the female body. We identified culture conditions that support stage 9 egg chamber development and sustain complete migration of border cells ex vivo. This protocol enables one to compare the dynamics of egg chamber development in wild type and mutant egg chambers using time-lapse microscopy and taking advantage of a multiposition microscope with a motorized imaging stage. In addition, this protocol has been successfully used in combination with fluorescence resonance energy transfer biosensors, photo-activatable proteins, and pharmacological agents and can be used with widefield or confocal microscopes in either an upright or inverted configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Prasad
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe St, Rangos 456, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Ridgway LD, Wetzel MD, Marchetti D. Modulation of GEF-H1 induced signaling by heparanase in brain metastatic melanoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:1299-309. [PMID: 20803552 PMCID: PMC3007595 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of brain metastatic melanoma (BMM) remain largely unknown. Understanding the modulation of signaling pathways that alter BMM cell invasion and metastasis is critical to develop new therapies for BMM. Heparanase has been widely implicated in cancer and is the dominant mammalian endoglycosidase which degrades heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans (HSPG) including syndecans (SDCs). Recent findings also indicate that heparanase possesses non-enzymatic functions in its latent form. We hypothesized that extracellular heparanase modulates BMM cell signaling by involving SDC1/4 carboxy terminal-associated proteins and downstream targets. We digested BMM cell surface HS with human recombinant active or latent heparanase to delineate their effects on cytoskeletal dynamics and cell invasiveness. We identified the small GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1 (GEF-H1) as a new component of a SDC signaling complex that is differentially expressed in BMM cells compared to corresponding non-metastatic counterparts. Second, knockdown of GEF-H1, SDC1, or SDC4 decreased BMM cell invasiveness and GEF-H1 modulated small GTPase activity of Rac1 and RhoA in conjunction with heparanase treatment. Third, both active and latent forms of heparanase affected Rac1 and RhoA activity; notably increasing RhoA activity. Both forms of heparanase were found to mediate the expression and subcellular localization of GEF-H1, and treatment of BMM with latent heparanase modulated SDC1/4 gene expression. Finally, treatment with exogenous heparanase downregulated BMM cell invasion. These studies indicate the relevance of heparanase signaling pathways in BMM progression, and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating HSPG signaling in response to exogenous heparanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lon D. Ridgway
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michael D. Wetzel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Dario Marchetti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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241
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Selistre-de-Araujo HS, Pontes CLS, Montenegro CF, Martin ACBM. Snake venom disintegrins and cell migration. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2606-21. [PMID: 22069567 PMCID: PMC3153172 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2112606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a key process for the defense of pluricellular organisms against pathogens, and it involves a set of surface receptors acting in an ordered fashion to contribute directionality to the movement. Among these receptors are the integrins, which connect the cell cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix components, thus playing a central role in cell migration. Integrin clustering at focal adhesions drives actin polymerization along the cell leading edge, resulting in polarity of cell movement. Therefore, small integrin-binding proteins such as the snake venom disintegrins that inhibit integrin-mediated cell adhesion are expected to inhibit cell migration. Here we review the current knowledge on disintegrin and disintegrin-like protein effects on cell migration and their potential use as pharmacological tools in anti-inflammatory therapy as well as in inhibition of metastatic invasion.
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242
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Vered M, Dayan D, Yahalom R, Dobriyan A, Barshack I, Bello IO, Kantola S, Salo T. Cancer-associated fibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in metastatic oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1356-62. [PMID: 20340130 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We examined cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and a panel of immunohistochemical markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in 19 pair-matched oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and metastatic tumors to regional lymph nodes (RLNs). alpha-Smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) was studied to identify CAFs. EMT was studied with syndecan-1, Cadherin-11, fibroblast-specific protein (FSP)-1, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and Twist. Triple immunostaining in RLNs was used to highlight the carcinoma cells (E-cadherin and Ki-67) and their relationship to the CAFs (alpha-SMA). We found that metastatic RLNs hosted CAFs similarly as in pair-matched primary tumors. Expression of EMT markers is common in both primary and metastatic tumors. We demonstrate that metastatic carcinoma cells (Ki-67 positive) downregulate E-cadherin expression at the periphery of cancer islands, where they are in direct contact with CAFs. The supporting connective tissue microenvironment also commonly expresses syndecan-1, Cadherin-11, FSP-1, and SPARC. In conclusion, CAFs are common to both primary and metastatic SCC. We hypothesize that CAFs not only promote tumor invasion but also facilitate metastases, either by cometastasizing and/or being recruited to lymph nodes. Evidence of EMT is common within primary tumors and metastatic SCC and may be further modulated by CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Vered
- Institute of Pathology; Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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243
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McMahon A, Reeves GT, Supatto W, Stathopoulos A. Mesoderm migration in Drosophila is a multi-step process requiring FGF signaling and integrin activity. Development 2010; 137:2167-75. [PMID: 20530544 PMCID: PMC2882136 DOI: 10.1242/dev.051573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Migration is a complex, dynamic process that has largely been studied using qualitative or static approaches. As technology has improved, we can now take quantitative approaches towards understanding cell migration using in vivo imaging and tracking analyses. In this manner, we have established a four-step model of mesoderm migration during Drosophila gastrulation: (I) mesodermal tube formation, (II) collapse of the mesoderm, (III) dorsal migration and spreading and (IV) monolayer formation. Our data provide evidence that these steps are temporally distinct and that each might require different chemical inputs. To support this, we analyzed the role of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling, in particular the function of two Drosophila FGF ligands, Pyramus and Thisbe, during mesoderm migration. We determined that FGF signaling through both ligands controls movements in the radial direction. Thisbe is required for the initial collapse of the mesoderm onto the ectoderm, whereas both Pyramus and Thisbe are required for monolayer formation. In addition, we uncovered that the GTPase Rap1 regulates radial movement of cells and localization of the beta-integrin subunit, Myospheroid, which is also required for monolayer formation. Our analyses suggest that distinct signals influence particular movements, as we found that FGF signaling is involved in controlling collapse and monolayer formation but not dorsal movement, whereas integrins are required to support monolayer formation only and not earlier movements. Our work demonstrates that complex cell migration is not necessarily a fluid process, but suggests instead that different types of movements are directed by distinct inputs in a stepwise manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy McMahon
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology MC 114-96, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Gregory T. Reeves
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology MC 114-96, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | | | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology MC 114-96, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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244
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Circulating tumor cells, enumeration and beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1236-50. [PMID: 24281115 PMCID: PMC3835128 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2021236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection and enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has shown significant clinical utility with respect to prognosis in breast, colorectal and prostate cancers. Emerging studies show that CTCs can provide pharmacodynamic information to aid therapy decision making. CTCs as a ‘virtual and real-time biopsy’ have clear potential to facilitate exploration of tumor biology, and in particular, the process of metastasis. The challenge of profiling CTC molecular characteristics and generating CTC signatures using current technologies is that they enrich rather than purify CTCs from whole blood; we face the problem of looking for the proverbial ‘needle in the haystack’. This review summarizes the current methods for CTC detection and enumeration, focuses on molecular characterization of CTCs, unveils some aspects of CTC heterogeneity, describes attempts to purify CTCs and scans the horizon for approaches leading to comprehensive dissection of CTC biology.
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245
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya J Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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