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Kahn S, Liao Y, Du X, Xu W, Li J, Lönnerdal B. Exosomal MicroRNAs in Milk from Mothers Delivering Preterm Infants Survive in Vitro Digestion and Are Taken Up by Human Intestinal Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1701050. [PMID: 29644801 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201701050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE This study investigates the ability of preterm milk exosomes to survive gastric/pancreatic digestion, internalization by intestinal epithelia, and the microRNAs (miRNAs) contents. METHODS AND RESULTS At average infant age 1 week and 6 days, milk is collected from mothers who delivered preterm and term infants (n = 10). Milk is exposed to conditions simulating infant gut digestion. Exosomes are isolated and lysed, and the exposed miRNAs are sequenced. Preterm milk exosomes survive in vitro digestion, and can be taken up by intestinal epithelia. Three hundred and thirty miRNAs are identified as preterm milk exosome miRNAs, and in vitro digestion does not have a pronounced effect on their expression. The abundant miRNAs in preterm milk exosomes are similar to those from term milk. Twenty-one low abundance miRNAs are specifically expressed in preterm milk exosomes compared to early term milk in the current study and what previously is found in mature term milk. CONCLUSION These results for the first time reveal the survivability of preterm milk exosomes following simulated gastric/pancreatic digestion. The authors demonstrate the richness of the miRNAs content in these exosomes. The results improve the knowledge of preterm milk biology and the molecular basis by which exosome miRNAs may uniquely affect preterm infants during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kahn
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yalin Liao
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Xiaogu Du
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Jie Li
- Genome Centre, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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202
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Tomé-Carneiro J, Fernández-Alonso N, Tomás-Zapico C, Visioli F, Iglesias-Gutierrez E, Dávalos A. Breast milk microRNAs harsh journey towards potential effects in infant development and maturation. Lipid encapsulation can help. Pharmacol Res 2018; 132:21-32. [PMID: 29627443 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that diet-derived miRNAs survive the gastrointestinal tract and exert biological effects in target cells is triggering considerable research in the potential abilities of alimentary preventive and therapeutic approaches. Many validation attempts have been carried out and investigators disagree on several issues. The barriers exogenous RNAs must surpass are harsh and adequate copies must reach target cells for biological actions to be carried out. This prospect opened a window for previously unlikely scenarios concerning exogenous non-coding RNAs, such as a potential role for breast milk microRNAs in infants' development and maturation. This review is focused on the thorny path breast milk miRNAs face towards confirmation as relevant role players in infants' development and maturation, taking into consideration the research carried out so far on the uptake, gastrointestinal barriers and potential biological effects of diet-derived miRNAs. We also discuss the future pharmacological and pharma-nutritional consequences of appropriate miRNAs research.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Tomé-Carneiro
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Tomás-Zapico
- Department of Functional Biology (Physiology), University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500912, Chile
| | - Francesco Visioli
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Dávalos
- Laboratory of Epigenetics of Lipid Metabolism, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA)-Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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203
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Liu L, Yao J, Li Z, Zu G, Feng D, Li Y, Qasim W, Zhang S, Li T, Zeng H, Tian X. miR-381-3p knockdown improves intestinal epithelial proliferation and barrier function after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury by targeting nurr1. Cell Death Dis 2018. [PMID: 29540663 PMCID: PMC5852084 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0450-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Impairment in gut barrier function induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Intestinal barrier function requires the tight coordination of epithelial migration, proliferation and differentiation. We previously observed that nuclear receptor-related protein 1 (nurr1)-mediated proliferative pathway was impaired in intestinal I/R injury. Here, we aimed to assess the effect of nurr1 on intestinal barrier function and to evaluate microRNA (miRNA)-nurr1-mediated restoration of intestinal barrier function in intestinal I/R injury. We induced an in vivo intestinal I/R injury mouse model by clamping and then releasing the superior mesenteric artery. We also performed an in vitro study in which we exposed Caco-2 and IEC-6 cells to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) conditions to stimulate intestinal I/R injury. Our results demonstrated that nurr1 regulated intestinal epithelial development and barrier function after intestinal I/R injury. miR-381-3p, which directly suppressed nurr1 translation, was identified by microarray and bioinformatics analysis. miR-381-3p inhibition enhanced intestinal epithelial proliferation and barrier function in vitro and in vivo and also attenuated remote organ injury and improved survival. Importantly, nurr1 played an indispensable role in the protective effect of miR-381-3p inhibition. Collectively, these findings show that miR-381-3p inhibition mitigates intestinal I/R injury by enhancing nurr1-mediated intestinal epithelial proliferation and barrier function. This discovery may lead to the development of therapeutic interventions for intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jihong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Zhenlu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Guo Zu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Dongcheng Feng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wasim Qasim
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Huizhi Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tian
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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204
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Wang L, Sadri M, Giraud D, Zempleni J. RNase H2-Dependent Polymerase Chain Reaction and Elimination of Confounders in Sample Collection, Storage, and Analysis Strengthen Evidence That microRNAs in Bovine Milk Are Bioavailable in Humans. J Nutr 2018; 148:153-159. [PMID: 29378054 PMCID: PMC6251634 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that dietary microRNAs (miRs) are bioavailable and regulate gene expression across species boundaries. Concerns were raised that the detection of dietary miRs in plasma might have been due to sample contamination or lack of assay specificity. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess potential confounders of plasma miR analysis and to detect miRs from bovine milk in human plasma. Methods Potential confounders of plasma miR analysis (circadian rhythm, sample collection and storage, calibration, and erythrocyte hemolysis) were assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by using blood from healthy adults (7 men, 6 women; aged 23-57 y). Bovine miRs were analyzed by RNase H2-dependent PCR (rhPCR) in plasma collected from a subcohort of 11 participants before and 6 h after consumption of 1.0 L of 1%-fat bovine milk. Results The use of heparin tubes for blood collection resulted in a complete loss of miRs. Circadian variations did not affect the concentrations of 8 select miRs. Erythrocyte hemolysis caused artifacts for some miRs if plasma absorbance at 414 nm was >0.300. The stability of plasma miRs depended greatly on the matrix in which the miRs were stored and whether the plasma was frozen before analysis. Purified miR-16, miR-200c, and cel-miR-39 were stable for ≤24 h at room temperature, whereas losses equaled ≤80% if plasma was frozen, thawed, and stored at room temperature for as little as 4 h. rhPCR distinguished between bovine and human miRs with small variations in the nucleotide sequence; plasma concentrations of Bos taurus (bta)-miR-21-5p and bta-miR-30a-5p were >100% higher 6 h after milk consumption than before milk consumption. Conclusions Confounders in plasma miR analysis include the use of heparin tubes, erythrocyte hemolysis, and storage of thawed plasma at room temperature. rhPCR is a useful tool to detect dietary miRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln,
Lincoln, NE
| | - Mahrou Sadri
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln,
Lincoln, NE
| | - David Giraud
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln,
Lincoln, NE
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln,
Lincoln, NE,Address correspondence to JZ (e-mail: )
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205
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Jiang X, Hu S, Liu Q, Qian C, Liu Z, Luo D. Exosomal microRNA remodels the tumor microenvironment. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4196. [PMID: 29302403 PMCID: PMC5742520 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor occurrence, progression and metastasis depend on the crosstalk between tumor cells and stromal cells and on extrinsic factors outside the tumor microenvironment. Exosomal microRNA (miRNA) not only is involved in communications within the tumor microenvironment but also mediates communications between the extrinsic environment and tumor microenvironment. However, most reviews have been limited to the role of endogenous exosomal miRNA in remodeling the tumor microenvironment. Hence, we herein review the role of endogenous exosomal miRNA in mediating intercellular crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment, inducing the formation of the premetastatic niche. To place our vision outside the microenvironment, we also summarize for the first time the most recent studies regarding how exogenous miRNA derived from milk, plants and microbes influences the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, to improve the value of exosomal miRNA in cancer research and clinical applications, we also provide some novel ideas for future research based on the comprehensive role of exosomal miRNA in remodeling the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Hu
- Queen Mary School, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- First Clinical Medical College, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiyun Qian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Daya Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China.,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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206
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Chen Y, Wang J, Yang S, Utturkar S, Crodian J, Cummings S, Thimmapuram J, San Miguel P, Kuang S, Gribskov M, Plaut K, Casey T. Effect of high-fat diet on secreted milk transcriptome in midlactation mice. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:747-762. [PMID: 29093195 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00080.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) during lactation alters milk composition and is associated with development of metabolic diseases in the offspring. We hypothesized that HFD affects milk microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA content, which potentially impact offspring development. Our objective was to determine the effect of maternal HFD on secreted milk transcriptome. To meet this objective, 4 wk old female ICR mice were divided into two treatments: control diet containing 10% kcal fat and HFD containing 60% kcal fat. After 4 wk on CD or HFD, mice were bred while continuously fed the same diets. On postnatal day 2 (P2), litters were normalized to 10 pups, and half the pups in each litter were cross-fostered between treatments. Milk was collected from dams on P10 and P12. Total RNA was isolated from milk fat fraction of P10 samples and used for mRNA-Seq and small RNA-Seq. P12 milk was used to determine macronutrient composition. After 4 wk of prepregnancy feeding HFD mice weighed significantly more than did the control mice. Lactose and fat concentration were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in milk of HFD dams. Pup weight was significantly greater ( P < 0.05) in groups suckled by HFD vs. control dams. There were 25 miRNA and over 1,500 mRNA differentially expressed (DE) in milk of HFD vs. control dams. DE mRNA and target genes of DE miRNA enriched categories that were primarily related to multicellular organismal development. Maternal HFD impacts mRNA and miRNA content of milk, if bioactive nucleic acids are absorbed by neonate differences may affect development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - J. Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - S. Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - S. Utturkar
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - J. Crodian
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - S. Cummings
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - J. Thimmapuram
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - P. San Miguel
- Genomics Core at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - S. Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - M. Gribskov
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - K. Plaut
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - T. Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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207
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Benmoussa A, Ly S, Shan ST, Laugier J, Boilard E, Gilbert C, Provost P. A subset of extracellular vesicles carries the bulk of microRNAs in commercial dairy cow's milk. J Extracell Vesicles 2017; 6:1401897. [PMID: 29904572 PMCID: PMC5994974 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2017.1401897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small gene-regulatory RNAs that are found in various biological fluids, including milk, where they are often contained inside extracellular vesicles (EVs), like exosomes. In a previous study, we reported that commercial dairy cow's milk microRNAs resisted simulated digestion and were not exclusively associated with canonical exosomes. Here, we report the characterization of a milk EV subset that sediments at lower ultracentrifugation speeds and that contains the bulk of microRNAs. Milk EVs were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation and Iodixanol density gradient (IDG), and analysed for (1) microRNA enrichment by reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and (2) EV-associated proteins by Western blot. Milk EVs were characterized further by dynamic light scattering (DLS), density measurements, fluorescent DiR and RNA labelling, high-sensitivity flow cytometry (HS-FCM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), proteinase K and RNase A assay, and liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We found that the bulk of milk microRNAs (e.g., bta-miR-125b, bta-miR-148a, etc.) sediment at 12,000 g and 35,000 g. Their distribution pattern was different from that of exosome-enriched proteins, but similar to that of several proteins commonly found in milk fat globule membranes (MFGM), including xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH). These low-speed ultracentrifugation pellets contained cytoplasm-enclosing phospholipid bilayered membrane vesicles of a density comprised between 1.11 and 1.14 g/mL in Iodixanol. This milk EV subset of ~100 nm in diameter/~200 nm hydrodynamic size resisted to proteinase K digestion and protected their microRNA content from RNase A digestion. Our results support the existence of a milk EV subset pelleting at low ultracentrifugations speeds, with a protein coating comparable with MFGM, which contains and protects the bulk of milk microRNAs from degradation. This milk EV subset may represent a new EV population of interest, whose content in microRNAs and proteins supports its potential bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Benmoussa
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Sophia Ly
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Si Ting Shan
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Jonathan Laugier
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Patrick Provost
- CHUQ Research Center/CHUL Pavilion, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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208
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Shandilya S, Rani P, Onteru SK, Singh D. Small Interfering RNA in Milk Exosomes Is Resistant to Digestion and Crosses the Intestinal Barrier In Vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9506-9513. [PMID: 28967249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Milk is not only a composite of nutrients but emerged as a source of exosomes acting as a promising drug delivery vehicle for small interfering RNA (siRNA). siRNA is known for its immense therapeutic potential but has various physiological limitations, including stable delivery. To investigate the suitability of siRNA for physiological stability and oral delivery, we encapsulated scrambled Alexa Fluor (AF)-488 siRNA in milk whey exosomes using lipofection and evaluated stability against the digestive processes along with its uptake and transepithelial transport by intestinal epithelial cells. Milk exosomal siRNA were found resistant to different digestive juices, including saliva, gastric, bile, and pancreatic juices, in vitro and were internalized by Caco-2 cells. The stable delivery of exosomal AF-488 siRNA along with its transepithelial transport was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence intensity measurements. In summary, the encapsulation of siRNA in milk exosomes resists harsh digestive processes, improving intestinal permeability and payload protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Shandilya
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) , Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Payal Rani
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) , Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) , Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) , Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
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209
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Liao Y, Du X, Li J, Lönnerdal B. Human milk exosomes and their microRNAs survive digestion in vitro and are taken up by human intestinal cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Liao
- Department of Nutrition and Genome Center; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Xiaogu Du
- Department of Nutrition and Genome Center; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Nutrition and Genome Center; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition and Genome Center; University of California; Davis CA USA
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210
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Otsuka K, Yamamoto Y, Matsuoka R, Ochiya T. Maintaining good miRNAs in the body keeps the doctor away?: Perspectives on the relationship between food-derived natural products and microRNAs in relation to exosomes/extracellular vesicles. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 28594130 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, it has been uncovered that microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs, are related to many diseases including cancers. With an increase in reports describing the dysregulation of miRNAs in various tumor types, it has become abundantly clear that miRNAs play significant roles in the formation and progression of cancers. Intriguingly, miRNAs are present in body fluids because they are packed in exosomes/extracellular vesicles and released from all types of cells. The miRNAs in the fluids are measured in a relatively simple way and the profile of miRNAs is likely to be an indicator of health condition. In recent years, various studies have demonstrated that some naturally occurring compounds can control tumor-suppressive and oncogenic miRNAs in a positive manner, suggesting that food-derived compounds could maintain the expression levels of miRNAs and help maintain good health. Therefore, our daily food and compounds in food are of great interest. In addition, exogenous diet-derived miRNAs have been indicated to function in the regulation of target mammalian transcripts in the body. These findings highlight the possibility of diet for good health through the regulation of miRNAs, and we also discuss the perspective of food application and health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurataka Otsuka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation Sengawa Kewport, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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211
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Melnik BC. Milk disrupts p53 and DNMT1, the guardians of the genome: implications for acne vulgaris and prostate cancer. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:55. [PMID: 28814964 PMCID: PMC5556685 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that milk shapes the postnatal metabolic environment of the newborn infant. Based on translational research, this perspective article provides a novel mechanistic link between milk intake and milk miRNA-regulated gene expression of the transcription factor p53 and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), two guardians of the human genome, that control transcriptional activity, cell survival, and apoptosis. Major miRNAs of milk, especially miRNA-125b, directly target TP53 and complex p53-dependent gene regulatory networks. TP53 regulates the expression of key genes involved in cell homeostasis such as FOXO1, PTEN, SESN1, SESN2, AR, IGF1R, BAK1, BIRC5, and TNFSF10. Nuclear interaction of p53 with DNMT1 controls gene silencing. The most abundant miRNA of milk and milk fat, miRNA-148a, directly targets DNMT1. Reduced DNMT1 expression further attenuates the activity of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) involved in the regulation of chromatin structure and access to transcription. The presented milk-mediated miRNA-p53-DNMT1 pathway exemplified at the promoter regulation of survivin (BIRC5) provides a novel explanation for the epidemiological association between milk consumption and acne vulgaris and prostate cancer. Notably, p53- and DNMT1-targeting miRNAs of bovine and human milk survive pasteurization and share identical seed sequences, which theoretically allows the interaction of bovine miRNAs with the human genome. Persistent intake of milk-derived miRNAs that attenuate p53- and DNMT1 signaling of the human milk consumer may thus present an overlooked risk factor promoting acne vulgaris, prostate cancer, and other p53/DNMT1-related Western diseases. Therefore, bioactive miRNAs of commercial milk should be eliminated from the human food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7a, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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212
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Golan-Gerstl R, Elbaum Shiff Y, Moshayoff V, Schecter D, Leshkowitz D, Reif S. Characterization and biological function of milk-derived miRNAs. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017. [PMID: 28643865 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk of infection, immune-mediated disorders, obesity, and even cancer. Recently it was found that breast milk contains a variety of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the skim and fat layer that can be transferred to infants, and appear to play important roles in those biological functions. METHODS AND RESULTS This study applied next generation sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR analysis to determine the miRNA expression profile of the skim and fat fraction of human, goat, and bovine milk as well as infant formulas. Human and mammalian milk were found to contain known advantageous miRNAs in exosomes and also in the fat layer. These miRNAs are highly conserved in human, bovine and goat milk. However, they were not detected in several infant formulas. Further, miRNAs present in milk were able to enter normal and tumor cells and affect their biological functions. Following incubation of milk derived human miRNA with normal and cancer cells, the expression of miRNA-148a was upregulated and the expression of the DNA methyltransferase1 target gene of miRNA-148a was down regulated. CONCLUSION These results reinforce previous findings on the importance of miRNA in breast milk. Future studies should concentrate on the addition of miRNA to infant formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaffa Elbaum Shiff
- The school of Nutritional Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vardit Moshayoff
- Pediatric Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Schecter
- Pediatric Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dena Leshkowitz
- Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Bioinformatics Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shimon Reif
- Pediatric Department, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Chan SY, Snow JW. Formidable challenges to the notion of biologically important roles for dietary small RNAs in ingesting mammals. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:13. [PMID: 29308096 PMCID: PMC5753850 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The notion of uptake of active diet-derived small RNAs (sRNAs) in recipient organisms could have significant implications for our understanding of oral therapeutics and nutrition, for the safe use of RNA interference (RNAi) in agricultural biotechnology, and for ecological relationships. Yet, the transfer and subsequent regulation of gene activity by diet-derived sRNAs in ingesting mammals are still heavily debated. Here, we synthesize current information based on multiple independent studies of mammals, invertebrates, and plants. Rigorous assessment of these data emphasize that uptake of active dietary sRNAs is neither a robust nor a prevalent mechanism to maintain steady-state levels in higher organisms. While disagreement still continues regarding whether such transfer may occur in specialized contexts, concerns about technical difficulties and a lack of consensus on appropriate methods have led to questions regarding the reproducibility and biologic significance of some seemingly positive results. For any continuing investigations, concerted efforts should be made to establish a strong mechanistic basis for potential effects of dietary sRNAs and to agree on methodological guidelines for realizing such proof. Such processes would ensure proper interpretation of studies aiming to prove dietary sRNA activity in mammals and inform potential for application in therapeutics and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Y Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, BST 1704.2, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Jonathan W Snow
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, NY 10027 USA
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214
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Milk miRNAs encapsulated in exosomes are stable to human digestion and permeable to intestinal barrier in vitro. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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215
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Rani P, Yenuganti VR, Shandilya S, Onteru SK, Singh D. miRNAs: The hidden bioactive component of milk. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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216
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Zempleni J. Milk exosomes: beyond dietary microRNAs. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:12. [PMID: 28694874 PMCID: PMC5501576 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles deliver a variety of cargos to recipient cells, including the delivery of cargos in dietary vesicles from bovine milk to non-bovine species. The rate of discovery in this important line of research is slowed by a controversy whether the delivery and bioactivity of a single class of vesicle cargos, microRNAs, are real or not. This opinion paper argues that the evidence in support of the bioavailability of microRNAs encapsulated in dietary exosomes outweighs the evidence produced by scholars doubting that phenomenon is real. Importantly, this paper posits that the time is ripe to look beyond microRNA cargos and pursue innovative pathways through which dietary exosomes alter metabolism. Here, we highlight potentially fruitful lines of exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
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217
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Cross-Kingdom Regulation of Putative miRNAs Derived from Happy Tree in Cancer Pathway: A Systems Biology Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061191. [PMID: 28587194 PMCID: PMC5486014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well-known key regulators of gene expression primarily at the post-transcriptional level. Plant-derived miRNAs may pass through the gastrointestinal tract, entering into the body fluid and regulate the expression of endogenous mRNAs. Camptotheca acuminata, a highly important medicinal plant known for its anti-cancer potential was selected to investigate cross-kingdom regulatory mechanism and involvement of miRNAs derived from this plant in cancer-associated pathways through in silico systems biology approach. In this study, total 33 highly stable putative novel miRNAs were predicted from the publically available 53,294 ESTs of C. acuminata, out of which 14 miRNAs were found to be regulating 152 target genes in human. Functional enrichment, gene-disease associations and network analysis of these target genes were carried out and the results revealed their association with prominent types of cancers like breast cancer, leukemia and lung cancer. Pathways like focal adhesion, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes and mTOR signaling pathways were found significantly associated with the target genes. The regulatory network analysis showed the association of some important hub proteins like GSK3B, NUMB, PEG3, ITGA2 and DLG2 with cancer-associated pathways. Based on the analysis results, it can be suggested that the ingestion of the C. acuminata miRNAs may have a functional impact on tumorigenesis in a cross-kingdom way and may affect the physiological condition at genetic level. Thus, the predicted miRNAs seem to hold potentially significant role in cancer pathway regulation and therefore, may be further validated using in vivo experiments for a better insight into their mechanism of epigenetic action of miRNA.
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218
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Curcumin Encapsulated in Milk Exosomes Resists Human Digestion and Possesses Enhanced Intestinal Permeability in Vitro. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:993-1007. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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219
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Li Y, Xu B, Xu M, Chen D, Xiong Y, Lian M, Sun Y, Tang Z, Wang L, Jiang C, Lin Y. 6-Gingerol protects intestinal barrier from ischemia/reperfusion-induced damage via inhibition of p38 MAPK to NF-κB signalling. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:137-148. [PMID: 28167239 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury caused by severe trauma, intestinal obstruction, and operation is one of the tough challenges in clinic. 6-Gingerol (6G), a main active ingredient of ginger, is found to have anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-cancer activities. The present study was designed to characterize the potential protective effects of 6G on rat intestinal I/R injury and reveal the correlated mechanisms. Rat intestinal I/R model was established with clamping the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and 6G was intragastrically administered for three consecutive days before I/R injury. Caco-2 and IEC-6 cells were incubated under hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) conditions to simulate I/R injury in vitro. The results showed that 6G significantly alleviated intestinal injury in I/R injured rats by reducing the generation of oxidative stress and inhibiting p38 MAPK signaling pathway. 6G significantly reduced MDA level and increased the levels of SOD, GSH, and GSH-Px in I/R injured intestinal tissues. 6G significantly decreased the production of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and inhibited the expression of inflammatory mediators iNOS/NO in I/R injured intestinal tissues. The impaired intestinal barrier function was restored by using 6G in I/R injured rats and in both Caco-2 and IEC-6 cells characterized by inhibiting p38 MAPK phosphorylation, nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and expression of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) protein. 6G also reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both Caco-2 and IEC-6 cells. In vitro transfection of p38 MAPK siRNA mitigated the impact of 6G on NF-κB and MLCK expression, and the results further corroborated the protective effects of 6G on intestinal I/R injury by repressing p38 MAPK signaling. In conclusion, the present study suggests that 6G exerts protective effects against I/R-induced intestinal mucosa injury by inhibiting the formation of ROS and p38 MAPK activation, providing novel insights into the mechanisms of this therapeutic candidate for the treatment of intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Dapeng Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yongjian Xiong
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Mengqiao Lian
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuchao Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zeyao Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chunling Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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220
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Chen T, Xi QY, Sun JJ, Ye RS, Cheng X, Sun RP, Wang SB, Shu G, Wang LN, Zhu XT, Jiang QY, Zhang YL. Revelation of mRNAs and proteins in porcine milk exosomes by transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:101. [PMID: 28407805 PMCID: PMC5390444 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Milk is a complex liquid that provides nutrition to newborns. Recent reports demonstrated that milk is enriched in maternal-derived exosomes that are involved in fetal physiological and pathological conditions by transmission of exosomal mRNAs, miRNAs and proteins. Until now, there is no such research relevant to exosomal mRNAs and proteins in porcine milk, therefore, we have attempted to investigate porcine milk exosomal mRNAs and proteins using RNA-sequencing and proteomic analysis. Results A total of 16,304 (13,895 known and 2,409 novel mRNAs) mRNAs and 639 (571 known, 66 candidate and 2 putative proteins) proteins were identified. GO and KEGG annotation indicated that most proteins were located in the cytoplasm and participated in many immunity and disease-related pathways, and some mRNAs were closely related to metabolisms, degradation and signaling pathways. Interestingly, 19 categories of proteins were tissue-specific and detected in placenta, liver, milk, plasma and mammary. COG analysis divided the identified mRNAs and proteins into 6 and 23 categories, respectively, 18 mRNAs and 10 proteins appeared to be involved in cell cycle control, cell division and chromosome partitioning. Additionally, 14 selected mRNAs were identified by qPCR, meanwhile, 10 proteins related to immunity and cell proliferation were detected by Western blot. Conclusions These results provide the first insight into porcine milk exosomal mRNA and proteins, and will facilitate further research into the physiological significance of milk exosomes for infants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1021-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guandong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qian-Yun Xi
- National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guandong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jia-Jie Sun
- National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guandong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rui-Song Ye
- National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guandong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guandong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rui-Ping Sun
- National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guandong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571100, China
| | - Song-Bo Wang
- National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guandong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Gang Shu
- National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guandong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guandong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guandong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing-Yan Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guandong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yong-Liang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center For Breeding Swine Industry, Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guandong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering and Technology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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221
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Chan SY, Snow JW. Uptake and impact of natural diet-derived small RNA in invertebrates: Implications for ecology and agriculture. RNA Biol 2017; 14:402-414. [PMID: 27763816 PMCID: PMC5411125 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1248329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The putative transfer and gene regulatory activities of diet-derived small RNAs (sRNAs) in ingesting animals are still debated. The existence of natural uptake of diet-derived sRNA by invertebrate species could have significant implication for our understanding of ecological relationships and could synergize with efforts to use RNA interference (RNAi) technology in agriculture. Here, we synthesize information gathered from studies in invertebrates using natural or artificial dietary delivery of sRNA and from studies of sRNA in vertebrate animals and plants to review our current understanding of uptake and impact of natural diet-derived sRNA on invertebrates. Our understanding has been influenced and sometimes confounded by the diversity of invertebrates and ingested plants studied, our limited insights into how gene expression may be modulated by dietary sRNAs at the mechanistic level, and the paucity of studies focusing directly on natural uptake of sRNA. As such, we suggest 2 strategies to investigate this phenomenon more comprehensively and thus facilitate the realization of its potentially broad impact on ecology and agriculture in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Y. Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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222
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Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Milk's Role as an Epigenetic Regulator in Health and Disease. Diseases 2017; 5:diseases5010012. [PMID: 28933365 PMCID: PMC5456335 DOI: 10.3390/diseases5010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is the intention of this review to characterize milk's role as an epigenetic regulator in health and disease. Based on translational research, we identify milk as a major epigenetic modulator of gene expression of the milk recipient. Milk is presented as an epigenetic "doping system" of mammalian development. Milk exosome-derived micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) that target DNA methyltransferases are implicated to play the key role in the upregulation of developmental genes such as FTO, INS, and IGF1. In contrast to miRNA-deficient infant formula, breastfeeding via physiological miRNA transfer provides the appropriate signals for adequate epigenetic programming of the newborn infant. Whereas breastfeeding is restricted to the lactation period, continued consumption of cow's milk results in persistent epigenetic upregulation of genes critically involved in the development of diseases of civilization such as diabesity, neurodegeneration, and cancer. We hypothesize that the same miRNAs that epigenetically increase lactation, upregulate gene expression of the milk recipient via milk-derived miRNAs. It is of critical concern that persistent consumption of pasteurized cow's milk contaminates the human food chain with bovine miRNAs, that are identical to their human analogs. Commercial interest to enhance dairy lactation performance may further increase the epigenetic miRNA burden for the milk consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7a, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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223
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Yu S, Zhao Z, Sun L, Li P. Fermentation Results in Quantitative Changes in Milk-Derived Exosomes and Different Effects on Cell Growth and Survival. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1220-1228. [PMID: 28085261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of microRNAs encapsulated in milk-derived exosomes has revealed stability under extreme conditions reflecting the protection of membranes. We attempted to determine the variations in nanoparticles derived from milk after fermentation, and provide evidence to determine the effects of these exosomes on cells with potential bioactivity. Using scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, we compared the morphology and particle size distribution of exosomes from yogurt fermented with three different combinations of strains with those from raw milk. The protein content of the exosome was significantly reduced in fermented milk. The cycle threshold showed that the expression of miR-29b and miR-21 was relatively high in raw milk, indicating a loss of microRNA after fermentation. Milk-derived exosomes could promote cell growth and activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. These findings demonstrated biological functions in milk exosomes and provided new insight into the nutrient composition of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siran Yu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zhehao Zhao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Liming Sun
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited , Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, PR China
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224
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Somiya M, Yoshioka Y, Ochiya T. Drug delivery application of extracellular vesicles; insight into production, drug loading, targeting, and pharmacokinetics. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2017.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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225
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Zempleni J, Aguilar-Lozano A, Sadri M, Sukreet S, Manca S, Wu D, Zhou F, Mutai E. Biological Activities of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Cargos from Bovine and Human Milk in Humans and Implications for Infants. J Nutr 2017; 147:3-10. [PMID: 27852870 PMCID: PMC5177735 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.238949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in milk harbor a variety of compounds, including lipids, proteins, noncoding RNAs, and mRNAs. Among the various classes of EVs, exosomes are of particular interest, because cargo sorting in exosomes is a regulated, nonrandom process and exosomes play essential roles in cell-to-cell communication. Encapsulation in exosomes confers protection against enzymatic and nonenzymatic degradation of cargos and provides a pathway for cellular uptake of cargos by endocytosis of exosomes. Compelling evidence suggests that exosomes in bovine milk are transported by intestinal cells, vascular endothelial cells, and macrophages in human and rodent cell cultures, and bovine-milk exosomes are delivered to peripheral tissues in mice. Evidence also suggests that cargos in bovine-milk exosomes, in particular RNAs, are delivered to circulating immune cells in humans. Some microRNAs and mRNAs in bovine-milk exosomes may regulate the expression of human genes and be translated into protein, respectively. Some exosome cargos are quantitatively minor in the diet compared with endogenous synthesis. However, noncanonical pathways have been identified through which low concentrations of dietary microRNAs may alter gene expression, such as the accumulation of exosomes in the immune cell microenvironment and the binding of microRNAs to Toll-like receptors. Phenotypes observed in infant-feeding studies include higher Mental Developmental Index, Psychomotor Development Index, and Preschool Language Scale-3 scores in breastfed infants than in those fed various formulas. In mice, supplementation with plant-derived MIR-2911 improved the antiviral response compared with controls. Porcine-milk exosomes promote the proliferation of intestinal cells in mice. This article discusses the above-mentioned advances in research concerning milk exosomes and their cargos in human nutrition. Implications for infant nutrition are emphasized, where permitted, but data in infants are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ana Aguilar-Lozano
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Mahrou Sadri
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Sonal Sukreet
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Sonia Manca
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ezra Mutai
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
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226
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) hybridize with complementary sequences in mRNA and silence genes by destabilizing mRNA or preventing translation of mRNA. Over 60% of human protein-coding genes are regulated by miRs, and 1881 high-confidence miRs are encoded in the human genome. Evidence suggests that miRs not only are synthesized endogenously, but also might be obtained from dietary sources, and that food compounds alter the expression of endogenous miR genes. The main food matrices for studies of biological activity of dietary miRs include plant foods and cow milk. Encapsulation of miRs in exosomes and exosome-like particles confers protection against RNA degradation and creates a pathway for intestinal and vascular endothelial transport by endocytosis, as well as delivery to peripheral tissues. Evidence suggests that the amount of miRs absorbed from nutritionally relevant quantities of foods is sufficient to elicit biological effects, and that endogenous synthesis of miRs is insufficient to compensate for dietary miR depletion and rescue wild-type phenotypes. In addition, nutrition alters the expression of endogenous miR genes, thereby compounding the effects of nutrition-miR interactions in gene regulation and disease diagnosis in liquid biopsies. For example, food components and dietary preferences may modulate serum miR profiles that may influence biological processes. The complex crosstalk between nutrition, miRs, and gene targets poses a challenge to gene network analysis and studies of human disease. Novel pipelines and databases have been developed recently, including a dietary miR database for archiving reported miRs in 15 dietary resources. miRs derived from diet and endogenous synthesis have been implicated in physiologic and pathologic conditions, including those linked with nutrition and metabolism. In fact, several miRs are actively regulated in response to overnutrition and tissue inflammation, and are involved in facilitating the development of chronic inflammation by modulating tissue-infiltrated immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cui
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering and
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; and
| | - Sharon A Ross
- Nutritional Science Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE;
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227
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Floris I, Kraft JD, Altosaar I. Roles of MicroRNA across Prenatal and Postnatal Periods. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17121994. [PMID: 27916805 PMCID: PMC5187794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17121994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between mother and offspring in mammals starts at implantation via the maternal-placental-fetal axis, and continues postpartum via milk targeted to the intestinal mucosa. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), short, noncoding single-stranded RNAs, of about 22 nucleotides in length, are actively involved in many developmental and physiological processes. Here we highlight the role of miRNA in the dynamic signaling that guides infant development, starting from implantation of conceptus and persisting through the prenatal and postnatal periods. miRNAs in body fluids, particularly in amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, and breast milk may offer new opportunities to investigate physiological and/or pathological molecular mechanisms that portend to open novel research avenues for the identification of noninvasive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Floris
- Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada.
| | - Jamie D Kraft
- Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada.
| | - Illimar Altosaar
- Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H8M5, Canada.
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228
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Karlsson O, Rodosthenous RS, Jara C, Brennan KJ, Wright RO, Baccarelli AA, Wright RJ. Detection of long non-coding RNAs in human breastmilk extracellular vesicles: Implications for early child development. Epigenetics 2016; 11:721-729. [PMID: 27494402 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1216285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastmilk has many documented beneficial effects on the developing human infant, but the components of breastmilk that influence these developmental pathways have not been fully elucidated. Increasing evidence suggests that non-coding RNAs encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an important mechanism of communication between the mother and child. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are of particular interest given their key role in gene expression and development. However, it is not known whether breastmilk EVs contain lncRNAs. We used qRT-PCR to determine whether EVs isolated from human breastmilk contain lncRNAs previously reported to be important for developmental processes. We detected 55 of the 87 screened lncRNAs in EVs from the 30 analyzed breastmilk samples, and CRNDE, DANCR, GAS5, SRA1 and ZFAS1 were detected in >90% of the samples. GAS5, SNHG8 and ZFAS1 levels were highly correlated (Spearman's rho > 0.9; P < 0.0001), which may indicate that the loading of these lncRNAs into breastmilk EVs is regulated by the same pathways. The detected lncRNAs are important epigenetic regulators involved in processes such as immune cell regulation and metabolism. They may target a repertoire of recipient cells in offspring and could be essential for child development and health. Further experimental and epidemiological studies are warranted to determine the impact of breastmilk EV-encapsulated lnRNAs in mother to child signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Karlsson
- a Center for Molecular Medicine , Department of Clinical Neuroscience , Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | | | - Calvin Jara
- c Department of Preventive Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - Kasey J Brennan
- b Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Robert O Wright
- c Department of Preventive Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA.,d Kravis Children's Hospital , Department of Pediatrics , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- b Department of Environmental Health , Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Rosalind J Wright
- c Department of Preventive Medicine , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA.,d Kravis Children's Hospital , Department of Pediatrics , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , NY , USA
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Benmoussa A, Lee CHC, Laffont B, Savard P, Laugier J, Boilard E, Gilbert C, Fliss I, Provost P. Commercial Dairy Cow Milk microRNAs Resist Digestion under Simulated Gastrointestinal Tract Conditions. J Nutr 2016; 146:2206-2215. [PMID: 27708120 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.237651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs are small, gene-regulatory noncoding RNA species present in large amounts in milk, where they seem to be protected against degradative conditions, presumably because of their association with exosomes. OBJECTIVE We monitored the relative stability of commercial dairy cow milk microRNAs during digestion and examined their associations with extracellular vesicles (EVs). METHODS We used a computer-controlled, in vitro, gastrointestinal model TNO intestinal model-1 (TIM-1) and analyzed, by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the concentration of 2 microRNAs within gastrointestinal tract compartments at different points in time. EVs within TIM-1 digested and nondigested samples were studied by immunoblotting, dynamic light scattering, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and density measurements. RESULTS A large quantity of dairy milk Bos taurus microRNA-223 (bta-miR-223) and bta-miR-125b (∼109-1010 copies/300 mL milk) withstood digestion under simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions, with the stomach causing the most important decrease in microRNA amounts. A large quantity of these 2 microRNAs (∼108-109 copies/300 mL milk) was detected in the upper small intestine compartments, which supports their potential bioaccessibility. A protocol optimized for the enrichment of dairy milk exosomes yielded a 100,000 × g pellet fraction that was positive for the exosomal markers tumor susceptibility gene-101 (TSG101), apoptosis-linked gene 2-interacting protein X (ALIX), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and containing bta-miR-223 and bta-miR-125b. This approach, based on successive ultracentrifugation steps, also revealed the existence of ALIX-, HSP70-/low, and TSG101-/low EVs larger than exosomes and 2-6 times more enriched in bta-miR-223 and bta-miR-125b (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that commercial dairy cow milk contains numerous microRNAs that can resist digestion and are associated mostly with ALIX-, HSP70-/low, and TSG101-/low EVs. Our results support the existence of interspecies transfer of microRNAs mediated by milk consumption and challenge our current view of exosomes as the sole carriers of milk-derived microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahim Benmoussa
- University of Quebec Hospital Center Research Center/University of Laval Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Chan Ho C Lee
- University of Quebec Hospital Center Research Center/University of Laval Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Benoit Laffont
- University of Quebec Hospital Center Research Center/University of Laval Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Patricia Savard
- STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Laugier
- University of Quebec Hospital Center Research Center/University of Laval Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Eric Boilard
- University of Quebec Hospital Center Research Center/University of Laval Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Caroline Gilbert
- University of Quebec Hospital Center Research Center/University of Laval Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, and
| | - Ismail Fliss
- STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Provost
- University of Quebec Hospital Center Research Center/University of Laval Hospital Center, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunity and Faculty of Medicine, and
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230
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Perge P, Nagy Z, Decmann Á, Igaz I, Igaz P. Potential relevance of microRNAs in inter-species epigenetic communication, and implications for disease pathogenesis. RNA Biol 2016; 14:391-401. [PMID: 27791594 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1251001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short non-protein coding RNA molecules involved in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Recently, extracellular microRNAs have been described in body fluids that might enable epigenetic communication between distant tissues. Being highly conserved molecules, exogenous xeno-microRNAs from different species could affect gene expression in the host even in a cross-kingdom fashion. Several data underline the relevance of microRNA-mediated communication between virus and host, and there are some experimental data showing that plant- or animal-derived dietary microRNAs might have gene expression modulating activity in humans. Milk-derived microRNAs might be involved in the "epigenetic priming" of the baby. Exogenous microRNAs might be hypothesized to be implicated in disease pathogenesis, e.g. in tumors. Major questions remain to be addressed including the amount of xeno-microRNAs needed for biological action or routes for microRNA delivery. In this brief review, experimental data and hypotheses on the potential pathogenic inter-species relevance of microRNA are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pál Perge
- a 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Zoltán Nagy
- a 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Ábel Decmann
- a 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Ivan Igaz
- b Department of Gastroenterology , Szent Imre Teaching Hospital , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Peter Igaz
- a 2nd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
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231
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Mobley CB, Mumford PW, McCarthy JJ, Miller ME, Young KC, Martin JS, Beck DT, Lockwood CM, Roberts MD. Whey protein-derived exosomes increase protein synthesis and hypertrophy in C 2-C 12 myotubes. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:48-64. [PMID: 28341051 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We sought to examine potential amino acid independent mechanisms whereby hydrolyzed whey protein (WP) affects muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and anabolism in vitro. Specifically, we tested (1) whether 3-h and 6-h treatments of WP, essential amino acids, or l-leucine (Leu) affected MPS, and whether 6-h treatments with low-, medium-, or high doses of WP versus Leu affected MPS; (2) whether knockdown of the primary Leu transporter affected WP- and Leu-mediated changes in MPS, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling responses, or both, following 6-h treatments; (3) whether exosomes isolated from WP (WP-EXO) affected MPS, mTOR signaling responses, or both, compared with untreated (control) myotubes, following 6-h, 12-h, and 24-h treatments, and whether they affected myotube diameter following 24-h and 48-h treatments. For all treatments, 7-d post-differentiated C2C12 myotubes were examined. In experiment 1, 6-h WP treatments increased MPS compared with control (+46%), Leu (+24%), and essential amino acids (+25%). Moreover, the 6-h low-, medium-, and high WP treatments increased MPS by approximately 40 to 50% more than corresponding Leu treatments. In experiment 2 (LAT short hairpin RNA-transfected myotubes), 6-h WP treatments increased MPS compared with control (+18%) and Leu (+19%). In experiment 3, WP-EXO treatments increased MPS over controls at 12h (+18%) and 24h (+45%), and myotube diameters increased with 24-h (+24%) and 48-h (+40%) WP-EXO treatments compared with controls. The WP-EXO treatments did not appear to operate through mTOR signaling; instead, they increased mRNA and protein levels o eukaryotic initiation factor 4A. Bovine-specific microRNA following 24-h WP-EXO treatments were enriched in myotubes (chiefly miR-149-3p, miR-2881), but were not related to hypertrophic gene targets. To summarize, hydrolyzed WP-EXO increased skeletal MPS and anabolism in vitro, and this may be related to an unknown mechanism that increases translation initiation factors rather than enhancing mTOR signaling or the involvement of bovine-specific microRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical College of Medicine, Lexington 40506
| | - Michael E Miller
- Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849; Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849; Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Darren T Beck
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849; Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL 36849
| | | | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849; Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL 36849.
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232
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Porcine milk-derived exosomes promote proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33862. [PMID: 27646050 PMCID: PMC5028765 DOI: 10.1038/srep33862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk-derived exosomes were identified as a novel mechanism of mother-to-child transmission of regulatory molecules, but their functions in intestinal tissues of neonates are not well-studied. Here, we characterized potential roles of porcine milk-derived exosomes in the intestinal tract. In vitro, treatment with milk-derived exosomes (27 ± 3 ng and 55 ± 5 ng total RNA) significantly promoted IPEC-J2 cell proliferation by MTT, CCK8, EdU fluorescence and EdU flow cytometry assays. The qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses indicated milk-derived exosomes (0.27 ± 0.03 μg total RNA) significantly promoted expression of CDX2, IGF-1R and PCNA, and inhibited p53 gene expression involved in intestinal proliferation. Additionally, six detected miRNAs were significantly increased in IPEC-J2 cell, while FAS and SERPINE were significantly down-regulated relative to that in control. In vivo, treated groups (0.125 μg and 0.25 μg total RNA) significantly raised mice' villus height, crypt depth and ratio of villus length to crypt depth of intestinal tissues, significantly increased CDX2, PCNA and IGF-1R' expression and significantly inhibited p53' expression. Our study demonstrated that milk-derived exosomes can facilitate intestinal cell proliferation and intestinal tract development, thus giving a new insight for milk nutrition and newborn development and health.
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233
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Melnik BC, Kakulas F, Geddes DT, Hartmann PE, John SM, Carrera-Bastos P, Cordain L, Schmitz G. Milk miRNAs: simple nutrients or systemic functional regulators? Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:42. [PMID: 27330539 PMCID: PMC4915038 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is rich in miRNAs that appear to play important roles in the postnatal development of all mammals. Currently, two competing hypotheses exist: the functional hypothesis, which proposes that milk miRNAs are transferred to the offspring and exert physiological regulatory functions, and the nutritional hypothesis, which suggests that these molecules do not reach the systemic circulation of the milk recipient, but merely provide nutrition without conferring active regulatory signals to the offspring. The functional hypothesis is based on indirect evidence and requires further investigation. The nutritional hypothesis is primarily based on three mouse models, which are inherently problematic: 1) miRNA-375 KO mice, 2) miRNA-200c/141 KO mice, and 3) transgenic mice presenting high levels of miRNA-30b in milk. This article presents circumstantial evidence that these mouse models may all be inappropriate to study the physiological traffic of milk miRNAs to the newborn mammal, and calls for new studies using more relevant mouse models or human milk to address the fate and role of milk miRNAs in the offspring and the adult consumer of cow's milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Foteini Kakulas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Peter E Hartmann
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Swen Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Loren Cordain
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinics of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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234
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Human Milk Cells Contain Numerous miRNAs that May Change with Milk Removal and Regulate Multiple Physiological Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060956. [PMID: 27322254 PMCID: PMC4926489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is a complex biofluid conferring nutritional, protective and developmental components for optimal infant growth. Amongst these are maternal cells, which change in response to feeding and were recently shown to be a rich source of miRNAs. We used next generation sequencing to characterize the cellular miRNA profile of HM collected before and after feeding. HM cells conserved higher miRNA content than the lipid and skim HM fractions or other body fluids, in accordance with previous studies. In total, 1467 known mature and 1996 novel miRNAs were identified, with 89 high-confidence novel miRNAs. HM cell content was higher post-feeding (p < 0.05), and was positively associated with total miRNA content (p = 0.014) and species number (p < 0.001). This coincided with upregulation of 29 known and 2 novel miRNAs, and downregulation of 4 known and 1 novel miRNAs post-feeding, but no statistically significant change in expression was found for the remaining miRNAs. These findings suggest that feeding may influence the miRNA content of HM cells. The most highly and differentially expressed miRNAs were key regulators of milk components, with potential diagnostic value in lactation performance. They are also involved in the control of body fluid balance, thirst, appetite, immune response, and development, implicating their functional significance for the infant.
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235
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Oliveira MC, Di Ceglie I, Arntz OJ, van den Berg WB, van den Hoogen FHJ, Ferreira AVM, van Lent PLEM, van de Loo FAJ. Milk-Derived Nanoparticle Fraction Promotes the Formation of Small Osteoclasts But Reduces Bone Resorption. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:225-33. [PMID: 27138291 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The general consensus is that milk promotes bone growth and density because is a source of calcium and contains components that enhance intestinal calcium uptake or directly affect bone metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effect of bovine-derived milk 100,000 g pellet (P100), which contains nanoparticles (<220 nm) including extracellular vesicles, on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Bone marrow-derived osteoclast precursor cells were differentiated into osteoclasts by M-CSF and RANKL (control) and in the presence of milk P100. Milk P100 treatment until day 4 increased the number of TRAP-positive mononuclear cells and small (≤5 nuclei) osteoclasts. The number of large (≥6 nuclei) osteoclasts remained the same. These alterations were associated with increased expression of TRAP, NFATc1, and c-Fos. Cells seeded in a calcium-phosphate coated plate or bone slices showed reduced resorption area when exposed to milk P100 during the differentiation phase and even after osteoclast formation. Interestingly, milk P100 treatment enhanced Cathepsin K expression but reduced Carbonic Anhydrase 2 gene expression. Moreover, intracellular acid production was also decreased by milk P100 treatment. Oral delivery of milk P100 to female DBA1/J mice for 7 weeks did not alter bone area; however, increased osteoclast number and area in tibia without changes in serum RANKL and CTX-I levels. We showed for the first time the effect of milk P100 on osteoclast differentiation both in vitro and in vivo and found that milk P100 increased the formation of small osteoclasts but this does not lead to more bone resorption probably due to reduced acid secretion. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 225-233, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Oliveira
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Irene Di Ceglie
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Onno J Arntz
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim B van den Berg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Adaliene V M Ferreira
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Peter L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fons A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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236
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Melnik BC, John SM, Carrera-Bastos P, Schmitz G. Milk: a postnatal imprinting system stabilizing FoxP3 expression and regulatory T cell differentiation. Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6:18. [PMID: 27175277 PMCID: PMC4864898 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding has protective effects for the development of allergies and atopy. Recent evidence underlines that consumption of unboiled farm milk in early life is a key factor preventing the development of atopic diseases. Farm milk intake has been associated with increased demethylation of FOXP3 and increased numbers of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Thus, the questions arose which components of farm milk control the differentiation and function of Tregs, critical T cell subsets that promote tolerance induction and inhibit the development of allergy and autoimmunity. FINDINGS Based on translational research we identified at least six major signalling pathways that could explain milk's biological role controlling stable FoxP3 expression and Treg differentiation: (1) via maintaining appropriate magnitudes of Akt-mTORC1 signalling, (2) via transfer of milk fat-derived long-chain ω-3 fatty acids, (3) via transfer of milk-derived exosomal microRNAs that apparently decrease FOXP3 promoter methylation, (4) via transfer of exosomal transforming growth factor-β, which induces SMAD2/SMAD3-dependent FoxP3 expression, (5) via milk-derived Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species that induce interleukin-10 (IL-10)-mediated differentiation of Tregs, and (6) via milk-derived oligosaccharides that serve as selected nutrients for the growth of bifidobacteria in the intestine of the new born infant. CONCLUSION Accumulating evidence underlines that milk is a complex signalling and epigenetic imprinting network that promotes stable FoxP3 expression and long-lasting Treg differentiation, crucial postnatal events preventing atopic and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Swen Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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237
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Auerbach A, Vyas G, Li A, Halushka M, Witwer K. Uptake of dietary milk miRNAs by adult humans: a validation study. F1000Res 2016; 5:721. [PMID: 27158459 PMCID: PMC4857747 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8548.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is replete with nutritional content as well as nucleic acids including microRNAs (miRNAs). In a recent report, adult humans who drank bovine milk appeared to have increased circulating levels of miRNAs miR-29b-3p and miR-200c-3p. Since these miRNAs are homologous between human and cow, these results could be explained by xeno-miRNA influx, endogenous miRNA regulation, or both. More data were needed to validate the results and explore for additional milk-related alterations in circulating miRNAs. Samples from the published study were obtained, and 223 small RNA features were profiled with a custom OpenArray, followed by individual quantitative PCR assays for selected miRNAs. Additionally, small RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data obtained from plasma samples of the same project were analyzed to find human and uniquely bovine miRNAs. OpenArray revealed no significantly altered miRNA signals after milk ingestion, and this was confirmed by qPCR. Plasma sequencing data contained no miR-29b or miR-200c reads and no intake-consistent mapping of uniquely bovine miRNAs. In conclusion, the results do not support transfer of dietary xenomiRs into the circulation of adult humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Auerbach
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gopi Vyas
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anne Li
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marc Halushka
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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238
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Alsaweed M, Lai CT, Hartmann PE, Geddes DT, Kakulas F. Human Milk Cells and Lipids Conserve Numerous Known and Novel miRNAs, Some of Which Are Differentially Expressed during Lactation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152610. [PMID: 27074017 PMCID: PMC4830559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is rich in miRNAs, which are thought to contribute to infant protection and development. We used deep sequencing to profile miRNAs in the cell and lipid fractions of HM obtained post-feeding from 10 lactating women in months 2, 4, and 6 postpartum. In both HM fractions, 1,195 mature known miRNAs were identified, which were positively associated with the cell (p = 0.048) and lipid (p = 0.010) content of HM. An additional 5,167 novel miRNA species were predicted, of which 235 were high-confidence miRNAs. HM cells contained more known miRNAs than HM lipids (1,136 and 835 respectively, p<0.001). Although the profile of the novel miRNAs was very different between cells and lipids, with the majority conserved in the cell fraction and being mother-specific, 2/3 of the known miRNAs common between cells and lipids were similarly expressed (p>0.05). Great similarities between the two HM fractions were also found in the profile of the top 20 known miRNAs. These were largely similar also between the three lactation stages examined, as were the total miRNA concentration, and the number and expression of the known miRNAs common between cells and lipids (p>0.05). Yet, approximately a third of all known miRNAs were differentially expressed during the first 6 months of lactation (p<0.05), with more pronounced miRNA upregulation seen in month 4. These findings indicate that although the total miRNA concentration of HM cells and lipids provided to the infant does not change in first 6 months of lactation, the miRNA composition is altered, particularly in month 4 compared to months 2 and 6. This may reflect the remodeling of the gland in response to infant feeding patterns, which usually change after exclusive breastfeeding, suggesting adaptation to the infant’s needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alsaweed
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Almajmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter E. Hartmann
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Donna T. Geddes
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Foteini Kakulas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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239
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Kusuma RJ, Manca S, Friemel T, Sukreet S, Nguyen C, Zempleni J. Human vascular endothelial cells transport foreign exosomes from cow's milk by endocytosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C800-7. [PMID: 26984735 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00169.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of microRNAs in exosomes confers protection against degradation and a vehicle for shuttling of microRNAs between cells and tissues, and cellular uptake by endocytosis. Exosomes can be found in foods including milk. Humans absorb cow's milk exosomes and deliver the microRNA cargo to peripheral tissues, consistent with gene regulation by dietary nucleic acids across species boundaries. Here, we tested the hypothesis that human vascular endothelial cells transport milk exosomes by endocytosis, constituting a step crucial for the delivery of dietary exosomes and their cargo to peripheral tissues. We tested this hypothesis by using human umbilical vein endothelial cells and fluorophore-labeled exosomes isolated from cow's milk. Exosome uptake followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Vmax = 0.057 ± 0.004 ng exosome protein × 40,000 cells/h; Km = 17.97 ± 3.84 μg exosomal protein/200 μl media) and decreased by 80% when the incubation temperature was lowered from 37°C to 4°C. When exosome surface proteins were removed by treatment with proteinase K, or transport was measured in the presence of the carbohydrate competitor d-galactose or measured in the presence of excess unlabeled exosomes, transport rates decreased by 45% to 80% compared with controls. Treatment with an inhibitor of endocytosis, cytochalasin D, caused a 50% decrease in transport. When fluorophore-labeled exosomes were administered retro-orbitally, exosomes accumulated in liver, spleen, and lungs in mice. We conclude that human vascular endothelial cells transport bovine exosomes by endocytosis and propose that this is an important step in the delivery of dietary exosomes and their cargo to peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rio Jati Kusuma
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Sonia Manca
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Taylor Friemel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Sonal Sukreet
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Christopher Nguyen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska; and
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240
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Zhang M, Viennois E, Xu C, Merlin D. Plant derived edible nanoparticles as a new therapeutic approach against diseases. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1134415. [PMID: 27358751 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1134415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant cells, nanoparticles containing miRNA, bioactive lipids and proteins serve as extracellular messengers to mediate cell-cell communication in a manner similar to the exosomes secreted by mammalian cells. Notably, such nanoparticles are edible. Moreover, given the proper origin and cargo, plant derived edible nanoparticles could function in interspecies communication and may serve as natural therapeutics against a variety of diseases. In addition, nanoparticles made of plant-derived lipids may be used to efficiently deliver specific drugs. Plant derived edible nanoparticles could be more easily scaled up for mass production, compared to synthetic nanoparticles. In this review, we discuss recent significant developments pertaining to plant derived edible nanoparticles and provide insight into the use of plants as a bio-renewable, sustainable, diversified platform for the production of therapeutic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emilie Viennois
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Changlong Xu
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Didier Merlin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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241
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Alsaweed M, Lai CT, Hartmann PE, Geddes DT, Kakulas F. Human milk miRNAs primarily originate from the mammary gland resulting in unique miRNA profiles of fractionated milk. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20680. [PMID: 26854194 PMCID: PMC4745068 DOI: 10.1038/srep20680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) contains regulatory biomolecules including miRNAs, the origin and functional significance of which are still undetermined. We used TaqMan OpenArrays to profile 681 mature miRNAs in HM cells and fat, and compared them with maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma, and bovine and soy infant formulae. HM cells and PBMCs (292 and 345 miRNAs, respectively) had higher miRNA content than HM fat and plasma (242 and 219 miRNAs, respectively) (p < 0.05). A strong association in miRNA profiles was found between HM cells and fat, whilst PBMCs and plasma were distinctly different to HM, displaying marked inter-individual variation. Considering the dominance of epithelial cells in mature milk of healthy women, these results suggest that HM miRNAs primarily originate from the mammary epithelium, whilst the maternal circulation may have a smaller contribution. Our findings demonstrate that unlike infant formulae, which contained very few human miRNA, HM is a rich source of lactation-specific miRNA, which could be used as biomarkers of the performance and health status of the lactating mammary gland. Given the recently identified stability, uptake and functionality of food- and milk-derived miRNA in vivo, HM miRNA are likely to contribute to infant protection and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alsaweed
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Almajmaah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter E Hartmann
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Foteini Kakulas
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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242
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Title A, Denzler R, Stoffel M. Reply to Diet-responsive MicroRNAs Are Likely Exogenous. J Biol Chem 2016; 290:25198. [PMID: 26462297 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.l115.688358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Title
- Institute of Molecular Health Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich), Otto-Stern Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Remy Denzler
- Institute of Molecular Health Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich), Otto-Stern Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Stoffel
- Institute of Molecular Health Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich), Otto-Stern Weg 7, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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243
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Zempleni J, Baier SR, Hirschi K. Diet-responsive MicroRNAs Are Likely Exogenous. J Biol Chem 2016; 290:25197. [PMID: 26453700 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.l115.687830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0806 and
| | - Scott R Baier
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0806 and
| | - Kendal Hirschi
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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Lener T, Gimona M, Aigner L, Börger V, Buzas E, Camussi G, Chaput N, Chatterjee D, Court FA, Del Portillo HA, O'Driscoll L, Fais S, Falcon-Perez JM, Felderhoff-Mueser U, Fraile L, Gho YS, Görgens A, Gupta RC, Hendrix A, Hermann DM, Hill AF, Hochberg F, Horn PA, de Kleijn D, Kordelas L, Kramer BW, Krämer-Albers EM, Laner-Plamberger S, Laitinen S, Leonardi T, Lorenowicz MJ, Lim SK, Lötvall J, Maguire CA, Marcilla A, Nazarenko I, Ochiya T, Patel T, Pedersen S, Pocsfalvi G, Pluchino S, Quesenberry P, Reischl IG, Rivera FJ, Sanzenbacher R, Schallmoser K, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Strunk D, Tonn T, Vader P, van Balkom BWM, Wauben M, Andaloussi SE, Théry C, Rohde E, Giebel B. Applying extracellular vesicles based therapeutics in clinical trials - an ISEV position paper. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:30087. [PMID: 26725829 PMCID: PMC4698466 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.30087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 941] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, are released by different cell types and participate in physiological and pathophysiological processes. EVs mediate intercellular communication as cell-derived extracellular signalling organelles that transmit specific information from their cell of origin to their target cells. As a result of these properties, EVs of defined cell types may serve as novel tools for various therapeutic approaches, including (a) anti-tumour therapy, (b) pathogen vaccination, (c) immune-modulatory and regenerative therapies and (d) drug delivery. The translation of EVs into clinical therapies requires the categorization of EV-based therapeutics in compliance with existing regulatory frameworks. As the classification defines subsequent requirements for manufacturing, quality control and clinical investigation, it is of major importance to define whether EVs are considered the active drug components or primarily serve as drug delivery vehicles. For an effective and particularly safe translation of EV-based therapies into clinical practice, a high level of cooperation between researchers, clinicians and competent authorities is essential. In this position statement, basic and clinical scientists, as members of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) and of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, namely European Network on Microvesicles and Exosomes in Health and Disease (ME-HaD), summarize recent developments and the current knowledge of EV-based therapies. Aspects of safety and regulatory requirements that must be considered for pharmaceutical manufacturing and clinical application are highlighted. Production and quality control processes are discussed. Strategies to promote the therapeutic application of EVs in future clinical studies are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lener
- Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken GesmbH (SALK), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mario Gimona
- Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken GesmbH (SALK), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Börger
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Edit Buzas
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nathalie Chaput
- Laboratory of Immunomonitoring in Oncology, UMS 3655 CNRS/US23 Inserm, Villejuif, France
- Centre of Clinical Investigation in Biotherapy CICBT 1248, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Devasis Chatterjee
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Felipe A Court
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Pontificia-Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernando A Del Portillo
- ICREA at Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Stefano Fais
- Anti-Tumor Drugs Section, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Juan M Falcon-Perez
- Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, CIBERehd, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Mueser
- Department of Paediatrics I, Neonatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Departament de Producció Animal, ETSEA, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - André Görgens
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ramesh C Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Radiation Oncology and Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Lambros Kordelas
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Boris W Kramer
- Experimental Perinatology/Neonatology, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers
- Molecular Cell Biology and Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Laner-Plamberger
- Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken GesmbH (SALK), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Saara Laitinen
- Research and Cell Services, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommaso Leonardi
- Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
| | - Magdalena J Lorenowicz
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Casey A Maguire
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio Marcilla
- Dpto. Biología Celular y Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Universitat de València-Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irina Nazarenko
- Institute for Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tushar Patel
- Departments of Transplantation and Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Shona Pedersen
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Gabriella Pocsfalvi
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Quesenberry
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ilona G Reischl
- BASG - Bundesamt für Sicherheit im Gesundheitswesen - Federal Office for Safety in Health Care, AGES - Agentur für Gesundheit und Ernährungssicherheit - Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institut Überwachung - Institute Surveillance, Wien, Austria
| | - Francisco J Rivera
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ralf Sanzenbacher
- Ralf Sanzenbacher, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Bundesinstitut für Impfstoffe und biomedizinische Arzneimittel, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | - Katharina Schallmoser
- Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken GesmbH (SALK), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ineke Slaper-Cortenbach
- Cell Therapy Facility, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Strunk
- Experimental & Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Torsten Tonn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pieter Vader
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bas W M van Balkom
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marca Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clotilde Théry
- Centre of Clinical Investigation in Biotherapy CICBT 1248, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Eva Rohde
- Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken GesmbH (SALK), Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany;
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Oliveira MC, Arntz OJ, Blaney Davidson EN, van Lent PLEM, Koenders MI, van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB, Ferreira AVM, van de Loo FAJ. Milk extracellular vesicles accelerate osteoblastogenesis but impair bone matrix formation. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 30:74-84. [PMID: 27012623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The claimed beneficial effect of milk on bone is still a matter for debate. Recently extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain proteins and RNA were discovered in milk, but their effect on bone formation has not yet been determined. We demonstrated previously that bovine milk-derived EVs (BMEVs) have immunoregulatory properties. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of BMEVs on osteogenesis by mice and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Oral delivery of two concentrations of BMEVs to female DBA/1J mice during 7weeks did not alter the tibia trabecular bone area; however, the osteocytes number increased. In addition, the highest dose of BMEVs markedly increased the woven bone tissue, which is more brittle. The exposure of hMSCs to BMEVs during 21days resulted in less mineralization but higher cell proliferation. Interestingly BMEVs reduced the collagen production, but enhanced the expression of genes characteristic for immature osteoblasts. A kinetic study showed that BMEVs up-regulated many osteogenic genes within the first 4days. However, the production of type I collagen and expression of its genes (COL1A1 and COL1A2) were markedly reduced at days 21 and 28. At day 28, BMEVs again lead to higher proliferation, but mineralization was significantly increased. This was associated with increased expression of sclerostin, a marker for osteocytes, and reduced osteonectin, which is associated to bone matrix formation. Our study adds BMEVs to the list of milk components that can affect bone formation and may shed new light on the contradictory claims of milk on bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Oliveira
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Onno J Arntz
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Peter L E M van Lent
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marije I Koenders
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M van der Kraan
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim B van den Berg
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Adaliene V M Ferreira
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fons A J van de Loo
- Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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246
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Melnik BC. Milk: an epigenetic amplifier of FTO-mediated transcription? Implications for Western diseases. J Transl Med 2015; 13:385. [PMID: 26691922 PMCID: PMC4687119 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms within intron 1 of the FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated) gene are associated with enhanced FTO expression, increased body weight, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase FTO plays a pivotal regulatory role for postnatal growth and energy expenditure. The purpose of this review is to provide translational evidence that links milk signaling with FTO-activated transcription of the milk recipient. FTO-dependent demethylation of m6A regulates mRNA splicing required for adipogenesis, increases the stability of mRNAs, and affects microRNA (miRNA) expression and miRNA biosynthesis. FTO senses branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and activates the nutrient sensitive kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which plays a key role in translation. Milk provides abundant BCAAs and glutamine, critical components increasing FTO expression. CpG hypomethylation in the first intron of FTO has recently been associated with T2DM. CpG methylation is generally associated with gene silencing. In contrast, CpG demethylation generally increases transcription. DNA de novo methylation of CpG sites is facilitated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) 3A and 3B, whereas DNA maintenance methylation is controlled by DNMT1. MiRNA-29s target all DNMTs and thus reduce DNA CpG methylation. Cow´s milk provides substantial amounts of exosomal miRNA-29s that reach the systemic circulation and target mRNAs of the milk recipient. Via DNMT suppression, milk exosomal miRNA-29s may reduce the magnitude of FTO methylation, thereby epigenetically increasing FTO expression in the milk consumer. High lactation performance with increased milk yield has recently been associated with excessive miRNA-29 expression of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs). Notably, the galactopoietic hormone prolactin upregulates the transcription factor STAT3, which induces miRNA-29 expression. In a retrovirus-like manner milk exosomes may transfer DCMEC-derived miRNA-29s and bovine FTO mRNA to the milk consumer amplifying FTO expression. There is compelling evidence that obesity, T2DM, prostate and breast cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases are all associated with increased FTO expression. Maximization of lactation performance by veterinary medicine with enhanced miRNA-29s and FTO expression associated with increased exosomal miRNA-29 and FTO mRNA transfer to the milk consumer may represent key epigenetic mechanisms promoting FTO/mTORC1-mediated diseases of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, 49090, Osnabrück, Germany.
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247
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Munagala R, Aqil F, Jeyabalan J, Gupta RC. Bovine milk-derived exosomes for drug delivery. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:48-61. [PMID: 26604130 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 578] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are biological nanovesicles that are involved in cell-cell communication via the functionally-active cargo (such as miRNA, mRNA, DNA and proteins). Because of their nanosize, exosomes are explored as nanodevices for the development of new therapeutic applications. However, bulk, safe and cost-effective production of exosomes is not available. Here, we show that bovine milk can serve as a scalable source of exosomes that can act as a carrier for chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive agents. Drug-loaded exosomes showed significantly higher efficacy compared to free drug in cell culture studies and against lung tumor xenografts in vivo. Moreover, tumor targeting ligands such as folate increased cancer-cell targeting of the exosomes resulting in enhanced tumor reduction. Milk exosomes exhibited cross-species tolerance with no adverse immune and inflammatory response. Thus, we show the versatility of milk exosomes with respect to the cargo it can carry and ability to achieve tumor targetability. This is the first report to identify a biocompatible and cost-effective means of exosomes to enhance oral bioavailability, improve efficacy and safety of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Munagala
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202.,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Farrukh Aqil
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202.,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | | | - Ramesh C Gupta
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
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248
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MicroRNAs in Breastmilk and the Lactating Breast: Potential Immunoprotectors and Developmental Regulators for the Infant and the Mother. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:13981-4020. [PMID: 26529003 PMCID: PMC4661628 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121113981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is the optimal source of nutrition, protection and developmental programming for infants. It is species-specific and consists of various bioactive components, including microRNAs, small non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. microRNAs are both intra- and extra-cellular and are present in body fluids of humans and animals. Of these body fluids, HM appears to be one of the richest sources of microRNA, which are highly conserved in its different fractions, with milk cells containing more microRNAs than milk lipids, followed by skim milk. Potential effects of exogenous food-derived microRNAs on gene expression have been demonstrated, together with the stability of milk-derived microRNAs in the gastrointestinal tract. Taken together, these strongly support the notion that milk microRNAs enter the systemic circulation of the HM fed infant and exert tissue-specific immunoprotective and developmental functions. This has initiated intensive research on the origin, fate and functional significance of milk microRNAs. Importantly, recent studies have provided evidence of endogenous synthesis of HM microRNA within the human lactating mammary epithelium. These findings will now form the basis for investigations of the role of microRNA in the epigenetic control of normal and aberrant mammary development, and particularly lactation performance.
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