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Lysosomal sulfatases: a growing family. Biochem J 2020; 477:3963-3983. [PMID: 33120425 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfatases constitute a family of enzymes that specifically act in the hydrolytic degradation of sulfated metabolites by removing sulfate monoesters from various substrates, particularly glycolipids and glycosaminoglycans. A common essential feature of all known eukaryotic sulfatases is the posttranslational modification of a critical cysteine residue in their active site by oxidation to formylglycine (FGly), which is mediated by the FGly-generating enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum and is indispensable for catalytic activity. The majority of the so far described sulfatases localize intracellularly to lysosomes, where they act in different catabolic pathways. Mutations in genes coding for lysosomal sulfatases lead to an accumulation of the sulfated substrates in lysosomes, resulting in impaired cellular function and multisystemic disorders presenting as lysosomal storage diseases, which also cover the mucopolysaccharidoses and metachromatic leukodystrophy. Bioinformatics analysis of the eukaryotic genomes revealed, besides the well described and long known disease-associated sulfatases, additional genes coding for putative enzymes with sulfatases activity, including arylsulfatase G as well as the arylsulfatases H, I, J and K, respectively. In this article, we review current knowledge about lysosomal sulfatases with a special focus on the just recently characterized family members arylsulfatase G and arylsulfatase K.
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Schlotawa L, Adang LA, Radhakrishnan K, Ahrens-Nicklas RC. Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency: A Disease Comprising Mucopolysaccharidosis, Sphingolipidosis, and More Caused by a Defect in Posttranslational Modification. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3448. [PMID: 32414121 PMCID: PMC7279497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD, MIM #272200) is an ultra-rare disease comprising pathophysiology and clinical features of mucopolysaccharidosis, sphingolipidosis and other sulfatase deficiencies. MSD is caused by impaired posttranslational activation of sulfatases through the formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE) encoded by the sulfatase modifying factor 1 (SUMF1) gene, which is mutated in MSD. FGE is a highly conserved, non-redundant ER protein that activates all cellular sulfatases by oxidizing a conserved cysteine in the active site of sulfatases that is necessary for full catalytic activity. SUMF1 mutations result in unstable, degradation-prone FGE that demonstrates reduced or absent catalytic activity, leading to decreased activity of all sulfatases. As the majority of sulfatases are localized to the lysosome, loss of sulfatase activity induces lysosomal storage of glycosaminoglycans and sulfatides and subsequent cellular pathology. MSD patients combine clinical features of all single sulfatase deficiencies in a systemic disease. Disease severity classifications distinguish cases based on age of onset and disease progression. A genotype- phenotype correlation has been proposed, biomarkers like excreted storage material and residual sulfatase activities do not correlate well with disease severity. The diagnosis of MSD is based on reduced sulfatase activities and detection of mutations in SUMF1. No therapy exists for MSD yet. This review summarizes the unique FGE/ sulfatase physiology, pathophysiology and clinical aspects in patients and their care and outlines future perspectives in MSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Schlotawa
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Laura A. Adang
- Division of Child Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | | | - Rebecca C. Ahrens-Nicklas
- Division of Human Genetics and Metabolism, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Ashrafzadeh F, Zabolinejad N, Ghayoor Karimiani E, Beiraghi Toosi M, Doniadideh N, Torabi S, Razmyar M, Sheikh Andalibi MS. The report of two cases with multiple sulfatase deficiency resulting from a rare similar gene mutation. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:1242-1245. [PMID: 29479672 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Ashrafzadeh
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Zabolinejad
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Razavi Cancer Research Center, Razavi Hospital, Imam Reza international university, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehran Beiraghi Toosi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nahid Doniadideh
- Department of Pediatrics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shatila Torabi
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Razmyar
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad S Sheikh Andalibi
- Student Research Committee, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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4
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Maire I. [A rare genetic disease: multiple sulfatase deficiency]. Med Sci (Paris) 2003; 19:1056-8. [PMID: 14648473 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200319111056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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5
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Loffeld A, Gray RGF, Green SH, Roper HP, Moss C. Mild ichthyosis in a 4-year-old boy with multiple sulphatase deficiency. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147:353-5. [PMID: 12174111 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a 4-year-old boy with multiple sulphatase deficiency (MSD). His early health was good. By the end of his first year there were concerns about developmental delay but by 26 months he showed clear evidence of regression in that he was barely able to sit unsupported and had lost all fine motor and communication skills. At that time he also had widespread mild ichthyosis that cleared completely with the use of emollients. The neurological deterioration suggested a diagnosis of metachromatic leucodystrophy, and a reduction in the leucocyte arylsulphatase A activity was detected. The ichthyosis suggested steroid sulphatase deficiency, and a reduction in the leucocyte steroid sulphatase activity was detected. The enzyme deficiency was much less marked for steroid sulphatase than for arylsulphatase A in this boy. This diversity in enzyme activities is typical of MSD and correlates with the mild ichthyosis in this child. This case shows that even mild ichthyosis should prompt measurement of steroid sulphatase activity in a child of either sex with unexplained neurological deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Loffeld
- Department of Dermatology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NL, UK.
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6
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Castaño Suárez E, Segurado Rodríguez A, Guerra Tapia A, Simón de las Heras R, López-Ríos F, Coll Rosell MJ. Ichthyosis: the skin manifestation of multiple sulfatase deficiency. Pediatr Dermatol 1997; 14:369-72. [PMID: 9336808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.1997.tb00984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile sulfatidosis (Austin type) or multiple sulfatase deficiency is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder affecting the activity of many sulfatases: arylsulfatase A, several mucopolysaccharide sulfatases, and steroid sulfatase. Certain aspects of the clinical phenotype can be attributed mainly to a deficiency of one specific sulfatase. Most patients develop metachromatic leukodystrophy caused by arylsulfatase A deficiency, dysostosis multiplex by mucopolysaccharide sulfatase deficiency, and ichthyotic skin by steroid sulfatase deficiency. We describe a 7-year-old boy with developmental delay from 7 months of age, progressive spastic quadriparesis, and coarse facial features. By 27 months of age, an ichthyotic rash had developed on the limbs, trunk, and scalp. A skin biopsy specimen revealed hyperkeratosis with a normal granular layer. The diagnosis of multiple sulfatase deficiency was demonstrated by measuring sulfatase activities in fresh leukocytes: there were large deficiencies of arylsulfatase A and B plus reduced arylsulfatase C. The ichthyosis associated with multiple sulfatase deficiency has an autosomal recessive inheritance, is caused by steroid sulfatase deficiency, and the scaling is sometimes milder than in X-linked recessive ichthyosis. This could reflect the residual activity of steroid sulfatase in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Castaño Suárez
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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7
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al-Moutaery KR, Choudhury AR, Hassanen MO. Cervical cord compression and severe hydrocephalus in a child with Saudi variant of multiple sulfatase deficiency. Report of case. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1994; 131:160-3. [PMID: 7709780 DOI: 10.1007/bf01401468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a 2.5-year-old boy with Saudi variant of multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD or Austin's disease). He presented with the features of cervical cord compression and a severe form of hydrocephalus. The former was due to a thickened posterior arch of the atlas and the latter from a narrow foramen magnum and meningeal thickening. Decompression of the cord was achieved by removal of the posterior margin of the foramen magnum and posterior arch of the atlas, and followed by a duroplasty. At a later date, ventricular decompression was achieved by insertion of a ventricular-peritoneal shunt. NMR did not demonstrate white matter changes in the brain. In this regard the reported case differs from the earlier description of the Saudi Variant of MSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R al-Moutaery
- Department of Neurosurgery, Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Scott IU, Green WR, Goyal AK, de la Cruz Z, Naidu S, Moser H. New sites of ocular involvement in late-infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy revealed by histopathologic studies. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1993; 231:187-91. [PMID: 8462893 DOI: 10.1007/bf00920946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I U Scott
- Eye Pathology Laboratory, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, John Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205
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al Aqeel A, Ozand PT, Brismar J, Gascon GG, Brismar G, Nester M, Sakati N. Saudi variant of multiple sulfatase deficiency. J Child Neurol 1992; 7 Suppl:S12-21. [PMID: 1588009 DOI: 10.1177/08830738920070010311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe eight patients with multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD, or Austin's disease) who differ phenotypically from classic neonatal-, childhood-, or juvenile-onset MSD. The age of onset was in childhood. The patients presented with somatic and facial features of mucopolysaccharidosis reminiscent of Maroteaux-Lamy and Morquio syndromes. They differed from classic MSD by the presence of corneal cloudiness, macrocephaly, severe dysostosis multiplex, and gibbus and the absence of ichthyosis, retinal degeneration, severe deafness, severe mental retardation, and dementia. The main neurologic presentation was cervical cord compression due to axis abnormalities. Despite neuroradiologic evidence of white-matter changes, neurologic presentation was not like metachromatic leukodystrophy. The sulfatase deficiencies were more marked than in the classic juvenile form of MSD, but less marked than in the classic childhood-onset form of MSD. Steroid sulfatase activity was spared except in one patient. This Saudi variant of MSD accounts for 5% of all lysosomal storage diseases in the Cell Repository Registry of our Inborn Errors of Metabolism Laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A al Aqeel
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Phylogenetic conservation of arylsulfatases. cDNA cloning and expression of human arylsulfatase B. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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11
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Rizzo WB, Dammann AL, Craft DA, Black SH, Tilton AH, Africk D, Chaves-Carballo E, Holmgren G, Jagell S. Sjögren-Larsson syndrome: inherited defect in the fatty alcohol cycle. J Pediatr 1989; 115:228-34. [PMID: 2666627 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(89)80070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated fatty alcohol metabolism in eight patients with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, and in nine obligate heterozygotes. Fatty alcohol: nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide oxidoreductase (FAO) activity was deficient in cultured skin fibroblasts (mean 18% of normal, n = 8) and peripheral blood leukocytes (mean 22% of normal, n = 3) from patients with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. The palmitoyl coenzyme A-inhibitable component of FAO activity was decreased to 10% and 15% of normal in fibroblasts and leukocytes, respectively, of patients with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. Most affected patients accumulated long-chain fatty alcohol in plasma, with a greater relative accumulation of octadecanol (mean threefold greater than normal) than hexadecanol (mean twofold greater than normal). Erythrocyte lipid alkyl ether linkages derived from hexadecanol were slightly increased in three of four patients. Fibroblasts and leukocytes from heterozygotes with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome showed mean FAO activities that were intermediate between those seen in homozygotes and in normal control subjects. The heterozygotes had normal fatty alcohol concentrations in plasma. These studies demonstrate FAO deficiency in patients with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, and suggest that accumulation of fatty alcohol or its metabolic products may be important in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Rizzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298
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12
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Abstract
Deficient activities of cerebroside-sulfatase, N-Acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase and iduronide 2-sulfatase in the lymphocytes of a patient suspected of metachromatic leukodystrophy, established the diagnosis of multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD). Cultured skin fibroblasts (of early passage) from the patient had normal levels of activity for the three sulfatases. One week after the first examination, the activities of the three sulfatases in the fibroblasts of the patient declined and within a month were 4%-29% of normal. Total urinary glycosaminoglycans were within normal range. However, further examination showed an increase in the concentration of heparan sulfate, which comprised more than 50% of the total, compared with less than 20% in normal controls. Urinary sulfatides, cholesterol esters, cholesterol, and triglycerides were increased. The results from the study of this unique case of MSD suggest that time-dependent changes affect the activities of sulfatases in MSD. These results also demonstrate the necessity of assaying the sulfatases in both lymphocytes and fibroblasts from suspected cases of MSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Constantopoulos
- Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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13
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Conary JT, Hasilik A, von Figura K. Synthesis and stability of steroid sulfatase in fibroblasts from multiple sulfatase deficiency. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1988; 369:297-302. [PMID: 3165268 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1988.369.1.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sulfatase deficiency is a lysosomal storage disorder, which can be divided into group I with severe and group II with moderate deficiencies in sulfatases. Antibodies raised against steroid sulfatase purified from human placenta were used to follow the biosynthesis and stability of this enzyme in multiple sulfatase-deficiency fibroblasts. Fibroblasts from both groups synthesized steroid sulfatase of apparently normal size and stability, while the apparent rate of enzyme synthesis and catalytic properties of steroid sulfatase were affected to a variable extent. Cell lines were observed, that synthesized normal amounts of steroid-sulfatase polypeptides, which were catalytically inactive, as well as cell lines that synthesized diminished amounts of catalytically active steroid sulfatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Conary
- Institut für Biochemie II der Universität Göttingen
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14
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Rizzo WB, Dammann AL, Craft DA. Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. Impaired fatty alcohol oxidation in cultured fibroblasts due to deficient fatty alcohol:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidoreductase activity. J Clin Invest 1988; 81:738-44. [PMID: 3343337 PMCID: PMC442521 DOI: 10.1172/jci113379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism was studied in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with the inherited disorder, Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS). Intact SLS fibroblasts incubated in the presence of [1-14C]palmitate accumulated more radioactive hexadecanol than did normal cells, whereas incorporation of radioactivity into other cellular lipids was unaltered. The hexadecanol content of SLS fibroblasts was abnormally elevated. Hexadecanol accumulation was not due to increased fatty alcohol synthesis nor its deficient utilization for glycerol ether synthesis. The half-life of intracellular hexadecanol loaded into SLS fibroblasts was increased (70 min) compared with normal (15 min), and intact SLS fibroblasts showed impaired oxidation of [14C]-hexadecanol to fatty acid. Fatty alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, the enzyme catalyzing this reaction, was deficient in SLS fibroblasts. Mean total activity in SLS fibroblasts (n = 5) was 13% of that in normal fibroblasts, and palmitoyl CoA-inhibitable activity was 1% of normal. Fibroblasts from two obligate SLS heterozygotes had enzyme activities intermediate between that in normal fibroblasts and individuals with SLS. These results suggest that the primary defect in SLS is deficiency of fatty alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase. SLS represents the first inherited disorder in man associated with an isolated abnormality in fatty alcohol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Rizzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond 23298
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15
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Poenaru L, Castelnau L, Besançon AM, Nicolesco H, Akli S, Theophil D. First trimester prenatal diagnosis of metachromatic leukodystrophy on chorionic villi by 'immunoprecipitation-electrophoresis'. J Inherit Metab Dis 1988; 11:123-30. [PMID: 2902245 DOI: 10.1007/bf01799861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis of metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) due to arylsulphatase A (ASA) deficiency can be performed by amniocentesis with the disadvantage of a late pregnancy termination. Whether chorionic villi (CV) obtained by trophoblast biopsy during the first trimester of pregnancy can be useful for diagnosis depends on the reliability of results. The complexity of arylsulphatase expression in CV and the existence of several isozymes make diagnosis difficult. However, the use of an anti-ASA antiserum enabled us to discriminate between ASA and a comigrating contaminant isozyme, and the antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) complex gave better evidence of the presence or absence of ASA after enhancement of activity with 4-methylumbelliferyl sulphate (4-MUS). We propose that immunoprecipitation followed by electrophoresis could be a valuable method of MLD prenatal diagnosis on chorionic villi.
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Kung MP, Roth JA. Cellular localization of soluble and membrane-bound forms of arylsulfatase in rat brain. Brain Res 1987; 419:141-6. [PMID: 2890406 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cellular localization of the soluble and membrane-bound forms of the enzyme, arylsulfatase (ArS), in rat brain was investigated by measuring their activities in rat striatum after unilateral lesioning with the neurotoxin, kainic acid. Membrane-bound ArS (C form of ArS) activity was found to increase after lesioning and the increase paralleled that of the astroglial marker enzyme, glutamine synthetase. Total soluble ArS (A and B forms of ArS) was shown to decrease on day 2 after the kainic acid injection but rapidly increase thereafter. When the two soluble forms of arylsulfatase were measured separately, the activity associated with the A form was found to initially decrease followed by a rapid increase in activity, whereas the activity of the B form of the enzyme increased over the entire duration of the experiment. These data suggest that the ArS-C and B form of arylsulfatase predominate in proliferating astroglial cells, whereas the A form of arylsulfatase is present both in neuronal cell bodies and astroglia associated with the rat striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Kung
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine 14214
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18
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Steckel F, Hasilik A, von Figura K. Synthesis and stability of arylsulfatase A and B in fibroblasts from multiple sulfatase deficiency. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 151:141-5. [PMID: 2863138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts from patients with multiple sulfatase deficiency were analyzed for activities of arylsulfatase A and B, iduronate 2-sulfatase and sulfamatase. A group of patients (group I) severely deficient in all sulfatases (residual activities less than or equal to 10% of control) were differentiated from patients (group II) with residual sulfatase activities of up to 90% of control. The synthesis and stability of arylsulfatase A and B were determined in pulse-chase labelling experiments. The apparent rate of synthesis of arylsulfatase A and B varied from 30% to normal in both fibroblasts from group I and II multiple sulfatase deficiency. In group I the molecular activity of the arylsulfatase A and B was more than 10-fold lower than in control fibroblasts. In group II the molecular activity of the arylsulfatase A was twofold to threefold lower and that of arylsulfatase B half of normal. In fibroblasts of both groups the stability of arylsulfatase A polypeptides was significantly diminished. For arylsulfatase B the instability was restricted to the mature 47000-Mr polypeptide and was variable within both groups. These results demonstrate that multiple sulfatase deficiency is a heterogeneous disorder, in which the primary defects can impair both the catalytic properties and the stability of sulfatases.
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19
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Zucker-Franklin D, Nabi ZF. A substrate analog inhibitor for arylsulfatase reduces NK cell cytotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 126:540-3. [PMID: 3970705 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(85)90639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic aromatic sulfonate (I), which has been found to be an effective inhibitor of arylsulfatase, reduces NK-cell mediated cytotoxicity by ca. 60% at 10 microM concentration. At lower concentrations the effect is concentration dependent, but no further reduction of cytotoxicity is observed at concentrations above 10 microM.
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20
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Waheed A, Risley JM, Van Etten RL. Structural and immunological relationships among mammalian arylsulfatase A enzymes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 82:855-62. [PMID: 2868837 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(85)90535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Structural and immunological properties of numerous arylsulfatase A enzymes (EC 3.1.6) were examined in order to assess the relationships among these enzymes in animals. Arylsulfatase A enzymes from all animals bind to a Concanavalin A-Sepharose column, consistent with the conclusion that they are all glycoproteins. At pH 7.5 the apparent mol. wts of the enzymes are 80-182 kDa, while at pH 4.5 the mammalian arylsulfatase A enzymes dimerize and exhibit apparent mol. wts in the range of 297-348 kDa, but the enzymes from opossum and other lower classes of animals do not aggregate at pH 4.5. The mammalian arylsulfatase A enzymes, which aggregate at pH 4.5, also bind to rabbit liver arylsulfatase A monomers immobilized on an Affi-Gel 10 matrix. The arylsulfatase A enzymes that were studied all exhibit the anomalous kinetic behavior regarded as characteristic of these enzymes. However, not all of the inactivated enzymes are reactivated by sulfate ions. Goat antiserum raised against homogeneous rabbit liver arylsulfatase A cross-reacts with all of the mammalian enzymes in Ouchterlony gel diffusion experiments, whereas the enzymes from lower classes of animals do not cross-react. Quantitative immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that the mammalian enzymes are very similar to each other, with greater than 60% primary sequence homology indicated, while arylsulfatase A from opossum and other lower classes of animals show only a partial immunological similarity with the mammalian enzymes. Taken together, the data suggest that the active site of the enzyme and the structural features of the protein are highly conserved during the evolution of the enzyme molecule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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21
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Glycosphingolipids * *Sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids (the gangliosides) are discussed in a separate chapter (see Chapter 3). GLYCOLIPIDS 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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22
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Gadoth N, Armstrong D. The concentration of four antioxidant enzymes in cells isolated from the canine retina: Implications for aging. J Am Aging Assoc 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02431865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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23
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Bateman JB, Philippart M, Isenberg SJ. Ocular features of multiple sulfatase deficiency and a new variant of metachromatic leukodystrophy. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1984; 21:133-9. [PMID: 6470909 DOI: 10.3928/0191-3913-19840701-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sulfatase deficiency, a newly recognized autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of several sulfatase enzymes, is characterized by psychomotor retardation, ichthyosis, and mild organomegaly. Patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, also an autosomal recessive disorder, have a deficiency of a single sulfatase enzyme, arysulfatase A. The ocular features of a patient with multiple sulfatase deficiency and a patient with a new biochemical variant of metachromatic leukodystrophy are described. The patient with multiple sulfatase deficiency had a unique, peripheral lens opacity and a panretinal degeneration. The patient with a new variant of metachromatic leukodystrophy exhibited a cherry-red spot.
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Burk RD, Valle D, Thomas GH, Miller C, Moser A, Moser H, Rosenbaum KN. Early manifestations of multiple sulfatase deficiency. J Pediatr 1984; 104:574-8. [PMID: 6142938 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(84)80550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe two boys, presenting by 1 year of age, with developmental delay from birth, mildly coarse facial features, and hepatomegaly. These clinical features were most suggestive of a mucopolysaccharidosis, particularly MPS II. Biochemical studies, including sulfate incorporation in fibroblasts and lysosomal enzyme analyses in fibroblasts, leukocytes, and serum, showed abnormalities in both sulfatide and mucopolysaccharide metabolism and led to the diagnosis of multiple sulfatase deficiency. With time, both patients developed an ichthyotic rash and profound intellectual deterioration. We conclude that findings in the first year of life in some patients with MSD may closely resemble those in patients with a MPS disorder rather than the late infantile form of metachromatic leukodystrophy, as is classically described. Thus, MSD should be considered in the young patient suspected of having a MPS disorder.
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25
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Benitez LV, Halver JE. Ascorbic acid sulfate sulfohydrolase (C2 sulfatase): the modulator of cellular levels of L-ascorbic acid in rainbow trout. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:5445-9. [PMID: 6957873 PMCID: PMC346920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.18.5445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme L-ascorbic acid 2-sulfate sulfohydrolase (C2 sulfatase) was purified from rainbow trout liver. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-ascorbic acid 2-sulfate and has a pH optimum at 6.0. It has a molecular weight of about 117,500 at pH 5.0 and is inhibited by a number of sulfhydryl blocking agents including L-ascorbic acid. C2 sulfatase activity was observed in most metabolic organs of rainbow trout. These findings suggest that the physiologic role of the enzyme is to maintain adequate cellular concentrations of L-ascorbic acid in the fish. The activity of the enzyme is controlled by L-ascorbic acid through feedback inhibition. Comparison of kinetic constants and inhibition patterns suggests that C2 sulfatase is structurally identical to human arylsulfatase A. However, unlike C2 sulfatase, human arylsulfatase A may not be involved in ascorbate metabolism. Its physiologic substrate is reported to be cerebroside-3-sulfate, not L-ascorbic acid 2-sulfate. A scheme is proposed to account for the functional divergence of these two structurally identical enzymes.
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27
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Eto Y, Tokoro T, Liebaers I, Vamos E. Biochemical characterization of neonatal multiple sulfatase deficient (MSD) disorder cultured skin fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982; 106:429-34. [PMID: 6125152 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)91128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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28
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29
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[37] Use of antibodies and the primary enzyme immunoassay (PEIA) to study enzymes: The arylsulfatase A-anti-arylsulfatase A system. Methods Enzymol 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(81)73090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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30
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Kresse H, Holtfrerich D. Thiosulfate-mediated increase of arylsulfatase activities in multiple sulfatase deficiency disorder fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 97:41-8. [PMID: 7458940 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(80)80131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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31
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Maru A, Ishibashi T, Imai Y, Makita A, Tsuji I. Arylsulfatase A activity of urine in patients with various genitourinary tract disorders. Clin Chim Acta 1980; 107:155-61. [PMID: 6108168 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(80)90443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Arylsulfatase A activity was measured in urine from patients with various genitourinary tract disorders such as bladder tumor and inflammation. No significant difference in enzyme activity was found between normal and affected urine on the basis of either the volume or protein content of urine, a finding which differed from previous results. However, it was demonstrated that urine from affected patients was more labile to heat treatment in comparison with the control. Upon pretreatment of urine arylsulfatase A at 62.5 degrees C for 10 min, an average of 57% of the original activity was lost in samples from patients with bladder tumor, 58% in those with testicular tumor and 62% in cystitis and urethritis, respectively, while the enzyme activity in the control urine lost only 27% with similar heat treatment. These results were statistically significant with p < 0.001. The arylsulfatase A from patients with advanced bladder tumors demonstrated the presence of a variant form (pI 5.3) which was not detected in normal urine. This variant of arylsulfatase A was also demonstrated in nephrostomy urine from patients with congenital obstruction of the pelvi-ureteric junction.
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32
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Eto Y, Numaguchi S, Tahara T, Rennert OM. Multiple sulfatase deficiency (mucosulfatidosis): impaired degradation of labeled sulfated compounds in cultured skin fibroblasts in vivo. Eur J Pediatr 1980; 135:85-9. [PMID: 7449794 DOI: 10.1007/bf00445900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Skin fibroblasts from a Japanese patient with multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) (Mucosulfatidosis) were studied with regard to metabolism of various sulfated compounds in vivo. Several sulfatase activities (arylsulfatases A, B and C, cholesterol sulfatase, heparin N-sulfatase) were deficient in skin fibroblasts grown in F-10 CO2 medium. The accumulation and degradation of 35S-sulfatide, 35S-mucopolysaccharides, 14C-cholesterol sulfate by MSD cells were also studied, comparing them to control, Hunter and metachromatic leukodystrophy cells. MSD fibroblasts accumulated and failed to degrade these compounds in vivo. Cholesterol sulfate was also incorporated into the control and pathological cells, and MSD cells were unable to hydrolyze cholesterol sulfate, though cholesterol sulfate is known to be hydrolyzed in the non-lysosomal subfraction. From these data it is clear that multiple enzyme deficiencies in MSD fibroblasts can be demonstrated in vivo.
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33
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Werneck LC, Pereira JL, Bruck I. [Metachromatic leukodystrophy: report of 2 cases with histochemistry of nerves and muscles]. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 1980; 38:237-48. [PMID: 6110417 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x1980000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two cases of metachromatic leukodystrophy, of the late infantile form are reported. The patients were a girl and a boy of 2 years 10 months old, with initial normal development, but by the age of 18 months began with gait disturbances, difficulty to speak and developed progressive mental deterioration, with signs of long tract involvement, absence of deep tendon reflexes, spasticity, blindness, muscle atrophy and finished in a vegetative state. The diagnosis was made electromyography (signs of denervation), motor nerve conduction velocity (very decreased), assay of arylsulfatase A in the urine (absence of activity), sural nerve biopsy (demyelination and presence of metachromatic granules by the cresyl-violet and toluidine blue) and muscle biopsy (atrophy of type I fibers and presence of metachromatic material in the intramuscular nerve fibers). A quick revision about diagnostic methods, transmission, pathogenesis and variant forms is made.
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34
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Van Etten RL, Waheed A. Subunit affinity chromatography and its application to the isolation of aryl sulfatase A enzymes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 202:366-73. [PMID: 6109517 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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35
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Yamano T, Ohta S, Shimada M, Okada S, Yutaka T, Sugita T, Yabuuchi H. Neuronal depletion of cerebellum in late infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy. Brain Dev 1980; 2:359-64. [PMID: 7224092 DOI: 10.1016/s0387-7604(80)80048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellums of two children with late infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy were investigated by light and electron microscopy. These observations showed that the morphological abnormalities were comprised not only of severe demyelination and presence of metachromatic granules but also marked loss of Purkinje cells and granule cells. The depletion of Purkinje cells is considered to have resulted from demyelination of their myelinated axons. On the other hand, the reduction of granule cells is considered to be caused by the loss of Purkinje cells and presynaptic elements such as mossy fibers and glomerular collaterals of climbing fibers. The depletion of these neurons induced destruction of synaptic connection in the cerebellum.
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36
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Eto Y, Numaguchi S, Handa T. Urinary acid mucopolysaccharides in multiple sulfatase deficiency (mucosulfatidosis). Eur J Pediatr 1979; 132:207-11. [PMID: 159821 DOI: 10.1007/bf00442437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Urinary acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) excretion was investigated in a Japanese case with Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency (MSD) (Mucosulfatidosis). The patient excreted AMPS 4 to 5 times more (as carbazoluronic acid) than controls. The cellulose acetate gel electrophoresis clearly indicated two major AMPS which co-migrated with heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate A/C. Enzymic digestion with chondroitinase AC and ABC, and by testicular hyaluronidase plus amino sugar analysis also confirmed that our case excreted heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate A/C. These findings suggest that there are heterogeneities of urinary AMPS excretion among cases with MSD.
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37
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38
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Mercelis R, Van Elsen AF, Leroy JG. Arylsulphatases A and B in human diploid fibroblasts: differential assay with 4-methylumbelliferylsulphate and AgNO3. Clin Chim Acta 1979; 93:85-92. [PMID: 35294 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(79)90247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new technique is introduced for the differential assay of arylsulphatases A and B in centrifuged homogenates of cultured human skin fibroblasts, using 4-methylumbelliferyl-sulphate as a substrate and AgNO3 as a selective inhibitor of arylsulphatase A. The method can be applied in the diagnosis of metachromatic leucodystrophy, mucopolysaccharidosis type VI and mucosulphatidosis. Normal arylsulphatase activities were found in fibroblasts derived from patients with mucopolysaccharidoses types II, III-A and IV, known to be caused by deficiencies of various other sulphatases.
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Abstract
Sphingolipidoses are caused by recessively inherited deficiencies of lysosomal hydrolases. The clinical backgrounds of and current biochemical and genetic approaches to the different forms and variants of gangliosidoses, trihexosylceramidosis (Fabry's disease), galactosylceramidosis (Krabbe's disease), sulfatidoses (metachromatic leukodystrophies), glucosylceramidosis (Gaucher's disease), sphingomyelinoses (Niemann-Pick disease) and ceramidosis (Farber's disease) are presented.
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40
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42
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Blumer J, Mieyal J. Genetic expression of microsomal electron transport in mice. Different patterns of dependence of constitutive cytochrome P-450 reductase activity of pyridine nucleotide concentrations. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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43
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Gebhart W, Lassmann H, Niebauer G. Demonstration of specific storage material within cutaneous nerves in metachromatic leukodystrophy. J Cutan Pathol 1978; 5:5-14. [PMID: 77283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1978.tb00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biopsies of clinically unaltered skin from a 5-year-old girl with metachromatic leukodystrophy were studied by light, fluorescence and analytical electron microscopy. Investigation of hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections revealed no pathologic changes, but a brown metachromatic material was found within cutaneous nerves after acetic acid cresyl violet staining of frozen sections. In semithin Epon sections small dermal nerve fascicles contained endoneural deposits, which proved to correspond with the typical prismatic, dense or Tuffstein bodies described in other organs of patients suffering from MLD. The inclusions were located mainly within Schwann cells and exhibited a bright orange fluorescence after trypaflavine-phosphotungstic acid-treatment as well as a high electron density in serial ultrathin sections. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis revealed a high sulfur content in the membrane bound granules. These findings demonstrate the presence of the specific storage material also within cutaneous nerves in MLD and thus suggest skin biopsies as an addiitonal and simple diagnostic acid in this disease.
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Abstract
This investigation illustrates that thyroid hormones and not prolactin regulate lysosomal activity during hormone-stimulated lateral motor column (LMC) development in Rana pipiens larvae. Administering a single dose of DL-thyroxine to normal or hypophysectomized larvae induces a 4-8 fold increase in lysosomal acid hydrolase activity within 5 or 6 days. During this interval, the physical properties of lysosomes are dramatically altered with the granules becoming extremely labile to treatments known to disrupt membranes. Nevertheless, thyroxine does not directly influence lysosomal stability; it apparently induces the synthesis and packaging of enzymes through a mechanism requiring de movo production of RNA and protein. The subcellular distribution and physical characteristics of the enzymes are then modified during neuronal death. Such information suggests that changes in lysosomal activity which accompany LMC neurogenesis are indicative of neuronal death, and that these events are controlled by thyroid hormones.
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46
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Aguayo AJ, Kasarjian J, Skamene E, Kongshavn P, Bray GM. Myelination of mouse axons by Schwann cells transplanted from normal and abnormal human nerves. Nature 1977; 268:753-5. [PMID: 895877 DOI: 10.1038/268753a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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47
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Ginsberg LC, Di Ferrante N. Sensitive methods for the determination of ester sulfate in biological systems. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE 1977; 17:80-6. [PMID: 843343 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2944(77)90011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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48
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Meier C, Bischoff A. Sequence of morphological alterations in the nervous system of metachromatic leucodystrophy. Light- and electronmicroscopic observations in the central and peripheral nervous system in a prenatally diagnosed foetus of 22 weeks. Acta Neuropathol 1976; 36:369-79. [PMID: 1015243 DOI: 10.1007/bf00699642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Light and electronmicroscopic findings are reported in a case of metachromatic leukodystrophy diagnosed prenatally who died after iatrogenic abortion during the 23th week of gestation. The brain of this foetus was not yet myelinated while the spinal cord showed early, and the peripheral nerves advanced myelination. The onset and the degree of myelination were similar as in a normal foetus of the same age. Ultrastructurally there was evidence of sulphatide storage before the beginning of myelination. During myelination lysosomal storage material, staining metachromatically in acid cresyl violet preparations, appeared in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Besides sulphatide storage material, prominent amounts of neutral lipids were found in oligodendrocytes. Myelin breakdown was encountered very seldom.
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49
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Eto Y, Meier C, Herschkowitz NN. Chemical compositions of brain and myelin in two patients with multiple sulphatase deficiency (a variant form of metachromatic leukodystrophy). J Neurochem 1976; 27:1071-6. [PMID: 12170590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1976.tb00310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lipid composition of the brain, including myelin, was studied in detail in two cases with a variant form of metachromatic leukodystrophy (multiple sulphatase deficiency type). In the white matter, the sulphatide concentration was 3-4 times higher than the normal level in both cases. There was a significant accumulation of cholesterol sulphate in the brain, liver and kidney of both cases. The ganglioside pattern in the grey and white matter was abnormal, with a higher proportion of GM3, GM2 and GD3-gangliosides. Non-lipid hexosamine contents were increased 1.5-2 times in brain, 8-10 times in liver and 2-3 times in kidney. Increased amounts of glucocerobroside, ceramide lactoside and ceramide trihexoside were present in grey and white matter of both cases. Recovery of purified myelin from two patients' brains was much less than from control (1-2% in case 1 and 20-30% in case 2). The lipid composition of myelin was almost normal except for a higher proportion of sulphatide, with a decreased amount of cerebroside. The fatty acid compositions of myelin sulphatide and sphingomyelin were almost normal, while non-hydroxy fatty acids of cerebroside contained less long-chain fatty acids, as characterized by a significant increase of C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids. The myelin polypeptide pattern by SDS-disc gel electrophoresis showed a relative decrease of basic protein and of proteolipid protein. A possible mechanism of myelin loss in MSD is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Eto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Mice from 12 inbred strains were surveyed for variation of kidney and liver arylsulfatase levels. Kidney variation was due to differences in the activity of arylsulfatase B. Twofold higher activities of arylsulfatase B in SWR/J kidney compared to A/HeJ kidney were determined by an autosomal gene which may be identical to the structural gene for arylsulfatase B since the SWR/J enzyme was more heat-stable than the A/HeJ enzyme. C57BL/6J mice possessed two-fold higher liver arylsulfatase levels than did A/HeJ mice. The major portion of this variation could be attributed to differences in arylsulfatase B, and appeared to be inherited in autosomal fashion. Although some evidence supports the existence of a major locus influencing liver arylsulfatase activity, this must be substantiated by further studies. Whatever the nature of the genetic factors involved, they do not appear to involve structural genes since no differences were discernible between the enzymes of the two strains relevant to Km, heat stability, electrophoretic mobility, pH optimum, activation energy, or response to several inhibitors. Furthermore, the rank ordering of strains on the basis of kidney arylsulfatase activity differed markedly from that which pertained to liver activity. Kidney arylsulfatase levels, but not brain or liver arylsulfatase activities, appear subject to androgenic influences.
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