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Oliva C. An unintended consequence of COVID-19 immunity passports-quasi-experimental evidence of moral hazard observed after implementing the domestic Green Pass policy during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1345119. [PMID: 38694983 PMCID: PMC11061360 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1345119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Amidst the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, Italian policymakers mandated to exhibit evidence of vaccination or immunity (the Green Pass) as a condition to access retail premises and public offices. This study aims to offer evidence, in a quasi-experimental setting, suggesting that an unintended consequence of this policy was the emergence of moral hazard. Methods Google visit duration data measured the time customers typically spend on retail premises or public offices. A pairwise comparison of median visit time per premise was performed at a six-week interval before and after the introduction of the Green Pass. Results This study is the first to provide evidence of "ex-post" moral hazard associated with introducing a domestic Green Pass policy. The median visiting time on premises that required digital immunity control significantly increased after introducing the domestic Green Pass policy, contrary to other public premises where access remained free of limitations. The increase in median visit time in premises with faster customer turnaround, such as coffee shops (+49%) and fast-food restaurants (+45%), was lower than the increase observed for fine-dining restaurants (+74%) and pizzerias (+163%). No significant increase in median visit time was observed in premises where the Green Pass was not required, such as food supermarkets, retail non-food shops, post offices, banks, pharmacies, and gas stations. Conclusion The evidence of moral hazard highlights the critical issue of unintended consequences stemming from public health policies. This discovery is pivotal for policymakers, indicating that unforeseen behavioral adjustments could offset the intended benefits despite the intent to reduce risk through measures like the Green Pass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Oliva
- Kingston Business School, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
- Kingston Business School, Faculty of Business and Social Sciences, Institute for Leadership and Management in Health, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom
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Gable JSM, Sauvayre R, Chauvière C. Fight Against the Mandatory COVID-19 Immunity Passport on Twitter: Natural Language Processing Study. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e49435. [PMID: 37850906 PMCID: PMC10669926 DOI: 10.2196/49435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To contain and curb the spread of COVID-19, the governments of countries around the world have used different strategies (lockdown, mandatory vaccination, immunity passports, voluntary social distancing, etc). OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine the reactions produced by the public announcement of a binding political decision presented by the president of the French Republic, Emmanuel Macron, on July 12, 2021, which imposed vaccination on caregivers and an immunity passport on all French people to access restaurants, cinemas, bars, and so forth. METHODS To measure these announcement reactions, 901,908 unique tweets posted on Twitter (Twitter Inc) between July 12 and August 11, 2021, were extracted. A neural network was constructed to examine the arguments of the tweets and to identify the types of arguments used by Twitter users. RESULTS This study shows that in the debate about mandatory vaccination and immunity passports, mostly "con" arguments (399,803/847,725, 47%; χ26=952.8; P<.001) and "scientific" arguments (317,156/803,583, 39%; χ26=5006.8; P<.001) were used. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that during July and August 2021, social events permeating the public sphere and discussions about mandatory vaccination and immunity passports collided on Twitter. Moreover, a political decision based on scientific arguments led citizens to challenge it using pseudoscientific arguments contesting the effectiveness of vaccination and the validity of these political decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S M Gable
- LAPSCO, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Romy Sauvayre
- LAPSCO, CNRS, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Polytech Clermont, Clermont Auvergne INP, Université Clermont Auvergne, Aubiere, France
| | - Cédric Chauvière
- Polytech Clermont, Clermont Auvergne INP, Université Clermont Auvergne, Aubiere, France
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques Blaise Pascal (LMBP), CNRS UMR 6620, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Smith D, Zhu DT, Hawken S, Bota AB, Mithani SS, Marcon A, Pennycook G, Greyson D, Caulfield T, Graves F, Smith J, Wilson K. The influence of sociodemographic factors on COVID-19 vaccine certificate acceptance: A cross-sectional study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2220628. [PMID: 37291793 PMCID: PMC10259333 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2220628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine certificates have been implemented worldwide, aiming to promote vaccination rates and to reduce the spread of COVID-19. However, their use during the COVID-19 pandemic was controversial and has been criticized for infringing upon medical autonomy and individual rights. We administered a national online survey exploring social and demographic factors predicting the degree of public approval of vaccine certificates in Canada. We conducted a multivariate linear regression which revealed which factors were predictive of vaccine certificate acceptance in Canada. Self-reported minority status (p < .001), rurality (p < .001), political ideology (p < .001), age (p < .001), having children under 18 in the household (p < .001), education (p = .014), and income status (p = .034) were significant predictors of attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccine certificates. We observed the lowest vaccine-certificate approval among participants who: self-identify as a visible minority; live in rural areas; are politically conservative; are 18-34 years of age; have children under age 18 living in the household; have completed an apprenticeship or trades education; and those with an annual income between $100,000-$159,999. The present findings are valuable for their ability to inform the implementation of vaccine certificates during future pandemic scenarios which may require targeted communication between public health agencies and under-vaccinated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David T. Zhu
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Steven Hawken
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - A. Brianne Bota
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Salima S. Mithani
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alessandro Marcon
- Faculty of Law and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gordon Pennycook
- Hill/Levene Schools of Business, Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Devon Greyson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Timothy Caulfield
- Faculty of Law and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Frank Graves
- Public Opinion Research, EKOS Research Associates Inc, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jeff Smith
- Public Opinion Research, EKOS Research Associates Inc, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Kumanan Wilson
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Niculaescu CE, Sassoon IK, Landa-Avila IC, Colak O, Jun GT, Balatsoukas P. Individual factors influencing public's perceptions about the importance of COVID-19 immunity certificates: a cross-sectional online questionnaire survey in the UK. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e37139. [PMID: 36920837 PMCID: PMC10176144 DOI: 10.2196/37139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how perceptions around immunity certificates are influenced by individual characteristics is important to inform evidence-based policy making and implementation strategies for services around immunity and vaccine certification. OBJECTIVE To assess what were the main individual factors (including health beliefs about COVID-19, vaccination views, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors) influencing people's perception of the importance of using COVID-19 immunity certificates. METHODS Cross-sectional online survey with a nationally representative sample in the UK, conducted on the 3rd of August 2021. Responses were collected and analysed from 534 participants, aged 18 and older, residents of the UK. The primary outcome measure (dependent variable) was the participants' perceived importance of using immunity certificates, computed as an index of six items. The following individual drivers were used as the independent variables: a) personal beliefs about COVID-19 (using constructs adapted from the Health Belief Model), b) personal views on vaccination, c) willingness to share immunity status with service providers, and d) variables related to respondents' lifestyle and socio-demographic characteristics. RESULTS Perceived importance of immunity certificates was higher among respondents who felt that contracting COVID-19 would have a severe negative impact on their health (β=0.2564, P<.001=0.0000) and felt safer if vaccinated (β =0.1552, P<.001=0.0000). The prospect of future economic recovery positively influenced perceived importance of immunity certificates. Respondents who were employed or self-employed (β=-0.2412, P=.0010), or experienced an increase in income after the COVID-19 pandemic (β=-0.1287, P=.0020) perceived less important the use of immunity certificates compared to those who were unemployed or had retired or those who had experienced reduction in their income during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our survey suggest that more vulnerable members in our society (unemployed or retired and those believing that COVID-19 would have a severe impact on their health) and people who experienced a reduction in income during the pandemic perceived the severity of not using immunity certificates in their daily life as higher. CLINICALTRIAL
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ozlem Colak
- Loughborough University, Loughborough, Loughborough, GB
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Barnhill A, Bonotti M, Susser D. Vaccine Passports and Political Legitimacy: A Public Reason Framework for Policymakers. ETHICAL THEORY AND MORAL PRACTICE : AN INTERNATIONAL FORUM 2023; 26:1-21. [PMID: 36816818 PMCID: PMC9930056 DOI: 10.1007/s10677-022-10361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve, taking its toll on people's lives around the world, vaccine passports remain a contentious topic of debate in most liberal democracies. While a small literature on vaccine passports has sprung up over the past few years that considers their ethical pros and cons, in this paper we focus on the question of when vaccine passports are politically legitimate. Specifically, we put forward a 'public reason ethics framework' for resolving ethical disputes and use the case of vaccine passports to demonstrate how it works. The framework walks users through a structured analysis of a vaccine passport proposal to determine whether the proposal can be publicly justified and is therefore legitimate. Use of this framework may also help policymakers to design more effective vaccine passports, by incorporating structured input from the public, and thereby better taking the public's interests and values into account. In short, a public reason ethics framework is meant to encourage better, more legitimate decision-making, resulting in policies that are ethically justifiable, legitimate and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Barnhill
- Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Deering Hall, 1809 Ashland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Matteo Bonotti
- Politics and International Relations, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Daniel Susser
- College of Information Sciences & Technology, Rock Ethics Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, E325 Westgate Building, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. ChatGPT Output Regarding Compulsory Vaccination and COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy: A Descriptive Study at the Outset of a Paradigm Shift in Online Search for Information. Cureus 2023; 15:e35029. [PMID: 36819954 PMCID: PMC9931398 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being on the verge of a revolutionary approach to gathering information, ChatGPT (an artificial intelligence (AI)-based language model developed by OpenAI, and capable of producing human-like text) could be the prime motive of a paradigm shift on how humans will acquire information. Despite the concerns related to the use of such a promising tool in relation to the future of the quality of education, this technology will soon be incorporated into web search engines mandating the need to evaluate the output of such a tool. Previous studies showed that dependence on some sources of online information (e.g., social media platforms) was associated with higher rates of vaccination hesitancy. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to describe the output of ChatGPT regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine conspiracy beliefs. and compulsory vaccination. METHODS The current descriptive study was conducted on January 14, 2023 using the ChatGPT from OpenAI (OpenAI, L.L.C., San Francisco, CA, USA). The output was evaluated by two authors and the degree of agreement regarding the correctness, clarity, conciseness, and bias was evaluated using Cohen's kappa. RESULTS The ChatGPT responses were dismissive of conspiratorial ideas about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) origins labeling it as non-credible and lacking scientific evidence. Additionally, ChatGPT responses were totally against COVID-19 vaccine conspiracy statements. Regarding compulsory vaccination, ChatGPT responses were neutral citing the following as advantages of this strategy: protecting public health, maintaining herd immunity, reducing the spread of disease, cost-effectiveness, and legal obligation, and on the other hand, it cited the following as disadvantages of compulsory vaccination: ethical and legal concerns, mistrust and resistance, logistical challenges, and limited resources and knowledge. CONCLUSIONS The current study showed that ChatGPT could be a source of information to challenge COVID-19 vaccine conspiracies. For compulsory vaccination, ChatGPT resonated with the divided opinion in the scientific community toward such a strategy; nevertheless, it detailed the pros and cons of this approach. As it currently stands, the judicious use of ChatGPT could be utilized as a user-friendly source of COVID-19 vaccine information that could challenge conspiracy ideas with clear, concise, and non-biased content. However, ChatGPT content cannot be used as an alternative to the original reliable sources of vaccine information (e.g., the World Health Organization [WHO] and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]).
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de Miguel Beriain Í, Rueda J. Digital Covid Certificates as Immunity Passports: An Analysis of Their Main Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2022; 19:635-642. [PMID: 36121608 PMCID: PMC9484347 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-022-10209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Digital COVID certificates are a novel public health policy to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. These immunity certificates aim to incentivize vaccination and to deny international travel or access to essential spaces to those who are unable to prove that they are not infectious. In this article, we start by describing immunity certificates and highlighting their differences from vaccination certificates. Then, we focus on the ethical, legal, and social issues involved in their use, namely autonomy and consent, data protection, equity, and international mobility from a global fairness perspective. The main conclusion of our analysis is that digital COVID certificates are only acceptable if they meet certain conditions: that they should not process personal data beyond what is strictly necessary for the aimed goals, that equal access to them should be guaranteed, and that they should not restrict people's autonomy to access places where contagion is unlikely. We conclude that, if such conditions are guaranteed, digital COVID certificates could contribute to mitigating some of the most severe socioeconomic consequences of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon Rueda
- Department of Philosophy 1, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Barello S, Acampora M, Paleologo M, Schiavone L, Anderson G, Graffigna G. Public views on the Covid-19 immunity certificate: A scoping review. Health Expect 2022; 25:2645-2657. [PMID: 36168916 PMCID: PMC9538975 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Already in its first implementation, the introduction of the Covid-19 immunity certificate has generated some debate among the public. This debate might be a hindrance to the effective realization of this policy. This study aimed to systematically review published research evaluating public feeling of the Covid-19 immunity certificate policy measure and to find which factors might influence its acceptance. METHODS We followed the scoping review methods manual by the Joanna Briggs Institute. We included studies with no time limits that presented novel data, and no exclusions have been made based on study design. We excluded articles that presented just expert opinions. RESULTS We found and reviewed 17 articles. The included studies were conducted in two main countries (the United Kingdom and Switzerland), with the rest from Israel, Italy, Spain, Germany, Australia, Taiwan and China. Both qualitative and quantitative studies were included, and nonrepresentative samples were mostly used to explore the public feeling about the Covid-19 immunity certification. The included studies showed that public views on immunity certification are quite contradictory and influenced by age, gender, ethnicity, political orientation and attitudes towards Covid-19 vaccination. The topic more often addressed by the included studies was the public's views on the positive and negative implications of the Covid-19 immunity certificate in terms of ethical, legal and behavioural consequences of this measure. CONCLUSION The varying acceptance rates are notable and may partly be linked to differences in demographics, Covid-19 concerns and ideological beliefs, as seen in other health-related tracking policies. Moreover, dominant factors behind the (un)success of this policy are complex and entangled with the cultural and political dimensions rather than being just technical. For this reason, it is important to expand psychosocial research to better understand the concerns behind health certifications and allow planning of culturally based and ethically sound suitable strategies. This would be very relevant to increasing public approval and compliance with this public health measure. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION This does not apply to our work as it was a review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Barello
- EngageMinds HUB-Consumer, Food and Health Engagement Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Faculty of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Acampora
- EngageMinds HUB-Consumer, Food and Health Engagement Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Paleologo
- EngageMinds HUB-Consumer, Food and Health Engagement Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Lavinia Schiavone
- EngageMinds HUB-Consumer, Food and Health Engagement Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Anderson
- EngageMinds HUB-Consumer, Food and Health Engagement Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Guendalina Graffigna
- EngageMinds HUB-Consumer, Food and Health Engagement Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.,Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Cremona, Italy
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Goren T, Beeri I, Vashdi DR. How to boost the boosters? A survey-experiment on the effectiveness of different policies aimed at enhancing acceptance of a "Seasonal" vaccination against COVID-19. Isr J Health Policy Res 2022; 11:27. [PMID: 35787730 PMCID: PMC9251947 DOI: 10.1186/s13584-022-00536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests a gradual decrease in the effectiveness of the anti-COVID-19 vaccines, stressing the potential need for periodical booster shots. However, it is hard to tell whether previously applied policies for enhancing vaccine acceptance will be as effective for repeated periodical booster shots during a pandemic. Hence, this study aims to explore the effectiveness of different health policies on periodical vaccination acceptance amidst an ongoing pandemic. Methods A cross sectional online experiment was performed in a representative sample of 929 Israeli citizens. Participants were randomly allocated to 4 groups simulating different hypothetical periodical-vaccination-promoting policy scenarios: (1) Mandate (N = 229); (2) a negative monetary incentive (N = 244); (3) a positive monetary incentive (N = 228) and (4) information provision (N = 228). Compliance intentions and vaccine-acceptance-related variables were measured. Analysis included multivariate hierarchic logistic and linear regressions. Results Compliance intentions levels were medium (M = 3.13 on a 1–5 scale). Only 20.2% of the sample demonstrated strong acceptance of periodical vaccination, which is lower than the acceptance rate of the seasonal flu shot in the country in the year preceding the pandemic. Type of policy was related to the extent to which a respondent strongly agreed to be periodically vaccinated or not. Specifically, strong acceptance was more likely when positive or negative incentives were presented in comparison to the mandate or information provision conditions. However, when examining the extent of compliance among respondents who were less decisive, the type of policy did not predict the extent to which these respondents intended to comply. In addition, compliance intentions were related with the perceived benefits and barriers of the vaccine, the perceived efficacy of getting vaccinated and social norms. Hesitator’s intentions were additionally associated with anti-COVID-19 vaccination history, perceived severity of the disease and trust in government. Conclusions Pandemic-containing vaccines may be perceived as less effective and beneficial than pandemic-preventing vaccines. Individuals with different levels of motivation for periodical vaccination during a pandemic may be affected by different factors. While strongly opinionated individuals are affected by the type of vaccination-promoting policy, hesitators are affected by a larger number of factors, which provide policy makers with greater opportunities to enhance their vaccination intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Goren
- School of Political Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Itai Beeri
- School of Political Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dana Rachel Vashdi
- School of Political Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, 31905, Haifa, Israel
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Maccaro A, Piaggio D, Oronti IB, Vignigbé M, Gbokli A, Houngnihin R, Pecchia L. Social Engagement in the Fight Against COVID-19 in the Urban and Peri-Urban Areas of Cotonou (Benin, Sub-saharan Africa): Acceptability of the Vaccination and Tracking Program. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:857890. [PMID: 35721051 PMCID: PMC9203714 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.857890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This article aims at investigating social engagement in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic in low-resource settings (LRSs). In particular, it focuses on Benin (Sub-Saharan Africa), and reports the results of a field study that investigated the local people's acceptance of the vaccine and the tracking program. Methods This project is the product of a collaboration between the ABSPIE (Applied Biomedical and Signal Processing E-Health) Lab of the University of Warwick (UK) and the LAMA (Laboratoire d'Antropologie Medical Appliqué) of the University of Abomey Calavi (Benin). This international multidisciplinary collaboration brought together engineers, sociologists, anthropologists, and bioethicists. In light of the aims of the project, a qualitative methodology was deemed appropriate. The research team prepared two questionnaires that provided the basis for semi-structured interviews that took place between June and August 2021. Results The research team interviewed 34 Beninese respondents, comprising people aged 60+ (with multiple comorbidities), who were primarily healthcare workers and/or traditional therapists. The results of this work highlight the fact that there is widespread reticence about the vaccination program in Benin, both due to local beliefs and uncertainty about governmental management. In this study, we uncovered several local reasons interfering with the involvement of the population in the vaccination campaign against COVID-19, e.g., the existence of traditional medical practices considered as valid alternatives to vaccines, and many beliefs showing a fear of neo-colonialism hidden in the pandemic threat. Yet, another hindrance can be traced to shortcomings in the management of the vaccination campaign which resulted in obstacles to the implementation of the program. Conclusions This work does not intend to denounce any governmental effort or foster a regressive mindset, but shows how the overall confusion (defined by the World Health Organization as infodemic) linked to the pandemic and its management has caused even more dramatic consequences in LRSs. In addition, the paper proposes a specific framework for the interpretation and management of bioethical and biomedical issues in LRSs that the authors are validating in their current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Maccaro
- Applied Biomedical Signal Processing and Intelligent e-Health Lab, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Piaggio
- Applied Biomedical Signal Processing and Intelligent e-Health Lab, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Iyabosola Busola Oronti
- Applied Biomedical Signal Processing and Intelligent e-Health Lab, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Marius Vignigbé
- Laboratoire d'Antropologie Médicale Appliqué, University of Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Antoinette Gbokli
- Laboratoire d'Antropologie Médicale Appliqué, University of Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Roch Houngnihin
- Laboratoire d'Antropologie Médicale Appliqué, University of Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Leandro Pecchia
- Applied Biomedical Signal Processing and Intelligent e-Health Lab, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, Roma, Italy
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11
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van Vuuren CJJ, van Vuuren JMJ. Perspectives of healthcare workers in South Africa on COVID-19 vaccination passports. Health SA 2022; 27:1823. [PMID: 35548060 PMCID: PMC9082080 DOI: 10.4102/hsag.v27i0.1823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following the rollout of several effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many countries have introduced vaccination passports or certificates as a means of certifying that an individual has been vaccinated against, is immune to, or is presently uninfected with COVID-19. An extensive ethical debate has ensued. Aim To determine the perspectives of South African healthcare workers (HCWs) on the implementation of COVID-19 vaccination passports (C19VPs) in South Africa (SA). Setting Healthcare workers working in various fields and practice settings throughout SA were invited to complete an online questionnaire. Methods An online questionnaire was distributed using convenience sampling via social media platforms to HCWs over a 1-month period, collecting demographic details and responses to 8 Likert-type items regarding agreement with C19VPs, ethical issues and feasibility. Each item was graded from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), with grouping of 4 of the 8 items exploring a common theme of C19VPs being a good idea, constituting a score out of 20. Non-parametric tests were performed to determine differences in responses between groups. Results One thousand HCWs responded to the survey and fulfilled inclusion criteria. The majority (83.2%) of respondents were medical practitioners (MPs). Overall, most (73.5%) respondents agreed that C19VPs are a good idea. Older respondents agreed more strongly than younger respondents (medians 18 and 17, respectively, p = 0.001), and respondents in private practice agreed more strongly than those in state practice (medians 18 and 16, respectively, p = 0.042). The median response was neutral (3) in response to the ethics of C19VPs considering variations in vaccine access and tending towards disagreement (2.5) in disadvantaging poorer people. Most respondents disagreed that vaccine hesitancy would make C19VPs unethical, and responses from provinces with the highest vaccination proportions disagreed more than others with lower vaccination proportion (median 2 compared with 3, p < 0.001). There was uncertainty about the feasibility of C19VPs in SA, with older HCWs, non-students, senior MPs and those who thought C19VPs are a good idea being more likely to consider them feasible. Conclusion The perspectives of HCWs, mainly MPs, about C19VPs in SA were obtained. Further research should focus on vaccine hesitancy and its factors in HCWs and the effect of C19VPs on restrictions, reduction in transmission and benefits on economies and mental health. Contribution To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first survey data published on the perspectives of South African HCWs on C19VPs in the country. Healthcare workers are trusted influencers of vaccination decisions, and their opinion on vaccination certificates may also influence the South African public’s perception and acceptance thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J Jansen van Vuuren
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Juan M Jansen van Vuuren
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Grey's Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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12
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Kim JK, Ryu SW, Kim JS, Jung BK. Performance evaluation of four rapid antibody tests for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24374. [PMID: 35446996 PMCID: PMC9110950 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prompt detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is important in the therapeutic management of infected patients. Rapid diagnostic tests are widely used for this purpose. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical performance of four SARS‐CoV‐2 immunoglobulin IgG/IgM rapid diagnostic tests in the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2. Methods Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs and/or sputum were collected from 30 patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 and 30 healthy volunteers. All specimens were tested using four SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG/IgM rapid diagnostic tests and real‐time polymerase chain reaction. We assessed the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the tests. Results The clinical sensitivity of FREND™, SsmarTest™, BIOCREDIT™, and IVDLAB™ was 96.67%, 100.00%, 100.00%, and 96.67%, respectively, compared to real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The clinical specificity was 96.67%, 100.00%, 86.67%, and 96.67%, respectively. Conclusion These findings could expedite the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 and thus reduce the risk of further transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Dankook University College of Health Sciences, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sook Won Ryu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jae Soo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Bo Kyeung Jung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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13
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Niculaescu CE, Sassoon I, Landa-Avila IC, Colak O, Jun GT, Balatsoukas P. Why 'one size fits all' is not enough when designing COVID-19 immunity certificates for domestic use: a UK-wide cross-sectional online survey. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058317. [PMID: 35428643 PMCID: PMC9013794 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study explored public's willingness to use COVID-19 immunity certificates across six different domestic scenarios. DESIGN Cross-sectional online survey. SETTING UK representative survey conducted on 3 August 2021. PARTICIPANTS 534 UK residents over 18 years old. INTERVENTIONS Participants replied to the same set of questions. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was willingness to use immunity certificates across three different domestic settings: (1) visiting the general practitioner (GP) for a non-urgent health issue; (2) dining in a restaurant and (3) attending a performance in a theatre. For each setting two options, one prioritising convenience (option A) and the other privacy (option B), were offered. Our secondary outcome measures were computed indices from items adapted from the Health Belief Model; attitudes towards sharing immunity status with service providers; prior to COVID-19 lifestyle. In addition, we recorded data about respondents' sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS Respondents were more willing to use immunity certificates that prioritised convenience (92%), rather than privacy (76%), when visiting their GP . However, privacy was more favourable in the other two settings (dining in a restaurant (84%) and going to a theatre (83%)) compared with convenience (38% and 39% respectively). Personal beliefs about COVID-19 and immunity certificates were associated with variations in willingness to use these across all scenarios. No variations were observed across sociodemographics and lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this survey suggest that there is not one-size-fits-all solution for designing immunity certificates. Immunity certificates are complex sociotechnical systems, any attempt to implement these for domestic use should be tailored to different settings and user needs. The design of certification services requires a more evidence-based approach and further research is needed to understand how different settings, design elements (like convenience or privacy) and personal beliefs about the pandemic should inform their design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Sassoon
- Department of Computer Science, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | - Ozlem Colak
- School of Design and Creative Arts, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Gyuchan Thomas Jun
- School of Design and Creative Arts, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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14
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The Effects of Media Encouragements on Coronavirus Vaccination Decision and Public Interest in Traveling Abroad. INFORMATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/info13030157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of knowledge exists about individuals’ vaccination decisions and their relation to their tourism behaviors. In this regard, this study examines the willingness of international travelers to take a COVID-19 vaccine prior to traveling. A quantitative research design with a survey method and the ordinary least square (OLS) multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The media encouragement positively affected the travelers’ attitude toward the behavior and their injunctive social norm, whereas the travelers’ attitude toward the behavior and injunctive social norm positively affected their COVID-19 vaccination intention. The regression results also proved the mediating effect of both attitudes toward the behavior and injunctive social norm in the relationship between media encouragement and COVID-19 vaccination intention. This research successfully provided evidence regarding the role of media encouragement in travelers’ willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccination.
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15
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Yoda T, Suksatit B, Tokuda M, Katsuyama H. Analysis of People’s Attitude Toward COVID-19 Vaccine and Its Information Sources in Thailand. Cureus 2022; 14:e22215. [PMID: 35308704 PMCID: PMC8926488 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy has become a global problem. Therefore, we aimed to determine the relationship between the information sources on vaccines and the willingness of people to be vaccinated in Thailand. Methods A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from an Internet research panel, and a questionnaire survey was administered to evaluate respondents’ willingness to be vaccinated by sex, age group, educational background, occupation, and presence of chronic diseases, as well as their information sources on COVID-19 vaccines. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were employed to assess the relationship between vaccine hesitancy/refusal and other variables. Results Our results demonstrated that 90.2% of the participants were either willing to vaccinate or were already vaccinated. By contrast, 6.0% were hesitant and 3.8% did not want to be vaccinated. Females, people with education less than master’s/bachelor’s degree or high school, day laborers, housewives, and unemployed were significantly related to vaccine hesitation/refusal. Furthermore, they were less likely than the vaccine willingness group to use information resources from the Ministry of Health, public health centers, or medical associations. Conclusions As vaccine hesitancy and refusal ratio were found to be substantially lower than in a previous study for Thailand and other countries, public authorities should poll the public to identify vaccine-hesitant populations and their reasoning and provide appropriate information directly to the general public.
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16
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Adashi EY, Cohen IG. CRISPR immunity: a case study for justified somatic genetic modification? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2022; 48:83-85. [PMID: 33658335 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has killed thousands across the world. SARS-CoV-2 is the latest but surely not the last such global pandemic we will face. The biomedical response to such pandemics includes treatment, vaccination, and so on. In this paper, though, we argue that it is time to consider an additional strategy: the somatic (non-heritable) enhancement of human immunity. We argue for this approach and consider bioethics objections we believe can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Y Adashi
- Medical Science, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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17
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Abstract
Aviation has been hit hard by COVID-19, with passengers stranded in remote destinations, airlines filing for bankruptcy, and uncertain demand scenarios for the future. Travel bubbles are discussed as one possible solution, meaning countries which have successfully constrained the spread of COVID-19 gradually increase their mutual international flights, returning to a degree of normality. This study aims to answer the question of whether travel bubbles are indeed observable in flight data for the year 2020. We take the year 2019 as reference and then search for anomalies in countries’ flight bans and recoveries, which could possibly be explained by having successfully implemented a travel bubble. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to try to address the identification of COVID-19 travel bubbles in real data. Our methodology and findings lead to several important insights regarding policy making, problems associated with the concept of travel bubbles, and raise interesting avenues for future research.
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18
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The Role of Incentives in Deciding to Receive the Available COVID-19 Vaccine in Israel. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010077. [PMID: 35062738 PMCID: PMC8778303 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the Israeli public’s intention to get vaccinated immediately after the COVID-19 vaccine became available, and to determine the role of incentives beyond socio-demographic, health-related and behavioral factors, in predicting this intention. An online survey was conducted among adults in Israel (n = 461), immediately after the first COVID-19 vaccine became available (22 December 2020 to 10 January 2021). Two regressions were performed to investigate determinants of intention to receive the available COVID-19 vaccine and sense of urgency to receive the vaccine. Although many adults were willing to receive available COVID-19 vaccine, only 65% were willing to immediately receive the vaccine, 17% preferred to wait 3 months and 18% preferred to wait a year. The sense of urgency to get vaccinated differed by age, periphery level, perceived barriers, cues to action and availability. Incentives such as monetary rewards or the green pass did not increase the probability of getting vaccination immediately. Providing data on the role of incentives in increasing the intention to immediately receive the available COVID-19 vaccine is important for health policy makers and healthcare providers. Our findings underscore the importance of COVID-19 vaccine accessibility. Health policy makers should consider allocating funds for making the vaccine accessible and encourage methods of persuasion, instead of investing funds in monetary incentives.
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19
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Abstract
In several countries, governments have implemented so-called ‘COVID passport’ schemes, which restrict access to venues such as bars or sports events to those who are vaccinated against COVID-19 and/or exempt vaccinated individuals from public health measures such as curfews or quarantine requirements. These schemes have been the subject of a heated debate. Concerns about inequality have played an important role in the opposition to such schemes. This article highlights that determining how COVID passports affect equality requires a much more nuanced analysis than is typically assumed. I identify a range of broadly egalitarian considerations that could be affected by the introduction of COVID passport schemes. While these schemes could undermine certain aspects of equality, I argue that they could also be used to promote equality. The magnitude and severity of these different effects, both promoting and undermining equality, depend on how precisely these schemes are framed and the local context in which they are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Voigt
- Corresponding author: Kristin Voigt, Institute for Health and Social Policy and Department of Philosophy, McGill University, 855 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 2T7, Canada;
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20
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Mohamed K, Rzymski P, Islam MS, Makuku R, Mushtaq A, Khan A, Ivanovska M, Makka SA, Hashem F, Marquez L, Cseprekal O, Filgueiras IS, Fonseca DLM, Mickael E, Ling I, Arero AG, Cuschieri S, Minakova K, Rodríguez-Román E, Abarikwu SO, Faten AB, Grancini G, Cabral-Marques O, Rezaei N. COVID-19 vaccinations: The unknowns, challenges, and hopes. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1336-1349. [PMID: 34845731 PMCID: PMC9015467 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The entire world has been suffering from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic since March 11, 2020. More than a year later, the COVID‐19 vaccination brought hope to control this viral pandemic. Here, we review the unknowns of the COVID‐19 vaccination, such as its longevity, asymptomatic spread, long‐term side effects, and its efficacy on immunocompromised patients. In addition, we discuss challenges associated with the COVID‐19 vaccination, such as the global access and distribution of vaccine doses, adherence to hygiene guidelines after vaccination, the emergence of novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) variants, and vaccine resistance. Despite all these challenges and the fact that the end of the COVID‐19 pandemic is still unclear, vaccines have brought great hope for the world, with several reports indicating a significant decline in the risk of COVID19‐related infection and hospitalizations. Vaccination plays a pivotal role in reducing the death toll of the COVID‐19 infection. The immunity provided by vaccines is still disputable leading to some challenges like the asymptomatic spread; therefore, staying strict to hygiene guidelines is necessary. Hence, COVID‐19 vaccines' related long‐term side effects are still unknown; cautions should be taken when injected to various individuals of the community. COVID‐19 vaccines' effectiveness are strongly related to their effect on emergent COVID‐19 variants, but until now approved vaccines can still show some protective effects against new variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawthar Mohamed
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Manama, Bahrain
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Poznań, Poland
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rangarirai Makuku
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Ayesha Mushtaq
- International Higher School of Medicine, International University of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mariya Ivanovska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Research Center, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Sara A Makka
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fareeda Hashem
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Manama, Bahrain
| | - Leander Marquez
- College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Orsolya Cseprekal
- Department of Transplantation and Surgery, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Igor Salerno Filgueiras
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennyson Leandro M Fonseca
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Essouma Mickael
- Department of Rheumatology and Physical Medicine, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Irene Ling
- School of Science, Monash University Malasia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Darul Ehsan, Selangor, Malaysia.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Darul Ehsan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amanuel Godana Arero
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sarah Cuschieri
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Valletta, Malta
| | - Kseniia Minakova
- National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, Ukraine.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez-Román
- Center for Microbiology and Cell Biology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Sunny O Abarikwu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Choba, Nigeria
| | - Attig-Bahar Faten
- Tunisia Polytechnic School, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Giulia Grancini
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Pavia, Italy
| | - Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nima Rezaei
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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21
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Nehme M, Kaiser L, Gillet P, Thevoz P, Stringhini S, Guessous I. Digital COVID Credentials: An Implementation Process. Front Digit Health 2021; 3:594124. [PMID: 34713082 PMCID: PMC8521819 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.594124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mayssam Nehme
- Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Silvia Stringhini
- Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,University Centre for General Medicine and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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22
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Fargnoli V, Nehme M, Guessous I, Burton-Jeangros C. Acceptability of COVID-19 Certificates: A Qualitative Study in Geneva, Switzerland, in 2020. Front Public Health 2021; 9:682365. [PMID: 34485215 PMCID: PMC8416097 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.682365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity certificates related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been under discussion since the beginning of the pandemic with conflicting opinions. In order to identify arguments in favor of and against the possible implementation of documents certifying immunity of an individual based on serological testing, we developed a qualitative study in Geneva, Switzerland. The study took place between two lockdowns with a sense of semi-normalcy during summer 2020 in Switzerland but at a time when no vaccine was available and seroprevalence was below 21%. Eleven focus groups with members of the public and 14 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders were conducted between July and November 2020, with a total of 68 participants with an age range between 24 and 77 years. Interviews and focus groups transcripts were coded with the ATLAS.ti CAQDAS. Few participants considered immunity certificates based on serological testing as an acceptable public health measure. Major concerns included the reliability of scientific data related to COVID-19 immunity and serological testing potential re-infection as well as the possibility that the use of certificates could result in deleterious outcomes. Discrimination, counterfeiting, incitement for self-infection, invasion of the private sphere, violation of personal integrity, and violation of medical secrecy were perceived as the major risks. Benefits of immunity certificates were more perceived when in relation to vaccination, and included gains in medical knowledge and protection in certain contexts involving leisure or work-related activities. The consequences of implementing immunity certificates are numerous, and the acceptability by the general population has to be considered when engaging in such policy. Even if the results provide a snapshot of arguments discussed around immunity certificates based on serological testing before the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccine, most of the issues discussed are central in the current debates about vaccination certificates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Fargnoli
- Geneva School of Social Sciences, Institute of Sociological Research, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mayssam Nehme
- Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claudine Burton-Jeangros
- Geneva School of Social Sciences, Institute of Sociological Research, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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23
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Massoudi BL, Sobolevskaia D. Keep Moving Forward: Health Informatics and Information Management beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. Yearb Med Inform 2021; 30:75-83. [PMID: 34479380 PMCID: PMC8416200 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1726499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives:
To identify gaps and challenges in health informatics and health information management during the COVID-19 pandemic. To describe solutions and offer recommendations that can address the identified gaps and challenges.
Methods:
A literature review of relevant peer-reviewed and grey literature published from January 2020 to December 2020 was conducted to inform the paper.
Results:
The literature revealed several themes regarding health information management and health informatics challenges and gaps: information systems and information technology infrastructure; data collection, quality, and standardization; and information governance and use. These challenges and gaps were often driven by public policy and funding constraints.
Conclusions:
COVID-19 exposed complexities related to responding to a world-wide, fast moving, quickly spreading novel virus. Longstanding gaps and ongoing challenges in the local, national, and global health and public health information systems and data infrastructure must be addressed before we are faced with another global pandemic.
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24
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Sun X, Wandelt S, Zhang A. Vaccination passports: Challenges for a future of air transportation. TRANSPORT POLICY 2021; 110:394-401. [PMID: 34608363 PMCID: PMC8481163 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has been a major setback for air transportation; many airlines had to request for bailouts and the international flights connectivity is only restarting slowly. Accordingly, many aviation stakeholders put hopes into the ongoing process of vaccination, with the expectation that a high degree of vaccination will push the envelope for a return to normalcy. One prerequisite for reviving international air connectivity is the introduction of verification documents, also called "vaccination passports". These passports, however, come with several challenges which need to be overcome in order to enable recovery. In this study, we propose a framework covering five important aspects and policy challenges concerning the introduction of vaccination passports for a return of aviation, covering the topics: Competition, Epidemiology, Technology, Ethics, and Politics. Neglecting to appropriately address these challenges will likely not only delay the recovery, but possibly miss an important opportunity before new disastrous events appear on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Sun
- National Key Laboratory of CNS/ATM, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Multi-Modal Transportation Big Data, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Sebastian Wandelt
- National Key Laboratory of CNS/ATM, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, 100191, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Multi-Modal Transportation Big Data, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Anming Zhang
- Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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25
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Kosciejew MRH. COVID-19 immunity (or vaccine) passports: a documentary overview and analysis of regimes of health verification within the coronavirus pandemic. JOURNAL OF DOCUMENTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/jd-04-2021-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Introducing immunity or vaccine passports is one non-pharmaceutical intervention that governments are considering to exempt immune, vaccinated or otherwise risk-free individuals from lockdowns and other public health restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic. The primary objective of these documents would be to begin reopening societies, restarting economies and returning to a pre-pandemic normalcy. This article aims to present the start of a conceptual documentary analysis of (proposed and existing) COVID-19 immunity passports in order to more fully center their documentary status within research, considerations and conversations about their potential roles, impacts and implications.
Design/methodology/approach
Inspired by Paula A. Treichler's argument for the importance of theoretical thought for untangling the socio-cultural phenomena of epidemics, and drawing upon interdisciplinary theories of documentation, identity and public health, combined with recent news coverage of the coronavirus pandemic, this article provides a contemporary overview and conceptual analysis of emerging documentary regimes of COVID-19 immunity verification involving immunity or vaccine passports.
Findings
Three major interconnected objectives could be fulfilled by immunity passports. First, they would establish and materialize an official identity of COVID-19 immune for people possessing the formal document. Second, they would serve as material evidence establishing and verifying individuals' immunity, vaccination or risk-free status from the coronavirus that would, in term, determine and regulate their movements and other privileges. Third, they would create tangible links between individuals and governments' official or recognized identity category of COVID-19 immune. Immunity passports would, therefore, help enable and enforce governmental authority and power by situating individuals within documentary regimes of COVID-19 immunity verification.
Research limitations/implications
In the expanding interdisciplinary literature on COVID-19 immunity passports, sometimes also called certificates, licenses, or passes, there appears to be only minimal reference to their documentary instantiations, whether physical, digital, and/or hybrid documents. As yet, there is not any specific documentary approach to or analysis of immunity passports as kinds of documentation. A documentary approach helps to illuminate and emphasize the materiality of and ontological considerations concerning the coronavirus pandemic and its associated kinds of immunity or vaccination.
Social implications
By beginning an exploration of what makes immunity passports thinkable as a public health response to the coronavirus pandemic, this article illuminates these health and identity documents' material implications for, and effects on, individuals and societies. This article, therefore, helps shed light on what immunity passports reveal about the complicated and contested intersections of identity, documentation, public health and socio-political control and discipline.
Originality/value
This article contributes the start of a documentary analysis of (proposed and existing) COVID-19 immunity passports in order to more fully center their documentary status within research and conversations about them.
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Aranzales I, Chan HF, Eichenberger R, Hegselmann R, Stadelmann D, Torgler B. Scientists have favorable opinions on immunity certificates but raise concerns regarding fairness and inequality. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14016. [PMID: 34234190 PMCID: PMC8263576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, we collected over 12,000 responses from a survey of scientists, who were asked to express their opinions on immunity certificates (also called "immunity passports") as a potential instrument to lessen the impact of the crisis. Overall, we find that scientists perceive immunity certificates as favorable for public health (50.2%) and the state of the economy (54.4%) while one-fifth (19.1%) and one-sixth (15.4%) disagree. Scientists stipulate some concerns about fairness (36.5%) and inequality (22.4%) arising from implementation of immunity certification. We find some smaller differences among scientific fields, particularly between health scientists and social scientists, with the latter being slightly more positive about the effect of immunity certification. Scholars in the United States, including health scientists, are more likely to view the immunity certificates favorably and mention fewer concerns about this policy's effect on fairness and inequality. Female scholars are significantly less in favor of immunity certificates, while scientists with more conservative political views hold more favorable opinions. Our results reveal that given the uncertainties during an early phase of a pandemic, scientists see scope for immunity certification to lessen the general societal impacts of the crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Aranzales
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology (BEST), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ho Fai Chan
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology (BEST), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Reiner Eichenberger
- University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- CREMA - Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - David Stadelmann
- Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology (BEST), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- CREMA - Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
- IREF - Institute for Research in Economic and Fiscal Issues, Paris, France.
| | - Benno Torgler
- School of Economics and Finance, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Behavioural Economics, Society and Technology (BEST), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- CREMA - Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts, Basel, Switzerland
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Drury J, Mao G, John A, Kamal A, Rubin GJ, Stott C, Vandrevala T, Marteau TM. Behavioural responses to Covid-19 health certification: a rapid review. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1205. [PMID: 34162364 PMCID: PMC8221819 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covid-status certification - certificates for those who test negative for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, test positive for antibodies, or who have been vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 - has been proposed to enable safer access to a range of activities. Realising these benefits will depend in part upon the behavioural and social impacts of certification. The aim of this rapid review was to describe public attitudes towards certification, and its possible impact on uptake of testing and vaccination, protective behaviours, and crime. METHOD A search was undertaken in peer-reviewed databases, pre-print databases, and the grey literature, from 2000 to December 2020. Studies were included if they measured attitudes towards or behavioural consequences of health certificates based on one of three indices of Covid-19 status: test-negative result for current infectiousness, test-positive for antibodies conferring natural immunity, or vaccination(s) conferring immunity. RESULTS Thirty-three papers met the inclusion criteria, only three of which were rated as low risk of bias. Public attitudes were generally favourable towards the use of immunity certificates for international travel, but unfavourable towards their use for access to work and other activities. A significant minority was strongly opposed to the use of certificates of immunity for any purpose. The limited evidence suggested that intention to get vaccinated varied with the activity enabled by certification or vaccination (e.g., international travel). Where vaccination is seen as compulsory this could lead to unwillingness to accept a subsequent vaccination. There was some evidence that restricting access to settings and activities to those with antibody test certificates may lead to deliberate exposure to infection in a minority. Behaviours that reduce transmission may decrease upon health certificates based on any of the three indices of Covid-19 status, including physical distancing and handwashing. CONCLUSIONS The limited evidence suggests that health certification in relation to COVID-19 - outside of the context of international travel - has the potential for harm as well as benefit. Realising the benefits while minimising the harms will require real-time evaluations allowing modifications to maximise the potential contribution of certification to enable safer access to a range of activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Drury
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Guanlan Mao
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Ann John
- Swansea University, Population Data Science, Swansea, UK
| | - Atiya Kamal
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - G. James Rubin
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Tushna Vandrevala
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Theresa M. Marteau
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Hansson SO, Helgesson G, Juth N. Who should be tested in a pandemic? Ethical considerations. BMC Med Ethics 2021; 22:76. [PMID: 34158041 PMCID: PMC8218570 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-021-00640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the initial phase of the Covid-19 pandemic, difficult decisions had to be made on the allocation of testing resources. Similar situations can arise in future pandemics. Therefore, careful consideration of who should be tested is an important part of pandemic preparedness. We focus on four ethical aspects of that problem: how to prioritize scarce testing resources, the regulation of commercial direct-to-consumer test services, testing of unauthorized immigrants, and obligatory testing. MAIN TEXT The distribution of scarce resources for testing: We emphasize the use of needs-based criteria, but also acknowledge the importance of choosing a testing strategy that contributes efficiently to stopping the overall spread of the disease. Commercial direct-to-consumer test services: Except in cases of acute scarcity, such services will in practice have to be allowed. We propose that they should be subject to regulation that ensures test quality and adequate information to users. Testing of unauthorized immigrants, their children and other people with unclear legal status: Like everyone else, these individuals may be in need of testing, and it is in society's interest to reach them with testing in order to stop the spread of the disease. A society that offers comprehensive medical services to unauthorized immigrants is in a much better position to reach them in a pandemic than a society that previously excluded them from healthcare. Obligatory testing: While there are often strong reasons for universal testing in residential areas or on workplaces, there are in most cases better ways to achieve testing coverage than to make testing mandatory. CONCLUSION In summary, we propose (1) decision-making primarily based on needs-based criteria, (2) strict regulation but not prohibition of direct-to-consumer test services, (3) test services offered to unauthorized immigrants, preferably as part of comprehensive medical services, and (4) broad outreach of testing services whenever possible, but in general not obligatory testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Ove Hansson
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Division of Philosophy, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 76, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gert Helgesson
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Juth
- Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wilson K, Flood CM. Création d’un passeport vaccinal numérique contre le SRAS-CoV-2 au Canada. CMAJ 2021; 193:E942-E944. [PMID: 34860697 PMCID: PMC8248456 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.210244-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kumanan Wilson
- Faculté de médecine (Wilson), École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère et Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Wilson); Faculté de droit (Flood), Section de common law, Université d'Ottawa; Centre de droit, politique et éthique de la santé de l'Université d'Ottawa (Flood), Ottawa, Ont.
| | - Colleen M Flood
- Faculté de médecine (Wilson), École d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, Université d'Ottawa; Institut de recherche Bruyère et Institut de recherche de l'Hôpital d'Ottawa (Wilson); Faculté de droit (Flood), Section de common law, Université d'Ottawa; Centre de droit, politique et éthique de la santé de l'Université d'Ottawa (Flood), Ottawa, Ont
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Maccaro A, Piaggio D, Pagliara S, Pecchia L. The role of ethics in science: a systematic literature review from the first wave of COVID-19. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 11:1063-1071. [PMID: 34104626 PMCID: PMC8175060 DOI: 10.1007/s12553-021-00570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a systematic literature review on ethics and CoviD-19, aiming to understand the impact and the perception of the pandemic during the first wave (January-June 2020) and the consequences one year later.
PubMed was systematically searched up May 2020 to identify studies that took into consideration various ethical issues that have been arising from the Covid-19 outbreak. The eligibility of the papers was determined by two authors, who screened the results mediated by a third author. In order to facilitate the screening, the titles were divided into five sub-thematic macro-areas, namely allocation, policy, specialist, clinical trials, and technology and, when possible, per geographical area. Specifically, a posteriori, we decided to focus on the papers referring to policies and technology, as they highlighted ethical issues that are not overused and worthy of particular attention.
Thus, 38 studies out of 233 met our inclusion criteria and were fully analysed. Accordingly, this review touches on themes such as fairness, equity, transparency of information, the duty of care, racial disparities, the marginalisation of the poor, and privacy and ethical concerns.
Overall, it was found that despite the increased awareness of interdisciplinarity and the essential reference to ethics, many scientific articles use it with little competence, considering it only a "humanitarian" enrichment. In fact, as we understand, reflecting a year after the outbreak of the pandemic, although Covid-19 is leading scientists to increasingly recognise the importance of ethical issues, there is still a lot of confusion that could be helped by establishing international guidelines to act as a moral compass in times of crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Maccaro
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL UK.,Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL UK
| | - Davide Piaggio
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL UK
| | - Silvio Pagliara
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL UK
| | - Leandro Pecchia
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47AL UK.,European Alliance of Medical and Biological Engineering and Science (EAMBES), Leuven, Belgium.,IUPESM, York, UK
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Gostin LO, Cohen IG, Shaw J. Digital Health Passes in the Age of COVID-19: Are "Vaccine Passports" Lawful and Ethical? JAMA 2021; 325:1933-1934. [PMID: 33825831 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.5283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence O Gostin
- O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - I Glenn Cohen
- Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics, Harvard Law School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jana Shaw
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
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Abstract
Serology (antibody) tests to detect previous SARS-CoV-2 infection have been in high demand from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The initial shortage of diagnostic tests coupled with asymptomatic infections led to a significant demand for serology tests to identify past infections. Serology (antibody) tests to detect previous SARS-CoV-2 infection have been in high demand from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The initial shortage of diagnostic tests coupled with asymptomatic infections led to a significant demand for serology tests to identify past infections. Despite serious limitations on the interpretation of a positive antibody test in terms of immunity to SARS-CoV-2, antibody testing was initially considered for release from social distancing, return to employment, and “immunity passports.” The regulatory approach to antibody tests was limited; manufacturers were encouraged to develop and market antibody tests without submitting validation data to the FDA. FDA guidance grew more stringent, but many poor-quality tests were already on the market—potentially inappropriately used for individual decision-making. This is a case study describing COVID-19 serology tests and the U.S. market and describes lessons learned for a future health security crisis.
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DiSantostefano RL, Terris-Prestholt F. Using Societal Values to Inform Public Health Policy During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Health Preference Research. PATIENT-PATIENT CENTERED OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2021; 14:303-307. [PMID: 33886102 PMCID: PMC8060338 DOI: 10.1007/s40271-021-00516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Wilf-Miron
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Vicki Myers
- The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Mor Saban
- The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Ramat Gan, Israel
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35
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Wilson K, Flood CM. Implementing digital passports for SARS-CoV-2 immunization in Canada. CMAJ 2021; 193:E486-E488. [PMID: 33658246 PMCID: PMC8049642 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.210244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kumanan Wilson
- Department of Medicine (Wilson), School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Wilson); Faculty of Law (Flood), Common Law Section, University of Ottawa; University of Ottawa Centre for Health Law Policy & Ethics (Flood), Ottawa, Ont.
| | - Colleen M Flood
- Department of Medicine (Wilson), School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa; Bruyère Research Institute and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Wilson); Faculty of Law (Flood), Common Law Section, University of Ottawa; University of Ottawa Centre for Health Law Policy & Ethics (Flood), Ottawa, Ont
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36
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Fung ICH, Cheung CN, Handel A. SARS-CoV-2 Viral and Serological Testing When College Campuses Reopen: Some Practical Considerations. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 15:e4-e8. [PMID: 32713384 PMCID: PMC7450242 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic prompted universities across the United States to close campuses in Spring 2020. Universities are deliberating whether, when, and how they should resume in-person instruction in Fall 2020. In this essay, we discuss some practical considerations for the use of 2 potentially useful control strategies based on testing: (1) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing followed by case-patient isolation and quarantine of close contacts, and (2) serological testing followed by an "immune shield" approach, that is, low social distancing requirements for seropositive persons. The isolation of case-patients and quarantine of close contacts may be especially challenging, and perhaps prohibitively difficult, on many university campuses. The "immune shield" strategy might be hobbled by a low positive predictive value of the tests used in populations with low seroprevalence. Both strategies carry logistical, ethical, and financial implications. The main nonpharmaceutical interventions will remain methods based on social distancing (eg, capping class size) and personal protective behaviors (eg, universal facemask wearing in public space) until vaccines become available, or unless the issues discussed herein can be resolved in such a way that using mass testing as main control strategies becomes viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Chun-Hai Fung
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
| | - Chi-Ngai Cheung
- Department of Psychology and Criminal Justice, Middle Georgia State University, Macon, Georgia
| | - Andreas Handel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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37
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Smith MJ, Ahmad A, Arawi T, Dawson A, Emanuel EJ, Garani-Papadatos T, Ghimire P, Iliyasu Z, Lei R, Mastroleo I, Mathur R, Okeibunor J, Parker M, Saenz C, Thomé B, Upshur REG, Voo TC. Top five ethical lessons of COVID-19 that the world must learn. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:17. [PMID: 33693063 PMCID: PMC7919608 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16568.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As the world reflects upon one year since the first cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and prepare for and experience surges in cases, it is important to identify the most crucial ethical issues that might lie ahead so that countries are able to plan accordingly. Some ethical issues are rather obvious to predict, such as the ethical issues surrounding the use of immunity certificates, contact tracing, and the fair allocation of vaccines globally. Yet, the most significant ethical challenge that the world must address in the next year and beyond is to ensure that we learn the ethical lessons of the first year of this pandemic. Learning from our collective experiences thus far constitutes our greatest moral obligation. Appreciating that decision-making in the context of a pandemic is constrained by unprecedented complexity and uncertainty, beginning in June 2020, an international group of 17 experts in bioethics spanning 15 countries (including low-, middle-, and high-income countries) met virtually to identify what we considered to be the most significant ethical challenges and accompanying lessons faced thus far in the COVID-19 pandemic. Once collected, the group met over the course of several virtual meetings to identify challenges and lessons that are analytically distinct in order to identify common ethical themes under which different challenges and lessons could be grouped. The result, described in this paper, is what this expert group consider to be the top five ethical lessons from the initial experience with COVID-19 that must be learned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aasim Ahmad
- The Kidney Centre Post Graduate Training Institute, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Angus Dawson
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruipeng Lei
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ignacio Mastroleo
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roli Mathur
- National Center for Disease Informatics and Research (ICMR-NCDIR), Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | - Carla Saenz
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Beatriz Thomé
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Liz J. COVID-19, immunoprivilege and structural inequalities. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 43:19. [PMID: 33566205 PMCID: PMC7874558 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-020-00356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
As cases of COVID-19 continue to rise, some countries, including the US, Chile, and Germany, have considered issuing "immunity passports." This possibility has raised concerns and debate regarding their potential social, political and economic ramifications, especially for marginalized communities. This paper contributes to that debate by exposing that ways in which immunoprivilege already exists and operates within our present system of structural inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Liz
- San José State University, 201 Faculty Office Building, One Washington Square, San José, CA, 95192-0096, USA.
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39
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Lewandowsky S, Dennis S, Perfors A, Kashima Y, White JP, Garrett P, Little DR, Yesilada M. Public acceptance of privacy-encroaching policies to address the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245740. [PMID: 33481877 PMCID: PMC7822290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of the COVID-19 pandemic may require governments to use privacy-encroaching technologies to help contain its spread. One technology involves co-location tracking through mobile Wi-Fi, GPS, and Bluetooth to permit health agencies to monitor people's contact with each other, thereby triggering targeted social-distancing when a person turns out to be infected. The effectiveness of tracking relies on the willingness of the population to support such privacy encroaching measures. We report the results of two large surveys in the United Kingdom, conducted during the peak of the pandemic, that probe people's attitudes towards various tracking technologies. The results show that by and large there is widespread acceptance for co-location tracking. Acceptance increases when the measures are explicitly time-limited and come with opt-out clauses or other assurances of privacy. Another possible future technology to control the pandemic involves "immunity passports", which could be issued to people who carry antibodies for the COVID-19 virus, potentially implying that they are immune and therefore unable to spread the virus to other people. Immunity passports have been considered as a potential future step to manage the pandemic. We probe people's attitudes towards immunity passports and find considerable support overall, although around 20% of the public strongly oppose passports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Lewandowsky
- University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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40
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Montag D, Barboza M, Cauper L, Brehaut I, Alva I, Bennett A, Sanchez-Choy J, Sarmiento Barletti JP, Valenzuela P, Manuyama J, García Murayari I, Guimaraes Vásquez M, Aguirre Panduro C, Giattino A, Palomino Cadenas EJ, Lazo R, Delgado CA, Nino A, Flores EC, Pesantes MA, Murillo JP, Belaunde LE, Recuenco S, Chuquimbalqui R, Zavaleta-Cortijo C. Healthcare of Indigenous Amazonian Peoples in response to COVID-19: marginality, discrimination and revaluation of ancestral knowledge in Ucayali, Peru. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2020-004479. [PMID: 33414155 PMCID: PMC7797239 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Montag
- Centre for Global Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marco Barboza
- Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales - CITBM, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Lizardo Cauper
- Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Amazonia (AIDESEP), Lima, Peru
| | | | - Isaac Alva
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Aoife Bennett
- Vicepresidencia de Investigación, Universidad Nacional Intercultural de la Amazonia, Pucallpa, Peru
| | - José Sanchez-Choy
- Departamento Agroforestal Agrícola, Universidad Nacional Intercultural de la Amazonia, Pucallpa, Peru
| | | | - Pilar Valenzuela
- Department of World Languages and Cultures, Chapman University, Organge, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Celso Aguirre Panduro
- Escuela de Sociologia, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Angela Giattino
- Department of Anthropology, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | | | - Rodrigo Lazo
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos A Delgado
- Research Group Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.,Department of Medicine, Neonatal Unit, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Peru
| | - Alfonso Nino
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Elaine C Flores
- Centre for Global Public Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Los Ángeles de Chimbote, Chimbote, Peru
| | - Maria Amalia Pesantes
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Disease, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Murillo
- Departamento de Medicina Preventica y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Luisa Elvira Belaunde
- Escuela Académico Profesional de Antropología, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Sergio Recuenco
- Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales - CITBM, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Robert Chuquimbalqui
- Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales - CITBM, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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41
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Dickens BL, Koo JR, Lim JT, Sun H, Clapham HE, Wilder-Smith A, Cook AR. Strategies at points of entry to reduce importation risk of COVID-19 cases and reopen travel. J Travel Med 2020; 27:5897021. [PMID: 32841354 PMCID: PMC7499710 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With more countries exiting lockdown, public health safety requires screening measures at international travel entry points that can prevent the reintroduction or importation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2. Here, we estimate the number of cases captured, quarantining days averted and secondary cases expected to occur with screening interventions. METHODS To estimate active case exportation risk from 153 countries with recorded coronavirus disease-2019 cases and deaths, we created a simple data-driven framework to calculate the number of infectious and upcoming infectious individuals out of 100 000 000 potential travellers from each country, and assessed six importation risk reduction strategies; Strategy 1 (S1) has no screening on entry, S2 tests all travellers and isolates test-positives where those who test negative at 7 days are permitted entry, S3 the equivalent but for a 14 day period, S4 quarantines all travellers for 7 days where all are subsequently permitted entry, S5 the equivalent for 14 days and S6 the testing of all travellers and prevention of entry for those who test positive. RESULTS The average reduction in case importation across countries relative to S1 is 90.2% for S2, 91.7% for S3, 55.4% for S4, 91.2% for S5 and 77.2% for S6. An average of 79.6% of infected travellers are infectious upon arrival. For the top 100 exporting countries, an 88.2% average reduction in secondary cases is expected through S2 with the 7-day isolation of test-positives, increasing to 92.1% for S3 for 14-day isolation. A substantially smaller reduction of 30.0% is expected for 7-day all traveller quarantining, increasing to 84.3% for 14-day all traveller quarantining. CONCLUSIONS The testing and isolation of test-positives should be implemented provided good testing practices are in place. If testing is not feasible, quarantining for a minimum of 14 days is recommended with strict adherence measures in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borame L Dickens
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 117549
| | - Joel R Koo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 117549
| | - Jue Tao Lim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 117549
| | - Haoyang Sun
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 117549
| | - Hannah E Clapham
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 117549
| | - Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK.,Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 365, R. 004, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alex R Cook
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 117549
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42
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COVID-19 zugzwang: Potential public health moves towards population (herd) immunity. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2020; 1:100031. [PMID: 34173570 PMCID: PMC7361085 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2020.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is pandemic, and likely to become endemic, possibly returning with greater virulence. Outlining potential public health actions, including hygiene measures, social distancing and face masks, and realistic future advances, this paper focuses on the consequences of taking no public health action; the role of natural changes such as weather; the adverse public health consequences of lockdowns; testing for surveillance and research purposes; testing to identify cases and contacts, including the role of antibody tests; the public health value of treatments; mobilising people who have recovered; population (a synonym for herd) immunity through vaccination and through natural infection; involving the entire population; and the need for public debate. Until there is a vaccine, population immunity is going to occur only from infection. Allowing infection in those at very low risk while making it safer for them and wider society needs consideration but is currently taboo. About 40–50% population immunity is sufficient to suppress an infection with a reproduction number of about 1 or slightly more. Importantly, in children and young people COVID-19 is currently rarely fatal, roughly comparable with influenza. The balance between the damage caused by COVID-19 and that caused by lockdowns needs quantifying. Public debate, including on population immunity, informed by epidemiological data, is now urgent. The long-term solution to the COVID-19 pandemic is population immunity through natural infection or vaccination. 40-50% population immunity is sufficient to suppress and eliminate this pandemic. New vaccines may not work well in the older age groups and those with underlying conditions and may not be safer than the infection for children and youth. Immunity is currently being acquired by infection and we need safer strategies for managing this. Open, honest, factual and sensitively conducted public dialogue is now urgent.
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43
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Abstract
Testing for SARS-CoV-2 has attracted a tremendous amount of attention as a tool to manage the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Although diagnostic laboratory testing is used ubiquitously by physicians and encountered regularly by individuals receiving medical care, several aspects of test interpretation are incompletely understood by medical communities and the general population, creating a significant challenge in minimizing the damage caused by disease spread through informed decision making and proper testing utilization. Here, general principles of test interpretation are reviewed and applied to specific examples, such as whether asymptomatic individuals should be tested, what it means to test positive (or negative), and how to interpret tests for "immunity passports." Unexpectedly, the answers seem to run contrary to many of the popular narratives about testing as a tool for managing COVID-19. Although testing is an important and essential part of managing diseases such as COVID-19, improper utilization can have unintended negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Stites
- Integrative Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037 USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
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44
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Voo TC, Reis AA, Thomé B, Ho CW, Tam CC, Kelly-Cirino C, Emanuel E, Beca JP, Littler K, Smith MJ, Parker M, Kass N, Gobat N, Lei R, Upshur R, Hurst S, Munsaka S. Immunity certification for COVID-19: ethical considerations. Bull World Health Organ 2020; 99:155-161. [PMID: 33551509 PMCID: PMC7856365 DOI: 10.2471/blt.20.280701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Restrictive measures imposed because of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have resulted in severe social, economic and health effects. Some countries have considered the use of immunity certification as a strategy to relax these measures for people who have recovered from the infection by issuing these individuals a document, commonly called an immunity passport. This document certifies them as having protective immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19. The World Health Organization has advised against the implementation of immunity certification at present because of uncertainty about whether long-term immunity truly exists for those who have recovered from COVID-19 and concerns over the reliability of the proposed serological test method for determining immunity. Immunity certification can only be considered if scientific thresholds for assuring immunity are met, whether based on antibodies or other criteria. However, even if immunity certification became well supported by science, it has many ethical issues in terms of different restrictions on individual liberties and its implementation process. We examine the main considerations for the ethical acceptability of immunity certification to exempt individuals from restrictive measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. As well as needing to meet robust scientific criteria, the ethical acceptability of immunity certification depends on its uses and policy objectives and the measures in place to reduce potential harms, and prevent disproportionate burdens on non-certified individuals and violation of individual liberties and rights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teck Chuan Voo
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, National University of Singapore, Blk MD 11, 10 Medical Drive #02-03, Singapore117597, Singapore
| | - Andreas A Reis
- Health Ethics and Governance Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatriz Thomé
- Preventive Medicine Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Calvin Wl Ho
- Faculty of Law, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Clarence C Tam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ezekiel Emanuel
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Juan P Beca
- Centro de Bioética, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katherine Littler
- Health Ethics and Governance Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maxwell J Smith
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Parker
- Wellcome Centre of Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Nancy Kass
- Berman Institute of Bioethics and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nina Gobat
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Ruipeng Lei
- School of Philosophy and Center for Bioethics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ross Upshur
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Samia Hurst
- Institute for Ethics, History, and the Humanities, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sody Munsaka
- School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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45
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Bramstedt KA. Antibodies as Currency: COVID-19's Golden Passport. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2020; 17:687-689. [PMID: 32840824 PMCID: PMC7445692 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-020-09996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to COVID-19, the fragile economy, travel restrictions, and generalized anxieties, the concept of antibodies as a "declaration of immunity" or "passport" is sweeping the world. Numerous scientific and ethical issues confound the concept of an antibody passport; nonetheless, antibodies can be seen as a potential currency to allow movement of people and resuscitation of global economics. Just as financial currency can be forged, so too is the potential for fraudulent antibody passports. This paper explores matters of science, ethics, and identity theft, as well as the problems of bias and discrimination that could promulgate a world of pandemic "golden passports."
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A Bramstedt
- Luxembourg Agency for Research Integrity (LARI), 6, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Bond University Medical Program, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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46
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Brown RCH, Savulescu J, Williams B, Wilkinson D. Passport to freedom? Immunity passports for COVID-19. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2020; 46:652-659. [PMID: 32817362 PMCID: PMC7525773 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led a number of countries to introduce restrictive 'lockdown' policies on their citizens in order to control infection spread. Immunity passports have been proposed as a way of easing the harms of such policies, and could be used in conjunction with other strategies for infection control. These passports would permit those who test positive for COVID-19 antibodies to return to some of their normal behaviours, such as travelling more freely and returning to work. The introduction of immunity passports raises a number of practical and ethical challenges. In this paper, we seek to review the challenges relating to various practical considerations, fairness issues, the risk to social cooperation and the impact on people's civil liberties. We make tentative recommendations for the ethical introduction of immunity passports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C H Brown
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bridget Williams
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dominic Wilkinson
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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47
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de Miguel Beriain I, Rueda J. Immunity passports, fundamental rights and public health hazards: a reply to Brown et al. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2020; 46:660-661. [PMID: 32907831 PMCID: PMC7525775 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In their recent article, Brown et al analyse several ethical aspects around immunity passports and put forward some recommendations for implementing them. Although they offer a comprehensive perspective, they overlook two essential aspects. First, while the authors consider the possibility that immunological passports may appear to discriminate against those who do not possess them, the opposite viewpoint of immune people is underdeveloped. We argue that if a person has been tested positive for and recovered from COVID-19, becoming immune to it, she cannot be considered a hazard to public health and, therefore, the curtailment of her fundamental rights (eg, the right to freedom of movement) is not legitimate. Second, they omit that vaccine distribution will create similar problems related to immunity-based licenses. Vaccine certificates will de facto generate a sort of immunity passport. In the next phases of the pandemic, different immunity statuses will be at stake, because the need to identify who can spread COVID-19 is unavoidable. If a person does not pose a threat to public health because she cannot spread the infection, then her right to freedom of movement should be respected, regardless of how she acquired that immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon Rueda
- Department of Philosophy 1, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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48
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Dubuque EM, Yingling ME, Ranade ES, Dubuque ML. Creating an Automated Health Attestation System During the COVID-19 Pandemic with Microsoft 365. Behav Anal Pract 2020; 13:799-810. [PMID: 33014310 PMCID: PMC7521569 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-020-00495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying and isolating individuals infected with COVID-19 are critical steps in stopping the spread of the coronavirus. Until widespread testing and contact tracing systems are implemented, alternative methods must be considered. One way that organizations can protect employees and clients is by creating their own automated health attestation systems. These systems could be used to reduce the spread of the coronavirus by asking providers and consumers to self-identify COVID-19 exposure, as well as to help mitigate liability for organizations by asking providers and consumers to agree to follow relevant policies and acknowledge the risks inherent in providing or receiving services. The purpose of this article is to outline the steps for creating this type of health attestation system using Microsoft Office 365.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick M Dubuque
- Department of Special Education, Early Childhood, and Prevention Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Marissa E Yingling
- Kent School of Social Work, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
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49
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Meister KD, Pandian V, Hillel AT, Walsh BK, Brodsky MB, Balakrishnan K, Best SR, Chinn SB, Cramer JD, Graboyes EM, McGrath BA, Rassekh CH, Bedwell JR, Brenner MJ. Multidisciplinary Safety Recommendations After Tracheostomy During COVID-19 Pandemic: State of the Art Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 164:984-1000. [PMID: 32960148 DOI: 10.1177/0194599820961990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the chronic phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, questions have arisen regarding the care of patients with a tracheostomy and downstream management. This review addresses gaps in the literature regarding posttracheostomy care, emphasizing safety of multidisciplinary teams, coordinating complex care needs, and identifying and managing late complications of prolonged intubation and tracheostomy. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Google Scholar, institutional guidance documents. REVIEW METHODS Literature through June 2020 on the care of patients with a tracheostomy was reviewed, including consensus statements, clinical practice guidelines, institutional guidance, and scientific literature on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 virology and immunology. Where data were lacking, expert opinions were aggregated and adjudicated to arrive at consensus recommendations. CONCLUSIONS Best practices in caring for patients after a tracheostomy during the COVID-19 pandemic are multifaceted, encompassing precautions during aerosol-generating procedures; minimizing exposure risks to health care workers, caregivers, and patients; ensuring safe, timely tracheostomy care; and identifying and managing laryngotracheal injury, such as vocal fold injury, posterior glottic stenosis, and subglottic stenosis that may affect speech, swallowing, and airway protection. We present recommended approaches to tracheostomy care, outlining modifications to conventional algorithms, raising vigilance for heightened risks of bleeding or other complications, and offering recommendations for personal protective equipment, equipment, care protocols, and personnel. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Treatment of patients with a tracheostomy in the COVID-19 pandemic requires foresight and may rival procedural considerations in tracheostomy in their complexity. By considering patient-specific factors, mitigating transmission risks, optimizing the clinical environment, and detecting late manifestations of severe COVID-19, clinicians can ensure due vigilance and quality care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara D Meister
- Aerodigestive and Airway Reconstruction Center, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford Children's Health, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Center for Pediatric Voice and Swallowing Disorders, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford Children's Health, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Vinciya Pandian
- Department of Nursing Faculty, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery Research Group, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander T Hillel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian K Walsh
- Department of Health Sciences, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Martin B Brodsky
- Outcomes After Critical Illness and Surgery Research Group, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Physical and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Karthik Balakrishnan
- Aerodigestive and Airway Reconstruction Center, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford Children's Health, Palo Alto, California, USA.,Center for Pediatric Voice and Swallowing Disorders, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford Children's Health, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Simon R Best
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven B Chinn
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA
| | - John D Cramer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Evan M Graboyes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Brendan A McGrath
- University of Manchester, NHS Foundation Trust, National Tracheostomy Safety Project, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher H Rassekh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua R Bedwell
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael J Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Global Tracheostomy Collaborative, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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50
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Bassareo PP, Melis MR, Marras S, Calcaterra G. Learning from the past in the COVID-19 era: rediscovery of quarantine, previous pandemics, origin of hospitals and national healthcare systems, and ethics in medicine. Postgrad Med J 2020; 96:633-638. [PMID: 32907877 PMCID: PMC7439156 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
After the dramatic coronavirus outbreak at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, on 11 March 2020, a pandemic was declared by the WHO. Most countries worldwide imposed a quarantine or lockdown to their citizens, in an attempt to prevent uncontrolled infection from spreading. Historically, quarantine is the 40-day period of forced isolation to prevent the spread of an infectious disease. In this educational paper, a historical overview from the sacred temples of ancient Greece—the cradle of medicine—to modern hospitals, along with the conceive of healthcare systems, is provided. A few foods for thought as to the conflict between ethics in medicine and shortage of personnel and financial resources in the coronavirus disease 2019 era are offered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvia Marras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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