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Marquez-Martinez S, Khan S, van der Lubbe J, Solforosi L, Costes LMM, Choi Y, Boedhoe S, Verslegers M, van Heerden M, Roosen W, Jonghe SD, Kristyanto H, Rezelj V, Hendriks J, Serroyen J, Tolboom J, Wegmann F, Zahn RC. The Biodistribution of the Spike Protein after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination Is Unlikely to Play a Role in Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:559. [PMID: 38793810 PMCID: PMC11126103 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Ad26.COV2.S vaccination can lead to vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), a rare but severe adverse effect, characterized by thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. The mechanism of VITT induction is unclear and likely multifactorial, potentially including the activation of platelets and endothelial cells mediated by the vaccine-encoded spike protein (S protein). Here, we investigated the biodistribution of the S protein after Ad26.COV2.S dosing in three animal models and in human serum samples. The S protein was transiently present in draining lymph nodes of rabbits after Ad26.COV2.S dosing. The S protein was detected in the serum in all species from 1 day to 21 days after vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S, but it was not detected in platelets, the endothelium lining the blood vessels, or other organs. The S protein S1 and S2 subunits were detected at different ratios and magnitudes after Ad26.COV2.S or COVID-19 mRNA vaccine immunization. However, the S1/S2 ratio did not depend on the Ad26 platform, but on mutation of the furin cleavage site, suggesting that the S1/S2 ratio is not VITT related. Overall, our data suggest that the S-protein biodistribution and kinetics after Ad26.COV2.S dosing are likely not main contributors to the development of VITT, but other S-protein-specific parameters require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selina Khan
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention (JVP), 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.)
| | - Joan van der Lubbe
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention (JVP), 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.)
| | - Laura Solforosi
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention (JVP), 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.)
| | - Lea M. M. Costes
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention (JVP), 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.)
| | - Ying Choi
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention (JVP), 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.)
| | - Satish Boedhoe
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention (JVP), 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.)
| | | | | | - Wendy Roosen
- Janssen Research & Development (JRD), B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Hendy Kristyanto
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention (JVP), 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.)
| | - Veronica Rezelj
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention (JVP), 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.)
| | - Jenny Hendriks
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention (JVP), 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.)
| | - Jan Serroyen
- Janssen Research & Development (JRD), B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Tolboom
- Janssen Research & Development (JRD), B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frank Wegmann
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention (JVP), 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.)
| | - Roland C. Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention (JVP), 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.)
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2
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Jacob-Dolan C, Lifton M, Powers OC, Miller J, Hachmann NP, Vu M, Surve N, Mazurek CR, Fisher JL, Rodrigues S, Patio RC, Anand T, Le Gars M, Sadoff J, Schmidt AG, Barouch DH. B cell somatic hypermutation following COVID-19 vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S. iScience 2024; 27:109716. [PMID: 38655202 PMCID: PMC11035370 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The viral vector-based COVID-19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S has been recommended by the WHO since 2021 and has been administered to over 200 million people. Prior studies have shown that Ad26.COV2.S induces durable neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that increase in coverage of variants over time, even in the absence of boosting or infection. Here, we studied humoral responses following Ad26.COV2.S vaccination in individuals enrolled in the initial Phase 1/2a trial of Ad26.COV2.S in 2020. Through 8 months post vaccination, serum NAb responses increased to variants, including B.1.351 (Beta) and B.1.617.2 (Delta), without additional boosting or infection. The level of somatic hypermutation, measured by nucleotide changes in the VDJ region of the heavy and light antibody chains, increased in Spike-specific B cells. Highly mutated mAbs from these sequences neutralized more SARS-CoV-2 variants than less mutated comparators. These findings suggest that the increase in NAb breadth over time following Ad26.COV2.S vaccination is mediated by affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Lifton
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia C. Powers
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Miller
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole P. Hachmann
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mya Vu
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nehalee Surve
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camille R. Mazurek
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jana L. Fisher
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefanie Rodrigues
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert C. Patio
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Trisha Anand
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mathieu Le Gars
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Microbiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Immunology, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Mosmann TR, McMichael AJ, LeVert A, McCauley JW, Almond JW. Opportunities and challenges for T cell-based influenza vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01030-8. [PMID: 38698082 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination remains our main defence against influenza, which causes substantial annual mortality and poses a serious pandemic threat. Influenza virus evades immunity by rapidly changing its surface antigens but, even when the vaccine is well matched to the current circulating virus strains, influenza vaccines are not as effective as many other vaccines. Influenza vaccine development has traditionally focused on the induction of protective antibodies, but there is mounting evidence that T cell responses are also protective against influenza. Thus, future vaccines designed to promote both broad T cell effector functions and antibodies may provide enhanced protection. As we discuss, such vaccines present several challenges that require new strategic and economic considerations. Vaccine-induced T cells relevant to protection may reside in the lungs or lymphoid tissues, requiring more invasive assays to assess the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. T cell functions may contain and resolve infection rather than completely prevent infection and early illness, requiring vaccine effectiveness to be assessed based on the prevention of severe disease and death rather than symptomatic infection. It can be complex and costly to measure T cell responses and infrequent clinical outcomes, and thus innovations in clinical trial design are needed for economic reasons. Nevertheless, the goal of more effective influenza vaccines justifies renewed and intensive efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Jeffrey W Almond
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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4
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Riou C, Bhiman JN, Ganga Y, Sawry S, Ayres F, Baguma R, Balla SR, Benede N, Bernstein M, Besethi AS, Cele S, Crowther C, Dhar M, Geyer S, Gill K, Grifoni A, Hermanus T, Kaldine H, Keeton RS, Kgagudi P, Khan K, Lazarus E, Le Roux J, Lustig G, Madzivhandila M, Magugu SFJ, Makhado Z, Manamela NP, Mkhize Q, Mosala P, Motlou TP, Mutavhatsindi H, Mzindle NB, Nana A, Nesamari R, Ngomti A, Nkayi AA, Nkosi TP, Omondi MA, Panchia R, Patel F, Sette A, Singh U, van Graan S, Venter EM, Walters A, Moyo-Gwete T, Richardson SI, Garrett N, Rees H, Bekker LG, Gray G, Burgers WA, Sigal A, Moore PL, Fairlie L. Safety and immunogenicity of booster vaccination and fractional dosing with Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 in Ad26.COV2.S-vaccinated participants. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002703. [PMID: 38603677 PMCID: PMC11008839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
We report the safety and immunogenicity of fractional and full dose Ad26.COV2.S and BNT162b2 in an open label phase 2 trial of participants previously vaccinated with a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S, with 91.4% showing evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. A total of 286 adults (with or without HIV) were enrolled >4 months after an Ad26.COV2.S prime and randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive either a full or half-dose booster of Ad26.COV2.S or BNT162b2 vaccine. B cell responses (binding, neutralization and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity-ADCC), and spike-specific T-cell responses were evaluated at baseline, 2, 12 and 24 weeks post-boost. Antibody and T-cell immunity targeting the Ad26 vector was also evaluated. No vaccine-associated serious adverse events were recorded. The full- and half-dose BNT162b2 boosted anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding antibody levels (3.9- and 4.5-fold, respectively) and neutralizing antibody levels (4.4- and 10-fold). Binding and neutralizing antibodies following half-dose Ad26.COV2.S were not significantly boosted. Full-dose Ad26.COV2.S did not boost binding antibodies but slightly enhanced neutralizing antibodies (2.1-fold). ADCC was marginally increased only after a full-dose BNT162b2. T-cell responses followed a similar pattern to neutralizing antibodies. Six months post-boost, antibody and T-cell responses had waned to baseline levels. While we detected strong anti-vector immunity, there was no correlation between anti-vector immunity in Ad26.COV2.S recipients and spike-specific neutralizing antibody or T-cell responses post-Ad26.COV2.S boosting. Overall, in the context of hybrid immunity, boosting with heterologous full- or half-dose BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine demonstrated superior immunogenicity 2 weeks post-vaccination compared to homologous Ad26.COV2.S, though rapid waning occurred by 12 weeks post-boost. Trial Registration: The study has been registered to the South African National Clinical Trial Registry (SANCTR): DOH-27-012022-7841. The approval letter from SANCTR has been provided in the up-loaded documents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Riou
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jinal N. Bhiman
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yashica Ganga
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Shobna Sawry
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Frances Ayres
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Baguma
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sashkia R. Balla
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ntombi Benede
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Asiphe S. Besethi
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandile Cele
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carol Crowther
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mrinmayee Dhar
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sohair Geyer
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katherine Gill
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Haajira Kaldine
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Roanne S. Keeton
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Prudence Kgagudi
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Erica Lazarus
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jean Le Roux
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Gila Lustig
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mashudu Madzivhandila
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Siyabulela F. J. Magugu
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zanele Makhado
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelia P. Manamela
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Qiniso Mkhize
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paballo Mosala
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thopisang P. Motlou
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hygon Mutavhatsindi
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko B. Mzindle
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anusha Nana
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rofhiwa Nesamari
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anathi A. Nkayi
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thandeka P. Nkosi
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Millicent A. Omondi
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ravindre Panchia
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Faeezah Patel
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Upasna Singh
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Strauss van Graan
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth M. Venter
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Avril Walters
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Simone I. Richardson
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Helen Rees
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Glenda Gray
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lee Fairlie
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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5
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Senevirathne TH, Wekking D, Swain JWR, Solinas C, De Silva P. COVID-19: From emerging variants to vaccination. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:127-141. [PMID: 38135574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The vigorous spread of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in the rapid infection of millions of people worldwide and devastation of not only public healthcare, but also social, educational, and economic infrastructures. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 over time is due to the mutations that occurred in the genome during each replication. These mutated forms of SARS-CoV-2, otherwise known as variants, were categorized as variants of interest (VOI) or variants of concern (VOC) based on the increased risk of transmissibility, disease severity, immune escape, decreased effectiveness of current social measures, and available vaccines and therapeutics. The swift development of COVID-19 vaccines has been a great success for biomedical research, and billions of vaccine doses, including boosters, have been administered worldwide. BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca), and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) are the four major COVID-19 vaccines that received early regulatory authorization based on their efficacy. However, some SARS-CoV-2 variants resulted in higher resistance to available vaccines or treatments. It has been four years since the first reported infection of SARS-CoV-2, yet the Omicron variant and its subvariants are still infecting people worldwide. Despite this, COVID-19 vaccines are still expected to be effective at preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and death from COVID. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the COVID-19 pandemic focused on evolution of VOC and vaccination strategies against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini H Senevirathne
- Faculty of Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Demi Wekking
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cinzia Solinas
- Medical Oncology, AOU Cagliari, P.O. Duilio Casula, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Pushpamali De Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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6
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Zhu C, Pang S, Liu J, Duan Q. Current Progress, Challenges and Prospects in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines. Drugs 2024; 84:403-423. [PMID: 38652356 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-024-02013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 772 million confirmed cases, including nearly 7 million deaths, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Leveraging rapid development, accelerated vaccine approval processes, and large-scale production of various COVID-19 vaccines using different technical platforms, the WHO declared an end to the global health emergency of COVID-19 on May 5, 2023. Current COVID-19 vaccines encompass inactivated, live attenuated, viral vector, protein subunit, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. However, the efficacy of these vaccines is diminishing due to the constant mutation of SARS-CoV-2 and the heightened immune evasion abilities of emerging variants. This review examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the biological characteristics of the virus, and its diverse variants. Moreover, the review underscores the effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages of authorized COVID-19 vaccines. Additionally, it analyzes the challenges, strategies, and future prospects of developing a safe, broad-spectrum vaccine that confers sufficient and sustainable immune protection against new variants of SARS-CoV-2. These discussions not only offer insight for the development of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines but also summarize experiences for combating future emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congrui Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Shengmei Pang
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qiangde Duan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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7
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Chang S, Shin KS, Park B, Park S, Shin J, Park H, Jung IK, Kim JH, Bae SE, Kim JO, Baek SH, Kim G, Hong JJ, Seo H, Volz E, Kang CY. Strategy to develop broadly effective multivalent COVID-19 vaccines against emerging variants based on Ad5/35 platform. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313681121. [PMID: 38408238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313681121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron strain has evolved into highly divergent variants with several sub-lineages. These newly emerging variants threaten the efficacy of available COVID-19 vaccines. To mitigate the occurrence of breakthrough infections and re-infections, and more importantly, to reduce the disease burden, it is essential to develop a strategy for producing updated multivalent vaccines that can provide broad neutralization against both currently circulating and emerging variants. We developed bivalent vaccine AdCLD-CoV19-1 BA.5/BA.2.75 and trivalent vaccines AdCLD-CoV19-1 XBB/BN.1/BQ.1.1 and AdCLD-CoV19-1 XBB.1.5/BN.1/BQ.1.1 using an Ad5/35 platform-based non-replicating recombinant adenoviral vector. We compared immune responses elicited by the monovalent and multivalent vaccines in mice and macaques. We found that the BA.5/BA.2.75 bivalent and the XBB/BN.1/BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5/BN.1/BQ.1.1 trivalent vaccines exhibited improved cross-neutralization ability compared to their respective monovalent vaccines. These data suggest that the developed multivalent vaccines enhance immunity against circulating Omicron subvariants and effectively elicit neutralizing antibodies across a broad spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojeong Chang
- Research & Development Center, Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Shin
- Research & Development Center, Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongju Park
- Research & Development Center, Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seowoo Park
- Research & Development Center, Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Shin
- Research & Development Center, Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Park
- Research & Development Center, Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyung Jung
- Research & Development Center, Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Heon Kim
- Research & Development Center, Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Eun Bae
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ouk Kim
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- National Primate Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Green Kim
- National Primate Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Centre, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungseok Seo
- Laboratory of Cell & Gene Therapy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Erik Volz
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Chang-Yuil Kang
- Research & Development Center, Cellid Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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8
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Lasrado N, Collier ARY, Miller J, Hachmann NP, Liu J, Anand T, A. Bondzie E, Fisher JL, Mazurek CR, Patio RC, Rodrigues SL, Rowe M, Surve N, Ty DM, Wu C, Chicz TM, Tong X, Korber B, McNamara RP, Barouch DH. Waning immunity and IgG4 responses following bivalent mRNA boosting. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj9945. [PMID: 38394195 PMCID: PMC10889350 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines were highly effective against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain, but the efficacy of bivalent mRNA boosters against XBB variants was substantially lower. Here, we show limited durability of neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses against XBB variants and isotype switching to immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) responses following bivalent mRNA boosting. Bivalent mRNA boosting elicited modest XBB.1-, XBB.1.5-, and XBB.1.16-specific NAbs that waned rapidly within 3 months. In contrast, bivalent mRNA boosting induced more robust and sustained NAbs against the ancestral WA1/2020 strain, suggesting immune imprinting. Following bivalent mRNA boosting, serum antibody responses were primarily IgG2 and IgG4 responses with poor Fc functional activity. In contrast, a third monovalent mRNA immunization boosted all isotypes including IgG1 and IgG3 with robust Fc functional activity. These data show substantial immune imprinting for the ancestral spike and isotype switching to IgG4 responses following bivalent mRNA boosting, with important implications for future booster designs and boosting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninaad Lasrado
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ai-ris Y. Collier
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Miller
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole P. Hachmann
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Trisha Anand
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Esther A. Bondzie
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jana L. Fisher
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camille R. Mazurek
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert C. Patio
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Marjorie Rowe
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nehalee Surve
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darren M. Ty
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cindy Wu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taras M. Chicz
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory and New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Dan H. Barouch
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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9
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Ahmed N, Athavale A, Tripathi AH, Subramaniam A, Upadhyay SK, Pandey AK, Rai RC, Awasthi A. To be remembered: B cell memory response against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Scand J Immunol 2024; 99:e13345. [PMID: 38441373 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 disease has plagued the world economy and affected the overall well-being and life of most of the people. Natural infection as well as vaccination leads to the development of an immune response against the pathogen. This involves the production of antibodies, which can neutralize the virus during future challenges. In addition, the development of cellular immune memory with memory B and T cells provides long-lasting protection. The longevity of the immune response has been a subject of intensive research in this field. The extent of immunity conferred by different forms of vaccination or natural infections remained debatable for long. Hence, understanding the effectiveness of these responses among different groups of people can assist government organizations in making informed policy decisions. In this article, based on the publicly available data, we have reviewed the memory response generated by some of the vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, particularly B cell memory in different groups of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafees Ahmed
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Atharv Athavale
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ankita H Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Adarsh Subramaniam
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Santosh K Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Ramesh Chandra Rai
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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10
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McMahan K, Wegmann F, Aid M, Sciacca M, Liu J, Hachmann NP, Miller J, Jacob-Dolan C, Powers O, Hope D, Wu C, Pereira J, Murdza T, Mazurek CR, Hoyt A, Boon ACM, Davis-Gardner M, Suthar MS, Martinot AJ, Boursiquot M, Cook A, Pessaint L, Lewis MG, Andersen H, Tolboom J, Serroyen J, Solforosi L, Costes LMM, Zahn RC, Barouch DH. Mucosal boosting enhances vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in macaques. Nature 2024; 626:385-391. [PMID: 38096903 PMCID: PMC10849944 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
A limitation of current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is that they provide minimal protection against infection with current Omicron subvariants1,2, although they still provide protection against severe disease. Enhanced mucosal immunity may be required to block infection and onward transmission. Intranasal administration of current vaccines has proven inconsistent3-7, suggesting that alternative immunization strategies may be required. Here we show that intratracheal boosting with a bivalent Ad26-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine results in substantial induction of mucosal humoral and cellular immunity and near-complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 BQ.1.1 challenge. A total of 40 previously immunized rhesus macaques were boosted with a bivalent Ad26 vaccine by the intramuscular, intranasal and intratracheal routes, or with a bivalent mRNA vaccine by the intranasal route. Ad26 boosting by the intratracheal route led to a substantial expansion of mucosal neutralizing antibodies, IgG and IgA binding antibodies, and CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses, which exceeded those induced by Ad26 boosting by the intramuscular and intranasal routes. Intratracheal Ad26 boosting also led to robust upregulation of cytokine, natural killer, and T and B cell pathways in the lungs. After challenge with a high dose of SARS-CoV-2 BQ.1.1, intratracheal Ad26 boosting provided near-complete protection, whereas the other boosting strategies proved less effective. Protective efficacy correlated best with mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses. These data demonstrate that these immunization strategies induce robust mucosal immunity, suggesting the feasibility of developing vaccines that block respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank Wegmann
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michaela Sciacca
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole P Hachmann
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Miller
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olivia Powers
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Hope
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cindy Wu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliana Pereira
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tetyana Murdza
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camille R Mazurek
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amelia Hoyt
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amanda J Martinot
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan Serroyen
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Roland C Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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11
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Cervantes-Torres J, Cabello-Gutiérrez C, Ayón-Núñez DA, Soldevila G, Olguin-Alor R, Diaz G, Acero G, Segura-Velázquez R, Huerta L, Gracia-Mora I, Cobos L, Pérez-Tapia M, Almagro JC, Suárez-Güemes F, Bobes RJ, Fragoso G, Sciutto E, Laclette JP. Caveats of chimpanzee ChAdOx1 adenovirus-vectored vaccines to boost anti-SARS-CoV-2 protective immunity in mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:179. [PMID: 38280035 PMCID: PMC10821985 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Several COVID-19 vaccines use adenovirus vectors to deliver the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. Immunization with these vaccines promotes immunity against the S protein, but against also the adenovirus itself. This could interfere with the entry of the vaccine into the cell, reducing its efficacy. Herein, we evaluate the efficiency of an adenovirus-vectored vaccine (chimpanzee ChAdOx1 adenovirus, AZD1222) in boosting the specific immunity compared to that induced by a recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD)-based vaccine without viral vector. Mice immunized with the AZD1222 human vaccine were given a booster 6 months later, with either the homologous vaccine or a recombinant vaccine based on RBD of the delta variant, which was prevalent at the start of this study. A significant increase in anti-RBD antibody levels was observed in rRBD-boosted mice (31-61%) compared to those receiving two doses of AZD1222 (0%). Significantly higher rates of PepMix™- or RBD-elicited proliferation were also observed in IFNγ-producing CD4 and CD8 cells from mice boosted with one or two doses of RBD, respectively. The lower efficiency of the ChAdOx1-S vaccine in boosting specific immunity could be the result of a pre-existing anti-vector immunity, induced by increased levels of anti-adenovirus antibodies found both in mice and humans. Taken together, these results point to the importance of avoiding the recurrent use of the same adenovirus vector in individuals with immunity and memory against them. It also illustrates the disadvantages of ChAdOx1 adenovirus-vectored vaccine with respect to recombinant protein vaccines, which can be used without restriction in vaccine-booster programs. KEY POINTS: • ChAdOx1 adenovirus vaccine (AZD1222) may not be effective in boosting anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity • A recombinant RBD protein vaccine is effective in boosting anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity in mice • Antibodies elicited by the rRBD-delta vaccine persisted for up to 3 months in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelynne Cervantes-Torres
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cabello-Gutiérrez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Belisario Domínguez Secc. 16, Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Dolores-Adriana Ayón-Núñez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Soldevila
- Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Citometría de Flujo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roxana Olguin-Alor
- Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Citometría de Flujo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Georgina Diaz
- Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Acero
- Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - René Segura-Velázquez
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leonor Huerta
- Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Gracia-Mora
- Unidad de Experimentación Preclínica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Cobos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mayra Pérez-Tapia
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapeúticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan C Almagro
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapeúticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Suárez-Güemes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl J Bobes
- Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Juan Pedro Laclette
- Biomedical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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12
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Binayke A, Zaheer A, Vishwakarma S, Singh S, Sharma P, Chandwaskar R, Gosain M, Raghavan S, Murugesan DR, Kshetrapal P, Thiruvengadam R, Bhatnagar S, Pandey AK, Garg PK, Awasthi A. A quest for universal anti-SARS-CoV-2 T cell assay: systematic review, meta-analysis, and experimental validation. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:3. [PMID: 38167915 PMCID: PMC10762233 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Measuring SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses is crucial to understanding an individual's immunity to COVID-19. However, high inter- and intra-assay variability make it difficult to define T cells as a correlate of protection against COVID-19. To address this, we performed systematic review and meta-analysis of 495 datasets from 94 original articles evaluating SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses using three assays - Activation Induced Marker (AIM), Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS), and Enzyme-Linked Immunospot (ELISPOT), and defined each assay's quantitative range. We validated these ranges using samples from 193 SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals. Although IFNγ ELISPOT was the preferred assay, our experimental validation suggested that it under-represented the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell repertoire. Our data indicate that a combination of AIM and ICS or FluoroSpot assay would better represent the frequency, polyfunctionality, and compartmentalization of the antigen-specific T cell responses. Taken together, our results contribute to defining the ranges of antigen-specific T cell assays and propose a choice of assay that can be employed to better understand the cellular immune response against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Binayke
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Aymaan Zaheer
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Siddhesh Vishwakarma
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Savita Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Rucha Chandwaskar
- Department of Microbiology, AMITY University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Mudita Gosain
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | | | | | - Ramachandran Thiruvengadam
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Puducherry, India
| | | | | | - Pramod Kumar Garg
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Immunology Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.
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13
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Bian L, Fu Q, Gan Z, Wu Z, Song Y, Xiong Y, Hu F, Zheng L. Fluorescence-Quenching Lateral Flow Immunoassay for "Turn-On" and Sensitive Detection of Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Serum. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305774. [PMID: 38032112 PMCID: PMC10811470 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The titer of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in the human body is an essential reference for evaluating the acquired protective immunity and resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, a fluorescence-quenching lateral flow immunoassay (FQ-LFIA) is established for quantitative detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAbs in the sera of individuals who are vaccinated or infected within 10 min. The ultrabright aggregation-induced emission properties encapsulated in nanoparticles, AIE490 NP, are applied in the established FQ-LFIA with gold nanoparticles to achieve a fluorescence "turn-on" competitive immunoassay. Under optimized conditions, the FQ-LFIA quantitatively detected 103 positive and 50 negative human serum samples with a limit of detection (LoD) of 1.29 IU mL-1 . A strong correlation is present with the conventional pseudovirus-based virus neutralization test (R2 = 0.9796, P < 0.0001). In contrast, the traditional LFIA with a "turn-off" mode can only achieve a LoD of 11.06 IU mL-1 . The FQ-LFIA showed excellent sensitivity to anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAbs. The intra- and inter-assay precisions of the established method are below 15%. The established FQ-LFIA has promising potential as a rapid and quantitative method for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAbs. FQ-LFIA can also be used to detect various biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Bian
- Biomaterials Research CenterSchool of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Qiangqiang Fu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Zhuoheng Gan
- Biomaterials Research CenterSchool of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Ze Wu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Yuchen Song
- Biomaterials Research CenterSchool of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Yufeng Xiong
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Fang Hu
- Biomaterials Research CenterSchool of Biomedical EngineeringSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
- Division of Laboratory MedicineZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510282China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory MedicineNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
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14
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Zhou X, Lu H, Sang M, Qiu S, Yuan Y, Wu T, Chen J, Sun Z. Impaired antibody response to inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2184754. [PMID: 36864628 PMCID: PMC10026888 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2184754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Data on the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines in T2D patients are less studied. This study aimed to evaluate IgG antibody response to inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in hospitalized T2D patients. Hospitalized patients with no history of COVID-19 and received two doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines (Sinopharm or CoronaVac) were included in this study from March to October 2021. SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies were measured 14-60 days after the second vaccine dose. A total of 209 participants, 96 with T2D and 113 non-diabetes patients, were included. The positive rate and median titer of IgG antibody against receptor-binding domain (anti-RBD) of spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 in T2D group were lower than in control group (67.7% vs 83.2%, p = .009; 12.93 vs 17.42 AU/ml, p = .014) respectively. Similarly, seropositivity and median titers of IgG antibody against the nucleocapsid (N) and S proteins of SARS-CoV-2 (anti-N/S) in T2D group were lower than in control group (68.8% vs 83.2%, p = .032; 18.81 vs 29.57 AU/mL, p = .012) respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, BMI, vaccine type, days after the second vaccine dose, hypertension, kidney disease, and heart disease, T2D was identified as an independent risk factor for negative anti-RBD and anti-N/S seropositivity, odd ratio 0.42 (95% confidence interval 0.19, 0.89) and 0.42 (95% CI 0.20, 0.91), respectively. T2D is associated with impaired antibody response to inactivated COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huixia Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Miaomiao Sang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanhu Qiu
- Department of General Practice, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Junhao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zilin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Lee C, Otunla A, Brennan I, Aronson JK, Nunan D. Clinical trials of pharmacological interventions for SARS-CoV-2 published in leading medical journals report adherence but not how it was assessed. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 38158214 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Adherence to pharmacological interventions in clinical trials is crucial for accurate identification of beneficial and adverse outcomes. The ways in which adherence to interventions should be reported in trial publications are described in the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR), a 12-item extension of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials reporting guidelines. The objective of this study was to assess compliance with TIDieR Items 11 and 12 of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions in SARS-CoV-2 infection published in 5 selected journals during 2021. METHODS We assessed pharmacological interventions for SARS-CoV-2 infection reported in RCTs published in 2021 in the Annals of Internal Medicine, The BMJ, JAMA, The Lancet and The New England Journal for Medicine for compliance with TIDieR items addressing intervention adherence (Items 11 and 12). We calculated proportional adherence for pharmacological and comparator interventions where available. RESULTS We found 75 eligible RCTs. Twenty-eight (37%) reported results of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. Compliance with Items 11 and 12 could be assessed in 71 of these 75. Of the 71 RCTs, 37 (52%) reported how adherence was assessed (Item 11), and 70 reported adherence rates (Item 12). Only 1 of the 71 RCTs (1.4%, 0-7.6%) fully complied with TIDieR Items 11 and 12. CONCLUSION Half of RCTs of SARS-CoV-2 pharmacological interventions published in leading medical journals in 2021 complied with reporting of how adherence assessments were made and almost none complied with both TIDieR Items 11 and 12. The implications for interpretation, application and replication of findings based on these publications warrant consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lee
- Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- University Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Afolarin Otunla
- School of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- University College London Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Brennan
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey K Aronson
- Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Nunan
- Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Wang L, Li C, Li W, Zhao L, Zhao T, Chen L, Li M, Fan J, Li J, Wu C, Chen Y. Coronavac inactivated vaccine triggers durable, cross-reactive Fc-mediated phagocytosis activities. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2225640. [PMID: 37309826 PMCID: PMC10332191 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2225640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although humoral responses elicited by infection or vaccine lost the ability to prevent transmission against Omicron, vaccine-induced antibodies may still contribute to disease attenuation through Fc-mediated effector functions. However, Fc effector function elicited by CoronaVac, as the most widely supplied inactivated vaccine globally, has not been characterized. For the first time, our study depicted Fc-mediated phagocytosis activity induced by CoronaVac, including antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and antibody-dependent neutrophil phagocytosis (ADNP) activities, and further compared with that from convalescent individuals and CoronaVac recipients with subsequent breakthrough infections. We showed that 2-dose of CoronaVac effectively induced both ADCP and ADNP, but was substantially lower compared to infection, whereas the booster dose further augmented ADCP and ADNP responses, and remained detectable for 52 weeks. Among CoronaVac recipients, ADCP and ADNP responses also demonstrated cross-reactivity against Omicron subvariants, and breakthrough infection could enhance the phagocytic response. Meanwhile, serum samples from vaccinees, convalescent individuals with wildtype infection, BA.2 and BA.5 breakthrough infection demonstrated differential cross-reactive ADCP and ADNP responses against Omicron subvariants, suggesting the different subvariants of spike antigen exposure might alter the cross-reactivity of Fc effector function. Further, ADCP and ADNP responses were strongly correlated with Spike-specific IgG responses and neutralizing activities, indicating coordinated neutralization activity, ADCP and ADNP responses triggered by CoronaVac. Of note, the ADCP and ADNP responses were more durable and cross-reactive than corresponding Spike-specific IgG titers and neutralizing activities. Our study has important implications for optimal boosting vaccine strategies that may induce potent and broad Fc-mediated phagocytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanting Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liwei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Fan
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayan Li
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Viruses and Infectious Diseases, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Bartsch YC, Cizmeci D, Yuan D, Mehta N, Tolboom J, De Paepe E, van Heesbeen R, Sadoff J, Comeaux CA, Heijnen E, Callendret B, Alter G, Bastian AR. Vaccine-induced antibody Fc-effector functions in humans immunized with a combination Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein vaccine. J Virol 2023; 97:e0077123. [PMID: 37902399 PMCID: PMC10688327 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00771-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause serious illness in older adults (i.e., those aged ≥60 years). Because options for RSV prophylaxis and treatment are limited, the prevention of RSV-mediated illness in older adults remains an important unmet medical need. Data from prior studies suggest that Fc-effector functions are important for protection against RSV infection. In this work, we show that the investigational Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein vaccine induced Fc-effector functional immune responses in adults aged ≥60 years who were enrolled in a phase 1/2a regimen selection study of Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein. These results demonstrate the breadth of the immune responses induced by the Ad26.RSV.preF/RSV preF protein vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic C. Bartsch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dansu Yuan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nickita Mehta
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeroen Tolboom
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | | | - Roy van Heesbeen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Christy A. Comeaux
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Heijnen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Benoit Callendret
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, South Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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van Bergen J, Camps MG, Pardieck IN, Veerkamp D, Leung WY, Leijs AA, Myeni SK, Kikkert M, Arens R, Zondag GC, Ossendorp F. Multiantigen pan-sarbecovirus DNA vaccines generate protective T cell immune responses. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172488. [PMID: 37707962 PMCID: PMC10721273 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the third zoonotic coronavirus to cause a major outbreak in humans in recent years, and many more SARS-like coronaviruses with pandemic potential are circulating in several animal species. Vaccines inducing T cell immunity against broadly conserved viral antigens may protect against hospitalization and death caused by outbreaks of such viruses. We report the design and preclinical testing of 2 T cell-based pan-sarbecovirus vaccines, based on conserved regions within viral proteins of sarbecovirus isolates of human and other carrier animals, like bats and pangolins. One vaccine (CoVAX_ORF1ab) encoded antigens derived from nonstructural proteins, and the other (CoVAX_MNS) encoded antigens from structural proteins. Both multiantigen DNA vaccines contained a large set of antigens shared across sarbecoviruses and were rich in predicted and experimentally validated human T cell epitopes. In mice, the multiantigen vaccines generated both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses to shared epitopes. Upon encounter of full-length spike antigen, CoVAX_MNS-induced CD4+ T cells were responsible for accelerated CD8+ T cell and IgG Ab responses specific to the incoming spike, irrespective of its sarbecovirus origin. Finally, both vaccines elicited partial protection against a lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge in human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice. These results support clinical testing of these universal sarbecovirus vaccines for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel G.M. Camps
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Iris N. Pardieck
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dominique Veerkamp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wing Yan Leung
- Immunetune BV, Leiden, Netherlands
- Synvolux BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anouk A. Leijs
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sebenzile K. Myeni
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gerben C. Zondag
- Immunetune BV, Leiden, Netherlands
- Synvolux BV, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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19
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Aid M, Stephenson KE, Collier ARY, Nkolola JP, Michael JV, McKenzie SE, Barouch DH. Activation of coagulation and proinflammatory pathways in thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome and following COVID-19 vaccination. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6703. [PMID: 37872311 PMCID: PMC10593859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) is a rare but potentially severe adverse event following immunization with adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccines such as Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen) and ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca). However, no case of TTS has been reported in over 1.5 million individuals who received a second immunization with Ad26.COV2.S in the United States. Here we utilize transcriptomic and proteomic profiling to compare individuals who receive two doses of Ad26.COV2.S with those vaccinated with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. Initial Ad26.COV2.S vaccination induces transient activation of platelet and coagulation and innate immune pathways that resolve by day 7; by contrast, patients with TTS show robust upregulation of these pathways on days 15-19 following initial Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. Meanwhile, a second immunization or a reduced initial dose of Ad26.COV2.S induces lower activation of these pathways than does the full initial dose. Our data suggest a role of coagulation and proinflammatory pathways in TTS pathogenesis, which may help optimize vaccination regimens to reduce TTS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathryn E Stephenson
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ai-Ris Y Collier
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph P Nkolola
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James V Michael
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven E McKenzie
- Department of Medicine, The Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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20
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Awasthi M, Macaluso A, Goebel SJ, Luea E, Noyce RS, Nasar F, Daugherty B, Bavari S, Lederman S. Immunogenicity and Tolerability of a SARS-CoV-2 TNX-1800, a Live Recombinant Poxvirus Vaccine Candidate, in Syrian Hamsters and New Zealand White Rabbits. Viruses 2023; 15:2131. [PMID: 37896908 PMCID: PMC10612059 DOI: 10.3390/v15102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
TNX-1800 is a preclinical stage synthetic-derived live attenuated chimeric horsepox virus vaccine engineered to express the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) gene. The objectives of this study were to assess the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of TNX-1800 administration in Syrian golden hamsters and New Zealand white rabbits. Animals were vaccinated at three doses via percutaneous inoculation. The data showed that the single percutaneous administration of three TNX-1800 vaccine dose levels was well tolerated in both hamsters and rabbits. At all dose levels, rabbits were more decerning regarding vaccine site reaction than hamsters. Lastly, no TNX-1800 genomes could be detected at the site of vaccination. Post-vaccination, all animals had anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG specific antibody responses. These data demonstrate that TNX-1800 infection was limited, asymptomatic, and cleared by the end of this study, and a single dose was able to generate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayanka Awasthi
- Tonix Pharmaceutical, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (M.A.); (S.J.G.); (F.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Anthony Macaluso
- Tonix Pharmaceutical, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (M.A.); (S.J.G.); (F.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Scott J. Goebel
- Tonix Pharmaceutical, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (M.A.); (S.J.G.); (F.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Erin Luea
- Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA;
| | - Ryan S. Noyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Farooq Nasar
- Tonix Pharmaceutical, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (M.A.); (S.J.G.); (F.N.); (S.B.)
| | | | - Sina Bavari
- Tonix Pharmaceutical, Frederick, MD 21701, USA; (M.A.); (S.J.G.); (F.N.); (S.B.)
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21
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Dari A, Jacqmin P, Iwaki Y, Neyens M, Le Gars M, Sadoff J, Hardt K, Ruiz‐Guiñazú J, Pérez‐Ruixo JJ. Mechanistic modeling projections of antibody persistence after homologous booster regimens of COVID-19 vaccine Ad26.COV2.S in humans. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:1485-1498. [PMID: 37715342 PMCID: PMC10583247 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic model-based simulations can be deployed to project the persistence of humoral immune response following vaccination. We used this approach to project the antibody persistence through 24 months from the data pooled across five clinical trials in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-seronegative participants following vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S (5 × 1010 viral particles), given either as a single-dose or a homologous booster regimen at an interval of 2, 3, or 6 months. Antibody persistence was quantified as the percentage of participants with detectable anti-spike binding and wild-type virus neutralizing antibodies. The projected overall 24-month persistence after single-dose Ad26.COV2.S was 70.5% for binding antibodies and 55.2% for neutralizing antibodies, and increased after any homologous booster regimen to greater than or equal to 89.9% for binding and greater than or equal to 80.0% for neutralizing antibodies. The estimated model parameters quantifying the rates of antibody production attributed to short-lived and long-lived plasma cells decreased with increasing age, whereas the rate of antibody production mediated by long-lived plasma cells was higher in women relative to men. Accordingly, a more pronounced waning of antibody responses was predicted in men aged greater than or equal to 60 years and was markedly attenuated following any homologous boosting regimen. The findings suggest that homologous boosting might be a viable strategy for maintaining protective effects of Ad26.COV2.S for up to 24 months following prime vaccination. The estimation of mechanistic modeling parameters identified the long-lived plasma cell pathway as a key contributor mediating antibody persistence following single-dose and homologous booster vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S in different subgroups of recipients stratified by age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dari
- Janssen Research & DevelopmentBeerseBelgium
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22
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Mundy RM, Baker AT, Bates EA, Cunliffe TG, Teijeira-Crespo A, Moses E, Rizkallah PJ, Parker AL. Broad sialic acid usage amongst species D human adenovirus. NPJ VIRUSES 2023; 1:1. [PMID: 38665237 PMCID: PMC11041768 DOI: 10.1038/s44298-023-00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are widespread pathogens causing usually mild infections. The Species D (HAdV-D) cause gastrointestinal tract infections and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC). Despite being significant pathogens, knowledge around HAdV-D mechanism of cell infection is lacking. Sialic acid (SA) usage has been proposed as a cell infection mechanism for EKC causing HAdV-D. Here we highlight an important role for SA engagement by many HAdV-D. We provide apo state crystal structures of 7 previously undetermined HAdV-D fiber-knob proteins, and structures of HAdV-D25, D29, D30 and D53 fiber-knob proteins in complex with SA. Biologically, we demonstrate that removal of cell surface SA reduced infectivity of HAdV-C5 vectors pseudotyped with HAdV-D fiber-knob proteins, whilst engagement of the classical HAdV receptor CAR was variable. Our data indicates variable usage of SA and CAR across HAdV-D. Better defining these interactions will enable improved development of antivirals and engineering of the viruses into refined therapeutic vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie M. Mundy
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Alexander T. Baker
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Emily A. Bates
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Tabitha G. Cunliffe
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Alicia Teijeira-Crespo
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Elise Moses
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
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23
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Chen Y, Mason GH, Scourfield DO, Greenshields-Watson A, Haigh TA, Sewell AK, Long HM, Gallimore AM, Rizkallah P, MacLachlan BJ, Godkin A. Structural definition of HLA class II-presented SARS-CoV-2 epitopes reveals a mechanism to escape pre-existing CD4 + T cell immunity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112827. [PMID: 37471227 PMCID: PMC10840515 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells recognize a broad range of peptide epitopes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which contribute to immune memory and limit COVID-19 disease. We demonstrate that the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 peptides, in the context of the model allotype HLA-DR1, does not correlate with their binding affinity to the HLA heterodimer. Analyzing six epitopes, some with very low binding affinity, we solve X-ray crystallographic structures of each bound to HLA-DR1. Further structural definitions reveal the precise molecular impact of viral variant mutations on epitope presentation. Omicron escaped ancestral SARS-CoV-2 immunity to two epitopes through two distinct mechanisms: (1) mutations to TCR-facing epitope positions and (2) a mechanism whereby a single amino acid substitution caused a register shift within the HLA binding groove, completely altering the peptide-HLA structure. This HLA-II-specific paradigm of immune escape highlights how CD4+ T cell memory is finely poised at the level of peptide-HLA-II presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Georgina H Mason
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - D Oliver Scourfield
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alexander Greenshields-Watson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Tracey A Haigh
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Heather M Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Awen M Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Pierre Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Bruce J MacLachlan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK.
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Dickson A, Geerling E, Stone ET, Hassert M, Steffen TL, Makkena T, Smither M, Schwetye KE, Zhang J, Georges B, Roberts MS, Suschak JJ, Pinto AK, Brien JD. The role of vaccination route with an adenovirus-vectored vaccine in protection, viral control, and transmission in the SARS-CoV-2/K18-hACE2 mouse infection model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188392. [PMID: 37662899 PMCID: PMC10469340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vaccination is the most effective mechanism to prevent severe COVID-19. However, breakthrough infections and subsequent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 remain a significant problem. Intranasal vaccination has the potential to be more effective in preventing disease and limiting transmission between individuals as it induces potent responses at mucosal sites. Methods Utilizing a replication-deficient adenovirus serotype 5-vectored vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 RBD (AdCOVID) in homozygous and heterozygous transgenic K18-hACE2, we investigated the impact of the route of administration on vaccine immunogenicity, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and survival. Results Mice vaccinated with AdCOVID via the intramuscular or intranasal route and subsequently challenged with SARS-CoV-2 showed that animals vaccinated intranasally had improved cellular and mucosal antibody responses. Additionally, intranasally vaccinated animals had significantly better viremic control, and protection from lethal infection compared to intramuscularly vaccinated animals. Notably, in a novel transmission model, intranasal vaccination reduced viral transmission to naïve co-housed mice compared to intramuscular vaccination. Discussion Our data provide convincing evidence for the use of intranasal vaccination in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria Dickson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Elizabeth Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - E. Taylor Stone
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Tara L. Steffen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Taneesh Makkena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Madeleine Smither
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Katherine E. Schwetye
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, United States
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25
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Mediavilla JR, Lozy T, Lee A, Kim J, Kan VW, Titova E, Amin A, Zody MC, Corvelo A, Oschwald DM, Baldwin A, Fennessey S, Zuckerman JM, Kirn T, Chen L, Zhao Y, Chow KF, Maniatis T, Perlin DS, Kreiswirth BN. Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Individuals in a Large Healthcare Organization from New Jersey. Viruses 2023; 15:1699. [PMID: 37632041 PMCID: PMC10457875 DOI: 10.3390/v15081699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
New Jersey was among the first states impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, with one of the highest overall death rates in the nation. Nevertheless, relatively few reports have been published focusing specifically on New Jersey. Here we report on molecular, clinical, and epidemiologic observations, from the largest healthcare network in the state, in a cohort of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. We conducted molecular surveillance of SARS-CoV-2-positive nasopharyngeal swabs collected in nine hospitals from December 2020 through June 2022, using both whole genome sequencing (WGS) and a real-time RT-PCR screening assay targeting spike protein mutations found in variants of concern (VOCs) within our region. De-identified clinical data were obtained retrospectively, including demographics, COVID-19 vaccination status, ICU admission, ventilator support, mortality, and medical history. Statistical analyses were performed to identify associations between SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccination status, clinical outcomes, and medical risk factors. A total of 5007 SARS-CoV-2-positive nasopharyngeal swabs were successfully screened and/or sequenced. Variant screening identified three predominant VOCs, including Alpha (n = 714), Delta (n = 1877), and Omicron (n = 1802). Omicron isolates were further sub-typed as BA.1 (n = 899), BA.2 (n = 853), or BA.4/BA.5 (n = 50); the remaining 614 isolates were classified as "Other". Approximately 31.5% (1577/5007) of the samples were associated with vaccine breakthrough infections, which increased in frequency following the emergence of Delta and Omicron. Severe clinical outcomes included ICU admission (336/5007 = 6.7%), ventilator support (236/5007 = 4.7%), and mortality (430/5007 = 8.6%), with increasing age being the most significant contributor to each (p < 0.001). Unvaccinated individuals accounted for 79.7% (268/336) of ICU admissions, 78.3% (185/236) of ventilator cases, and 74.4% (320/430) of deaths. Highly significant (p < 0.001) increases in mortality were observed in individuals with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, but not with obesity, thyroid disease, or respiratory disease. Significant differences (p < 0.001) in clinical outcomes were also noted between SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Delta, Omicron BA.1, and Omicron BA.2. Vaccination was associated with significantly improved clinical outcomes in our study, despite an increase in breakthrough infections associated with waning immunity, greater antigenic variability, or both. Underlying comorbidities contributed significantly to mortality in both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, with increasing risk based on the total number of comorbidities. Real-time RT-PCR-based screening facilitated timely identification of predominant variants using a minimal number of spike protein mutations, with faster turnaround time and reduced cost compared to WGS. Continued evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants will likely require ongoing surveillance for new VOCs, with real-time assessment of clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R. Mediavilla
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Tara Lozy
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA
| | - Annie Lee
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Justine Kim
- Hackensack Meridian Health Biorepository, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA
| | - Veronica W. Kan
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Elizabeth Titova
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Ashish Amin
- Hackensack Meridian Health Biorepository, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA
| | - Michael C. Zody
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | - André Corvelo
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | | | - Amy Baldwin
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | | | - Jerry M. Zuckerman
- Department of Patient Safety and Quality, Hackensack Meridian Health, Edison, NJ 08837, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Thomas Kirn
- Public Health and Environmental Laboratories, New Jersey Department of Health, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Kar Fai Chow
- Hackensack Meridian Health Biorepository, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA
- Department of Pathology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA (S.F.); (T.M.)
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Barry N. Kreiswirth
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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Subramanian V. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccination Among Recipients of Solid Organ Transplants. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S34-S45. [PMID: 37539762 PMCID: PMC10401623 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are at high risk for infections including SARS-CoV-2, primarily due to use of immunosuppressive therapies that prevent organ rejection. Furthermore, these immunosuppressants are typically associated with suboptimal responses to vaccination. While COVID-19 vaccines have reduced the risk of COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality in SOTRs, breakthrough infection rates and death remain higher in this population compared with immunocompetent individuals. Approaches to enhancing response in SOTRs, such as through administration of additional doses and heterologous vaccination, have resulted in increased seroresponse and antibody levels. In this article, safety and immunogenicity of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in SOTRs are explored by dose. Key considerations for clinical practice and the current vaccine recommendations for SOTRs are discussed within the context of the dynamic COVID-19 vaccination guideline landscape. A thorough understanding of these topics is essential for determining public health and vaccination strategies to help protect immunocompromised populations, including SOTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Subramanian
- Correspondence: Vijay Subramanian, MD, Tampa General Hospital, 409 Bayshore Blvd, Tampa, FL 33606 ()
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27
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Feng JL, Wang WJ, Jin PF, Zheng H, Jin LR, Xia X, Zhang XY, Li ZP, Li JX, Zhu FC. Comparison of antibody persistency through one year between one-dose and two-dose regimens of Ad5-nCoV vaccine for COVID-19. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2230760. [PMID: 37428653 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2230760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This post-hoc analysis compared the receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific and pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies against the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 strain elicited by one or two doses (56-d interval) of Ad5-nCoV vaccine regimen (NCT04341389 and NCT04566770). Both trials had low-dose and high-dose groups. Propensity score matching was used to adjust the baseline between one- and two-dose regimens. To predict the decrease in antibody titers 1 y after vaccination, half-lives of RBD-binding antibodies and pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies were computed. We obtained 34 and 29 pairs of participants in the low- and high-dose groups based on the propensity score matching. The two-dose regimen of Ad5-nCoV increased the peaking level of neutralizing antibodies compared to the one-dose regimen at day 28, but the responses of the neutralizing antibodies were not consistent with those of the RBD antibodies. Half-lives of the RBD-binding antibodies in the two-dose Ad5-nCoV regimen (202-209 days) were longer than those in the one-dose regimen (136-137 d); half-lives of the pseudovirus neutralizing antibody in the one-dose Ad5-nCoV regimen (177 d) were longer than those in the two-dose regimen (116-131 d). The predicted positive rates of RBD-binding antibodies in the one-dose regimen (34.1%-38.3%) would be lower than those in the two-dose Ad5-nCoV regimen (67.0%-84.0%), while the positive rates of pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies in the one-dose regimen (65.4%-66.7%) would be higher than those in the two-dose regimen (48.3%-58.0%). The two-dose Ad5-nCoV regimen with a 56-d interval had no effect on the persistence of neutralizing antibodies but slowed decay trend of RBD-binding antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lu Feng
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Peng-Fei Jin
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Hui Zheng
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R China
| | - Lai-Run Jin
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R China
| | - Xin Xia
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Xiao-Yin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R China
| | - Zhuo-Pei Li
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jing-Xin Li
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R China
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R China
- Institute of Global Public Health and Emergency Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Feng-Cai Zhu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R China
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R China
- Institute of Global Public Health and Emergency Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R China
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28
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Mueller-Enz M, Woopen C, Katoul Al Rahbani G, Haase R, Dunsche M, Ziemssen T, Akgün K. NVX-CoV2373-induced T- and B-cellular immunity in immunosuppressed people with multiple sclerosis that failed to respond to mRNA and viral vector SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1081933. [PMID: 37545513 PMCID: PMC10399811 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1081933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Immunological response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination is important, especially in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) on immunosuppressive therapies. Objective This study aims to determine whether adjuvanted protein-based vaccine NVX-CoV2373 is able to induce an immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in pwMS with inadequate responses to prior triple mRNA/viral vector vaccination. Design setting and participants We conducted a single-center, prospective longitudinal cohort study at the MS Center in Dresden, Germany. In total, 65 participants were included in the study in accordance with the following eligibility criteria: age > 18 years, immunomodulatory treatment, and insufficient T-cellular and humoral response to prior vaccination with at least two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273) or viral vector vaccines (AZD1222, Ad26.COV2.S). Interventions Intramuscular vaccination with two doses of NVX-CoV2373 at baseline and 3 weeks of follow-up. Main outcomes and measures The development of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and T-cell responses was evaluated. Results For the final analysis, data from 47 patients on stable treatment with sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulators and 17 on ocrelizumab were available. The tolerability of the NVX-CoV2373 vaccination was overall good and comparable to the one reported for the general population. After the second NVX-CoV2373 vaccination, 59% of S1PR-modulated patients developed antispike IgG antibodies above the predefined cutoff of 200 binding antibody units (BAU)/ml (mean, 1,204.37 [95% CI, 693.15, 2,092.65] BAU/ml), whereas no clinically significant T-cell response was found. In the subgroup of the patients on ocrelizumab treatment, 23.5% developed antispike IgG > 200 BAU/ml (mean, 116.3 [95% CI, 47.04, 287.51] BAU/ml) and 53% showed positive spike-specific T-cellular responses (IFN-gamma release to antigen 1: mean, 0.2 [95% CI, 0.11, 0.31] IU/ml; antigen 2: mean, 0.24 [95% CI, 0.14, 0.37]) after the second vaccination. Conclusions Vaccination with two doses of NVX-CoV2373 was able to elicit a SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response in pwMS lacking adequate immune responses to previous mRNA/viral vector vaccination. For patients receiving S1PR modulators, an increase in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was detected after NVX-CoV2373 vaccination, whereas in ocrelizumab-treated patients, the increase of antiviral T-cell responses was more pronounced. Our data may impact clinical decision-making by influencing the preference for NVX-CoV2373 vaccination in pwMS receiving treatment with S1PR modulation or anti-CD20 treatment.
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Machado RRG, Walker JL, Scharton D, Rafael GH, Mitchell BM, Reyna RA, de Souza WM, Liu J, Walker DH, Plante JA, Plante KS, Weaver SC. Immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccine boosters against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.5 in male Syrian hamsters. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4260. [PMID: 37460536 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.5 rapidly spread worldwide and replaced BA.1/BA.2 in many countries, becoming globally dominant. BA.5 has unique amino acid substitutions in the spike protein that both mediate immune escape from neutralizing antibodies produced by immunizations and increase ACE2 receptor binding affinity. In a comprehensive, long-term (up to 9 months post primary vaccination), experimental vaccination study using male Syrian hamsters, we evaluate neutralizing antibody responses and efficacy against BA.5 challenge after primary vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen) or BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) followed by a homologous or heterologous booster with mRNA-1273 (Moderna) or NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax). Notably, one high or low dose of Ad26.COV2.S provides more durable immunity than two primary doses of BNT162b2, and the NVX-CoV2373 booster provides the strongest augmentation of immunity, reduction in BA.5 viral replication, and disease. Our data demonstrate the immunogenicity and efficacy of different prime/boost vaccine regimens against BA.5 infection in an immune-competent model and provide new insights regarding COVID-19 vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R G Machado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508000, Brazil
| | - Jordyn L Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Dionna Scharton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Grace H Rafael
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Brooke M Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Rachel A Reyna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - William M de Souza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jianying Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jessica A Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Lundstrom K. Viral vectors engineered for gene therapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 379:1-41. [PMID: 37541721 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has seen major progress in recent years. Viral vectors have made a significant contribution through efficient engineering for improved delivery and safety. A large variety of indications such as cancer, cardiovascular, metabolic, hematological, neurological, muscular, ophthalmological, infectious diseases, and immunodeficiency have been targeted. Viral vectors based on adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, herpes simplex viruses, retroviruses including lentiviruses, alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles viruses, rhabdoviruses, Newcastle disease virus, poxviruses, picornaviruses, reoviruses, and polyomaviruses have been used. Proof-of-concept has been demonstrated for different indications in animal models. Therapeutic efficacy has also been achieved in clinical trials. Several viral vector-based drugs have been approved for the treatment of cancer, and hematological, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Moreover, viral vector-based vaccines have been approved against COVID-19 and Ebola virus disease.
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Kokogho A, Crowell TA, Aleissa M, Lupan AM, Davey S, Park Chang JB, Baden LR, Walsh SR, Sherman AC. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses Among Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad349. [PMID: 37520415 PMCID: PMC10372870 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination reduces the risk and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), several variables may impact the humoral response among patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted among SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated HSCT recipients between 2020 and 2022 at a single center in Boston, Massachusetts. Patients age ≥18 years who received doses of Pfizer, Moderna, or J&J vaccines were included. Anti-spike (S) immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer levels were measured using the Roche assay. Responders (≥0.8 U/mL) and nonresponders (<0.8 U/mL) were categorized and analyzed. Multivariable linear and logistic regression were used to estimate the correlation coefficient and odds ratio of response magnitude and status. Results Of 152 HSCT recipients, 141 (92.8%) were responders, with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) anti-S IgG titer of 2500 (107.9-2500) U/mL at a median (IQR) of 80.5 (36-153.5) days from last dose, regardless of the number of doses received. Higher quantitative titers were associated with receipt of more vaccine doses (coeff, 205.79; 95% CI, 30.10 to 381.47; P = .022), being female (coeff, 343.5; 95% CI, -682.6 to -4.4; P = .047), being younger (<65 years; coeff, 365.2; 95% CI, -711.3 to 19.1; P = .039), and not being on anti-CD20 therapy (coeff, -1163.7; 95% CI, -1717.7 to -609.7; P = .001). Being male (odds ratio [OR], 0.11; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.93; P = .04) and being on anti-CD20 therapy (OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.70; P = .016) were associated with nonresponse. Conclusions Overall, most HSCT recipients had high SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses. More vaccine doses improved the magnitude of immune responses. Anti-S IgG monitoring may be useful for identifying attenuated vaccine-induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afoke Kokogho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Trevor A Crowell
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Muneerah Aleissa
- Present affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ana-Mihaela Lupan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sonya Davey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jun Bai Park Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen R Walsh
- Correspondence: Stephen R. Walsh, MDCM, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, PBB-A-4, Boston, MA 02115 (); or Amy C. Sherman, MD, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, PBB-A-4, Boston, MA 02115 ()
| | - Amy C Sherman
- Correspondence: Stephen R. Walsh, MDCM, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, PBB-A-4, Boston, MA 02115 (); or Amy C. Sherman, MD, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, PBB-A-4, Boston, MA 02115 ()
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Ma QL, Huang FM, Guo W, Feng KY, Huang T, Cai YD. Machine Learning Classification of Time since BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccination Based on Array-Measured Antibody Activity. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1304. [PMID: 37374086 DOI: 10.3390/life13061304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines trigger an immunological response that includes B and T cells, with B cells producing antibodies. SARS-CoV-2 immunity weakens over time after vaccination. Discovering key changes in antigen-reactive antibodies over time after vaccination could help improve vaccine efficiency. In this study, we collected data on blood antibody levels in a cohort of healthcare workers vaccinated for COVID-19 and obtained 73 antigens in samples from four groups according to the duration after vaccination, including 104 unvaccinated healthcare workers, 534 healthcare workers within 60 days after vaccination, 594 healthcare workers between 60 and 180 days after vaccination, and 141 healthcare workers over 180 days after vaccination. Our work was a reanalysis of the data originally collected at Irvine University. This data was obtained in Orange County, California, USA, with the collection process commencing in December 2020. British variant (B.1.1.7), South African variant (B.1.351), and Brazilian/Japanese variant (P.1) were the most prevalent strains during the sampling period. An efficient machine learning based framework containing four feature selection methods (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, light gradient boosting machine, Monte Carlo feature selection, and maximum relevance minimum redundancy) and four classification algorithms (decision tree, k-nearest neighbor, random forest, and support vector machine) was designed to select essential antibodies against specific antigens. Several efficient classifiers with a weighted F1 value around 0.75 were constructed. The antigen microarray used for identifying antibody levels in the coronavirus features ten distinct SARS-CoV-2 antigens, comprising various segments of both nucleocapsid protein (NP) and spike protein (S). This study revealed that S1 + S2, S1.mFcTag, S1.HisTag, S1, S2, Spike.RBD.His.Bac, Spike.RBD.rFc, and S1.RBD.mFc were most highly ranked among all features, where S1 and S2 are the subunits of Spike, and the suffixes represent the tagging information of different recombinant proteins. Meanwhile, the classification rules were obtained from the optimal decision tree to explain quantitatively the roles of antigens in the classification. This study identified antibodies associated with decreased clinical immunity based on populations with different time spans after vaccination. These antibodies have important implications for maintaining long-term immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Lan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fei-Ming Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Kai-Yan Feng
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou 510507, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Kaplonek P, Deng Y, Shih-Lu Lee J, Zar HJ, Zavadska D, Johnson M, Lauffenburger DA, Goldblatt D, Alter G. Hybrid immunity expands the functional humoral footprint of both mRNA and vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101048. [PMID: 37182520 PMCID: PMC10126214 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the successes of current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, waning immunity, the emergence of variants of concern, and breakthrough infections among vaccinees have begun to highlight opportunities to improve vaccine platforms. Real-world vaccine efficacy studies have highlighted the reduced risk of breakthrough infections and diseases among individuals infected and vaccinated, referred to as hybrid immunity. Thus, we sought to define whether hybrid immunity shapes the humoral immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) following Pfizer/BNT162b2, Moderna mRNA-1273, ChadOx1/AZD1222, and Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. Each vaccine exhibits a unique functional humoral profile in vaccination only or hybrid immunity. However, hybrid immunity shows a unique augmentation of S2-domain-specific functional immunity that was poorly induced for the vaccination only. These data highlight the importance of natural infection in breaking the immunodominance away from the evolutionarily unstable S1 domain and potentially affording enhanced cross-variant protection by targeting the more highly conserved S2 domain of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kaplonek
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yixiang Deng
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; SA MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dace Zavadska
- Children's Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Marina Johnson
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Rzymski P. Guillain-Barré syndrome and COVID-19 vaccines: focus on adenoviral vectors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183258. [PMID: 37180147 PMCID: PMC10169623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination is a life-saving intervention. However, it does not come up without a risk of rare adverse events, which frequency varies between vaccines developed using different technological platforms. The increased risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) has been reported for selected adenoviral vector vaccines but not for other vaccine types, including more widely used mRNA preparations. Therefore, it is unlikely that GBS results from the cross-reactivity of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein generated after the COVID-19 vaccination. This paper outlines two hypotheses according to which increased risk of GBS following adenoviral vaccination is due to (1) generation of anti-vector antibodies that may cross-react with proteins involved in biological processes related to myelin and axons, or (2) neuroinvasion of selected adenovirus vectors to the peripheral nervous system, infection of neurons and subsequent inflammation and neuropathies. The rationale behind these hypotheses is outlined, advocating further epidemiological and experimental research to verify them. This is particularly important given the ongoing interest in using adenoviruses in developing vaccines against various infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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35
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Lubrano C, Mancon A, Anelli GM, Gagliardi G, Corneo R, Bianchi M, Coco C, Dal Molin G, Vignali M, Schirripa I, Di Simone N, Pavone G, Pellegrino A, Gismondo MR, Savasi VM, Cetin I. Immune Response and Transplacental Antibody Transfer in Pregnant Women after COVID-19 Vaccination. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13040689. [PMID: 37109075 PMCID: PMC10141882 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13040689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 infection is associated with increased risk of pregnancy complications, making vaccination during pregnancy critical for mother-neonate dyads. Few data, often with an unrepresentative sample size, are available on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced humoral and cell-mediated response. Here, we evaluated anti-S antibody and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production elicited by SARS-CoV-2 immunization in maternal and neonatal plasma. Pregnant women (n = 230) were prospectively enrolled and classified as unvaccinated (n = 103) and vaccinated (n = 127); after serological screening for previous infections, assays were performed on 126 dyads, 15 mothers and 17 newborns. Positive anti-S antibodies were found in most of the vaccinated subjects, regardless of timespan between immunization and delivery (range: 7-391 days). A total of 89 of 92 vaccinated women showed a broad response to COVID-19 immunization and highly effective placental transfer, as attested by anti-S positive rates (maternal = 96.7%, cord = 96.6%). Most of our subjects had indeterminate results in an IGRA assay, preventing a conclusive evaluation of IFN-γ production. Indeed, pregnancy-related hormonal changes may influence T-cell response with an impact on IFN-γ production. Positive pregnancy and perinatal outcomes reinforce the evidence that the anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunization is effective and well-tolerated in pregnant women and also protective for the fetus/neonate, even though it was not possible to define the related IFN-γ production and role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lubrano
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mancon
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Maria Anelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Gagliardi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Corneo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Micol Bianchi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Coco
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Dal Molin
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Macedonio Melloni Hospital-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Vignali
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Macedonio Melloni Hospital-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Schirripa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Di Simone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Pavone
- Department of Woman, Child and Neonate, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital, ASST Lecco, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Antonio Pellegrino
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital, ASST Lecco, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergencies, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Maria Savasi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Department of Woman, Child and Neonate, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Cetin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Department of Woman, Mother and Neonate, Buzzi Children's Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20154 Milan, Italy
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Yu J, Thomas PV, Sciacca M, Wu C, Liu J, He X, Miller J, Hachmann NP, Surve N, McMahan K, Jacob-Dolan C, Powers O, Hall K, Barrett J, Hope D, Mazurek CR, Murdza T, Chang WC, Golub E, Rees PA, Peterson CE, Hajduczki A, Chen WH, Martinez EJ, Hussin E, Lange C, Gong H, Matyas GR, Rao M, Suthar M, Boursiquot M, Cook A, Pessaint L, Lewis MG, Andersen H, Bolton DL, Michael NL, Joyce MG, Modjarrad K, Barouch DH. Ad26.COV2.S and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein ferritin nanoparticle vaccine protect against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 challenge in macaques. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101018. [PMID: 37023746 PMCID: PMC10040355 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines demonstrate reduced protection against acquisition of BA.5 subvariant but are still effective against severe disease. However, immune correlates of protection against BA.5 remain unknown. We report the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccine regimens consisting of the vector-based Ad26.COV2.S vaccine and the adjuvanted spike ferritin nanoparticle (SpFN) vaccine against a high-dose, mismatched Omicron BA.5 challenge in macaques. The SpFNx3 and Ad26 + SpFNx2 regimens elicit higher antibody responses than Ad26x3, whereas the Ad26 + SpFNx2 and Ad26x3 regimens induce higher CD8 T cell responses than SpFNx3. The Ad26 + SpFNx2 regimen elicits the highest CD4 T cell responses. All three regimens suppress peak and day 4 viral loads in the respiratory tract, which correlate with both humoral and cellular immune responses. This study demonstrates that both homologous and heterologous regimens involving Ad26.COV2.S and SpFN vaccines provide robust protection against a mismatched BA.5 challenge in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul V Thomas
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michaela Sciacca
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cindy Wu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuan He
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Miller
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole P Hachmann
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nehalee Surve
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katherine McMahan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olivia Powers
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Hall
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia Barrett
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Hope
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Camille R Mazurek
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tetyana Murdza
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William C Chang
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Emily Golub
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Phyllis A Rees
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline E Peterson
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Agnes Hajduczki
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei-Hung Chen
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Martinez
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hussin
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Camille Lange
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hua Gong
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Diane L Bolton
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nelson L Michael
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - M Gordon Joyce
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy: Where Do We Stand in 2023? Viruses 2023; 15:v15030698. [PMID: 36992407 PMCID: PMC10059137 DOI: 10.3390/v15030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have been used for a broad spectrum of gene therapy for both acute and chronic diseases. In the context of cancer gene therapy, viral vectors expressing anti-tumor, toxic, suicide and immunostimulatory genes, such as cytokines and chemokines, have been applied. Oncolytic viruses, which specifically replicate in and kill tumor cells, have provided tumor eradication, and even cure of cancers in animal models. In a broader meaning, vaccine development against infectious diseases and various cancers has been considered as a type of gene therapy. Especially in the case of COVID-19 vaccines, adenovirus-based vaccines such as ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV2.S have demonstrated excellent safety and vaccine efficacy in clinical trials, leading to Emergency Use Authorization in many countries. Viral vectors have shown great promise in the treatment of chronic diseases such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, β-thalassemia, and sickle cell disease (SCD). Proof-of-concept has been established in preclinical studies in various animal models. Clinical gene therapy trials have confirmed good safety, tolerability, and therapeutic efficacy. Viral-based drugs have been approved for cancer, hematological, metabolic, neurological, and ophthalmological diseases as well as for vaccines. For example, the adenovirus-based drug Gendicine® for non-small-cell lung cancer, the reovirus-based drug Reolysin® for ovarian cancer, the oncolytic HSV T-VEC for melanoma, lentivirus-based treatment of ADA-SCID disease, and the rhabdovirus-based vaccine Ervebo against Ebola virus disease have been approved for human use.
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Chary M, Barbuto AF, Izadmehr S, Tarsillo M, Fleischer E, Burns MM. COVID-19 Therapeutics: Use, Mechanism of Action, and Toxicity (Vaccines, Monoclonal Antibodies, and Immunotherapeutics). J Med Toxicol 2023; 19:205-218. [PMID: 36862334 PMCID: PMC9979891 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-023-00931-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 emerged in December 2019 and led to the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts to develop therapeutics have led to innovations such as mRNA vaccines and oral antivirals. Here we provide a narrative review of the biologic therapeutics used or proposed to treat COVID-19 during the last 3 years. This paper, along with its companion that covers xenobiotics and alternative remedies, is an update to our 2020 paper. Monoclonal antibodies prevent progression to severe disease, are not equally effective across variants, and are associated with minimal and self-limited reactions. Convalescent plasma has side effects like monoclonal antibodies, but with more infusion reactions and less efficacy. Vaccines prevent progression for a larger part of the population. DNA and mRNA vaccines are more effective than protein or inactivated virus vaccines. After mRNA vaccines, young men are more likely to have myocarditis in the subsequent 7 days. After DNA vaccines, those aged 30-50 are very slightly more likely to have thrombotic disease. To all vaccines we discuss, women are slightly more likely to have an anaphylactic reaction than men, but the absolute risk is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chary
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Regional Center for Poison Control and Prevention Serving Massachusetts and Rhode Island, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Presbyterian Queens, Flushing, NY, New York, USA.
| | - Alexander F. Barbuto
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,Regional Center for Poison Control and Prevention Serving Massachusetts and Rhode Island, Boston, MA USA ,Department of Emergency Medicine, Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center, Fort Hood, TX USA
| | - Sudeh Izadmehr
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Marc Tarsillo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA
| | - Eduardo Fleischer
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Michele M. Burns
- Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,Regional Center for Poison Control and Prevention Serving Massachusetts and Rhode Island, Boston, MA USA ,Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
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Tsuchiya Y, Tamura H, Fujii K, Numaguchi H, Toyoizumi K, Liu T, Le Gars M, Cárdenas V, Eto T. Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S: Results of a phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled COVID-19 vaccine trial in Japan. Vaccine 2023; 41:1602-1610. [PMID: 36732164 PMCID: PMC9812825 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of a 2-month homologous booster regimen of Ad26.COV2.S in Japanese adults. METHODS In this multicenter, placebo-controlled, Phase 1 trial, adults (Cohort 1, aged 20-55 years, N = 125; Cohort 2, aged ≥ 65 years, N = 125) were randomized 2:2:1 to receive Ad26.COV2.S 5 × 1010 viral particles (vp), Ad26.COV2.S 1 × 1011 vp, or placebo, followed by a homologous booster 56 days later. Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity were assessed. RESULTS Two hundred participants received Ad26.COV2.S and 50 received placebo. The most frequent solicited local adverse event (AE) was vaccination-site pain, and the most frequent solicited systemic AEs were fatigue, myalgia, and headache. After primary vaccination, neutralizing and binding antibody levels increased through Day 57 (post-prime) in both cohorts. Fourteen days after boosting (Day 71), neutralizing antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) had almost reached their peak value in Cohort 1 (5 × 1010 vp: GMT = 1049; 1 × 1011 vp: GMT = 1470) and peaked in Cohort 2 (504; 651); at Day 85, GMTs had declined minimally in Cohort 2. For both cohorts, binding antibody levels peaked at Day 71 with minimal decline at Day 85. CONCLUSION A single dose and homologous Ad26.COV2.S booster increased antibody responses with an acceptable safety profile in Japanese adults (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04509947).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Tsuchiya
- Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Tamura
- Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Fujii
- Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kiichiro Toyoizumi
- Statistics and Decision Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tina Liu
- Clinical and Statistical Programming, Janssen China Research and Development, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Takashi Eto
- Souseikai Hakata Clinic, Fukuoka-city, Fukuoka, Japan
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40
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COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Lichenoid Eruptions-Clinical and Histopathologic Spectrum in a Case Series of Fifteen Patients with Review of the Literature. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020438. [PMID: 36851315 PMCID: PMC9967301 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichen planus is a distinctive mucocutaneous disease with well-established clinical and histopathologic criteria. Lichenoid eruptions closely resemble lichen planus and may sometimes be indistinguishable from it. Systemic agents previously associated have included medications, viral infections and vaccines. Sporadic case reports of lichen planus and lichenoid reactions associated with COVID-19 vaccines have recently emerged. Herein, we review the world literature (31 patients) and expand it with a case series of 15 patients who presented with vaccine-induced lichenoid eruption (V-ILE). The spectrum of clinical and histopathologic findings is discussed with emphasis on the subset whose lesions manifested in embryologic fusion lines termed lines of Blaschko. This rare Blaschkoid distribution appeared in seven of the 46 patients studied. Of interest, all seven were linked to the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. We believe that all lichenoid eruptions should be approached with a heightened index of suspicion and patients should be specifically questioned with regards to their vaccination history. When diagnosed early in its course, V-ILE is easily treated and resolves quickly in almost all patients with or without hyperpigmentation. Additional investigative studies regarding its immunopathology and inflammatory signaling pathways may offer insight into other Th1-driven autoimmune phenomena related to COVID-19 vaccination.
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41
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Kaplonek P, Cizmeci D, Lee JSL, Shin SA, Fischinger S, Gobeil P, Pillet S, Charland N, Ward BJ, Alter G. Robust induction of functional humoral response by a plant-derived Coronavirus-like particle vaccine candidate for COVID-19. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:13. [PMID: 36781879 PMCID: PMC9924894 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of existing COVID-19 vaccine platforms, the persistent limitations in global deployment of vaccines and waning immunity exhibited by many of the currently deployed vaccine platforms have led to perpetual outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new durable vaccine candidates, to expand the global vaccine pipeline, and provide safe and effective solutions for every country worldwide. Here we deeply profiled the functional humoral response induced by two doses of AS03-adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted plant-derived Coronavirus-like particle (CoVLP) vaccine candidate from the phase 1 clinical trial, at peak immunogenicity and six months post-vaccination. AS03-adjuvanted CoVLP induced robust and durable SARS-CoV-2 specific humoral immunity, marked by strong IgG1antibody responses, potent FcγR binding, and antibody effector function. Contrary to a decline in neutralizing antibody titers, the FcγR2A-receptor binding capacity and antibody-mediated effector functions, such as opsonophagocytosis, remained readily detectable for at least six months.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sally A Shin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Brian J Ward
- Medicago Inc., Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Lai CC, Hsu CK, Yen MY, Lee PI, Ko WC, Hsueh PR. Long COVID: An inevitable sequela of SARS-CoV-2 infection. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023; 56:1-9. [PMID: 36283919 PMCID: PMC9576029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
At present, there are more than 560 million confirmed cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide. Although more than 98% of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can survive acute COVID, a significant portion of survivors can develop residual health problems, which is termed as long COVID. Although severe COVID-19 is generally associated with a high risk of long COVID, patients with asymptomatic or mild disease can also show long COVID. The definition of long COVID is inconsistent and its clinical manifestations are protean. In addition to general symptoms, such as fatigue, long COVID can affect many organ systems, including the respiratory, neurological, psychosocial, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic systems. Moreover, patients with long COVID may experience exercise intolerance and impaired daily function and quality of life. Long COVID may be caused by SARS-CoV-2 direct injury or its associated immune/inflammatory response. Assessment of patients with long COVID requires comprehensive evaluation, including history taking, physical examination, laboratory tests, radiography, and functional tests. However, there is no known effective treatment for long COVID. Based on the limited evidence, vaccines may help to prevent the development of long COVID. As long COVID is a new clinical entity that is constantly evolving, there are still many unknowns, and further investigation is warranted to enhance our understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Lai
- Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuei Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Yong Yen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ing Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Corresponding author. Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 2, Yude Road, North District, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
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43
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Du J, Su Y, Wang R, Dong E, Cao Y, Zhao W, Gong W. Research progress on specific and non-specific immune effects of BCG and the possibility of BCG protection against COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1118378. [PMID: 36798128 PMCID: PMC9927227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only approved vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) prevention worldwide. BCG has an excellent protective effect on miliary tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis in children or infants. Interestingly, a growing number of studies have shown that BCG vaccination can induce nonspecific and specific immunity to fight against other respiratory disease pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. The continuous emergence of variants of SARS-CoV-2 makes the protective efficiency of COVID-19-specific vaccines an unprecedented challenge. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that BCG-induced trained immunity might protect against COVID-19 infection. This study comprehensively described BCG-induced nonspecific and specific immunity and the mechanism of trained immunity. In addition, this study also reviewed the research on BCG revaccination to prevent TB, the impact of BCG on other non-tuberculous diseases, and the clinical trials of BCG to prevent COVID-19 infection. These data will provide new evidence to confirm the hypotheses mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Du
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Su
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilan Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Enjun Dong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhao
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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44
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Almendro-Vázquez P, Laguna-Goya R, Paz-Artal E. Defending against SARS-CoV-2: The T cell perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107803. [PMID: 36776863 PMCID: PMC9911802 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response has been proven essential for viral clearance, COVID-19 outcome and long-term memory. Impaired early T cell-driven immunity leads to a severe form of the disease associated with lymphopenia, hyperinflammation and imbalanced humoral response. Analyses of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection have revealed that mild COVID-19 course is characterized by an early induction of specific T cells within the first 7 days of symptoms, coordinately followed by antibody production for an effective control of viral infection. In contrast, patients who do not develop an early specific cellular response and initiate a humoral immune response with subsequent production of high levels of antibodies, develop severe symptoms. Yet, delayed and persistent bystander CD8+ T cell activation has been also reported in hospitalized patients and could be a driver of lung pathology. Literature supports that long-term maintenance of T cell response appears more stable than antibody titters. Up to date, virus-specific T cell memory has been detected 22 months post-symptom onset, with a predominant IL-2 memory response compared to IFN-γ. Furthermore, T cell responses are conserved against the emerging variants of concern (VoCs) while these variants are mostly able to evade humoral responses. This could be partly explained by the high HLA polymorphism whereby the viral epitope repertoire recognized could differ among individuals, greatly decreasing the likelihood of immune escape. Current COVID-19-vaccination has been shown to elicit Th1-driven spike-specific T cell response, as does natural infection, which provides substantial protection against severe COVID-19 and death. In addition, mucosal vaccination has been reported to induce strong adaptive responses both locally and systemically and to protect against VoCs in animal models. The optimization of vaccine formulations by including a variety of viral regions, innovative adjuvants or diverse administration routes could result in a desirable enhanced cellular response and memory, and help to prevent breakthrough infections. In summary, the increasing evidence highlights the relevance of monitoring SARS-CoV-2-specific cellular immune response, and not only antibody levels, as a correlate for protection after infection and/or vaccination. Moreover, it may help to better identify target populations that could benefit most from booster doses and to personalize vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Almendro-Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Laguna-Goya
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
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45
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Lundstrom K. Gene Therapy Cargoes Based on Viral Vector Delivery. Curr Gene Ther 2023; 23:111-134. [PMID: 36154608 DOI: 10.2174/1566523222666220921112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Viral vectors have been proven useful in a broad spectrum of gene therapy applications due to their possibility to accommodate foreign genetic material for both local and systemic delivery. The wide range of viral vectors has enabled gene therapy applications for both acute and chronic diseases. Cancer gene therapy has been addressed by the delivery of viral vectors expressing anti-tumor, toxic, and suicide genes for the destruction of tumors. Delivery of immunostimulatory genes such as cytokines and chemokines has also been applied for cancer therapy. Moreover, oncolytic viruses specifically replicating in and killing tumor cells have been used as such for tumor eradication or in combination with tumor killing or immunostimulatory genes. In a broad meaning, vaccines against infectious diseases and various cancers can be considered gene therapy, which has been highly successful, not the least for the development of effective COVID-19 vaccines. Viral vector-based gene therapy has also demonstrated encouraging and promising results for chronic diseases such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), muscular dystrophy, and hemophilia. Preclinical gene therapy studies in animal models have demonstrated proof-of-concept for a wide range of disease indications. Clinical evaluation of drugs and vaccines in humans has showed high safety levels, good tolerance, and therapeutic efficacy. Several gene therapy drugs such as the adenovirus-based drug Gendicine® for non-small-cell lung cancer, the reovirus-based drug Reolysin® for ovarian cancer, lentivirus-based treatment of SCID-X1 disease, and the rhabdovirus-based vaccine Ervebo against Ebola virus disease, and adenovirus-based vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed.
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46
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Khawaja F, Papanicolaou G, Dadwal S, Pergam SA, Wingard JR, Boghdadly ZE, Abidi MZ, Waghmare A, Shahid Z, Michaels L, Hill JA, Kamboj M, Boeckh M, Auletta JJ, Chemaly RF. Frequently Asked Questions on Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Recipients From the American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and the American Society of Hematology. Transplant Cell Ther 2023; 29:10-18. [PMID: 36273782 PMCID: PMC9584756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), disproportionately affects immunocompromised and elderly patients. Not only are hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell recipients at greater risk for severe COVID-19 and COVID-19-related complications, but they also may experience suboptimal immune responses to currently available COVID-19 vaccines. Optimizing the use, timing, and number of doses of the COVID-19 vaccines in these patients may provide better protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and better outcomes after infection. To this end, current guidelines for COVID-19 vaccination in HCT and CAR T-cell recipients from the American Society of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Transplant Infectious Disease Special Interest Group and the American Society of Hematology are provided in a frequently asked questions format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareed Khawaja
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Genovefa Papanicolaou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sanjeet Dadwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Steven A Pergam
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - John R Wingard
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Zeinab El Boghdadly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Maheen Z Abidi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Alpana Waghmare
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Zainab Shahid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Laura Michaels
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Joshua A Hill
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mini Kamboj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeffery J Auletta
- National Marrow Donor Program/Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT and Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Roy F Chemaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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47
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Astrakhantseva IV, Krut’ VG, Chuvpilo SA, Shevyrev DV, Shumeev AN, Rybtsov SA, Nedospasov SA. On Immunological Studies at Sirius University of Science and Technology. Mol Biol 2023; 57:225-234. [PMID: 37128212 PMCID: PMC10131554 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893323020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This short report summarizes the results of recent immunological studies performed at new Sirius University of Science and Technology. The report focuses on studying the features of the immune response to vaccination and revaccination against SARS-CoV-2, as well as on a search of potential agents to prevent infection with this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. V. Astrakhantseva
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sirius, Krasnodar region Russia
| | - V. G. Krut’
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sirius, Krasnodar region Russia
| | - S. A. Chuvpilo
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sirius, Krasnodar region Russia
| | - D. V. Shevyrev
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sirius, Krasnodar region Russia
| | - A. N. Shumeev
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sirius, Krasnodar region Russia
| | - S. A. Rybtsov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sirius, Krasnodar region Russia
| | - S. A. Nedospasov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sirius, Krasnodar region Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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48
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Ponjoan A, Jacques-Aviñó C, Medina-Perucha L, Romero V, Martí-Lluch R, Alves-Cabratosa L, Ramos R, Berenguera A, Garcia-Gil MDM. Axes of social inequities in COVID-19 clinical trials: A systematic review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1069357. [PMID: 36891333 PMCID: PMC9987589 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1069357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The representativeness of participants is crucial to ensure external validity of clinical trials. We focused on the randomized clinical trials which assessed COVID-19 vaccines to assess the reporting of age, sex, gender identity, race, ethnicity, obesity, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status in the results (description of the participants' characteristics, loss of follow-up, stratification of efficacy and safety results). Methods We searched the following databases for randomized clinical trials published before 1st February 2022: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Excerpta Medica. We included peer-reviewed articles written in English or Spanish. Four researchers used the Rayyan platform to filter citations, first reading the title and abstract, and then accessing the full text. Articles were excluded if both reviewers agreed, or if a third reviewer decided to discard them. Results Sixty three articles were included, which assessed 20 different vaccines, mainly in phase 2 or 3. When describing the participants' characteristics, all the studies reported sex or gender, 73.0% race, ethnicity, 68.9% age groups, and 22.2% obesity. Only one article described the age of participants lost to follow-up. Efficacy results were stratified by age in 61.9%, sex or gender in 26.9%, race and/or, ethnicity in 9.5%, and obesity in 4.8% of the articles. Safety results were stratified by age in 41.0%, and by sex or gender in 7.9% of the analysis. Reporting of gender identity, sexual orientation or socioeconomic status of participants was rare. Parity was reached in 49.2% of the studies, and sex-specific outcomes were mentioned in 22.9% of the analysis, most of the latter were related to females' health. Conclusions Axes of social inequity other than age and sex were hardly reported in randomized clinical trials that assessed COVID-19 vaccines. This undermines their representativeness and external validity and sustains health inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ponjoan
- Grup en Salut Vascular de Girona (ISV-Girona), Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAPJGol), Girona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Constanza Jacques-Aviñó
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Medina-Perucha
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Romero
- Servicio Canario de la Salud, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ruth Martí-Lluch
- Grup en Salut Vascular de Girona (ISV-Girona), Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAPJGol), Girona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lia Alves-Cabratosa
- Grup en Salut Vascular de Girona (ISV-Girona), Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAPJGol), Girona, Spain
| | - Rafel Ramos
- Grup en Salut Vascular de Girona (ISV-Girona), Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAPJGol), Girona, Spain.,Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Berenguera
- Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAPJGol), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Nursing, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Garcia-Gil
- Grup en Salut Vascular de Girona (ISV-Girona), Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAPJGol), Girona, Spain
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49
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Fryer HA, Hartley GE, Edwards ES, O'Hehir RE, van Zelm MC. Humoral immunity and B-cell memory in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1643-1658. [PMID: 36421662 PMCID: PMC9788580 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 induces a robust circulating memory B cell (Bmem) population, which remains stable in number at least 8 months post-infection despite the contraction of antibody levels after 1 month. Multiple vaccines have been developed to combat the virus. These include two new formulations, mRNA and adenoviral vector vaccines, which have varying efficacy rates, potentially related to their distinct capacities to induce humoral immune responses. The mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) elicit significantly higher serum IgG and neutralizing antibody levels than the adenoviral vector ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca) and Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen) vaccines. However, all vaccines induce Spike- and RBD-specific Bmem, which are vital in providing long-lasting protection in the form of rapid recall responses to subsequent infections. Past and current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoC) have shown the capacity to escape antibody neutralization to varying degrees. A booster dose with an mRNA vaccine following primary vaccination restores antibody levels and improves the capacity of these antibodies and Bmem to bind viral variants, including the current VoC Omicron. Future experimental research will be essential to evaluate the durability of protection against VoC provided by each vaccine and to identify immune markers of protection to enable prognostication of people who are at risk of severe complications from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Fryer
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gemma E. Hartley
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emily S.J. Edwards
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robyn E. O'Hehir
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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50
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Graña C, Ghosn L, Evrenoglou T, Jarde A, Minozzi S, Bergman H, Buckley BS, Probyn K, Villanueva G, Henschke N, Bonnet H, Assi R, Menon S, Marti M, Devane D, Mallon P, Lelievre JD, Askie LM, Kredo T, Ferrand G, Davidson M, Riveros C, Tovey D, Meerpohl JJ, Grasselli G, Rada G, Hróbjartsson A, Ravaud P, Chaimani A, Boutron I. Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 12:CD015477. [PMID: 36473651 PMCID: PMC9726273 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different forms of vaccines have been developed to prevent the SARS-CoV-2 virus and subsequent COVID-19 disease. Several are in widespread use globally. OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines (as a full primary vaccination series or a booster dose) against SARS-CoV-2. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register and the COVID-19 L·OVE platform (last search date 5 November 2021). We also searched the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, regulatory agency websites, and Retraction Watch. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing COVID-19 vaccines to placebo, no vaccine, other active vaccines, or other vaccine schedules. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methods. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of evidence for all except immunogenicity outcomes. We synthesized data for each vaccine separately and presented summary effect estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). MAIN RESULTS: We included and analyzed 41 RCTs assessing 12 different vaccines, including homologous and heterologous vaccine schedules and the effect of booster doses. Thirty-two RCTs were multicentre and five were multinational. The sample sizes of RCTs were 60 to 44,325 participants. Participants were aged: 18 years or older in 36 RCTs; 12 years or older in one RCT; 12 to 17 years in two RCTs; and three to 17 years in two RCTs. Twenty-nine RCTs provided results for individuals aged over 60 years, and three RCTs included immunocompromized patients. No trials included pregnant women. Sixteen RCTs had two-month follow-up or less, 20 RCTs had two to six months, and five RCTs had greater than six to 12 months or less. Eighteen reports were based on preplanned interim analyses. Overall risk of bias was low for all outcomes in eight RCTs, while 33 had concerns for at least one outcome. We identified 343 registered RCTs with results not yet available. This abstract reports results for the critical outcomes of confirmed symptomatic COVID-19, severe and critical COVID-19, and serious adverse events only for the 10 WHO-approved vaccines. For remaining outcomes and vaccines, see main text. The evidence for mortality was generally sparse and of low or very low certainty for all WHO-approved vaccines, except AD26.COV2.S (Janssen), which probably reduces the risk of all-cause mortality (risk ratio (RR) 0.25, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.67; 1 RCT, 43,783 participants; high-certainty evidence). Confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 High-certainty evidence found that BNT162b2 (BioNtech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer), mRNA-1273 (ModernaTx), ChAdOx1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca), Ad26.COV2.S, BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm-Beijing), and BBV152 (Bharat Biotect) reduce the incidence of symptomatic COVID-19 compared to placebo (vaccine efficacy (VE): BNT162b2: 97.84%, 95% CI 44.25% to 99.92%; 2 RCTs, 44,077 participants; mRNA-1273: 93.20%, 95% CI 91.06% to 94.83%; 2 RCTs, 31,632 participants; ChAdOx1: 70.23%, 95% CI 62.10% to 76.62%; 2 RCTs, 43,390 participants; Ad26.COV2.S: 66.90%, 95% CI 59.10% to 73.40%; 1 RCT, 39,058 participants; BBIBP-CorV: 78.10%, 95% CI 64.80% to 86.30%; 1 RCT, 25,463 participants; BBV152: 77.80%, 95% CI 65.20% to 86.40%; 1 RCT, 16,973 participants). Moderate-certainty evidence found that NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax) probably reduces the incidence of symptomatic COVID-19 compared to placebo (VE 82.91%, 95% CI 50.49% to 94.10%; 3 RCTs, 42,175 participants). There is low-certainty evidence for CoronaVac (Sinovac) for this outcome (VE 69.81%, 95% CI 12.27% to 89.61%; 2 RCTs, 19,852 participants). Severe or critical COVID-19 High-certainty evidence found that BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, Ad26.COV2.S, and BBV152 result in a large reduction in incidence of severe or critical disease due to COVID-19 compared to placebo (VE: BNT162b2: 95.70%, 95% CI 73.90% to 99.90%; 1 RCT, 46,077 participants; mRNA-1273: 98.20%, 95% CI 92.80% to 99.60%; 1 RCT, 28,451 participants; AD26.COV2.S: 76.30%, 95% CI 57.90% to 87.50%; 1 RCT, 39,058 participants; BBV152: 93.40%, 95% CI 57.10% to 99.80%; 1 RCT, 16,976 participants). Moderate-certainty evidence found that NVX-CoV2373 probably reduces the incidence of severe or critical COVID-19 (VE 100.00%, 95% CI 86.99% to 100.00%; 1 RCT, 25,452 participants). Two trials reported high efficacy of CoronaVac for severe or critical disease with wide CIs, but these results could not be pooled. Serious adverse events (SAEs) mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1 (Oxford-AstraZeneca)/SII-ChAdOx1 (Serum Institute of India), Ad26.COV2.S, and BBV152 probably result in little or no difference in SAEs compared to placebo (RR: mRNA-1273: 0.92, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.08; 2 RCTs, 34,072 participants; ChAdOx1/SII-ChAdOx1: 0.88, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.07; 7 RCTs, 58,182 participants; Ad26.COV2.S: 0.92, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.22; 1 RCT, 43,783 participants); BBV152: 0.65, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.97; 1 RCT, 25,928 participants). In each of these, the likely absolute difference in effects was fewer than 5/1000 participants. Evidence for SAEs is uncertain for BNT162b2, CoronaVac, BBIBP-CorV, and NVX-CoV2373 compared to placebo (RR: BNT162b2: 1.30, 95% CI 0.55 to 3.07; 2 RCTs, 46,107 participants; CoronaVac: 0.97, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.51; 4 RCTs, 23,139 participants; BBIBP-CorV: 0.76, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.06; 1 RCT, 26,924 participants; NVX-CoV2373: 0.92, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.14; 4 RCTs, 38,802 participants). For the evaluation of heterologous schedules, booster doses, and efficacy against variants of concern, see main text of review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Compared to placebo, most vaccines reduce, or likely reduce, the proportion of participants with confirmed symptomatic COVID-19, and for some, there is high-certainty evidence that they reduce severe or critical disease. There is probably little or no difference between most vaccines and placebo for serious adverse events. Over 300 registered RCTs are evaluating the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, and this review is updated regularly on the COVID-NMA platform (covid-nma.com). Implications for practice Due to the trial exclusions, these results cannot be generalized to pregnant women, individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, or immunocompromized people. Most trials had a short follow-up and were conducted before the emergence of variants of concern. Implications for research Future research should evaluate the long-term effect of vaccines, compare different vaccines and vaccine schedules, assess vaccine efficacy and safety in specific populations, and include outcomes such as preventing long COVID-19. Ongoing evaluation of vaccine efficacy and effectiveness against emerging variants of concern is also vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Graña
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lina Ghosn
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Theodoros Evrenoglou
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexander Jarde
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hillary Bonnet
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Rouba Assi
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Melanie Marti
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Declan Devane
- Evidence Synthesis Ireland, Cochrane Ireland and HRB-Trials Methodology Research Network, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Patrick Mallon
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research and UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jean-Daniel Lelievre
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Henri Mondor Hospital, Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris Est Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Lisa M Askie
- Quality Assurance Norms and Standards Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tamara Kredo
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Mauricia Davidson
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Carolina Riveros
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Joerg J Meerpohl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center & Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cochrane Germany, Cochrane Germany Foundation, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Giacomo Grasselli
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriel Rada
- Epistemonikos Foundation, Santiago, Chile
- UC Evidence Center, Cochrane Chile Associated Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Asbjørn Hróbjartsson
- Centre for Evidence Based Medicine Odense (CEBMO) and Cochrane Denmark, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Open Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Philippe Ravaud
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anna Chaimani
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Boutron
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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