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Sutherland C, Gaffo AL. Investigating gout flares: beyond a definition. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2024; 36:309-313. [PMID: 38695425 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000001024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gout flares are a paramount component of disease burden inflicted by gout onto the patient. Furthermore, they are included in the core domain set for long-term gout studies recognized by Outcome Measures in Rheumatology. Along with a validated classification criterion for gout, gout investigators have turned their efforts into defining and characterizing the gout flare. This brief review will summarize the efforts that have been done to define and characterize a gout flare in clinical studies. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings include a validated definition of a gout flare that has been utilized in novel clinical studies, use of technology to monitor for gout flares and their effects on patient life, and qualitative analyses into the disease burden that a patient undergoes. SUMMARY Although guidelines for core outcome domains have been well established, there is question in methods of measuring and reporting gout flares in long-term trials. Furthermore, there is question as to the effectiveness of the agreed upon instruments' abilities to fully capture the disease burden experienced by patients with gout. A combination of outcome measurements including binary data (gout flare present or absent) along with a comprehensive measurement of disease burden over time would theoretically provide a more accurate description of the disease and serve as a basis for intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelo L Gaffo
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Bech-Drewes A, Bonnesen K, Hauge EM, Schmidt M. Cardiovascular safety of using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for gout: a Danish nationwide case-crossover study. Rheumatol Int 2024; 44:1061-1069. [PMID: 38581450 PMCID: PMC11108875 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-024-05584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Gout attacks are treated with uric-lowering and anti-inflammatory drugs. In patients with gout, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could be both cardiovascular beneficial, due to their anti-inflammatory actions, and cardiovascular hazardous, due to their prothrombotic, hypertensive, and proarrhythmic side effects. We, therefore, examined the risk of cardiovascular events associated with NSAID use in patients with gout. We conducted a nationwide, population-based case-crossover study of all Danes ≥ 18 years of age with first-time gout during 1997-2020, who experienced a cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation/flutter, or cardiovascular death) (n = 59,150). The exposure was use of NSAIDs, overall and according to type (ibuprofen, naproxen, or diclofenac). We used the dates 300, 240, 180, and 120 before the outcome date as reference dates. We used the Mantel-Haenszel method to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between NSAID use and cardiovascular events. NSAID use was overall associated with 12% decreased odds of a cardiovascular event (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.85-0.91). This decreased odds ratio was observed for the use of ibuprofen (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88-0.97) and naproxen (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.97), but not for the use of diclofenac (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.90-1.05). Overall, use of NSAIDs was associated with decreased odds of all the individual components of the composite outcome. NSAIDs were not associated with an increased cardiovascular event rate when used in gout patients. Ibuprofen and naproxen appeared to have better cardiovascular risk profiles than diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bech-Drewes
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Olof Palmes Allé 43, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Kasper Bonnesen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Olof Palmes Allé 43, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ellen-Magrethe Hauge
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Olof Palmes Allé 43, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Olof Palmes Allé 43, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Gødstrup Regional Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Yokose C, Challener G, Jiang B, Zhou B, McCormick N, Tanikella S, Panchot KMQ, Kohler MJ, Yinh J, Zhang Y, Bates DW, Januzzi JL, Sise M, Wexler D, Choi HK. Serum urate change among gout patients treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors vs. sulfonylurea: A comparative effectiveness analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2024; 66:152441. [PMID: 38657403 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2024.152441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the serum urate (SU) change among gout patients initiating SGLT2i, and to compare with sulfonylurea, the second-most widely used glucose-lowering medication after metformin. METHODS We conducted a cohort study of patients with gout and baseline SU >6 mg/dL who had SU measured within 90 days before and after SGLT2i or sulfonylurea initiation. Using multivariable linear regression, we compared SU change among SGLT2i initiators between those with and without diabetes and then compared SU change between SGLT2i and sulfonylurea. RESULTS We identified 28 patients with gout initiating SGLT2i (including 16 with diabetes) and 28 patients initiating sulfonylurea (all with diabetes). Among SGLT2i initiators, the mean within-group SU change was -1.8 (95 % CI, -2.4 to -1.1) mg/dL, including -1.2 (-1.8 to -0.6) mg/dL and -2.5 (-3.6 to -1.3) mg/dL among patients with and without diabetes, respectively, with an adjusted difference between those with and without diabetes of -1.4 (-2.4 to -0.5) mg/dL. The SU did not change after initiating sulfonylurea (+0.3 [-0.3 to 1.0] mg/dL). The adjusted SU change difference between SGLT2i vs. sulfonylurea initiation was -1.8 (-2.7 to -0.9) mg/dL in all patients. The SU reduction persisted regardless of urate-lowering therapy or diuretic use and the presence of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or heart failure. CONCLUSION Among patients with gout, SGLT2i was associated with a notable reduction in SU compared with sulfonylurea, with a larger reduction among patients without diabetes. With their proven cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic benefits, adding SGLT2i to current gout management could provide streamlined benefits for gout and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chio Yokose
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Rheumatology and Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Greg Challener
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bohang Jiang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Rheumatology and Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Baijun Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Rheumatology and Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalie McCormick
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Rheumatology and Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sruthi Tanikella
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Rheumatology and Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kila Mei Qin Panchot
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Rheumatology and Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Minna J Kohler
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janeth Yinh
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Rheumatology and Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David W Bates
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James L Januzzi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Heart Failure and Biomarker Trials, Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Meghan Sise
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah Wexler
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Diabetes Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyon K Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Rheumatology and Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Maher D, Reeve E, Hopkins A, Tan JM, Tantiongco M, Ailabouni N, Woodman R, Stamp L, Bursill D, Proudman S, Wiese M. Comparative Risk of Gout Flares When Initiating or Escalating Various Urate-Lowering Therapy: A Systematic Review With Network Meta-Analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2024; 76:871-881. [PMID: 38303574 DOI: 10.1002/acr.25309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We systematically examined comparative gout flare risk after initiation or escalation of different urate-lowering therapies (ULTs), comparative flare risk with and without concomitant flare prophylaxis, adverse event rates associated with flare prophylaxis, and optimal duration of flare prophylaxis. METHODS We searched the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases and clinical trial registries from inception to November 2021 for trials investigating adults with gout initiating or escalating ULT. We performed random effects network meta-analyses and calculated risk ratios (RRs) between treatments. Bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. RESULTS We identified 3,775 records, of which 29 publications (27 trials) were included. When compared to placebo plus prophylaxis, the RR of flares ranged from 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87-1.33) for febuxostat 40 mg plus prophylaxis to RR 2.65 [95% CI 1.58-4.45] for febuxostat 80 mg plus lesinurad 400 mg plus prophylaxis. Compared to ULT alone, the RR of flares was lower for ULT plus rilonacept 160 mg (RR 0.35 [95% CI 0.25-0.50]), ULT plus rilonacept 80 mg (RR 0.43 [95% CI 0.31-0.60]) and ULT plus colchicine (RR 0.50 [95% CI 0.35-0.72]). There was limited evidence for other flare prophylaxis and on prophylaxis harms and optimal duration. Primarily because of missing outcome data and bias in the selection of reported results, 71.4% and 63.4% of studies were assessed as high risk of bias for flares and adverse events, respectively. CONCLUSION The RR of flares when introducing ULT varies depending on ULT drug and dosing strategies. There were limited data on ULT escalation. Flare prophylaxis with colchicine and rilonacept reduces flare incidence. More research is required on the harms and optimal duration of prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Maher
- University of South Australia and Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emily Reeve
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley Hopkins
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jiun Ming Tan
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mahsa Tantiongco
- Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Lisa Stamp
- University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David Bursill
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Michael Wiese
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Hsu WWQ, Zhang X, Sing CW, Tan KCB, Wong ICK, Lau WCY, Cheung CL. Unveiling unique clinical phenotypes of hip fracture patients and the temporal association with cardiovascular events. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4353. [PMID: 38777819 PMCID: PMC11111763 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular events are the leading cause of death among hip fracture patients. This study aims to identify subphenotypes of hip fracture patients and investigate their association with incident cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, and health service utilisation in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom populations. By the latent class analysis, we show three distinct clusters in the Hong Kong cohort (n = 78,417): Cluster 1 has cerebrovascular and hypertensive diseases, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes; Cluster 2 has congestive heart failure; Cluster 3 consists of relatively healthy patients. Compared to Cluster 3, higher risks of major adverse cardiovascular events are observed in Cluster 1 (hazard ratio 1.97, 95% CI 1.83 to 2.12) and Cluster 2 (hazard ratio 4.06, 95% CI 3.78 to 4.35). Clusters 1 and 2 are also associated with a higher risk of mortality, more unplanned accident and emergency visits and longer hospital stays. Self-controlled case series analysis shows a significantly elevated risk of major adverse cardiovascular events within 60 days post-hip fracture. Similar associations are observed in the United Kingdom cohort (n = 27,948). Pre-existing heart failure is identified as a unique subphenotype associated with poor prognosis after hip fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warrington W Q Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chor-Wing Sing
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kathryn C B Tan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ian Chi-Kei Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Medicines Optimisation Research and Education, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Wallis C Y Lau
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Medicines Optimisation Research and Education, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ching-Lung Cheung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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Tang C, Li L, Jin X, Wang J, Zou D, Hou Y, Yu X, Wang Z, Jiang H. Investigating the Impact of Gut Microbiota on Gout Through Mendelian Randomization. Orthop Res Rev 2024; 16:125-136. [PMID: 38766545 PMCID: PMC11100514 DOI: 10.2147/orr.s454211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between gout and gut microbiota has attracted significant attention in current research. However, due to the diverse range of gut microbiota, the specific causal effect on gout remains unclear. This study utilizes Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal relationship between gut microbiota and gout, aiming to elucidate the underlying mechanism of microbiome-mediated gout and provide valuable guidance for clinical prevention and treatment. Materials and Methods The largest genome-wide association study meta-analysis conducted by the MiBioGen Consortium (n=18,340) was utilized to perform a two-sample Mendelian randomization investigation on aggregate statistics of intestinal microbiota. Summary statistics for gout were utilized from the data released by EBI. Various methods, including inverse variance weighted, weighted median, weighted model, MR-Egger, and Simple-mode, were employed to assess the causal relationship between gut microbiota and gout. Reverse Mendelian randomization analysis revealed a causal association between bacteria and gout in forward Mendelian randomization analysis. Cochran's Q statistic was used to quantify instrumental variable heterogeneity. Results The inverse variance weighted estimation revealed that Rikenellaceae exhibited a slight protective effect on gout, while the presence of Ruminococcaceae UCG_011 is associated with a marginal increase in the risk of gout. According to the reverse Mendelian Randomization results, no significant causal relationship between gout and gut microbiota was observed. No significant heterogeneity of instrumental variables or level pleiotropy was detected. Conclusion Our MR analysis revealed a potential causal relationship between the development of gout and specific gut microbiota; however, the causal effect was not robust, and further research is warranted to elucidate its underlying mechanism in gout development. Considering the significant association between diet, gut microbiota, and gout, these findings undoubtedly shed light on the mechanisms of microbiota-mediated gout and provide new insights for translational research on managing and standardizing treatment for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Tang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Wendeng Osteopathic Hospital, Wendeng, Weihai, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Wendeng Osteopathic Hospital, Wendeng, Weihai, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Wendeng Osteopathic Hospital, Wendeng, Weihai, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Debao Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Wendeng Osteopathic Hospital, Wendeng, Weihai, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Wendeng Osteopathic Hospital, Wendeng, Weihai, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Wendeng Osteopathic Hospital, Wendeng, Weihai, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhizhou Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Wendeng Osteopathic Hospital, Wendeng, Weihai, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongjiang Jiang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Wendeng Osteopathic Hospital, Wendeng, Weihai, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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Dalbeth N, Te Karu L, Stamp LK. Gout and its management. Intern Med J 2024; 54:716-723. [PMID: 38654576 DOI: 10.1111/imj.16382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Gout is a common and treatable chronic disease of monosodium urate crystal deposition. It is experienced as extremely painful episodes of joint inflammation that impact all aspects of the person's life. This Clinical Perspectives article provides an update on gout diagnosis, medications and strategies to improve the quality of gout care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leanne Te Karu
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa K Stamp
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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McCormick N, Lin K, Yokose C, Lu N, Zhang Y, Choi HK. Unclosing Premature Mortality Gap Among Patients With Gout in the US General Population, Independent of Serum Urate and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2024; 76:691-702. [PMID: 38191784 PMCID: PMC11039387 DOI: 10.1002/acr.25292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gout flares are followed by transient major cardiovascular (CV) risk, implicating the role of inflammation; the aim of this study was to determine whether premature mortality rates in patients with gout and CV risk are independent of serum urate (SU) and atherosclerotic CV disease (ASCVD) risk factors. METHODS Using serial US nationwide prospective cohorts, we evaluated the independent association of prevalent gout with all-cause and CV mortality, adjusting for SU, ASCVD risk factors, comorbidities, medications, and kidney function and compared mortality rates between the early (1988-1994 baseline) and late cohorts (2007-2016 baseline). We replicated late cohort findings among patients with gout in a nationwide UK cohort (2006-2010 baseline). RESULTS Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality rates in patients with prevalent gout were similar in early and late US cohorts (1.20 [1.03-1.40] and 1.19 [1.04-1.37], respectively); HRs with further adjustment for SU were 1.19 (1.02-1.38) and 1.19 (1.03-1.37), respectively. Adjusted HR among patients with gout from the UK late cohort was 1.61 (1.47-1.75); these associations were larger among women (P = 0.04) and prominent among Black individuals. Adjusted HR for CV mortality rates in the late US cohort was 1.39 (1.09-1.78); those for circulatory, CV, and coronary heart disease deaths among UK patients with incident gout were 1.48 (1.24-1.76), 1.49 (1.20-1.85), and 1.59 (1.26-1.99), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Patients with gout experience a persistent mortality gap in all-cause and CV deaths, even adjusting for SU and ASCVD risk factors, supporting a role for gout-specific pathways (eg, flare inflammation). These findings suggest gaps in current care, particularly in women and possibly among Black patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie McCormick
- Rheumatology & Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA USA
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Kehuan Lin
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
| | - Chio Yokose
- Rheumatology & Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA USA
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
| | - Na Lu
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver BC Canada
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Rheumatology & Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA USA
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
| | - Hyon K. Choi
- Rheumatology & Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA USA
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver BC Canada
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9
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Liu S, Sun H, Yang S, Liang N, Gao Y, Qu S, Chen H. Clustering of gout-related comorbidities and their relationship with gout flares: a data-driven cluster analysis of eight comorbidities. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:1119-1128. [PMID: 37906371 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the aggregation of multiple comorbidities in people with gout and explore differences in prognosis of gout flares among different subgroups. METHODS Hierarchical clustering was performed to identify homogeneous subgroups among 2639 people with gout using eight comorbidities. A one-year follow-up of acute gout flares in 463 of these people was conducted; the incidence and the timing of gout flares in each cluster were assessed to explore prognosis of gout flares. Binary logistic regression was applied to assess factors associated with gout flares. RESULTS In baseline study, we identified five subgroups (C1-C5). C1 (n = 671, 25%) was characterized by isolated gout with few comorbidities. C2 (n = 258, 10%) were all obese. Almost all people in C3 (n = 335, 13%) had diabetes (99.7%). All people in C4 (n = 938, 36%) had dyslipidemia. C5 (n = 437, 17%) had the highest proportion of cardiovascular disease (CVD, 53%), chronic kidney disease (CKD, 56%), and cancer (7%). In follow-up study, C5 had the highest incidence (71.9%) and earliest onset (median 3 months) of gout flares. C2 had the lowest incidence (52.1%) and the latest onset (median 10 months) of gout flares. The highest relative risk for gout recurrent was seen for C5 (OR = 2.09). Other factors associated with the risk of gout flares were age at diagnosis of gout, duration of gout, presence of tophi, and smoking ≥ 20 cigarettes/day. CONCLUSIONS We clustered people with gout into five groups with varying comorbidities. People with CVD, CKD, and cancer had the highest risk of gout flares and should receive comprehensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - H Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - S Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - N Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Y Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - S Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - H Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Si K, Chi J, Xu L, Dong B, Huang Y, Zhang H, Chen Y, Wang Y. Tophi and carotid atherosclerosis in gout patients: Role of insulin resistance. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:1134-1141. [PMID: 38220503 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Gout and cardiovascular disease are closely related, but the mechanism linking them is still unknown. Gout may affect the insulin signaling pathway inducing insulin resistance (IR). The study aims to evaluate the association between tophi and carotid atherosclerosis, considering the potential role of IR. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 595 patients with gout aged 18 to 80 were enrolled in this study. Carotid intima-media thickness, plaques and tophi were evaluated by B-mode ultrasonography. IR was assessed by the HOMA index (hepatic IR) and Gutt index (peripheral IR). Multivariable logistic regression and interaction analysis were used to examine the association between tophi and IR and its impact on carotid atherosclerosis. Among these participants, the average age was 55.4 (±12.54) years, and 94.6 % were male. Tophi were associated with increased odds of carotid atherosclerosis and burden after adjustment for confounders (P < 0.05). Tophi and IR synergically interacted for inducing carotid atherosclerosis. The interaction between peripheral IR with tophi was more pronounced than hepatic IR with tophi. CONCLUSIONS Tophi were independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis risk. IR mediated a significant amount of the effect of tophi on the development of carotid atherosclerosis. Peripheral IR probably plays a more important role than hepatic IR does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Si
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jingwei Chi
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bingzi Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yajing Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haowen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yangang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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11
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Alabarse PG, Oliveira P, Qin H, Yan T, Migaud M, Terkeltaub R, Liu-Bryan R. The NADase CD38 is a central regulator in gouty inflammation and a novel druggable therapeutic target. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:739-751. [PMID: 38493256 PMCID: PMC11058052 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cellular NAD+ declines in inflammatory states associated with increased activity of the leukocyte-expressed NADase CD38. In this study, we tested the potential role of therapeutically targeting CD38 and NAD+ in gout. METHODS We studied cultured mouse wild type and CD38 knockout (KO) murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) stimulated by monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and used the air pouch gouty inflammation model. RESULTS MSU crystals induced CD38 in BMDMs in vitro, associated with NAD+ depletion, and IL-1β and CXCL1 release, effects reversed by pharmacologic CD38 inhibitors (apigenin, 78c). Mouse air pouch inflammatory responses to MSU crystals were blunted by CD38 KO and apigenin. Pharmacologic CD38 inhibition suppressed MSU crystal-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and increased anti-inflammatory SIRT3-SOD2 activity in macrophages. BMDM RNA-seq analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed CD38 to control multiple MSU crystal-modulated inflammation pathways. Top DEGs included the circadian rhythm modulator GRP176, and the metalloreductase STEAP4 that mediates iron homeostasis, and promotes oxidative stress and NF-κB activation when it is overexpressed. CONCLUSIONS CD38 and NAD+ depletion are druggable targets controlling the MSU crystal- induced inflammation program. Targeting CD38 and NAD+ are potentially novel selective molecular approaches to limit gouty arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gil Alabarse
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Patricia Oliveira
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Huaping Qin
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Yan
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
- Gritstone Bio, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Marie Migaud
- Department of Pharmacology, F. Whiddon College of Medicine, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ru Liu-Bryan
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
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12
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Richette P, Dalbeth N. Treat-to-target or treat-to-dissolve strategy to improve gout treatment. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024:10.1038/s41584-024-01117-5. [PMID: 38671197 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Richette
- Department of Rheumatology, INSERM U1132, Lariboisière Hospital, Université Paris-Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Rasmussen C, Larsen JW, Christensen HM, Larsen MB, Thomsen AM, Leishmann T, Kragh J, Nielsen GL. Optimising gout treatment: insights from a nurse-led cohort study. RMD Open 2024; 10:e004179. [PMID: 38663881 PMCID: PMC11043733 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2024-004179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Currently, gout management, particularly urate-lowering therapy (ULT), is often suboptimal. Nurses successfully manage various diseases including gout. As gout prevalence is rising, and rheumatologists and general practitioners face shortages, a new approach is imperative. This real-life prospective cohort study evaluated the effectiveness of nurse-led care employing a treat-to-target strategy for gout management over a 2-year period. METHODS All consecutively confirmed gout patients were included. The nurse-led clinic provided a structured treatment plan with consultations, patient leaflets, telephone contacts and laboratory monitoring. After a year of nurse-led care, patients transitioned to continued care in general practice. Follow-up data were complete through registries. The primary outcome was achieving target p-urate levels (<0.36 mmol/L) at 2 years after diagnosis. Secondary outcomes included treatment continuation and achievement of target p-urate levels in specific subgroups. The results were compared with patients diagnosed in the same clinic but followed up in 'usual care'. RESULTS In the nurse-led group (n=114), 83% achieved target p-urate levels and ULT was continued by 98%. This trend persisted across various patient subgroups. Only 44% of patients in usual care achieved target p-urate and with insufficient doses of allopurinol . Nurse-led care involved an average of two visits and three telephone contacts over 336 days. The 2-year mortality rate was 15%. CONCLUSIONS Nurse-led gout care, employing a targeted approach, was associated with a very high uptake of and adherence to ULT. The encouraging results were not achieved in usual care although a direct comparison might be influenced by selection bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Rasmussen
- Department of Rheumatology, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjorring, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Monica Bak Larsen
- Department of Rheumatology, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjorring, Denmark
| | - Anna Marie Thomsen
- Department of Rheumatology, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjorring, Denmark
| | - Tinna Leishmann
- Department of Rheumatology, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjorring, Denmark
| | - Jette Kragh
- Department of Rheumatology, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjorring, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Lauge Nielsen
- Clinical Medicine, Aalborg Universitet, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Farsø Outpatient Clinic, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg Universitetshospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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14
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McCormick N, Yokose C, Lu N, Wexler DJ, Aviña-Zubieta JA, De Vera MA, McCoy RG, Choi HK. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors vs Sulfonylureas for Gout Prevention Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Receiving Metformin. JAMA Intern Med 2024:2817607. [PMID: 38619822 PMCID: PMC11019449 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Importance Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a revolutionary treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D) with cardiovascular, kidney, and serum urate-lowering benefits. Objective To compare risk of incident gout and rate of recurrent flares between patients with T2D initiating SGLT2i vs sulfonylurea, most common second-line glucose-lowering therapy, when added to metformin monotherapy. Design, Setting, and Participants This sequential, propensity score-matched, new-user comparative effectiveness study using target trial emulation framework included adults with T2D receiving metformin monotherapy in a Canadian general population database from January 1, 2014, to June 30, 2022. Exposures Initiation of SGLT2i vs sulfonylurea. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was incident gout diagnosis, ascertained by emergency department (ED), hospital, outpatient, and medication dispensing records. Secondary outcomes were gout-primary hospitalizations and ED visits and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), as well as recurrent flare rates among prevalent gout patients. Heart failure (HF) hospitalization was assessed as positive control outcome and osteoarthritis encounters as negative control. For target trial emulations, we used Cox proportional hazards and Poisson regressions with 1:1 propensity score matching (primary analysis) and overlap weighting (sensitivity analysis). The analysis was conducted from September to December, 2023. Results Among 34 604 propensity score matched adults with T2D initiating SGLT2i or sulfonylurea (20 816 [60%] male, mean [SD] age, 60 [12.4] years), incidence of gout was lower among SGLT2i initiators (4.27 events per 1000 person-years) than sulfonylurea initiators (6.91 events per 1000 person-years), with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.62 (95% CI, 0.48-0.80) and a rate difference (RD) of -2.64 (95% CI, -3.99 to -1.29) per 1000 person-years. Associations persisted regardless of sex, age, or baseline diuretic use. SGLT2i use was also associated with fewer recurrent flares among gout patients (rate ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.55-0.82; and RD, -20.9; 95% CI, -31.9 to -10.0 per 1000 person-years). HR and RD for MACE associated with SGLT2i use were 0.87 (95% CI, 0.77-0.98) and -3.58 (95% CI, -6.19 to -0.96) per 1000 person-years. For control outcomes, SGLT2i users had lower risk of HF (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.38-0.76), as expected, with no difference in osteoarthritis (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.94-1.34). Results were similar when applying propensity score overlap weighting. Conclusions In this population-based cohort study, the gout and cardiovascular benefits associated with SGLT2i in these target trial emulations may guide selection of glucose-lowering therapy in patients with T2D, at risk for or already with gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie McCormick
- Rheumatology & Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chio Yokose
- Rheumatology & Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Na Lu
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Deborah J. Wexler
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Diabetes Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - J. Antonio Aviña-Zubieta
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mary A. De Vera
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rozalina G. McCoy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
- University of Maryland Institute for Health Computing, Bethesda
- Division of Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Hyon K. Choi
- Rheumatology & Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wang X, Yang B, Xiong T, Qiu Y, Qin Y, Liang X, Lu D, Yang X. Identification of potential biomarkers of gout through weighted gene correlation network analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1367019. [PMID: 38686389 PMCID: PMC11056514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1367019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although hyperuricemia is not always associated with acute gouty arthritis, uric acid is a significant risk factor for gout. Therefore, we investigated the specific mechanism of uric acid activity. Methods Using the gout-associated transcriptome dataset GSE160170, we conducted differential expression analysis to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Moreover, we discovered highly linked gene modules using weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and evaluated their intersection. Subsequently, we screened for relevant biomarkers using the cytoHubba and Mcode algorithms in the STRING database, investigated their connection to immune cells and constructed a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network to identify upstream miRNAs and lncRNAs. We also collected PBMCs from acute gouty arthritis patients and healthy individuals and constructed a THP-1 cell gout inflammatory model, RT-qPCR and western blotting (WB) were used to detect the expression of C-X-C motif ligand 8 (CXCL8), C-X-C motif ligand 2 (CXCL2), and C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1). Finally, we predicted relevant drug targets through hub genes, hoping to find better treatments. Results According to differential expression analysis, there were 76 upregulated and 28 downregulated mRNAs in GSE160170. Additionally, WGCNA showed that the turquoise module was most strongly correlated with primary gout; 86 hub genes were eventually obtained upon intersection. IL1β, IL6, CXCL8, CXCL1, and CXCL2 are the principal hub genes of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Using RT-qPCR and WB, we found that there were significant differences in the expression levels of CXCL8, CXCL1, and CXCL2 between the gouty group and the healthy group, and we also predicted 10 chemicals related to these proteins. Conclusion In this study, we screened and validated essential genes using a variety of bioinformatics tools to generate novel ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tian Xiong
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yingfen Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinghuan Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Decheng Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuming Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanning, China
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16
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Xiong J, Sun Y, Huang H, Liu Y, Ling F, Wei Y, Zheng Q, Qi W, Liang F. The Causal Relationship between Angina Pectoris and Gout Based on Two Sample Mendelian Randomization. Pain Res Manag 2024; 2024:4564596. [PMID: 38633818 PMCID: PMC11022507 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4564596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was conducted to assess the causal relationship between angina pectoris and gout. Material and Methods. Based on genome-wide association studies, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were closely associated with gout were selected from the UK Biobank-Neale Lab (ukb-a-107) as genetic instrumental variables. Considering that gout is characterized by elevated blood uric acid levels, SNPs related to blood uric acid levels were screened from BioBank Japan (bbj-a-57) as auxiliary gene instrumental variables. SNPs closely associated with angina pectoris onset were screened from the FINN dataset (finn-b-I9_ANGINA) as outcome variables. Two-sample MR was conducted, with inverse variance weighting (IVW) of the random effects model as the primary result, along with the weighted median method (WME) and the MR-Egger regression method. To further confirm the causal relationship between angina and gout incidence, a meta-analysis was conducted on the IVW results of the ukb-a-107 and bbj-a-57. Results The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of the IVW, WME, and MR-Egger results of ukb-a-107 were (OR = 33.72; 95% CI: 2.07∼550.38), (OR = 57.94; 95% CI: 2.75∼1219.82), and (OR = 96.38; 95% CI: 0.6∼15556.93), respectively. The P values of IVW and WME were 0.014 and 0.014 (both <0.05), respectively, indicating that the development of angina pectoris was significantly associated with the incidence of gout. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of the IVW, WME, and MR-Egger about bbj-a-57 were (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.07∼1.34), (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.02∼1.38), and (OR = 1.30; 95% CI; 1.06∼1.60), respectively. The P values of IVW, WME and MR-Egger were 0.001, 0.027 and 0.017 (all <0.05), respectively, indicating a significant correlation between angina and blood uric acid levels. Scatter plots of ukb-a-107 and bbj-a-57 showed that the causal association estimates of the IVW, MR-Egger, and weighted median methods were similar and that the MR results were accurate. Funnel plots and the MR-Egger intercept of ukb-a-107 and bbj-a-57 showed the absence of horizontal pleiotropy. The leave-out sensitivity analysis results of ukb-a-107 and bbj-a-57 are stable. The meta-analysis of IVW results for ukb-a-107 and bbj-a-57 showed (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.07-1.34, P=0.02), confirming that gout characterized by high blood uric acid levels significantly increases the risk of angina attacks. Conclusions This MR study found a clear causal relationship between angina pectoris and gout, which increases the risk of angina pectoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiong
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530001, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Fayang Ling
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Yin Wei
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Qianhua Zheng
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Wenchuan Qi
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
| | - Fanrong Liang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610075, China
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17
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Yokose C, McCormick N, Abhishek A, Dalbeth N, Pascart T, Lioté F, Gaffo A, FitzGerald J, Terkeltaub R, Sise ME, Januzzi JL, Wexler DJ, Choi HK. The clinical benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors in people with gout. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024; 20:216-231. [PMID: 38472344 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis worldwide and is characterized by painful recurrent flares of inflammatory arthritis that are associated with a transiently increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Furthermore, gout is associated with multiple cardiometabolic-renal comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. These comorbidities, potentially combined with gout flare-related inflammation, contribute to persistent premature mortality in gout, independently of serum urate concentrations and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Although better implementation of standard gout care could improve gout outcomes, deliberate efforts to address the cardiovascular risk in patients with gout are likely to be required to reduce mortality. Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are approved for multiple indications owing to their ability to lower the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death, hospitalizations for heart failure and chronic kidney disease progression, making them an attractive treatment option for gout. These medications have also been shown to lower serum urate concentrations, the causal culprit in gout risk, and are associated with a reduced risk of incident and recurrent gout, potentially owing to their purported anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, SGLT2 inhibition could simultaneously address both the symptoms of gout and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chio Yokose
- Rheumatology & Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (RACER), Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Natalie McCormick
- Rheumatology & Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (RACER), Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tristan Pascart
- Department of Rheumatology, Lille Catholic University, Saint-Philibert Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Lioté
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMR 1132 Bioscar, centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- Rheumatology Department, Saint-Joseph Paris Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Angelo Gaffo
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John FitzGerald
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Veterans Health Affairs, Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Meghan E Sise
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James L Januzzi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah J Wexler
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- MGH Diabetes Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyon K Choi
- Rheumatology & Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center (RACER), Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Han T, Chen W, Qiu X, Wang W. Epidemiology of gout - Global burden of disease research from 1990 to 2019 and future trend predictions. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2024; 15:20420188241227295. [PMID: 38439915 PMCID: PMC10910883 DOI: 10.1177/20420188241227295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the global burden of gout in the past and future can provide important references for optimizing prevention and control strategies in healthcare systems. Objectives This study aimed to report variations in the global disease burden and risk factors of gout in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Design We conducted a retrospective analysis of gout based on the latest Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database. Methods We collected data on the prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of gout from 1990 to 2019. The data were then stratified by age, sex, and economic development level. Decomposition analysis, frontier analysis, and prediction models were used to analyze the changes and influencing factors influencing each indicator. Results Globally, there were 53,871,846.4 [95% uncertainty interval (UI): 43,383,204.6-66,342,327.3] prevalent cases, 92,228,86.8 (95% UI: 7419,132.1-11,521,165) incident cases, and 1673,973.4 (95% UI: 1,068,061.1-2,393,469.2) cases of DALYs of gout in 2019, more than double those in 1990. Moreover, the pace of increase in the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) accelerated during 1990-2019, with estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) of 0.94 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85-1.03], 0.77 (95% CI: 0.69-0.84), and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.84-1.02), respectively, especially among men. The disease burden of gout has increased in all the other 20 GBD regions in the past 30 years, except Western Sub-Saharan Africa. The highest risk of high body mass index (BMI) and kidney dysfunction was in high-income countries such as North America and East Asia. The global prevalence rate, incidence rate, and DALYs rate of gout in 2030 will reach 599.86, 102.96 per 100,000 population, and 20.26 per 100,000 population, respectively, roughly the same as in 2019. Conclusion With the development of society, the disease burden of gout will become increasingly severe. It is very important to study the accurate epidemiological data on gout for clinical diagnosis and treatment and health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfen Han
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenli Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Affiliated Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiasang Qiu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310005, China
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19
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Ferguson LD, Molenberghs G, Verbeke G, Rahimi K, Rao S, McInnes IB, McMurray JJV, Sattar N, Conrad N. Gout and incidence of 12 cardiovascular diseases: a case-control study including 152 663 individuals with gout and 709 981 matched controls. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2024; 6:e156-e167. [PMID: 38383089 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(23)00338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gout, a common crystal arthropathy, is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We aimed to identify how this risk varies by individual cardiovascular disease across a broad spectrum of conditions. METHODS In this matched case-control study, we used linked primary and secondary electronic health records from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink to assemble a cohort of individuals with a first-time diagnosis of gout between Jan 1, 2000 and Dec 31, 2017, who were aged 80 years or younger at diagnosis, and free of cardiovascular diseases up to 12 months after diagnosis. The control cohort comprised up to five control individuals per patient with gout, matched on age, sex, socioeconomic status, geographical region, and calendar time, randomly selected among individuals free of gout at any time before and during the study period. The cohorts were followed up until June 30, 2019. We investigated the incidence of 12 cardiovascular diseases and used Cox proportional hazards models to examine differences in people with and without gout, overall and by subgroups of sex, age, socioeconomic status, and year of study inclusion. We further adjusted models for known cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, BMI, smoking status, cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and history of hypertension). FINDINGS We identified 152 663 individuals with gout (mean age 56·2 years [SD 13·3]; 120 324 [78·8%] men and 32 339 [21·2%] women) and 709 981 matched controls (mean age 56·5 years [13·2]; 561 002 [79·0%] men and 148 979 [21·0%] women). Of these individuals, 31 479 (20·6%) with gout and 106 520 (15·0%) without gout developed cardiovascular disease during a median follow-up of 6·5 years (IQR 3·1-10·5). Patients with gout had higher risk of cardiovascular diseases than matched controls (hazard ratio [HR] 1·58 [95% CI 1·52-1·63]). Excess risk of cardiovascular disease in gout was greater in women than men (women: HR 1·88 [1·75-2·02]; men: HR 1·49 [1·43-1·56]), and, among all age groups, was highest in younger individuals (HR in people aged <45 years: 2·22 [1·92-2·57]). Excess risk was observed across all 12 cardiovascular diseases investigated. Patients with gout had higher BMI than matched controls (mean difference 2·90 kg/m2 [95% CI 2·87-2·93]) and higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease, dyslipidaemia, history of hypertension, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Adjusting for known cardiovascular risk factors attenuated but did not eliminate the excess risk of cardiovascular disease related to gout (adjusted HR 1·31 [1·27-1·36]). INTERPRETATION Patients with gout had an excess risk of developing a broad range of cardiovascular diseases that extend beyond atherosclerotic diseases and include heart failure, arrhythmias, valve disease, and thromboembolic diseases. Excess risk was highest in women and younger individuals. These findings suggest that strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with gout need to evolve and be implemented in clinical practice. FUNDING Research Foundation Flanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyn D Ferguson
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Geert Molenberghs
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Verbeke
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kazem Rahimi
- Deep Medicine, Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shishir Rao
- Deep Medicine, Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John J V McMurray
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Nathalie Conrad
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, UK; Deep Medicine, Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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20
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Abhishek A, Cipolletta E. Cardiovascular risk in gout: time for action. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2024; 6:e131-e132. [PMID: 38383083 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(24)00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Abhishek
- Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
| | - Edoardo Cipolletta
- Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK; Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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21
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Wang MP, Li HH, Wu T, Xiao SJ, Liu GZ, Zhang L. Photosensitized covalent organic framework as a light-induced oxidase mimic for colorimetric detection of uric acid. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4713. [PMID: 38515291 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
As large numbers of people are suffering from gout, an accurate, rapid, and sensitive method for the detection of gout biomarker, uric acid, is important for its effective control, diagnosis, and therapy. Although colorimetric detection methods based on uricase have been considered, they still have limitations as they produce toxic H2O2 and are expensive and not stable. Here, a novel uricase-free colorimetric method was developed for the sensitive and selective detection of uric acid based on the light-induced oxidase-mimicking activity of a new photosensitized covalent organic framework (COF) (2,4,6-trimethylpyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile-4-[2-(4-formylphenyl)ethynyl]benzaldehyde COF [DCTP-EDA COF]). DCTP-EDA COF has a strong ability to harvest visible light, and it could catalyze the oxidation of 1,4-dioxane, 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine under visible light irradiation to produce obvious color changes. With the addition of uric acid, however, the significant inhibition of the oxidase-mimicking activity of DCTP-EDA COF remarkably faded the color, and thus uric acid could be colorimetrically detected in the range of 2.0-150 μM with a limit of detection of 0.62 μM (3σ/K). Moreover, the present colorimetric method exhibited high selectivity; uric acid level in serum samples was successfully determined, and the recoveries ranged from 96.5% to 105.64%, suggesting the high accuracy of the present colorimetric method, which demonstrates great promise in clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ping Wang
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Han Li
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Wu
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Sai Jin Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Guang Zhou Liu
- School of Chemistry and Material Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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22
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Ea HK, Kischkel B, Chirayath TW, Klück V, Aparicio C, Loeung HU, Manivet P, Jansen T, Zarka M, Lioté F, Latourte A, Bardin T, Gauffenic A, Vicaut E, Crișan TO, Netea MG, Richette P, Joosten LA. Systemic inflammatory cytokine profiles in patients with gout during flare, intercritical and treat-to-target phases: TNFSF14 as new biomarker. Ann Rheum Dis 2024:ard-2023-225305. [PMID: 38373842 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-225305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Untreated gout is characterised by monosodium urate (MSU) crystal accumulation responsible for recurrent flares that are commonly separated by asymptomatic phases. Both phases are inflammatory conditions of variable intensity. Gout flares are self-limited inflammatory reactions involving multiple mediators. This study aimed to characterise the inflammatory profiles of gout at different phases. METHODS Using the Olink targeted proteomics, levels of 92 inflammation-related proteins were measured in plasma samples of a prospective gout population (GOUTROS), collected at gout flare (T1), the intercritical phase (T2) and after reaching the target serum urate level under urate-lowering therapy (T3). Results were validated in an independent cohort (OLT1177-05) with plasmas collected at T1 and T2. Ex vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to assess the inflammatory properties of new biomarkers. RESULTS In total, 21 inflammatory new biomarkers were differentially expressed during the three time-points of gout disease. The levels of four of these proteins (interleukin 6 (IL-6), colony-stimulating factor 1, vascular endothelial growth factor A and tumour necrosis factor superfamily 14 (TNFSF14)) were increased during gout flare in an independent cohort. IL-6 and TNFSF14 had the highest fold change in expression during T1 versus T2 or T3. TNFSF14 was produced at the inflamed joint and enhanced the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide and MSU crystal stimulation. Conversely, TNFSF14 blockade reduced the inflammatory response. Additionally, single nucleotide polymorphisms of TNFSF14 affected the ability of myeloid cells to produce inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Gout flare involves multiple inflammatory mediators that may be used as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Korng Ea
- Bioscar, INSERM UMR-1132, hôpital Lariboisière, centre Viggo Petersen, DMU Locomoteur, AP-HP, Universite Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Brenda Kischkel
- Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Viola Klück
- Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Philippe Manivet
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Ressources Biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Tim Jansen
- Rheumatology, VieCuri, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Mylène Zarka
- Bioscar, INSERM UMR-1132, Universite Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Lioté
- Bioscar, INSERM UMR-1132, hôpital Lariboisière, centre Viggo Petersen, DMU Locomoteur, AP-HP, Universite Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Augustin Latourte
- Bioscar, INSERM UMR-1132, hôpital Lariboisière, centre Viggo Petersen, DMU Locomoteur, AP-HP, Universite Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bardin
- Bioscar, INSERM UMR-1132, hôpital Lariboisière, centre Viggo Petersen, DMU Locomoteur, AP-HP, Universite Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Alan Gauffenic
- Bioscar, INSERM UMR-1132, hôpital Lariboisière, centre Viggo Petersen, DMU Locomoteur, AP-HP, Universite Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Eric Vicaut
- Unité de recherche clinique, Groupe hospitalier Lariboisiere Fernand-Widal, Paris, France
| | - Tania Octavia Crișan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Richette
- Bioscar, INSERM UMR-1132, hôpital Lariboisière, centre Viggo Petersen, DMU Locomoteur, AP-HP, Universite Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Leo Ab Joosten
- Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Universitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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23
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McCormick N, Yokose C, Challener GJ, Joshi AD, Tanikella S, Choi HK. Serum Urate and Recurrent Gout. JAMA 2024; 331:417-424. [PMID: 38319333 PMCID: PMC10848075 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.26640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Importance Approximately 12 million adults in the US have a history of gout, but whether serum urate levels can help predict recurrence is unclear. Objective To assess associations of a single serum urate measurement with subsequent risk of acute gout flares and subsequent risk of hospitalizations for gout among patients in the UK with a history of gout. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective study included patients with a history of gout identified from the UK between 2006 and 2010 who were followed up through Primary Care Linked Data medical record linkage until 2017 and through the Hospital Episode Statistics database until 2020. Exposures Serum urate levels at enrollment. Main Outcome and Measure Rate of recurrent acute gout, ascertained by hospitalization, outpatient, and prescription/procedure records, and adjusted rate ratios using negative binomial regressions. Results Among 3613 patients with gout (mean age, 60 years; 3104 [86%] men), 1773 gout flares occurred over a mean follow-up of 8.3 years. Of these, 1679 acute gout flares (95%) occurred in people with baseline serum urate greater than or equal to 6 mg/dL and 1731 (98%) occurred in people with baseline serum urate greater than or equal to 5 mg/dL. Rates of acute gout flares per 1000 person-years were 10.6 for participants with baseline urate levels less than 6 mg/dL, 40.1 for levels of 6.0 to 6.9 mg/dL, 82.0 for levels of 7.0 to 7.9 mg/dL, 101.3 for levels of 8.0 to 8.9 mg/dL, 125.3 for urate levels of 9.0 to 9.9 mg/dL, and 132.8 for levels greater than or equal to 10 mg/dL. Rate ratio of flares were 1.0, 3.37, 6.93, 8.67, 10.81, and 11.42, respectively, over 10 years (1.61 [1.54-1.68] per mg/dL). Rates of hospitalization per 1000 person-years during follow-up were 0.18 for those with baseline serum urate less than 6 mg/dL, 0.97 for serum urate of 6.0 to 6.9 mg/dL, 1.8 for serum urate of 7.0 to 7.9 mg/dL, 2.2 for serum urate of 8.0 to 8.9 mg/dL, 6.7 for serum urate of 9.0 to 9.9 mg/dL, and 9.7 for serum urate greater than or equal to 10 mg/dL. Rate ratios of hospitalization for gout, adjusting for age, sex, and race were 1.0, 4.70, 8.94, 10.37, 33.92, and 45.29, respectively (1.87 [1.57-2.23] per mg/dL). Conclusions and Relevance In this retrospective study of patients with a history of gout, serum urate levels at baseline were associated with the risk of subsequent gout flares and rates of hospitalization for recurrent gout. These findings support using a baseline serum urate level to assess risk of recurrent gout over nearly 10 years of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie McCormick
- Rheumatology & Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chio Yokose
- Rheumatology & Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory J. Challener
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Amit D. Joshi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sruthi Tanikella
- Rheumatology & Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Hyon K. Choi
- Rheumatology & Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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24
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Ohashi Y, Ooyama H, Makinoshima H, Takada T, Matsuo H, Ichida K. Plasma and Urinary Metabolomic Analysis of Gout and Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia and Profiling of Potential Biomarkers: A Pilot Study. Biomedicines 2024; 12:300. [PMID: 38397902 PMCID: PMC10887286 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gout results from monosodium urate deposition caused by hyperuricemia, but most individuals with hyperuricemia remain asymptomatic. The pathogenesis of gout remains uncertain. To identify potential biomarkers distinguishing gout from asymptomatic hyperuricemia, we conducted a genetic analysis of urate transporters and metabolomic analysis as a proof-of-concept study, including 33 patients with gout and 9 individuals with asymptomatic hyperuricemia. The variant allele frequencies of rs72552713, rs2231142, and rs3733591, which are related to serum urate levels (SUA) and gout, did not differ between the gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia groups. In metabolomic analysis, the levels of citrate cycle intermediates, especially 2-ketoglutarate, were higher in patients with gout than in those with asymptomatic hyperuricemia (fold difference = 1.415, p = 0.039). The impact on the TCA cycle was further emphasized in high-risk gout (SUA ≥ 9.0 mg/dL). Of note, urinary nicotinate was the most prominent biomarker differentiating high-risk gout from asymptomatic hyperuricemia (fold difference = 6.515, p = 0.020). Although urate transporters play critical roles in SUA elevation and promote hyperuricemia, this study suggests that the progression from asymptomatic hyperuricemia to gout might be closely related to other genetic and/or environmental factors affecting carbohydrate metabolism and urinary urate excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ohashi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan;
- Department of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Makinoshima
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan;
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tokyo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan;
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-8513, Japan;
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan;
- Division of Kidney and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
- Chiba Health Promotion Center, East Japan Railway Company, Chiba 260-0045, Japan
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25
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Kuwabara M, Nakai M, Sumita Y, Iwanaga Y, Ae R, Kodama T, Hisatome I, Kamatani N. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors treatment or discontinuation effects on mortality: evidence of xanthine oxidase inhibitors withdrawal syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1289386. [PMID: 38259292 PMCID: PMC10800388 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1289386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study investigates the impact of xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOI) on mortality in patients with cardiovascular diseases. XOI withdrawal has been reported to increased mortality risk due to rapid adenosine triphosphate (ATP) deficiency. This study aims to determine whether XOI treatment reduces mortality and whether XOI withdrawal increases mortality. Methods: This is a real-world database study using the Japanese Registry of All Cardiac and Vascular Diseases (J-ROAD). We analyzed 1,648,891 hospitalized patients aged 20-90 with acute coronary syndrome or heart failure. In the first study, mortality rates were compared between patients without urate-lowering agents (n = 1,292,486) and those with XOI agents (n = 315,388, excluding 41,017 on other urate-lowering agents). In the second study, mortality rates were compared between the XOI continuous medication group (n = 226,261) and the XOI withdrawal group (n = 89,127). Results: After multiple adjustments, XOI treatment group showed significantly lower mortality compared with that without any urate-lowering agent (odds ratio (OR), 0.576, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.567-0.587, p < .001). In the sub-analysis, the group with allopurinol (OR, 0.578; 95% CI, 0.557-0.600), febuxostat (OR, 0.610; 95% CI, 0.599-0.622), and topiroxostat (HR, 0.545; 95% CI, 0.473-0.628) showed lower OR of mortality compared with that without any urate-lowering agent. XOI withdrawal group led to significantly higher death rates compared to XOI continuous group (19.8% vs. 0.03%; p < .001). Conclusion: XOI treatment for patients with cardiovascular diseases is associated with reduced mortality. Conversely, XOI withdrawal is linked to elevated mortality risk. This emphasizes the importance of both prescribing and discontinuing XOI carefully to optimize patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Kuwabara
- Department of Cardiology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | | | - Yoko Sumita
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Ryusuke Ae
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | | | - Ichiro Hisatome
- National Hospital Organization, Yonago Medical Center, Yonago, Japan
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26
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Wang Y, Chen X, Shi J, Du M, Li S, Pang J, Qiao J, Zhao Y, Chen Q, Guo Y, Xi Y, Chi W. Relationship between triglyceride-glucose index baselines and trajectories with incident cardiovascular diseases in the elderly population. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:6. [PMID: 38172936 PMCID: PMC10765625 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-02100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is regarded as a sophisticated surrogate biomarker for insulin resistance, offering a refined means for evaluating cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, prospective cohort studies have not simultaneously conducted baseline and multi-timepoint trajectory assessments of the TyG index in relation to CVDs and their subtypes in elderly participants. METHODS After excluding data deficiencies and conditions that could influence the research outcomes, this study ultimately incorporated a cohort of 20,185 participants, with data chronicles extending from 2016 to 2022. The TyG index was calculated as Ln [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. Latent Class Trajectory Model (LCTM) was used to assess the change trends of the TyG index over multiple time points. Utilizing the Cox proportional-hazards models, we assessed the relationship between the baseline quartiles of the TyG index and various trajectories with CVDs and subtypes. RESULTS During the mean follow-up time of 4.25 years, 11,099 patients experienced new CVDs in the elderly population. After stratifying by baseline TyG quartiles, the higher TyG level was associated with an increased risk of CVDs; the aHR and 95% CI for the highest quartile group were 1.28 (1.19-1.39). Five trajectory patterns were identified by the LCTM model. The low gradual increase group as the reference, the medium stable group, and the high gradual increase group exhibited an elevated risk of CVDs onset, aHR and 95%CIs were 1.17 (1.10-1.25) and 1.25 (1.15-1.35). Similar results were observed between the trajectories of the TyG index with subtypes of CVDs. CONCLUSION Participants with high levels of baseline TyG index and medium stable or high gradual increase trajectories were associated with an elevated risk of developing CVDs in elderly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Xueyu Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingyi Du
- Department of Mailman Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Shengnan Li
- Taian Municipal Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jinhong Pang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junpeng Qiao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Xi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Weiwei Chi
- National Administration of Health Data, No.77 Yuhan Road, Jinan, 250002, Shandong, China.
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He Y, Xue X, Dalbeth N, Terkeltaub R, Chen Y, Yan F, Pang L, Li X, Yuan X, Cheng X, Li C, Sun M. COVID-19 Vaccination and Gout Flare Risk in Patients With Infrequent or Frequent Flares: A Prospective Cohort Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2024; 76:131-139. [PMID: 37553607 DOI: 10.1002/acr.25215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess post-COVID-19 vaccination gout flare risk with differing baseline flare burden. METHODS We prospectively studied gout patients with infrequent or frequent flares, defined as ≤1 flare/year or ≥2 flares/year, respectively. COVID-19 vaccine-naive patients managed with urate-lowering therapy between February and June 2021 were included and voluntarily decided on vaccination. Participants were followed for 12 weeks after enrollment or first vaccine dose. Gout flares and risk factors were compared between groups. RESULTS Of 530 participants, 308 (58.1%) had infrequent flares and 222 (41.9%) had frequent flares at baseline, with 248 (142 infrequent and 106 frequent) receiving two-dose COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccination increased cumulative flare incidence at 12 weeks in the infrequent but not the frequent flare group (26.1% vs 10.8%, P = 0.001, compared with 60.4% vs 65.5%, P = 0.428). Flare incidence in the final 4 weeks of observation decreased significantly only in the vaccinated infrequent flare group (4.3% vs 12.0%, P = 0.017). Multivariable analyses showed that vaccination (odds ratio [OR] 2.82, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.50-5.30, P = 0.001), flare in the preceding year (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.03-3.71, P = 0.04), and body mass index (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.19, P = 0.03) were independently associated with increased flare risk in the infrequent flare group. Baseline serum urate (mg/dl) was an independent risk factor in the frequent flare group (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.05-1.45, P = 0.012). CONCLUSION COVID-19 vaccination was associated with increased early gout flares only in patients with previously infrequent flares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei He
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, and Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaomei Xue
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Robert Terkeltaub
- VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, and University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ying Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Yan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Pang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinde Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Xiaoyu Cheng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Changgui Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, and Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingshu Sun
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, Qingdao, China
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Mogi M, Tanaka A, Node K, Tomitani N, Hoshide S, Narita K, Nozato Y, Katsurada K, Maruhashi T, Higashi Y, Matsumoto C, Bokuda K, Yoshida Y, Shibata H, Toba A, Masuda T, Nagata D, Nagai M, Shinohara K, Kitada K, Kuwabara M, Kodama T, Kario K. 2023 update and perspectives. Hypertens Res 2024; 47:6-32. [PMID: 37710033 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Total 276 manuscripts were published in Hypertension Research in 2022. Here our editorial members picked up the excellent papers, summarized the current topics from the published papers and discussed future perspectives in the sixteen fields. We hope you enjoy our special feature, 2023 update and perspectives in Hypertension Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mogi
- Deparment of Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, 454 Shitsukawa Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Naoko Tomitani
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hoshide
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Keisuke Narita
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nozato
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenichi Katsurada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maruhashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
- Divivsion of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Chisa Matsumoto
- Center for Health Surveillance & Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Kanako Bokuda
- Department of Endocrinology and Hypertension, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshida
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu city, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shibata
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu city, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Ayumi Toba
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Takahiro Masuda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nagata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Michiaki Nagai
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Heart Rhythm Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 800 SL Young Blvd, COM 5400, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Hiroshima City Asa Hospital, 1-2-1 Kameyamaminami Asakita-ku, Hiroshima, 731-0293, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shinohara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kento Kitada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Masanari Kuwabara
- Department of Cardiology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Takahide Kodama
- Department of Cardiology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8470, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Kario
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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Finnikin S, Mallen CD, Roddy E. Cohort study investigating gout flares and management in UK general practice. BMC PRIMARY CARE 2023; 24:246. [PMID: 37993770 PMCID: PMC10664696 DOI: 10.1186/s12875-023-02201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis and is almost exclusively managed in primary care, however the course and severity of the condition is variable and poorly characterised. This research aims improve understanding about the frequency of, and factors associated with, gout flares in the UK and characterise the factors associated with the initiation of ULT. METHODS Using the Clinical Practice Research Database, patients with a coded incident gout diagnosis without a prior prescription for urate-lowering therapy (ULT) were identified. Gout flares post diagnosis and ULT initiation were identified through prescribing and coded data. Patient characteristics, co-morbidities and co-prescribing were co-variants. Factors associated with gout flares and ULT initiation were analysed using cox-proportional hazard model and logistic regression. RESULTS Fifty-one thousand seven hundred eighty-four patients were identified: 18,605 (35.9%, 95%CI 35.5-36.3%) had experienced ≥ 1 recurrent flare, 17.4% (95%CI 17.1-17.8%) within 12 months of diagnosis. Male sex, black ethnicity, higher BMI, heart failure, CKD, CVD and diuretic use were associated with flares, with the highest HR seen with high serum urate levels (≥ 540 µmol/L HR 4.63, 95%CI 4.03-5.31). ULT initiation was associated with similar variables, although higher alcohol intake and older age were associated with lower odds of ULT initiation but were not associated with flares. ULT was initiated in 27.7% (95%CI 27.3-28.0%): 5.7% (95%CI 5.5-5.9%) within 12 months of diagnosis. ULT initiation rates were higher in patients with recurrent flares. CONCLUSION Approximately one in six people with incident gout had a second flare within 12 months. Factors associated with flare recurrence and ULT initiation were similar, but ULT initiation occurred later after diagnosis than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Finnikin
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Christian D Mallen
- Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Edward Roddy
- Primary Care Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
- Haywood Academic Rheumatology Centre, Midlands Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Stoke-On-Trent, UK
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Terkeltaub R. Emerging Urate-Lowering Drugs and Pharmacologic Treatment Strategies for Gout: A Narrative Review. Drugs 2023; 83:1501-1521. [PMID: 37819612 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01944-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia with consequent monosodium urate crystal deposition leads to gout, characterized by painful, incapacitating inflammatory arthritis flares that are also associated with increased cardiovascular event and related mortality risk. This narrative review focuses on emerging pharmacologic urate-lowering treatment (ULT) and management strategies in gout. Undertreated, gout can progress to palpable tophi and joint damage. In oral ULT clinical trials, target serum urate of < 6.0 mg/dL can be achieved in ~ 80-90% of subjects, with flare burden reduction by 1-2 years. However, real-world ULT results are far less successful, due to both singular patient nonadherence and prescriber undertreatment, particularly in primary care, where most patients are managed. Multiple dose titrations commonly needed to optimize first-line allopurinol ULT monotherapy, and substantial potential toxicities and other limitations of approved, marketed oral monotherapy ULT drugs, promote hyperuricemia undertreatment. Common gout comorbidities with associated increased mortality (e.g., moderate-severe chronic kidney disease [CKD], type 2 diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure) heighten ULT treatment complexity and emphasize unmet needs for better and more rapid clinically significant outcomes, including attenuated gout flare burden. The gout drug armamentarium will be expanded by integrating sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors with uricosuric and anti-inflammatory properties as well as clinically indicated antidiabetic, nephroprotective, and/or cardioprotective effects. The broad ULT developmental pipeline is loaded with multiple uricosurics that selectively target uric acid transporter 1 (URAT1). Evolving ULT approaches include administering selected gut anaerobic purine degrading bacteria (PDB), modulating intestinal urate transport, and employing liver-targeted xanthine oxidoreductase mRNA knockdown. Last, emerging measures to decrease the immunogenicity of systemically administered recombinant uricases should simplify treatment regimens and further improve outcomes in managing the most severe gout phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Terkeltaub
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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31
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Kuwabara M, Fukuuchi T, Aoki Y, Mizuta E, Ouchi M, Kurajoh M, Maruhashi T, Tanaka A, Morikawa N, Nishimiya K, Akashi N, Tanaka Y, Otani N, Morita M, Miyata H, Takada T, Tsutani H, Ogino K, Ichida K, Hisatome I, Abe K. Exploring the Multifaceted Nexus of Uric Acid and Health: A Review of Recent Studies on Diverse Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1519. [PMID: 37892201 PMCID: PMC10604821 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of patients with hyperuricemia or gout is increasing worldwide. Hyperuricemia and gout are primarily attributed to genetic factors, along with lifestyle factors like consuming a purine-rich diet, alcohol and/or fructose intake, and physical activity. While numerous studies have reported various comorbidities linked to hyperuricemia or gout, the range of these associations is extensive. This review article focuses on the relationship between uric acid and thirteen specific domains: transporters, genetic factors, diet, lifestyle, gout, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, hypertension, kidney diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and malignancies. The present article provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in these areas, compiled by experts from the Young Committee of the Japanese Society of Gout and Uric and Nucleic Acids. The consolidated summary serves to enhance the global comprehension of uric acid-related matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Kuwabara
- Department of Cardiology, Toranomon Hospital, 2-2-2-Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo 105-8470, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fukuuchi
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan;
| | - Yuhei Aoki
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan;
| | - Einosuke Mizuta
- Department of Cardiology, Sanin Rosai Hospital, Yonago 683-8605, Tottori, Japan;
| | - Motoshi Ouchi
- Department of Health Promotion in Nursing and Midwifery, Innovative Nursing for Life Course, Graduate School of Nursing, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8672, Chiba, Japan;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kurajoh
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 5454-8585, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Maruhashi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Hiroshima, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Saga, Japan;
| | - Nagisa Morikawa
- Division of Cardio-Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan;
- Department of Community Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nishimiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Miyagi, Japan;
| | - Naoyuki Akashi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiro Tanaka
- Division of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka 420-0881, Shizuoka, Japan;
| | - Naoyuki Otani
- Cardiovascular Center, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko 321-1298, Tochigi, Japan;
| | - Mihoko Morita
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Fukui Hospital, Eiheiji 910-1193, Fukui, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Miyata
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Tappei Takada
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Hiroshi Tsutani
- National Hospital Organization Awara Hospital, Awara 910-4272, Fukui, Japan;
| | - Kazuhide Ogino
- Department of Cardiology, Japanese Red Cross Tottori Hospital, Tottori 680-8517, Tottori, Japan;
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan;
| | - Ichiro Hisatome
- National Hospital Organization Yonago Medical Center, Yonago 683-0006, Tottori, Japan;
| | - Kohtaro Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Fukuoka, Japan;
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Wang M, Fan J, Huang Z, Zhou D, Wang X. Causal Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Gout: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4260. [PMID: 37836544 PMCID: PMC10574468 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is a form of prevalent and painful inflammatory arthritis characterized by elevated serum urate (SUA) levels. The gut microbiota (GM) is believed to influence the development of gout and SUA levels. Our study aimed to explore the causal relationship between GM composition and gout, as well as SUA levels, utilizing a two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach. A total of 196 GM taxa from five levels were available for analysis. We identified five taxa associated with SUA levels and 10 taxa associated with gout. In reverse MR analysis, we discovered that gout affected the composition of five GM taxa, while SUA levels influenced the composition of 30 GM taxa. Combining existing research, our study unveiled a potential negative feedback loop between phylum Actinobacteria and SUA levels, establishing connections with gout. We also proposed two novel associations connecting GM taxa (genus Faecalibacterium and genus Prevotella9), SUA levels, and gout. These findings provide compelling evidence of causal relationships between specific GM taxa with SUA levels and gout, contributing valuable insights for the treatment of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiayao Fan
- School of Public Health and the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- School of Public Health and the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Wang L, Tan Z, Wang F, Wu W, Wu J. Gout/hyperuricemia reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis based on latest evidence. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3207. [PMID: 37667521 PMCID: PMC10570495 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies have found the potential role of gout or hyperuricemia in subsequent development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) but reported inconsistent results. We conducted the current meta-analysis to evaluate whether an association exists between gout/ hyperuricemia and AD. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed and EMBASE for the published cohort studies that measured the risk of AD in subject with gout/ hyperuricemia up to May 20, 2023. Data extraction was employed by two authors independently. Rev Man 5.3 and Stata 15.0 software were used to calculate the relative ratio (RR) or hazard ratio (HR) for including studies. Subgroup analysis was performed to assess the sources of heterogeneity. A random-effects model was adopted when heterogeneity was present. The funnel plot, Begg's test, and and Egger's test were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS After rigorous screening, seven eligible studies were included in the final analyses. Pooled results indicated that gout or hyperuricemia decreases the risk of AD (RR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.64∼0.72), with a high heterogeneity of 93%. Subgroup analyses showed that regional distribution was the source of heterogeneity. Egger's and Begg's tests as well as visual inspection of funnel plot suggested no publication bias in the studies. CONCLUSION The findings suggested that gout or hyperuricemia might have a protective effect against AD. This negative correlation should be verified by more cohort studies due to the existence of substantial heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Department of NeurologyHefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei)HefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of NeurologyHefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei)HefeiAnhuiChina
- Graduate schoolThe Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Fu‐Yu Wang
- Department of PharmacyThe Second People's Hospital of HefeiHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Wen‐Pei Wu
- Department of NeurologyHefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei)HefeiAnhuiChina
- Graduate schoolThe Fifth Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Jun‐Cang Wu
- Department of NeurologyHefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei)HefeiAnhuiChina
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Notsu T, Kurata Y, Ninomiya H, Taufiq F, Komatsu K, Miake J, Sawano T, Tsuneto M, Shirayoshi Y, Hisatome I. Inhibition of the uric acid efflux transporter ABCG2 enhances stimulating effect of soluble uric acid on IL-1β production in murine macrophage-like J774.1 cells. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:2368-2377. [PMID: 37592041 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Soluble uric acid (UA) absorbed by cells through UA transporters (UATs) accumulates intracellularly, activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and thereby increases IL-1β secretion. ABCG2 transporter excludes intracellular UA. However, it remains unknown whether ABCG2 inhibition leads to intracellular accumulation of UA and increases IL-1β production. In this study, we examined whether genetic and pharmacological inhibition of ABCG2 could increase IL-1β production in mouse macrophage-like J774.1 cells especially under hyperuricemic conditions. We determined mRNA and protein levels of pro-IL-1β, mature IL-1β, caspase-1 and several UATs in culture supernatants and lysates of J774.1 cells with or without soluble UA pretreatment. Knockdown experiments using an shRNA against ABCG2 and pharmacological experiments with an ABCG2 inhibitor were conducted. Extracellularly applied soluble UA increased protein levels of pro-IL-1β, mature IL-1β and caspase-1 in the culture supernatant from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed and monosodium urate crystal (MSU)-stimulated J774.1 cells. J774.1 cells expressed UATs of ABCG2, GLUT9 and MRP4, and shRNA knockdown of ABCG2 increased protein levels of pro-IL-1β and mature IL-1β in the culture supernatant. Soluble UA increased mRNA and protein levels of ABCG2 in J774.1 cells without either LPS or MSU treatment. An ABCG2 inhibitor, febuxostat, but not a urate reabsorption inhibitor, dotinurad, enhanced IL-1β production in cells pretreated with soluble UA. In conclusion, genetic and pharmacological inhibition of ABCG2 enhanced IL-1β production especially under hyperuricemic conditions by increasing intracellularly accumulated soluble UA that activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and pro-IL-1β transcription in macrophage-like J774.1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Notsu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kurata
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Haruaki Ninomiya
- Department of Biological Regulation, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Fikri Taufiq
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Kota Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Koji Komatsu
- Department of Psychiatry disease, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Junichiro Miake
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Motokazu Tsuneto
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Shirayoshi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisatome
- Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Yonago Medical Center, Yonago, Japan
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Schlesinger N, Pérez-Ruiz F, Lioté F. Mechanisms and rationale for uricase use in patients with gout. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:640-649. [PMID: 37684360 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-01006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase inhibitors such as allopurinol and febuxostat have been the mainstay urate-lowering therapy (ULT) for treating hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. However, not all patients receiving oral ULT achieve the target serum urate level, in part because some patients cannot tolerate, or have actual or misconceived contraindications to, their use, mainly due to comorbidities. ULT dosage is also limited by formularies and clinical inertia. This failure to sufficiently lower serum urate levels can lead to difficult-to-treat or uncontrolled gout, usually due to poorly managed and/or under-treated gout. In species other than humans, uricase (urate oxidase) converts urate to allantoin, which is more soluble in urine than uric acid. Exogenic uricases are an exciting therapeutic option for patients with gout. They can be viewed as enzyme replacement therapy. Uricases are being used to treat uncontrolled gout, and can achieve rapid reduction of hyperuricaemia, dramatic resolution of tophi, decreased chronic joint pain and improved quality of life. Availability, cost and uricase immunogenicity have limited their use. Uricases could become a leading choice in severe and difficult-to-treat gout as induction and/or debulking therapy (that is, for lowering of the urate pool) to be followed by chronic oral ULT. This Review summarizes the evidence regarding available uricases and those in the pipeline, their debulking effect and their outcomes related to gout and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Schlesinger
- Division of Rheumatology, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Fernando Pérez-Ruiz
- Rheumatology Division, Cruces University Hospital, Vizcaya, Spain
- Arthritis Investigation Group, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Vizcaya, Spain
- Medicine Department, Medicine and Nursing School, University of the Basque Country, Biskay, Spain
| | - Frédéric Lioté
- Université Paris Cité, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
- Department of Rheumatology, DMU Locomotion, AP-HP Nord & Inserm UMR 1132, Bioscar (Centre Viggo Petersen), Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
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Pang L, Xue X, He Y, Wang C, Han L, Li M, Qi H, Li C, Lu J. The Effect of Decrease in Serum Urate for the Risk of Gout Flares During Urate-Lowering Therapy Initiation Among Chinese Male Gout Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:3937-3947. [PMID: 37706063 PMCID: PMC10497051 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s424820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Higher baseline serum urate or higher initial urate-lowering medication dose increased risk of gout flares during urate-lowering therapy (ULT) initiation. The decrease in serum urate may play a crucial role in this process. Therefore, we aim to explore the relationship between decrease in serum urate and the risk of gout flares during ULT initiation. Patients and Methods A 12-week prospective cohort study of Chinese male gout patients was conducted at Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout in China. Patients were grouped by baseline serum urate (7-7.9 mg/dL, 8-8.9 mg/dL and ≥9 mg/dL). All patients received febuxostat 20 mg daily during weeks 0-4, then escalated to 40mg during weeks 4-12 if serum urate >6mg/dL. The main outcomes were the number of gout flares and the decrease in serum urate. Poisson regression was performed. Results A total of 282 participants were enrolled, of whom 260 completed (84, 87 and 89 in each group) from March 2021 to December 2021. A 44.2% of all participants experienced at least one gout flare. In the multivariate Poisson regression 1, Δ serum urate 0-12 weeks (IRR 1.184, 95% CI, 1.062-1.320; P=0.002), the number of gout flares before treatment 1 year (1.017, 1.010-1.024; P<0.001) and tophus (1.580, 1.023-2.440; P=0.039) were independently associated with the number of gout flares. While in the multivariate Poisson regression 2, baseline serum urate (1.256, 1.050-1.503; P=0.013) and the number of gout flares before treatment 1 year (1.014, 1.007-1.022; P<0.001) were independently associated with the number of gout flares, Δ serum urate 0-12 weeks (1.055, 0.923-1.207; P=0.433) was no longer a risk factor. Conclusion ULT-induced gout flares depend on the degree of decrease in serum urate, which is affected by baseline serum urate. Higher baseline serum urate and greater decrease in serum urate lead to higher risk of gout flares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pang
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Xue
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuwei He
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Can Wang
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Han
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maichao Li
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Qi
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changgui Li
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Lu
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases and Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases and Qingdao Key Laboratory of Gout, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, People’s Republic of China
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Cipolletta E, Tata LJ, Nakafero G, Avery AJ, Mamas MA, Abhishek A. Risk of Venous Thromboembolism With Gout Flares. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:1638-1647. [PMID: 36808284 DOI: 10.1002/art.42480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies demonstrated that the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is increased in patients with gout, but not whether there was a temporal association between gout flare and VTE. This study was undertaken to evaluate potential temporal associations between gout flare and VTE. METHODS Data were obtained from electronic primary-care records from the UK's Clinical Practice Research Datalink, which links data from hospitalization and mortality registers. Using self-controlled case series analysis adjusted for season and age, we evaluated the temporal association between gout flare and VTE. The 90 days after primary-care consultation or hospitalization for gout flare was designated the exposed period. This was divided into three 30-day intervals. The baseline period was up to 2 years before the start of and up to 2 years after the end of the exposed period. The association between gout flare and VTE was measured using adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS In total, 314 patients met the inclusion criteria (age ≥18 years, incident gout, no presence of VTE or use of a primary-care anticoagulant prescription before the start of the pre-exposure period). Among the 314 patients, VTE incidence was significantly higher in the exposed period than in the baseline period (adjusted IRR 1.83, 95% CI 1.30-2.59). The adjusted IRR of VTE during the first 30 days after gout flare was 2.31 (95% CI 1.39-3.82) relative to the baseline period. No increase in the adjusted IRRs was observed in days 31-60 (adjusted IRR 1.49, 95% CI 0.79-2.81) and days 61-90 (adjusted IRR 1.67, 95% CI 0.91-3.06) relative to baseline. Results were consistent across sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION Among patients with gout, there was a transient increase in the rate of VTE within 30 days after primary-care consultation or hospitalization for gout flare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Cipolletta
- Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, and Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laila J Tata
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Anthony J Avery
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mamas A Mamas
- Keele Cardiovascular Research Group, Keele University, Keele, UK
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Liu W, Yu W, Xie D, Wang Q, Zhao H, Lv J, He F, Xu C, Chen B, Yamamoto T, Koyama H, Cheng J. High Uric Acid Promotes Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability by Apoptosis Targeted Autophagy. J Atheroscler Thromb 2023; 30:1176-1186. [PMID: 36436875 PMCID: PMC10499446 DOI: 10.5551/jat.63645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Acute rupture or erosion of unstable atherosclerotic plaques is a major cause of adverse consequences of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, often leading to myocardial infarction or stroke. High uric acid (HUA) is associated with the increasing risk of cardiovascular events and death. However, the mechanism by which HUA promotes atherosclerosis and whether HUA affects plaque stability are still unclear. METHODS We constructed an atherosclerotic Apoe-/- mouse model with HUA. The progression of atherosclerosis and plaques was determined by Oil Red O staining, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and Masson staining. TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay and immunohistochemistry were used to observe the changes of apoptosis and autophagy in plaques, respectively. Then, we validated the in vivo results with RAW 264.7 cell line. RESULTS HUA promoted atherosclerosis and exacerbated plaque vulnerability, including significantly increased macrophage infiltration, lipid accumulation, enlarged necrotic cores, and decreased collagen fibers. HUA increased cell apoptosis and inhibited autophagy in plaques. In vitro results showed that HUA decreased cell viability and increased cell apoptosis in foam cells macrophages treated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein. An activator of autophagy, rapamycin, can partially reverse the increasing apoptosis. CONCLUSION HUA promoted atherosclerosis and exacerbated plaque vulnerability, and HUA facilitates foam cell apoptosis by inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - De Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hairong Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiaming Lv
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Furong He
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chenxi Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Binyang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Health Evaluation Center, Osaka Gyoumeikan Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Koyama
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jidong Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Clinical Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Nucleic Acid Metabolism and Regulation, Xiamen, China
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Joshi AD, McCormick N, Yokose C, Yu B, Tin A, Terkeltaub R, Merriman TR, Eliassen AH, Curhan GC, Raffield LM, Choi HK. Prediagnostic Glycoprotein Acetyl Levels and Incident and Recurrent Flare Risk Accounting for Serum Urate Levels: A Population-Based, Prospective Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:1648-1657. [PMID: 37043280 PMCID: PMC10524152 DOI: 10.1002/art.42523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prospectively investigate population-based metabolomics for incident gout and reproduce the findings for recurrent flares, accounting for serum urate. METHODS We conducted a prediagnostic metabolome-wide analysis among 105,615 UK Biobank participants with nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomic profiling data (168 total metabolites) from baseline blood samples collected 2006-2010 in those without history of gout. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for incident gout, adjusted for gout risk factors, excluding and including serum urate levels, overall and according to fasting duration before sample collection. Potential causal effects were tested with 2-sample Mendelian randomization. Poisson regression was used to calculate rate ratios (RRs) for the association with recurrent flares among incident gout cases. RESULTS Correcting for multiple testing, 88 metabolites were associated with risk of incident gout (N = 1,303 cases) before serum urate adjustment, including glutamine and glycine (inversely), and lipids, branched-chain amino acids, and most prominently, glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA; P = 9.17 × 10-32 ). Only GlycA remained associated with incident gout following urate adjustment (HR 1.52 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.22-1.88] between extreme quintiles); the HR increased progressively with fasting duration before sample collection, reaching 4.01 (95% CI 1.36-11.82) for ≥8 hours of fasting. Corresponding HRs per SD change in GlycA levels were 1.10 (95% CI 1.04-1.17) overall and 1.54 (95% CI 1.21-1.96) for ≥8 hours of fasting. GlycA levels were also associated with recurrent gout flares among incident gout cases (RR 1.90 [95% CI 1.27-2.85] between extreme quintiles) with larger associations with fasting. Mendelian randomization corroborated a potential causal role for GlycA on gout risk. CONCLUSION This prospective, population-based study implicates GlycA, a stable long-term biomarker reflecting neutrophil overactivity, in incident and recurrent gout flares (central manifestation from neutrophilic synovitis) beyond serum urate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit D. Joshi
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA USA
| | - Natalie McCormick
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA USA
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Chio Yokose
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA USA
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston TX USA
| | - Adrienne Tin
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS USA
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- San Diego VA Healthcare Service and University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tony R. Merriman
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - A. Heather Eliassen
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston MA USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
| | - Gary C. Curhan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
| | - Laura M. Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Hyon K. Choi
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA USA
- The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA USA
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver BC Canada
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Choi HK, Zhang Y. Not Only Excruciating Pain: Might a Gout Flare Episode Lead to Pulmonary Embolism? Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:1506-1508. [PMID: 36994897 DOI: 10.1002/art.42511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyon K Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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McCormick N, Yokose C, Wei J, Lu N, Wexler DJ, Aviña-Zubieta JA, De Vera MA, Zhang Y, Choi HK. Comparative Effectiveness of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors for Recurrent Gout Flares and Gout-Primary Emergency Department Visits and Hospitalizations : A General Population Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2023; 176:1067-1080. [PMID: 37487215 DOI: 10.7326/m23-0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) decrease serum urate levels, but whether this translates into prevention of recurrent flares among patients with gout and gout-primary emergency department (ED) visits or hospitalizations is unknown. OBJECTIVE To compare gout flares and cardiovascular events among patients with gout initiating SGLT2is versus dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4is), another second-line glucose-lowering agent not associated with serum urate levels or cardiovascular risk. DESIGN Propensity score-matched, new-user cohort study. SETTING General population database from 1 January 2014 to 30 June 2022. PARTICIPANTS Patients with gout and type 2 diabetes. MEASUREMENTS The primary outcome was recurrent gout flare counts ascertained by ED, hospitalization, outpatient, and medication dispensing records. Secondary outcomes included myocardial infarction and stroke; genital infection (positive control) and osteoarthritis encounter (negative control) were also assessed. Poisson and Cox proportional hazards regressions were used with 1:1 propensity score matching (primary analysis) and overlap weighting (sensitivity analysis). RESULTS After propensity score matching, the flare rate was lower among SGLT2i initiators than DPP-4i initiators (52.4 and 79.7 events per 1000 person-years, respectively), with a rate ratio (RR) of 0.66 (95% CI, 0.57 to 0.75) and a rate difference (RD) of -27.4 (CI, -36.0 to -18.7) per 1000 person-years. The corresponding RR and RD for gout-primary ED visits and hospitalizations were 0.52 (CI, 0.32 to 0.84) and -3.4 (CI, -5.8 to -0.9) per 1000 person-years, respectively. The corresponding hazard ratio (HR) and RD for myocardial infarction were 0.69 (CI, 0.54 to 0.88) and -7.6 (CI, -12.4 to -2.8) per 1000 person-years; the HR for stroke was 0.81 (CI, 0.62 to 1.05). Those who initiated SGLT2is showed higher risk for genital infection (HR, 2.15 [CI, 1.39 to 3.30]) and no altered risk for osteoarthritis encounter (HR, 1.07 [CI, 0.95 to 1.20]). Results were similar when propensity score overlap weighting was applied. LIMITATION Participants had concurrent type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION Among patients with gout, SGLT2is may reduce recurrent flares and gout-primary ED visits and hospitalizations and may provide cardiovascular benefits. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie McCormick
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (N.M., H.K.C.)
| | - Chio Yokose
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital; The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (C.Y., Y.Z.)
| | - Jie Wei
- Health Management Center, Department of Orthopaedics, National Clinical Research Center of Geriatric Disorders, and Key Laboratory of Aging-related Bone and Joint Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China (J.W.)
| | - Na Lu
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (N.L.)
| | - Deborah J Wexler
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Diabetes Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.J.W.)
| | - J Antonio Aviña-Zubieta
- Arthritis Research Canada, and Division of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (J.A.A.)
| | - Mary A De Vera
- Arthritis Research Canada, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (M.A.D.V.)
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital; The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (C.Y., Y.Z.)
| | - Hyon K Choi
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (N.M., H.K.C.)
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Amatucci AJ, Padnick-Silver L, LaMoreaux B, Bulbin DH. Comparison Between Early-Onset and Common Gout: A Systematic Literature Review. Rheumatol Ther 2023; 10:809-823. [PMID: 37335432 PMCID: PMC10326179 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-023-00565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gout is an inflammatory, metabolic disease associated with a high comorbidity burden including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, renal disease, and metabolic syndrome. Approximately 9.2 million Americans have gout, making prognosis and treatment outcome predictors highly important. About 600,000 Americans have early-onset gout (EOG), generally defined as first gout attack at ≤ 40 years of age. However, data on EOG clinical features, comorbidity profile, and treatment response are sparse; this systematic literature review provides insight. METHODS PubMed and American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European Alliance of the Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) abstract archives were searched for early-onset gout, "early onset gout," and ("gout" AND "age of onset"). Duplicate, foreign language, single case report, older (before 2016), and irrelevant/data insufficient publications were excluded. The age of diagnosis categorized patients as having common gout (CG, generally > 40 years) or EOG (generally ≤ 40 years). Applicable publications were extensively reviewed/discussed among authors for inclusion/exclusion consensus. RESULTS A total of 283 publications were identified, with 46 (35 articles, 10 abstracts) reviewed and 17 (12 articles, 5 abstracts) ultimately included. Eleven reported clinical characteristics, with 6 EOG-CG retrospective/cross-sectional comparisons. Gout diagnosis preceded cardiometabolic comorbidity and renal comorbidities were less prevalent in EOG than CG patients. EOG patients had more severe disease (more gout flares, polyarticular disease), higher pre-therapy serum urate (SU), and worse oral urate-lowering therapy response. Genetics-focused publications reported higher incidences of dysfunctional urate transporter mutations in EOG patients. CONCLUSIONS This review suggests that EOG is more recalcitrant to urate-lowering therapy, is associated with urate transporter defects, and carries heavy disease burden. Therefore, early rheumatology referral and urate-lowering in a treat-to-target fashion may benefit EOG patients. Interestingly, EOG patients had fewer cardiometabolic comorbidities at diagnosis than CG patients, presenting a potential "window of opportunity" to attenuate cardiometabolic comorbidity development with SU control. Preventing gout-related suffering and health burden is particularly important in these young EOG patients who will live with gout and its sequelae for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian LaMoreaux
- Horizon Therapeutics plc, 1 Horizon Way, Deerfield, IL, 60015, USA
| | - David H Bulbin
- Division of Rheumatology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
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Russell MD, Roddy E, Rutherford AI, Ellis B, Norton S, Douiri A, Gulliford MC, Cope AP, Galloway JB. Treat-to-target urate-lowering therapy and hospitalizations for gout: results from a nationwide cohort study in England. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2023; 62:2426-2434. [PMID: 36355461 PMCID: PMC10321109 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between treat-to-target urate-lowering therapy (ULT) and hospitalizations for gout. METHODS Using linked Clinical Practice Research Datalink and NHS Digital Hospital Episode Statistics data, we described the incidence and timing of hospitalizations for flares in people with index gout diagnoses in England from 2004-2020. Using Cox proportional hazards and propensity models, we investigated associations between ULT initiation, serum urate target attainment, colchicine prophylaxis, and the risk of hospitalizations for gout. RESULTS Of 292 270 people with incident gout, 7719 (2.64%) had one or more hospitalizations for gout, with an incidence rate of 4.64 hospitalizations per 1000 person-years (95% CI 4.54, 4.73). There was an associated increased risk of hospitalizations within the first 6 months after ULT initiation, when compared with people who did not initiate ULT [adjusted Hazard Ratio (aHR) 4.54; 95% CI 3.70, 5.58; P < 0.001]. Hospitalizations did not differ significantly between people prescribed vs not prescribed colchicine prophylaxis in fully adjusted models. From 12 months after initiation, ULT associated with a reduced risk of hospitalizations (aHR 0.77; 95% CI 0.71, 0.83; P < 0.001). In ULT initiators, attainment of a serum urate <360 micromol/l within 12 months of initiation associated with a reduced risk of hospitalizations (aHR 0.57; 95% CI 0.49, 0.67; P < 0.001) when compared with people initiating ULT but not attaining this target. CONCLUSION ULT associates with an increased risk of hospitalizations within the first 6 months of initiation but reduces hospitalizations in the long term, particularly when serum urate targets are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Russell
- Correspondence to: Mark D. Russell, Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, Weston Education Centre, King’s College London, 10 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RJ, UK. E-mail:
| | | | - Andrew I Rutherford
- Department of Rheumatology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Ellis
- Department of Rheumatology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sam Norton
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Abdel Douiri
- School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Martin C Gulliford
- School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew P Cope
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - James B Galloway
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, King’s College London, London, UK
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Georgoulis M, Mikhailidis DP, Panagiotakos DB. Are serum uric acid levels predictors of cardiovascular risk? An update. Curr Opin Cardiol 2023; 38:337-343. [PMID: 36789778 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review was to update the evidence regarding the link between serum uric acid and cardiovascular risk, as well as the role of nutrition in the prevention and management of hyperuricaemia. RECENT FINDINGS The review focuses on recent epidemiological evidence concerning the role of elevated serum uric acid levels in cardiovascular risk prediction. The dietary prevention and management of hyperuricaemia is also discussed with an emphasis on the adoption of prudent dietary patterns. SUMMARY There is evidence supporting that elevated serum uric acid levels are positively associated with cardiovascular disease risk and might represent a useful additional marker for risk stratification. The association of serum uric acid with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality seems to be U-shaped, suggesting that both very low and very high serum uric acid levels might be detrimental for survival, the former being mediated by malnutrition. Apart from medication, the dietary management of hyperuricaemia should focus on the adoption of a prudent dietary pattern, such as the Mediterranean diet, which can both prevent gout and mitigate cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Georgoulis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Department Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Demosthenes B Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
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Burke LA, Niehaus W, Heronemus MJ. New-Onset Rapidly Progressive Polyarticular Tophaceous Gout After Cerebrovascular Accident. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 102:e91-e92. [PMID: 36753446 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We present a novel case of new-onset, polyarticular tophaceous gout, which developed on the patient's hemiparetic side several days after she was diagnosed with a middle cerebral artery stroke. This is the first case of an acute gout flare in a patient without history of gout. She was successfully treated with anakinra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Burke
- From the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Kuwabara M, Kodama T, Ae R, Kanbay M, Andres-Hernando A, Borghi C, Hisatome I, Lanaspa MA. Update in uric acid, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:1714-1726. [PMID: 37072573 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
A direct relationship between serum uric acid levels and hypertension, cardiovascular, renal and metabolic diseases has been reported in many basic and epidemiological studies. Among these, high blood pression is one of the most common features associated with hyperuricemia. In this regard, several small-scale interventional studies have demonstrated a significant reduction in blood pressure in hypertensive or prehypertensive patients on uric acid-lowering drugs. These observation or intervention studies have led to affirm that there is a causal relationship between uric acid and hypertension. While the clinical association between uric acid and high blood pressure is notable, no clear conclusion has yet been reached as to whether lowering uric acid is beneficial to prevent cardiovascular and renal metabolic diseases. Recently, several prospective randomized controlled intervention trials using allopurinol and other uric acid-lowering drugs have been reported, and the results from these trials were almost negative, suggesting that the correlation between hyperuricemia and cardiovascular disease has no causality. However, it is important to note that in some of these recent studies there were high dropout rates and an important fraction of participants were not hyperuricemic. Therefore, we should carry caution in interpreting the results of these studies. This review article presents the results of recent clinical trials using uric acid-lowering drugs, focusing on hypertension and cardiovascular and renal metabolic diseases, and discusses the future of uric acid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryusuke Ae
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ana Andres-Hernando
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Claudio Borghi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ichiro Hisatome
- Department of Cardiology, Yonago Medical Center, Yonago, Torrori, Japan
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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Gu X, Tang D, Xuan Y, Shen Y, Lu LQ. Association between obstructive sleep apnea symptoms and gout in US population, a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10192. [PMID: 37353548 PMCID: PMC10290056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The results of association between Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and gout are not consistent. Participants aged 20 years or older in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2008 and 2015-2018 were included. Weighted univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to evaluate the association between OSA symptoms and gout. The subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also performed. Among the 15,947 participants in this study, the mean age was 47.8 years old, 48.87% of whom were male, 4891 had OSA symptoms, and 842 had gout. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, OSA symptoms were positively associated with gout in all models. The odds ratio (OR) was 1.315 and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 1.070-1.616 in fully adjusted model 4. In the subgroup analyses, we found a considerable interaction between OSA symptoms and gender with gout (P for interaction = 0.003). In the sensitivity analyses, the association between OSA symptoms and gout remained stable after adjustment for congestive heart failure and diuretics using. OSA symptoms were associated with an increased likelihood of gout. This association could especially be found in female participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Dou Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xuan
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lei Qun Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.149 Chongqing South Road, Shanghai, China.
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Lin K, McCormick N, Yokose C, Joshi AD, Lu N, Curhan GC, Merriman TR, Saag KG, Ridker PM, Buring JE, Chasman DI, Hu FB, Choi HK. Interactions Between Genetic Risk and Diet Influencing Risk of Incident Female Gout: Discovery and Replication Analysis of Four Prospective Cohorts. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:1028-1038. [PMID: 36512683 PMCID: PMC10238565 DOI: 10.1002/art.42419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the cross-sectional gene-diet interaction for prevalent hyperuricemia among women translates prospectively to risk of incident female gout. METHODS We analyzed the interaction between genetic predisposition and adherence to a healthy dietary pattern (i.e., Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension [DASH] score) on risk of incident female gout in 18,244 women from Nurses' Health Study (NHS; discovery) and 136,786 women from 3 additional prospective female cohorts from the US and UK (replication). Genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated from 114 urate-associated loci. RESULTS In the NHS and replication cohorts, association between diet and gout risk was larger and stronger among women with higher genetic risk. In all cohorts combined, compared to women with an unhealthy DASH score (less than the mean score), multivariable relative risk (RR) for incident gout among women with a healthy DASH score (greater than/equal to the mean score) was 0.67 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.60-0.76) among higher GRS (greater than/equal to the mean score) and 0.91 (0.78-1.05) among lower GRS (P for multiplicative interaction = 0.001); multivariable RR for higher versus lower GRS was 2.03 (95% CI 1.80-2.29) and 1.50 (95% CI 1.31-1.71) among unhealthy and healthy DASH score groups, respectively. Additive interaction was also significant, in both the discovery and replication cohorts (P < 0.001), with 51% of the excess risk attributable to the additive gene-diet interaction in all cohorts combined. CONCLUSION The deleterious effect of genetic predisposition on risk of incident female gout was more pronounced among women with unhealthy diets, with nearly half the excess risk attributable to this gene-diet interaction. These data elucidate the important synergy of genetics and diet for female gout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehuan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Natalie McCormick
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chio Yokose
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amit D. Joshi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Na Lu
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary C. Curhan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tony R. Merriman
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth G. Saag
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie E. Buring
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel I. Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyon K Choi
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Doege C, Pfeifer MT, Luedde M, Kostev K. Association between gout and epilepsy in adults - a retrospective cohort study with 244,964 primary care outpatients. Seizure 2023; 109:34-37. [PMID: 37207536 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently there has been a rising interest in the identification of possible risk factors for epilepsies. In the present study, we investigated the potential association between gout and epilepsy in an outpatient cohort in Germany. METHODS Using the IQVIA Disease Analyzer database, we identified 112,482 patients with gout treated in outpatient departments. These were matched 1:1 to non-gout patients based on sex, age, yearly consultation frequency during the follow-up period, and diagnoses associated with an increased epilepsy risk documented prior to or on the index date. Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association between gout and epilepsy. RESULTS Within 10 years after the index date, epilepsy had been diagnosed in 2.2% of gout and 1.6% of non-gout patients (log-rank p<0.001). In the regression analysis, we observed a significant association between gout and subsequent epilepsy (HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.21-1.44). The association was significant in all age groups, but strongest in the youngest age group (18-50) (HR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.44-1.2.41). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that gout is associated with an increased incidence of epilepsy. This finding could help us to understand the mechanisms of epilepsy and better protect affected individuals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Doege
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Center of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Central Hospital Bremen, St. Jürgen Straße 1, Bremen 28205, Germany.
| | - Marie Therese Pfeifer
- University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Mark Luedde
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Karel Kostev
- University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Epidemiology, IQVIA, Frankfurt 60549, Germany.
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Yip RM, Cheung TT, So H, Chan JP, Ho CT, Tsang HH, Yu CK, Wong PC. The Hong Kong Society of Rheumatology consensus recommendations for the management of gout. Clin Rheumatol 2023:10.1007/s10067-023-06578-9. [PMID: 37014501 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Gout is one of the most common noncommunicable diseases in Hong Kong. Although effective treatment options are readily available, the management of gout in Hong Kong remains suboptimal. Like other countries, the treatment goal in Hong Kong usually focuses on relieving symptoms of gout but not treating the serum urate level to target. As a result, patients with gout continue to suffer from the debilitating arthritis, as well as the renal, metabolic, and cardiovascular complications associated with gout. The Hong Kong Society of Rheumatology spearheaded the development of these consensus recommendations through a Delphi exercise that involved rheumatologists, primary care physicians, and other specialists in Hong Kong. Recommendations on acute gout management, gout prophylaxis, treatment of hyperuricemia and its precautions, co-administration of non-gout medications with urate-lowering therapy, and lifestyle advice have been included. This paper serves as a reference guide to all healthcare providers who see patients who are at risk and are known to have this chronic but treatable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Ml Yip
- Tung Wah Group of Hospitals Integrated Diagnostic and Medical Centre, Kwong Wah Hospital, 25, Waterloo Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Tommy T Cheung
- Rheumatology Centre, Department of Medicine, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Happy Valley, Hong Kong
| | - Ho So
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ma Liu Shui, Hong Kong
| | - Julia Ps Chan
- Rheumatology Centre, Department of Medicine, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Happy Valley, Hong Kong
| | - Carmen Tk Ho
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Helen Hl Tsang
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Carrel Kl Yu
- Hong Kong Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases Centre, Central, Hong Kong
| | - Priscilla Ch Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ma Liu Shui, Hong Kong
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