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Tsitkov S, Valentine K, Kozareva V, Donde A, Frank A, Lei S, E Van Eyk J, Finkbeiner S, Rothstein JD, Thompson LM, Sareen D, Svendsen CN, Fraenkel E. Disease related changes in ATAC-seq of iPSC-derived motor neuron lines from ALS patients and controls. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3606. [PMID: 38697975 PMCID: PMC11066062 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47758-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), like many other neurodegenerative diseases, is highly heritable, but with only a small fraction of cases explained by monogenic disease alleles. To better understand sporadic ALS, we report epigenomic profiles, as measured by ATAC-seq, of motor neuron cultures derived from a diverse group of 380 ALS patients and 80 healthy controls. We find that chromatin accessibility is heavily influenced by sex, the iPSC cell type of origin, ancestry, and the inherent variance arising from sequencing. Once these covariates are corrected for, we are able to identify ALS-specific signals in the data. Additionally, we find that the ATAC-seq data is able to predict ALS disease progression rates with similar accuracy to methods based on biomarkers and clinical status. These results suggest that iPSC-derived motor neurons recapitulate important disease-relevant epigenomic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Tsitkov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kelsey Valentine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Velina Kozareva
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aneesh Donde
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aaron Frank
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan Lei
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- Advanced Clinical Biosystems Research Institute, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve Finkbeiner
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rothstein
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dhruv Sareen
- Cedars-Sinai Biomanufacturing Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Pasternak M, Mirza SS, Luciw N, Mutsaerts HJMM, Petr J, Thomas D, Cash D, Bocchetta M, Tartaglia MC, Mitchell SB, Black SE, Freedman M, Tang‐Wai D, Rogaeva E, Russell LL, Bouzigues A, van Swieten JC, Jiskoot LC, Seelaar H, Laforce R, Tiraboschi P, Borroni B, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Graff C, Finger E, Sorbi S, de Mendonça A, Butler C, Gerhard A, Sanchez‐Valle R, Moreno F, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, Ducharme S, Levin J, Otto M, Santana I, Strafella AP, MacIntosh BJ, Rohrer JD, Masellis M. Longitudinal cerebral perfusion in presymptomatic genetic frontotemporal dementia: GENFI results. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:3525-3542. [PMID: 38623902 PMCID: PMC11095434 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective longitudinal biomarkers that track disease progression are needed to characterize the presymptomatic phase of genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We investigate the utility of cerebral perfusion as one such biomarker in presymptomatic FTD mutation carriers. METHODS We investigated longitudinal profiles of cerebral perfusion using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging in 42 C9orf72, 70 GRN, and 31 MAPT presymptomatic carriers and 158 non-carrier controls. Linear mixed effects models assessed perfusion up to 5 years after baseline assessment. RESULTS Perfusion decline was evident in all three presymptomatic groups in global gray matter. Each group also featured its own regional pattern of hypoperfusion over time, with the left thalamus common to all groups. Frontal lobe regions featured lower perfusion in those who symptomatically converted versus asymptomatic carriers past their expected age of disease onset. DISCUSSION Cerebral perfusion is a potential biomarker for assessing genetic FTD and its genetic subgroups prior to symptom onset. HIGHLIGHTS Gray matter perfusion declines in at-risk genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Regional perfusion decline differs between at-risk genetic FTD subgroups . Hypoperfusion in the left thalamus is common across all presymptomatic groups. Converters exhibit greater right frontal hypoperfusion than non-converters past their expected conversion date. Cerebral hypoperfusion is a potential early biomarker of genetic FTD.
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Thompson AG, Taschler B, Smith SM, Turner MR. Premorbid brain structure influences risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024; 95:360-365. [PMID: 38050140 PMCID: PMC10958375 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-332322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a disease of the motor network associated with brain structure and functional connectivity alterations that are implicated in disease progression. Whether such changes have a causal role in ALS, fitting with a postulated influence of premorbid cerebral architecture on the phenotypes associated with neurodegenerative disorders is not known. METHODS This study considered causal effects and shared genetic risk of 2240 structural and functional MRI brain scan imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs) on ALS using two sample Mendelian randomisation, with putative associations further examined with extensive sensitivity analysis. Shared genetic predisposition between IDPs and ALS was explored using genetic correlation analysis. RESULTS Increased white matter volume in the cerebral hemispheres was causally associated with ALS. Weaker causal associations were observed for brain stem grey matter volume, parieto-occipital white matter surface and volume of the left thalamic ventral anterior nucleus. Genetic correlation was observed between ALS and intracellular volume fraction and isotropic free water volume fraction within the posterior limb of the internal capsule. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that premorbid brain structure, in particular white matter volume, contributes to the risk of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Taschler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen M Smith
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Firdaus Z, Li X. Unraveling the Genetic Landscape of Neurological Disorders: Insights into Pathogenesis, Techniques for Variant Identification, and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2320. [PMID: 38396996 PMCID: PMC10889342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic abnormalities play a crucial role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Genetic exploration has indeed contributed to unraveling the molecular complexities responsible for the etiology and progression of various NDDs. The intricate nature of rare and common variants in NDDs contributes to a limited understanding of the genetic risk factors associated with them. Advancements in next-generation sequencing have made whole-genome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing possible, allowing the identification of rare variants with substantial effects, and improving the understanding of both Mendelian and complex neurological conditions. The resurgence of gene therapy holds the promise of targeting the etiology of diseases and ensuring a sustained correction. This approach is particularly enticing for neurodegenerative diseases, where traditional pharmacological methods have fallen short. In the context of our exploration of the genetic epidemiology of the three most prevalent NDDs-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease, our primary goal is to underscore the progress made in the development of next-generation sequencing. This progress aims to enhance our understanding of the disease mechanisms and explore gene-based therapies for NDDs. Throughout this review, we focus on genetic variations, methodologies for their identification, the associated pathophysiology, and the promising potential of gene therapy. Ultimately, our objective is to provide a comprehensive and forward-looking perspective on the emerging research arena of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Firdaus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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McMackin R, Bede P, Ingre C, Malaspina A, Hardiman O. Biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: current status and future prospects. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:754-768. [PMID: 37949994 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Disease heterogeneity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis poses a substantial challenge in drug development. Categorization based on clinical features alone can help us predict the disease course and survival, but quantitative measures are also needed that can enhance the sensitivity of the clinical categorization. In this Review, we describe the emerging landscape of diagnostic, categorical and pharmacodynamic biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their place in the rapidly evolving landscape of new therapeutics. Fluid-based markers from cerebrospinal fluid, blood and urine are emerging as useful diagnostic, pharmacodynamic and predictive biomarkers. Combinations of imaging measures have the potential to provide important diagnostic and prognostic information, and neurophysiological methods, including various electromyography-based measures and quantitative EEG-magnetoencephalography-evoked responses and corticomuscular coherence, are generating useful diagnostic, categorical and prognostic markers. Although none of these biomarker technologies has been fully incorporated into clinical practice or clinical trials as a primary outcome measure, strong evidence is accumulating to support their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roisin McMackin
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Bede
- Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Neurology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caroline Ingre
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Sattler R, Traynor BJ, Robertson J, Van Den Bosch L, Barmada SJ, Svendsen CN, Disney MD, Gendron TF, Wong PC, Turner MR, Boxer A, Babu S, Benatar M, Kurnellas M, Rohrer JD, Donnelly CJ, Bustos LM, Van Keuren-Jensen K, Dacks PA, Sabbagh MN. Roadmap for C9ORF72 in Frontotemporal Dementia and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Report on the C9ORF72 FTD/ALS Summit. Neurol Ther 2023; 12:1821-1843. [PMID: 37847372 PMCID: PMC10630271 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-023-00548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A summit held March 2023 in Scottsdale, Arizona (USA) focused on the intronic hexanucleotide expansion in the C9ORF72 gene and its relevance in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; C9ORF72-FTD/ALS). The goal of this summit was to connect basic scientists, clinical researchers, drug developers, and individuals affected by C9ORF72-FTD/ALS to evaluate how collaborative efforts across the FTD-ALS disease spectrum might break down existing disease silos. Presentations and discussions covered recent discoveries in C9ORF72-FTD/ALS disease mechanisms, availability of disease biomarkers and recent advances in therapeutic development, and clinical trial design for prevention and treatment for individuals affected by C9ORF72-FTD/ALS and asymptomatic pathological expansion carriers. The C9ORF72-associated hexanucleotide repeat expansion is an important locus for both ALS and FTD. C9ORF72-FTD/ALS may be characterized by loss of function of the C9ORF72 protein and toxic gain of functions caused by both dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins and hexanucleotide repeat RNA. C9ORF72-FTD/ALS therapeutic strategies discussed at the summit included the use of antisense oligonucleotides, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene silencing and gene delivery, and engineered small molecules targeting RNA structures associated with the C9ORF72 expansion. Neurofilament light chain, DPR proteins, and transactive response (TAR) DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43)-associated molecular changes were presented as biomarker candidates. Similarly, brain imaging modalities (i.e., magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and positron emission tomography [PET]) measuring structural, functional, and metabolic changes were discussed as important tools to monitor individuals affected with C9ORF72-FTD/ALS, at both pre-symptomatic and symptomatic disease stages. Finally, summit attendees evaluated current clinical trial designs available for FTD or ALS patients and concluded that therapeutics relevant to FTD/ALS patients, such as those specifically targeting C9ORF72, may need to be tested with composite endpoints covering clinical symptoms of both FTD and ALS. The latter will require novel clinical trial designs to be inclusive of all patient subgroups spanning the FTD/ALS spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sattler
- Barrow Neurological Institute, 2910 N Third Ave, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janice Robertson
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sami J Barmada
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Herbert Wertheim UF-Scripps Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Philip C Wong
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Boxer
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Suma Babu
- Sean M. Healey and AMG Center for ALS and the Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Benatar
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33129, USA
| | | | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher J Donnelly
- LiveLikeLou Center for ALS Research, Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lynette M Bustos
- Barrow Neurological Institute, 2910 N Third Ave, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | | | - Penny A Dacks
- The Association for Frontotemporal Degeneration and FTD Disorders Registry, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Marwan N Sabbagh
- Barrow Neurological Institute, 2910 N Third Ave, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
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Ortholand J, Pradat PF, Tezenas du Montcel S, Durrleman S. Interaction of sex and onset site on the disease trajectory of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol 2023; 270:5903-5912. [PMID: 37615751 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies showed the impact of sex and onset site (spinal or bulbar) on disease onset and survival in ALS. However, they mainly result from cross-sectional or survival analysis, and the interaction of sex and onset site on the different proxies of disease trajectory has not been fully investigated. METHODS We selected all patients with repeated observations in the PRO-ACT database. We divided them into four groups depending on their sex and onset site. We estimated a multivariate disease progression model, named ALS Course Map, to investigate the combined temporal changes of the four sub-scores of the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRSr), the forced vital capacity (FVC), and the body mass index (BMI). We then compared the progression rate, the estimated age at onset, and the relative progression of the outcomes across each group. RESULTS We included 1438 patients from the PRO-ACT database. They were 51% men with spinal onset, 12% men with bulbar onset, 26% women with spinal onset, and 11% women with bulbar onset. We showed a significant influence of both sex and onset site on the ALSFRSr progression. The BMI decreased 8.9 months earlier (95% CI [3.9, 13.8]) in women than men, after correction for the onset site. Among patients with bulbar onset, FVC was impaired 2.6 months earlier (95% CI [0.6, 4.6]) in women. CONCLUSION Using a multivariable disease modelling approach, we showed that sex and onset site are important drivers of the progression of motor function, BMI, and FVC decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Ortholand
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, CNRS, InriaInserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de La Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Pierre-François Pradat
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- APHP, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre Référent SLA, Paris, France
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute Ulster University, C-TRIC, Altnagelvin Hospital, Derry, Londonderry, UK
| | - Sophie Tezenas du Montcel
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, CNRS, InriaInserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de La Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Stanley Durrleman
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, CNRS, InriaInserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de La Pitié Salpêtrière, 75013, Paris, France
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Portley M, Sherer C, Wu T, Farren J, Danielian LE, Scholz SW, Traynor BJ, Ward ME, Haselhuhn T, Snyder A, Kwan JY. Cognitive determinants of decisional capacity in neurodegenerative disorders. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:1816-1823. [PMID: 37545108 PMCID: PMC10578892 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive contributions to decisional capacity are complex and not well understood. Capacity to consent for research has been linked to executive function, but executive function assessment tools are imperfect. In this study, we examine the relationship between decisional capacity and a newly developed executive function composite score and determine whether cognitive performance can predict impaired decisional capacity. METHODS This is a cross sectional study of participants at the National Institutes of Health with frontotemporal dementia-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spectrum disorders enrolled between 2017 and 2022. A structured interview tool was used to ascertain research decisional capacity. Study participant Uniform Data Set (v3.0) executive function (UDS3-EF) composite score, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale©, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory was determined. RESULTS A decrease in UDS3-EF composite score significantly increased the odds of impaired decisional capacity (OR = 2.92, 95% CI [1.66-5.13], p = 0.0002). Executive function was most impaired in frontotemporal dementia (-2.86, SD = 1.26) and least impaired in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (-0.52, SD = 1.25) participants. The UDS3-EF composite score was also strongly correlated to the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale©. INTERPRETATION Decisional capacity is intrinsically related to executive function in neurodegenerative disorders, and executive dysfunction may predict a lack of decisional capacity alerting investigators of the need for additional scrutiny during the informed consent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makayla Portley
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Carolyn Sherer
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Tianxia Wu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Jennifer Farren
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Laura E. Danielian
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Sonja W. Scholz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Bryan J. Traynor
- National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Michael E. Ward
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Taryn Haselhuhn
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Allison Snyder
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Justin Y. Kwan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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Kortazar-Zubizarreta I, Manero-Azua A, Afonso-Agüera J, Perez de Nanclares G. C9ORF72 Gene GGGGCC Hexanucleotide Expansion: A High Clinical Variability from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis to Frontotemporal Dementia. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1396. [PMID: 37763163 PMCID: PMC10532825 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13091396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The expanded GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat (HRE) in the non-coding region of the C9ORF72 gene (C9ORF72-HRE) is the most common genetic cause of familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), FTD, and concurrent ALS and FTD (ALS-FTD), in addition to contributing to the sporadic forms of these diseases. Both syndromes overlap not only genetically, but also sharing similar clinical and neuropathological findings, being considered as a spectrum. In this paper we describe the clinical-genetic findings in a Basque family with different manifestations within the spectrum, our difficulties in reaching the diagnosis, and a narrative review, carried out as a consequence, of the main features associated with C9ORF72-HRE. Family members underwent a detailed clinical assessment, neurological examination, and genetic analysis by repeat-primed PCR. We studied 10 relatives of a symptomatic carrier of the C9ORF72-HRE expansion. Two of them presented the expansion in the pathological range, one of them was symptomatic whereas the other one remained asymptomatic at 72 years. Given the great intrafamilial clinical variability of C9ORF72-HRE, the characterization of patients and family members with particular clinical and genetic subgroups within ALS and FTD becomes a bottleneck for medication development, in particular for genetically focused medicines for ALS and FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izaro Kortazar-Zubizarreta
- Department of Neurology, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Araba University Hospital-Txagorritxu, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Africa Manero-Azua
- Molecular (Epi) Genetics Laboratory, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Araba University Hospital, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.M.-A.); (G.P.d.N.)
| | - Juan Afonso-Agüera
- Department of Neurology, Central University Hospital of Asturias, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Guiomar Perez de Nanclares
- Molecular (Epi) Genetics Laboratory, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Araba University Hospital, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (A.M.-A.); (G.P.d.N.)
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Wiesenfarth M, Huppertz HJ, Dorst J, Lulé D, Ludolph AC, Müller HP, Kassubek J. Structural and microstructural neuroimaging signature of C9orf72-associated ALS: A multiparametric MRI study. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 39:103505. [PMID: 37696099 PMCID: PMC10500452 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ALS patients with hexanucleotide expansion in C9orf72 are characterized by a specific clinical phenotype, including more aggressive disease course and cognitive decline. Computerized multiparametric MRI with gray matter volumetry and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to analyze white matter structural connectivity is a potential in vivo biomarker. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to develop a multiparametric MRI signature in a large cohort of ALS patients with C9orf72 mutations. The aim was to investigate how morphological features of C9orf72-associated ALS differ in structural MRI and DTI compared to healthy controls and ALS patients without C9orf72 mutations. METHODS Atlas-based volumetry (ABV) and whole brain-based DTI-based analyses were performed in a cohort of n = 51 ALS patients with C9orf72 mutations and compared with both n = 51 matched healthy controls and n = 51 C9orf72 negative ALS patients, respectively. Subsequently, Spearman correlation analysis of C9orf72 ALS patients' data with clinical parameters (age of onset, sex, ALS-FRS-R, progression rate, survival) as well as ECAS and p-NfH in CSF was performed. RESULTS The whole brain voxel-by-voxel comparison of fractional anisotropy (FA) maps between C9orf72 ALS patients and controls showed significant bilateral alterations in axonal structures of the white matter at group level, primarily along the corticospinal tracts and in fibers projecting to the frontal lobes. For the frontal lobes, these alterations were also significant between C9orf72 positive and C9orf72 negative ALS patients. In ABV, patients with C9orf72 mutations showed lower volumes of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobe, with the lowest values in the gray matter of the superior frontal and the precentral gyrus, but also in hippocampi and amygdala. Compared to C9orf72 negative ALS, the differences were shown to be significant for cerebral gray matter (p = 0.04), especially in the frontal (p = 0.01) and parietal lobe (p = 0.01), and in the thalamus (p = 0.004). A correlation analysis between ECAS and averaged regional FA values revealed significant correlations between cognitive performance in ECAS and frontal association fibers. Lower FA values in the frontal lobes were associated with worse performance in all cognitive domains measured (language, verbal fluency, executive functions, memory and spatial perception). In addition, there were significant negative correlations between age of onset and atlas-based volumetry results for gray matter. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a distinct pattern of DTI alterations of the white matter and ubiquitous volume reductions of the gray matter early in the disease course of C9orf72-associated ALS. Alterations were closely linked to a more aggressive cognitive phenotype. These results are in line with an expected pTDP43 propagation pattern of cortical affection and thus strengthen the hypothesis that an underlying developmental disorder is present in ALS with C9orf72 expansions. Thus, multiparametric MRI could contribute to the assessment of the disease as an in vivo biomarker even in the early phase of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johannes Dorst
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany; German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
| | - Dorothée Lulé
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany; German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany; German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany.
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11
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Bede P, Lulé D, Müller HP, Tan EL, Dorst J, Ludolph AC, Kassubek J. Presymptomatic grey matter alterations in ALS kindreds: a computational neuroimaging study of asymptomatic C9orf72 and SOD1 mutation carriers. J Neurol 2023; 270:4235-4247. [PMID: 37178170 PMCID: PMC10421803 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characterisation of presymptomatic disease-burden patterns in asymptomatic mutation carriers has a dual academic and clinical relevance. The understanding of disease propagation mechanisms is of considerable conceptual interests, and defining the optimal time of pharmacological intervention is essential for improved clinical trial outcomes. METHODS In a prospective, multimodal neuroimaging study, 22 asymptomatic C9orf72 GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat carriers, 13 asymptomatic subjects with SOD1, and 54 "gene-negative" ALS kindreds were enrolled. Cortical and subcortical grey matter alterations were systematically appraised using volumetric, morphometric, vertex, and cortical thickness analyses. Using a Bayesian approach, the thalamus and amygdala were further parcellated into specific nuclei and the hippocampus was segmented into anatomically defined subfields. RESULTS Asymptomatic GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat carriers in C9orf72 exhibited early subcortical changes with the preferential involvement of the pulvinar and mediodorsal regions of the thalamus, as well as the lateral aspect of the hippocampus. Volumetric approaches, morphometric methods, and vertex analyses were anatomically consistent in capturing focal subcortical changes in asymptomatic C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion carriers. SOD1 mutation carriers did not exhibit significant subcortical grey matter alterations. In our study, none of the two asymptomatic cohorts exhibited cortical grey matter alterations on either cortical thickness or morphometric analyses. DISCUSSION The presymptomatic radiological signature of C9orf72 is associated with selective thalamic and focal hippocampal degeneration which may be readily detectable before cortical grey matter changes ensue. Our findings confirm selective subcortical grey matter involvement early in the course of C9orf72-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bede
- Computational Neuroimaging Group (CNG), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 RS90, Ireland.
- Department of Neurology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Dorothée Lulé
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ee Ling Tan
- Computational Neuroimaging Group (CNG), School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 RS90, Ireland
| | - Johannes Dorst
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ulm, Germany
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12
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Hendricks E, Quihuis AM, Hung ST, Chang J, Dorjsuren N, Der B, Staats KA, Shi Y, Sta Maria NS, Jacobs RE, Ichida JK. The C9ORF72 repeat expansion alters neurodevelopment. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112983. [PMID: 37590144 PMCID: PMC10757587 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations that cause adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases are often expressed during embryonic stages, but it is unclear whether they alter neurodevelopment and how this might influence disease onset. Here, we show that the most common cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a repeat expansion in C9ORF72, restricts neural stem cell proliferation and reduces cortical and thalamic size in utero. Surprisingly, a repeat expansion-derived dipeptide repeat protein (DPR) not known to reduce neuronal viability plays a key role in impairing neurodevelopment. Pharmacologically mimicking the effects of the repeat expansion on neurodevelopment increases susceptibility of C9ORF72 mice to motor defects. Thus, the C9ORF72 repeat expansion stunts development of the brain regions prominently affected in C9ORF72 FTD/ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hendricks
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Alicia M Quihuis
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Shu-Ting Hung
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jonathan Chang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Nomongo Dorjsuren
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Balint Der
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kim A Staats
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yingxiao Shi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Naomi S Sta Maria
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Russell E Jacobs
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Justin K Ichida
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Planche V, Mansencal B, Manjon JV, Tourdias T, Catheline G, Coupé P. Anatomical MRI staging of frontotemporal dementia variants. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:3283-3294. [PMID: 36749884 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The three clinical variants of frontotemporal dementia (behavioral variant [bvFTD], semantic dementia, and progressive non-fluent aphasia [PNFA]) are likely to develop over decades, from the preclinical stage to death. METHODS To describe the long-term chronological anatomical progression of FTD variants, we built lifespan brain charts of normal aging and FTD variants by combining 8022 quality-controlled MRIs from multiple large-scale data-bases, including 107 bvFTD, 44 semantic dementia, and 38 PNFA. RESULTS We report in this manuscript the anatomical MRI staging schemes of the three FTD variants by describing the sequential divergence of volumetric trajectories between normal aging and FTD variants. Subcortical atrophy precedes focal cortical atrophy in specific behavioral and/or language networks, with a "radiological" prodromal phase lasting 8-10 years (time elapsed between the first structural alteration and canonical cortical atrophy). DISCUSSION Amygdalar and striatal atrophy can be candidate biomarkers for future preclinical/prodromal FTD variants definitions. HIGHLIGHTS We describe the chronological MRI staging of the most affected structures in the three frontotemporal dementia (FTD) syndromic variants. In behavioral variant of FTD (bvFTD): bilateral amygdalar, striatal, and insular atrophy precedes fronto-temporal atrophy. In semantic dementia: bilateral amygdalar atrophy precedes left temporal and hippocampal atrophy. In progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA): left striatal, insular, and thalamic atrophy precedes opercular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Planche
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
- Centre Mémoire Ressources Recherches, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - José V Manjon
- Instituto de Aplicaciones de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones Avanzadas (ITACA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Thomas Tourdias
- Inserm U1215 - Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
- Service de Neuroimagerie diagnostique et thérapeutique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Catheline
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France
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14
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Nigri A, Umberto M, Stanziano M, Ferraro S, Fedeli D, Medina Carrion JP, Palermo S, Lequio L, Denegri F, Agosta F, Filippi M, Valentini MC, Canosa A, Calvo A, Chiò A, Bruzzone MG, Moglia C. C9orf72 ALS mutation carriers show extensive cortical and subcortical damage compared to matched wild-type ALS patients. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 38:103400. [PMID: 37068310 PMCID: PMC10130353 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE C9orf72 mutation carriers with different neurological phenotypes show cortical and subcortical atrophy in multiple different brain regions, even in pre-symptomatic phases. Despite there is a substantial amount of knowledge, small sample sizes, clinical heterogeneity, as well as different choices of image analysis may hide anatomical abnormalities that are unique to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients with this genotype or that are indicative of the C9orf72-specific trait overlain in fronto-temporal dementia patients. METHODS Brain structural and resting state functional magnetic imaging was obtained in 24 C9orf72 positive (ALSC9+) ALS patients paired for burden disease with 24 C9orf72 negative (ALSC9-) ALS patients. A comprehensive structural evaluation of cortical thickness and subcortical volumes between ALSC9+ and ALSC9- patients was performed while a region of interest (ROI)-ROI analysis of functional connectivity was implemented to assess functional alterations among abnormal cortical and subcortical regions. Results were corrected for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Compared to ALSC9- patients, ALSC9+ patients exhibited extensive disease-specific patterns of thalamo-cortico-striatal atrophy, supported by functional alterations of the identified abnormal regions. Cortical thinning was most pronounced in posterior areas and extended to frontal regions. Bilateral atrophy of the mediodorsal and pulvinar nuclei was observed, emphasizing a focal rather than global thalamus atrophy. Volume loss in a large portion of bilateral caudate and left putamen was reported. The marked reduction of functional connectivity observed between the left posterior thalamus and almost all the atrophic cortical regions support the central role of the thalamus in the pathogenic mechanism of C9orf72-mediated disease. CONCLUSIONS These findings constitute a coherent and robust picture of ALS patients with C9orf72-mediated disease, unveiling a specific structural and functional characterization of thalamo-cortico-striatal circuit alteration. Our study introduces new evidence in the characterization of the pathogenic mechanisms of C9orf72 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nigri
- Neuroradiology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Manera Umberto
- ALS Centre, "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Stanziano
- Neuroradiology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; ALS Centre, "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Stefania Ferraro
- Neuroradiology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy; School of Life Science and Technology, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Davide Fedeli
- Neuroradiology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sara Palermo
- Neuroradiology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Lequio
- Neuroradiology Unit, CTO Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Denegri
- Neuroradiology Unit, CTO Hospital, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Agosta
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Italy; Neurology Unit, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Italy; Neurology Unit, Italy; Neurorehabilitation Unit, Italy; Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Canosa
- ALS Centre, "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, SC Neurologia 1U, Turin, Italy; Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Council of Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- ALS Centre, "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, SC Neurologia 1U, Turin, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- ALS Centre, "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, SC Neurologia 1U, Turin, Italy; Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Council of Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Bruzzone
- Neuroradiology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Moglia
- ALS Centre, "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, SC Neurologia 1U, Turin, Italy
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15
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Tu WY, Xu W, Zhang J, Qi S, Bai L, Shen C, Zhang K. C9orf72 poly-GA proteins impair neuromuscular transmission. Zool Res 2023; 44:331-340. [PMID: 36799225 PMCID: PMC10083233 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating motoneuron disease, in which lower motoneurons lose control of skeletal muscles. Degeneration of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) occurs at the initial stage of ALS. Dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) from G4C2 repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation are known to cause C9orf72-associated ALS (C9-ALS). However, DPR inclusion burdens are weakly correlated with neurodegenerative areas in C9-ALS patients, indicating that DPRs may exert cell non-autonomous effects, in addition to the known intracellular pathological mechanisms. Here, we report that poly-GA, the most abundant form of DPR in C9-ALS, is released from cells. Local administration of poly-GA proteins in peripheral synaptic regions causes muscle weakness and impaired neuromuscular transmission in vivo. The NMJ structure cannot be maintained, as evidenced by the fragmentation of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters and distortion of presynaptic nerve terminals. Mechanistic study demonstrated that extracellular poly-GA sequesters soluble Agrin ligands and inhibits Agrin-MuSK signaling. Our findings provide a novel cell non-autonomous mechanism by which poly-GA impairs NMJs in C9-ALS. Thus, targeting NMJs could be an early therapeutic intervention for C9-ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yo Tu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Neurobiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310020, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Neurobiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310020, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Neurobiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310020, China
| | - Shuyuan Qi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Neurobiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310020, China
| | - Lei Bai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Neurobiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310020, China
| | - Chengyong Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Neurobiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310020, China
- MOE Frontier Science, Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China. E-mail:
| | - Kejing Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Department of Neurobiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310020, China. E-mail:
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16
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Bussy A, Levy JP, Best T, Patel R, Cupo L, Van Langenhove T, Nielsen JE, Pijnenburg Y, Waldö ML, Remes AM, Schroeter ML, Santana I, Pasquier F, Otto M, Danek A, Levin J, Le Ber I, Vandenberghe R, Synofzik M, Moreno F, de Mendonça A, Sanchez-Valle R, Laforce R, Langheinrich T, Gerhard A, Graff C, Butler CR, Sorbi S, Jiskoot L, Seelaar H, van Swieten JC, Finger E, Tartaglia MC, Masellis M, Tiraboschi P, Galimberti D, Borroni B, Rowe JB, Bocchetta M, Rohrer JD, Devenyi GA, Chakravarty MM, Ducharme S. Cerebellar and subcortical atrophy contribute to psychiatric symptoms in frontotemporal dementia. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:2684-2700. [PMID: 36895129 PMCID: PMC10089095 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported early cerebellar and subcortical impact in the disease progression of genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) due to microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), progranulin (GRN) and chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72). However, the cerebello-subcortical circuitry in FTD has been understudied despite its essential role in cognition and behaviors related to FTD symptomatology. The present study aims to investigate the association between cerebellar and subcortical atrophy, and neuropsychiatric symptoms across genetic mutations. Our study included 983 participants from the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia Initiative including mutation carriers and noncarrier first-degree relatives of known symptomatic carriers. Voxel-wise analysis of the thalamus, striatum, globus pallidus, amygdala, and the cerebellum was performed, and partial least squares analyses (PLS) were used to link morphometry and behavior. In presymptomatic C9orf72 expansion carriers, thalamic atrophy was found compared to noncarriers, suggesting the importance of this structure in FTD prodromes. PLS analyses demonstrated that the cerebello-subcortical circuitry is related to neuropsychiatric symptoms, with significant overlap in brain/behavior patterns, but also specificity for each genetic mutation group. The largest differences were in the cerebellar atrophy (larger extent in C9orf72 expansion group) and more prominent amygdalar volume reduction in the MAPT group. Brain scores in the C9orf72 expansion carriers and MAPT carriers demonstrated covariation patterns concordant with atrophy patterns detectable up to 20 years before expected symptom onset. Overall, these results demonstrated the important role of the subcortical structures in genetic FTD symptom expression, particularly the cerebellum in C9orf72 and the amygdala in MAPT carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Bussy
- Computational Brain Anatomy (CoBrA) Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jake P Levy
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tristin Best
- Computational Brain Anatomy (CoBrA) Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Raihaan Patel
- Computational Brain Anatomy (CoBrA) Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lani Cupo
- Computational Brain Anatomy (CoBrA) Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Jørgen E Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research Lab, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yolande Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Landqvist Waldö
- Division of Clinical Sciences Helsingborg, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne M Remes
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Neurology, University of Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matthias L Schroeter
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Clinic Leipzig, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Isabel Santana
- University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), Neurology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Universite de Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm 1172, Lille, France
- CHU, CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, Lille, France
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, Paris, France
- Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Leuven, Belgium
- Neurology Service, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tobias Langheinrich
- Division of Neuroscience, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Cerebral Function Unit, Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg, Essen, Germany
| | - Caroline Graff
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Chris R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Lize Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | | | - Gabriel A Devenyi
- Computational Brain Anatomy (CoBrA) Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Computational Brain Anatomy (CoBrA) Laboratory, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Pérez-Millan A, Borrego-Écija S, van Swieten JC, Jiskoot L, Moreno F, Laforce R, Graff C, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Rowe JB, Borroni B, Finger E, Synofzik M, Galimberti D, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Butler CR, Gerhard A, Ducharme S, Le Ber I, Santana I, Pasquier F, Levin J, Otto M, Sorbi S, Tiraboschi P, Seelaar H, Langheinrich T, Rohrer JD, Sala-Llonch R, Sánchez-Valle R. Loss of brainstem white matter predicts onset and motor neuron symptoms in C9orf72 expansion carriers: a GENFI study. J Neurol 2023; 270:1573-1586. [PMID: 36443488 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The C9orf72 expansion is the most common genetic cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and/or motor neuron disease (MND). Corticospinal degeneration has been described in post-mortem neuropathological studies in these patients, especially in those with MND. We used MRI to analyze white matter (WM) volumes in presymptomatic and symptomatic C9orf72 expansion carriers and investigated whether its measure may be helpful in predicting the onset of symptoms. METHODS We studied 102 presymptomatic C9orf72 mutation carriers, 52 symptomatic carriers: 42 suffering from FTD and 11 from MND, and 75 non-carriers from the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia Initiative (GENFI). All subjects underwent T1-MRI acquisition. We used FreeSurfer to estimate the volume proportion of WM in the brainstem regions (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata). We calculated group differences with ANOVA tests and performed linear and non-linear regressions to assess group-by-age interactions. RESULTS A reduced WM ratio was found in all brainstem subregions in symptomatic carriers compared to both noncarriers and pre-symptomatic carriers. Within symptomatic carriers, MND patients presented a lower ratio in pons and medulla oblongata compared with FTD patients. No differences were found between presymptomatic carriers and non-carriers. Clinical severity was negatively associated with the WM ratio. C9orf72 carriers presented greater age-related WM loss than non-carriers, with MND patients showing significantly more atrophy in pons and medulla oblongata. DISCUSSION We find consistent brainstem WM loss in C9orf72 symptomatic carriers with differences related to the clinical phenotype supporting the use of brainstem measures as neuroimaging biomarkers for disease tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Pérez-Millan
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Borrego-Écija
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lize Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Robert Laforce
- Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, CHU de Québec, and Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Neurology Service, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Chris R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Medicine Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (DMU Neurosciences Paris 6), Paris, France
- Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (DMU Neurosciences Paris 6), Paris, France
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Service, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Coimbra (HUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Univ Lille, Lille, France
- CHU, CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Johannes Levin
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Langheinrich
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Roser Sala-Llonch
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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McKenna MC, Lope J, Bede P, Tan EL. Thalamic pathology in frontotemporal dementia: Predilection for specific nuclei, phenotype-specific signatures, clinical correlates, and practical relevance. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2881. [PMID: 36609810 PMCID: PMC9927864 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) phenotypes are classically associated with distinctive cortical atrophy patterns and regional hypometabolism. However, the spectrum of cognitive and behavioral manifestations in FTD arises from multisynaptic network dysfunction. The thalamus is a key hub of several corticobasal and corticocortical circuits. The main circuits relayed via the thalamic nuclei include the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit, the anterior cingulate circuit, and the orbitofrontal circuit. METHODS In this paper, we have reviewed evidence for thalamic pathology in FTD based on radiological and postmortem studies. Original research papers were systematically reviewed for preferential involvement of specific thalamic regions, for phenotype-associated thalamic disease burden patterns, characteristic longitudinal changes, and genotype-associated thalamic signatures. Moreover, evidence for presymptomatic thalamic pathology was also reviewed. Identified papers were systematically scrutinized for imaging methods, cohort sizes, clinical profiles, clinicoradiological associations, and main anatomical findings. The findings of individual research papers were amalgamated for consensus observations and their study designs further evaluated for stereotyped shortcomings. Based on the limitations of existing studies and conflicting reports in low-incidence FTD variants, we sought to outline future research directions and pressing research priorities. RESULTS FTD is associated with focal thalamic degeneration. Phenotype-specific thalamic traits mirror established cortical vulnerability patterns. Thalamic nuclei mediating behavioral and language functions are preferentially involved. Given the compelling evidence for considerable thalamic disease burden early in the course of most FTD subtypes, we also reflect on the practical relevance, diagnostic role, prognostic significance, and monitoring potential of thalamic metrics in FTD. CONCLUSIONS Cardinal manifestations of FTD phenotypes are likely to stem from thalamocortical circuitry dysfunction and are not exclusively driven by focal cortical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Clare McKenna
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Neurology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jasmin Lope
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Bede
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Neurology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ee Ling Tan
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Saracino D, Sellami L, Boniface H, Houot M, Pélégrini-Issac M, Funkiewiez A, Rinaldi D, Locatelli M, Azuar C, Causse-Lemercier V, Jaillard A, Pasquier F, Chastan M, Wallon D, Hitzel A, Pariente J, Pallardy A, Boutoleau-Bretonnière C, Guedj E, Didic M, Migliaccio R, Kas A, Habert MO, Le Ber I. Brain Metabolic Profile in Presymptomatic GRN Carriers Throughout a 5-Year Follow-up. Neurology 2023; 100:e396-e407. [PMID: 36257714 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES GRN variants are a frequent cause of familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Monitoring disease progression in asymptomatic carriers of genetic variants is a major challenge in delivering preventative therapies before clinical onset. This study aimed to assess the usefulness of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET in identifying metabolic changes in presymptomatic GRN carriers (PS-GRN+) and to trace their longitudinal progression. METHODS Participants were longitudinally evaluated over 5 years in a prospective cohort study focused on GRN disease (Predict-PGRN). They underwent cognitive/behavioral assessment, plasma neurofilament measurement, brain MRI, and FDG-PET. Voxel-wise comparisons of structural and metabolic imaging data between 2 groups were performed for each time point. Longitudinal PET changes were evaluated with voxel-wise comparisons and the metabolic percent annual changes method. The association of regional brain metabolism with plasma neurofilament and cognitive changes was analyzed. RESULTS Among the 80 individuals enrolled in the study, 58 (27 PS-GRN+ and 31 noncarriers) were included in the analyses. Cross-sectional comparisons between PS-GRN+ and controls found a significant hypometabolism in the left superior temporal sulcus (STS) region (encompassing the middle and superior temporal gyri), approximately 15 years before the expected disease onset, without significant cortical atrophy. The longitudinal metabolic decline over the following 5 years peaked around the right STS in carriers (p < 0.001), without significantly greater volume loss compared with that in controls. Their estimated annualized metabolic decrease (-1.37%) was higher than that in controls (-0.21%, p = 0.004). Lower glucose uptake was associated with higher neurofilament increase (p = 0.003) and lower frontal cognitive scores (p = 0.014) in PS-GRN+. DISCUSSION This study detected brain metabolic changes in the STS region, preceding structural and cognitive alterations, thus contributing to the characterization of the pathochronology of preclinical GRN disease. Owing to the STS involvement in the perception of facially communicated cues, it is likely that its dysfunction contributes to social cognition deficits characterizing FTD. Overall, our study highlights brain metabolic changes as an early disease-tracking biomarker and proposes annualized percent decrease as a metric to monitor therapeutic response in forthcoming trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Saracino
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Leila Sellami
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Hugo Boniface
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Marion Houot
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Mélanie Pélégrini-Issac
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Aurélie Funkiewiez
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Daisy Rinaldi
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Maxime Locatelli
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Carole Azuar
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Valérie Causse-Lemercier
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Alice Jaillard
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Mathieu Chastan
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - David Wallon
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Anne Hitzel
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Amandine Pallardy
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Claire Boutoleau-Bretonnière
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Eric Guedj
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Mira Didic
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Raffaella Migliaccio
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Aurélie Kas
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Marie-Odile Habert
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- From the Sorbonne Université (D.S., L.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., M.L., R.M., I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France; IM2A (D.S., M.H., A.F., D.R., C.A., R.M., I.L.B.), Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team (D.S.), Inria Research Center of Paris, France; Sorbonne Université (H.B., M.P.-I., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, Paris, France; Centre d'Acquisition et de Traitement d'Images (CATI) (H.B., M.L., A.K., M.-O.H.), US52-UAR2031, CEA, ICM, SU, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Ile de France, France; Université Paris-Saclay (H.B.), CEA, CNRS, Neurospin, UMR9027 Baobab, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN) (M.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Département de Médecine Nucléaire (V.C.-L., A.K., M.-O.H.), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.J.), CHU Lille, Lille, France; Univ Lille (F.P.), Inserm U1172, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (M.C.), Centre Henri Becquerel, Rouen University Hospital, France; Normandie Univ (D.W.), UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, CIC-CRB1404, Rouen, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.H.), Toulouse Purpan University Hospital, France; Department of Neurology and ToNIC (J.P.), Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse University Hospital, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (A.P.), University Hospital of Nantes, France; CHU Nantes (C.B.-B.), Inserm CIC04, Department of Neurology, Centre Mémoire de Ressources et Recherche, Nantes, France; Nuclear Medicine Department (E.G.), Aix-Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Timone Hospital, CERIMED, France; APHM (M.D.), Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, APHM-Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France; and Aix-Marseille Univ (M.D.), INSERM, INS Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, France.
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20
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Lee H, Mackenzie IRA, Beg MF, Popuri K, Rademakers R, Wittenberg D, Hsiung GYR. White-matter abnormalities in presymptomatic GRN and C9orf72 mutation carriers. Brain Commun 2022; 5:fcac333. [PMID: 36632182 PMCID: PMC9825756 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of familial frontotemporal dementia is caused by TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa) proteinopathies. Accordingly, carriers of autosomal dominant mutations in the genes associated with TAR DNA-binding protein 43 aggregation, such as Chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) or progranulin (GRN), are at risk of later developing frontotemporal dementia. Brain imaging abnormalities that develop before dementia onset in mutation carriers may serve as proxies for the presymptomatic stages of familial frontotemporal dementia due to a genetic cause. Our study objective was to investigate brain MRI-based white-matter changes in predementia participants carrying mutations in C9orf72 or GRN genes. We analysed mutation carriers and their family member controls (noncarriers) from the University of British Columbia familial frontotemporal dementia study. First, a total of 42 participants (8 GRN carriers; 11 C9orf72 carriers; 23 noncarriers) had longitudinal T1-weighted MRI over ∼2 years. White-matter signal hypointensities were segmented and volumes were calculated for each participant. General linear models were applied to compare the baseline burden and the annualized rate of accumulation of signal abnormalities among mutation carriers and noncarriers. Second, a total of 60 participants (9 GRN carriers; 17 C9orf72 carriers; 34 noncarriers) had cross-sectional diffusion tensor MRI available. For each participant, we calculated the average fractional anisotropy and mean, radial and axial diffusivity parameter values within the normal-appearing white-matter tissues. General linear models were applied to compare whether mutation carriers and noncarriers had different trends in diffusion tensor imaging parameter values as they neared the expected age of onset. Baseline volumes of white-matter signal abnormalities were not significantly different among mutation carriers and noncarriers. Longitudinally, GRN carriers had significantly higher annualized rates of accumulation (estimated mean: 15.87%/year) compared with C9orf72 carriers (3.69%/year) or noncarriers (2.64%/year). A significant relationship between diffusion tensor imaging parameter values and increasing expected age of onset was found in the periventricular normal-appearing white-matter region. Specifically, GRN carriers had a tendency of a faster increase of mean and radial diffusivity values and C9orf72 carriers had a tendency of a faster decline of fractional anisotropy values as they reached closer to the expected age of dementia onset. These findings suggest that white-matter changes may represent early markers of familial frontotemporal dementia due to genetic causes. However, GRN and C9orf72 mutation carriers may have different mechanisms leading to tissue abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Lee
- Correspondence to: Hyunwoo Lee S154-2211 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 2B5 E-mail:
| | - Ian R A Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T2B5, Canada
| | - Mirza Faisal Beg
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Karteek Popuri
- Department of Computer Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s A1B3X5, Canada
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Applied and Translational Neurogenomics, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp 2610, Belgium,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium,Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Dana Wittenberg
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T2B5, Canada
| | - Ging-Yuek Robin Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T2B5, Canada
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21
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van Veenhuijzen K, Westeneng HJ, Tan HHG, Nitert AD, van der Burgh HK, Gosselt I, van Es MA, Nijboer TCW, Veldink JH, van den Berg LH. Longitudinal Effects of Asymptomatic C9orf72 Carriership on Brain Morphology. Ann Neurol 2022; 93:668-680. [PMID: 36511398 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated effects of C9orf72 repeat expansion and gene expression on longitudinal cerebral changes before symptom onset. METHODS We enrolled 79 asymptomatic family members (AFMs) from 9 families with C9orf72 repeat expansion. Twenty-eight AFMs carried the mutation (C9+). Participants had up to 3 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, after which we compared motor cortex and motor tracts between C9+ and C9- AFMs using mixed effects models, incorporating kinship to correct for familial relations and lessen effects of other genetic factors. We also compared cortical, subcortical, cerebellar, and connectome structural measurements in a hypothesis-free analysis. We correlated regional C9orf72 expression in donor brains with the pattern of cortical thinning in C9+ AFMs using meta-regression. For comparison, we included 42 C9+ and 439 C9- patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in this analysis. RESULTS C9+ AFM motor cortex had less gyrification and was thinner than in C9- AFMs, without differences in motor tracts. Whole brain analysis revealed thinner cortex and less gyrification in parietal, occipital, and temporal regions, smaller thalami and right hippocampus, and affected frontotemporal connections. Thinning of bilateral precentral, precuneus, and left superior parietal cortex was faster in C9+ than in C9- AFMs. Higher C9orf72 expression correlated with thinner cortex in both C9+ AFMs and C9+ ALS patients. INTERPRETATION In asymptomatic C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers, brain MRI reveals widespread features suggestive of impaired neurodevelopment, along with faster decline of motor and parietal cortex than found in normal aging. C9orf72 expression might play a role in cortical development, and consequently explain the specific brain abnormalities of mutation carriers. ANN NEUROL 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin van Veenhuijzen
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan Westeneng
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harold H G Tan
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Abram D Nitert
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hannelore K van der Burgh
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel Gosselt
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael A van Es
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja C W Nijboer
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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22
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Finger E, Malik R, Bocchetta M, Coleman K, Graff C, Borroni B, Masellis M, Laforce R, Greaves CV, Russell LL, Convery RS, Bouzigues A, Cash DM, Otto M, Synofzik M, Rowe JB, Galimberti D, Tiraboschi P, Bartha R, Shoesmith C, Tartaglia MC, van Swieten JC, Seelaar H, Jiskoo LC, Sorbi S, Butler CR, Gerhard A, Sanchez-Valle R, de Mendonça A, Moreno F, Vandenberghe R, Le Ber I, Levin J, Pasquier F, Santana I, Rohrer JD, Ducharme S. Neurodevelopmental effects of genetic frontotemporal dementia in young adult mutation carriers. Brain 2022; 146:2120-2131. [PMID: 36458975 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While frontotemporal dementia (frontotemporal dementia) has been considered a neurodegenerative disease that starts in mid-life or later, it is now clearly established that cortical and subcortical volume loss is observed more than a decade prior to symptom onset and progresses with aging. To test the hypothesis that genetic mutations causing frontotemporal dementia have neurodevelopmental consequences, we have examined the youngest adults in the GENFI cohort of pre-symptomatic frontotemporal dementia mutation carriers who are between the ages of 19 and 30y. Structural brain differences and improved performance on some cognitive tests was found for MAPT and GRN mutation carriers relative to familial non-carriers, while smaller volumes were observed in C9orf72 repeat expansion carriers at a mean age of 26y. The detection of such early differences supports potential advantageous neurodevelopmental consequences of some frontotemporal dementia causing genetic mutations. These results have implications for design of therapeutic interventions for frontotemporal dementia. Future studies at younger ages are needed to identify specific early pathophysiologic or compensatory processes in the neurodevelopmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rubina Malik
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kristy Coleman
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementia, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital-Solna Stockholm Sweden
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Masellis
- Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline V Greaves
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Arabella Bouzigues
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David M Cash
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust and Medical Research Council Cognition and brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Robert Bartha
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christen Shoesmith
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Toronto Western Hospital, Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lize C Jiskoo
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer center, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chris R Butler
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Fermin Moreno
- Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Levin
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Univ Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm 1172, Lille, France
- CHU, CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Chipika RH, Mulkerrin G, Pradat PF, Murad A, Ango F, Raoul C, Bede P. Cerebellar pathology in motor neuron disease: neuroplasticity and neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2335-2341. [PMID: 35535867 PMCID: PMC9120698 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.336139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a relentlessly progressive multi-system condition. The clinical picture is dominated by upper and lower motor neuron degeneration, but extra-motor pathology is increasingly recognized, including cerebellar pathology. Post-mortem and neuroimaging studies primarily focus on the characterization of supratentorial disease, despite emerging evidence of cerebellar degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cardinal clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, such as dysarthria, dysphagia, cognitive and behavioral deficits, saccade abnormalities, gait impairment, respiratory weakness and pseudobulbar affect are likely to be exacerbated by co-existing cerebellar pathology. This review summarizes in vivo and post mortem evidence for cerebellar degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Structural imaging studies consistently capture cerebellar grey matter volume reductions, diffusivity studies readily detect both intra-cerebellar and cerebellar peduncle white matter alterations and functional imaging studies commonly report increased functional connectivity with supratentorial regions. Increased functional connectivity is commonly interpreted as evidence of neuroplasticity representing compensatory processes despite the lack of post-mortem validation. There is a scarcity of post-mortem studies focusing on cerebellar alterations, but these detect pTDP-43 in cerebellar nuclei. Cerebellar pathology is an overlooked facet of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis despite its contribution to a multitude of clinical symptoms, widespread connectivity to spinal and supratentorial regions and putative role in compensating for the degeneration of primary motor regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangariroyashe H Chipika
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grainne Mulkerrin
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Aizuri Murad
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fabrice Ango
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Raoul
- The Neuroscience Institute of Montpellier (INM), INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Peter Bede
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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Kmetzsch V, Latouche M, Saracino D, Rinaldi D, Camuzat A, Gareau T, Le Ber I, Colliot O, Becker E. MicroRNA signatures in genetic frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1778-1791. [PMID: 36264717 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MicroRNAs are promising biomarkers of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but discrepant results between studies have so far hampered their use in clinical trials. We aim to assess all previously identified circulating microRNA signatures as potential biomarkers of genetic FTD and/or ALS, using homogeneous, independent validation cohorts of C9orf72 and GRN mutation carriers. METHODS 104 individuals carrying a C9orf72 or a GRN mutation, along with 31 controls, were recruited through the French research network on FTD/ALS. All subjects underwent blood sampling, from which circulating microRNAs were extracted. We measured differences in the expression levels of 65 microRNAs, selected from 15 published studies about FTD or ALS, between 31 controls, 17 C9orf72 presymptomatic subjects, and 29 C9orf72 patients. We also assessed differences in the expression levels of 30 microRNAs, selected from five studies about FTD, between 31 controls, 30 GRN presymptomatic subjects, and 28 GRN patients. RESULTS More than half (35/65) of the selected microRNAs were differentially expressed in the C9orf72 cohort, while only a small proportion (5/30) of microRNAs were differentially expressed in the GRN cohort. In multivariate analyses, only individuals in the C9orf72 cohort could be adequately classified (ROC AUC up to 0.98 for controls versus presymptomatic subjects, 0.94 for controls versus patients, and 0.77 for presymptomatic subjects versus patients) with some of the signatures. INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that previously identified microRNAs using sporadic or mixed cohorts of FTD and ALS patients could potentially serve as biomarkers of C9orf72-associated disease, but not GRN-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgilio Kmetzsch
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Morwena Latouche
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, CNRS, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Dario Saracino
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Daisy Rinaldi
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, CNRS, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Camuzat
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, CNRS, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France.,EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Gareau
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, CNRS, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, CNRS, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, FrontLab, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Colliot
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, CNRS, Inria, Inserm, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France
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25
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Feldman EL, Goutman SA, Petri S, Mazzini L, Savelieff MG, Shaw PJ, Sobue G. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet 2022; 400:1363-1380. [PMID: 36116464 PMCID: PMC10089700 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal CNS neurodegenerative disease. Despite intensive research, current management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remains suboptimal from diagnosis to prognosis. Recognition of the phenotypic heterogeneity of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, global CNS dysfunction, genetic architecture, and development of novel diagnostic criteria is clarifying the spectrum of clinical presentation and facilitating diagnosis. Insights into the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, identification of disease biomarkers and modifiable risks, along with new predictive models, scales, and scoring systems, and a clinical trial pipeline of mechanism-based therapies, are changing the prognostic landscape. Although most recent advances have yet to translate into patient benefit, the idea of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as a complex syndrome is already having tangible effects in the clinic. This Seminar will outline these insights and discuss the status of the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for the general neurologist, along with future prospects that could improve care and outcomes for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Stephen A Goutman
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- ALS Centre, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy; Department of Neurology, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Masha G Savelieff
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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26
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McKenna MC, Lope J, Tan EL, Bede P. Pre-symptomatic radiological changes in frontotemporal dementia: propagation characteristics, predictive value and implications for clinical trials. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:2755-2767. [PMID: 35920960 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-022-00711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Computational imaging and quantitative biomarkers offer invaluable insights in the pre-symptomatic phase of neurodegenerative conditions several years before clinical manifestation. In recent years, there has been a focused effort to characterize pre-symptomatic cerebral changes in familial frontotemporal dementias using computational imaging. Accordingly, a systematic literature review was conducted of original articles investigating pre-symptomatic imaging changes in frontotemporal dementia focusing on study design, imaging modalities, data interpretation, control cohorts and key findings. The review is limited to the most common genotypes: chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72), progranulin (GRN), or microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) genotypes. Sixty-eight studies were identified with a median sample size of 15 (3-141) per genotype. Only a minority of studies were longitudinal (28%; 19/68) with a median follow-up of 2 (1-8) years. MRI (97%; 66/68) was the most common imaging modality, and primarily grey matter analyses were conducted (75%; 19/68). Some studies used multimodal analyses 44% (30/68). Genotype-associated imaging signatures are presented, innovative study designs are highlighted, common methodological shortcomings are discussed and lessons for future studies are outlined. Emerging academic observations have potential clinical implications for expediting the diagnosis, tracking disease progression and optimising the timing of pharmaceutical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Clare McKenna
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Room 5.43, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Neurology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jasmin Lope
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Room 5.43, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ee Ling Tan
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Room 5.43, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Peter Bede
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Room 5.43, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,Department of Neurology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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27
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Ryan B, O’Mara Baker A, Ilse C, Brickell KL, Kersten HM, Williams JM, Addis DR, Tippett LJ, Curtis MA. The New Zealand Genetic Frontotemporal Dementia Study (FTDGeNZ): a longitudinal study of pre-symptomatic biomarkers. J R Soc N Z 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2022.2101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Ryan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Ashleigh O’Mara Baker
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Christina Ilse
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Kiri L. Brickell
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Hannah M. Kersten
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna M. Williams
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Donna Rose Addis
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lynette J. Tippett
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro Aotearoa, New Zealand
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28
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Poos JM, MacDougall A, van den Berg E, Jiskoot LC, Papma JM, van der Ende EL, Seelaar H, Russell LL, Peakman G, Convery R, Pijnenburg YAL, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Borroni B, Laforce R, Doré MC, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Graff C, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Finger E, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, Mendonça A, Tiraboschi P, Santana I, Ducharme S, Butler C, Gerhard A, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Le Ber I, Pasquier F, van Swieten J, Rohrer JD. Longitudinal Cognitive Changes in Genetic Frontotemporal Dementia Within the GENFI Cohort. Neurology 2022; 99:e281-e295. [PMID: 35483895 PMCID: PMC9302936 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Disease-modifying therapeutic trials for genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are underway, but sensitive cognitive outcome measures are lacking. The aim of this study was to identify such cognitive tests in early stage FTD by investigating cognitive decline in a large cohort of genetic FTD pathogenic variant carriers and by investigating whether gene-specific differences are moderated by disease stage (asymptomatic, prodromal, and symptomatic). METHODS C9orf72, GRN, and MAPT pathogenic variant carriers as well as controls underwent a yearly neuropsychological assessment covering 8 cognitive domains as part of the Genetic FTD Initiative, a prospective multicenter cohort study. Pathogenic variant carriers were stratified according to disease stage using the global Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) plus National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) FTLD score (0, 0.5, or ≥1). Linear mixed-effects models were used to investigate differences between genetic groups and disease stages as well as the 3-way interaction between time, genetic group, and disease stage. RESULTS A total of 207 C9orf72, 206 GRN, and 86 MAPT pathogenic variant carriers and 255 controls were included. C9orf72 pathogenic variant carriers performed lower on attention, executive function, and verbal fluency from CDR plus NACC FTLD 0 onwards, with relatively minimal decline over time regardless of the CDR plus NACC FTLD score (i.e., disease progression). The cognitive profile in MAPT pathogenic variant carriers was characterized by lower memory performance at CDR plus NACC FTLD 0.5, with decline over time in language from the CDR plus NACC FTLD 0.5 stage onwards, and executive dysfunction rapidly developing at CDR plus NACC FTLD ≥1. GRN pathogenic variant carriers declined on verbal fluency and visuoconstruction in the CDR plus NACC FTLD 0.5 stage, with progressive decline in other cognitive domains starting at CDR plus NACC FTLD ≥1. DISCUSSION We confirmed cognitive decline in the asymptomatic and prodromal stage of genetic FTD. Specifically, tests for attention, executive function, language, and memory showed clear differences between genetic groups and controls at baseline, but the speed of change over time differed depending on genetic group and disease stage. This confirms the value of neuropsychological assessment in tracking clinical onset and progression and could inform clinical trials in selecting sensitive end points for measuring treatment effects as well as characterizing the best time window for starting treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie M Poos
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Amy MacDougall
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Esther van den Berg
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Janne M Papma
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Emma L van der Ende
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Harro Seelaar
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Lucy L Russell
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Georgia Peakman
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Rhian Convery
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Fermin Moreno
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Barbara Borroni
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Robert Laforce
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Claire Doré
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Mario Masellis
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Caroline Graff
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - James B Rowe
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Mendonça
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Pietro Tiraboschi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Isabel Santana
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Simon Ducharme
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Christopher Butler
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Johannes Levin
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Adrian Danek
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Markus Otto
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - John van Swieten
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- From the Department of Neurology (J.M. Poos, E.v.d.B., L.C.J., J.M. Papma, E.L.v.d.E., H.S., J.v.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Dementia Research Centre (J.M. Poos, L.C.J., L.L.R., G.P., R.C., J.D.R.), Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology; Department of Medical Statistics (A.M.), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.A.L.P.), Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, the Netherlands; Cognitive Disorders Unit (F.M.), Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit (R.S.-V.), Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (B.B.), Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Italy; Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire (R.L., M.-C.D.), Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (M.M.), Sunnybrook Research Institute and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.C.T.), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Geriatric Medicine (C.G.), Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Dino Ferrari (D.G.), University of Milan; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda (D.G.), Ospedale Policlinico, Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.B.R.), University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F.), University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases (M.S.), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (M.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology (R.V.), Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine (A.M.), University of Lisbon, Portugal; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta (P.T.), Milan, Italy; Faculty of Medicine (I.S.), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry (S.D.), McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurology (C.B.), University of Oxford; Divison of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology (A.G.), Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Nuclear Medicine (A.G.), Essen University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (J.L., A.D.), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (J.L.), Munich; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) (J.L.); Department of Neurology (M.O.), University of Ulm, Germany; Sorbonne Université (I.L.B.), Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau-ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Centre de Référence des Démences Rares ou Précoces (I.L.B.), IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP-Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Univ Lille (F.P.); Inserm 1172 (F.P.); and CHU (F.P.), CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France.
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29
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Martinez B, Peplow PV. MicroRNA biomarkers in frontotemporal dementia and to distinguish from Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1412-1422. [PMID: 34916411 PMCID: PMC8771095 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.330591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration describes a group of progressive brain disorders that primarily are associated with atrophy of the prefrontal and anterior temporal lobes. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is considered to be equivalent to frontotemporal dementia. Frontotemporal dementia is characterized by progressive impairments in behavior, executive function, and language. There are two main clinical subtypes: behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia. The early diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia is critical for developing management strategies and interventions for these patients. Without validated biomarkers, the clinical diagnosis depends on recognizing all the core or necessary neuropsychiatric features, but misdiagnosis often occurs due to overlap with a range of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. In the studies reviewed a very large number of microRNAs were found to be dysregulated but with limited overlap between individual studies. Measurement of specific miRNAs singly or in combination, or as miRNA pairs (as a ratio) in blood plasma, serum, or cerebrospinal fluid enabled frontotemporal dementia to be discriminated from healthy controls, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Furthermore, upregulation of miR-223-3p and downregulation of miR-15a-5p, which occurred both in blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid, distinguished behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia from healthy controls. Downregulation of miR-132-3p in frontal and temporal cortical tissue distinguished frontotemporal lobar degeneration and frontotemporal dementia, respectively, from healthy controls. Possible strong miRNA biofluid biomarker contenders for behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia are miR-223-3p, miR-15a-5p, miR-22-3p in blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid, and miR-124 in cerebrospinal fluid. No miRNAs were identified able to distinguish between behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia and primary progressive aphasia subtypes. Further studies are warranted on investigating miRNA expression in biofluids and frontal/temporal cortical tissue to validate and extend these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Martinez
- Department of Medicine, St. Georges University School of Medicine, Grenada
| | - Philip V. Peplow
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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30
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van der Ende EL, Bron EE, Poos JM, Jiskoot LC, Panman JL, Papma JM, Meeter LH, Dopper EGP, Wilke C, Synofzik M, Heller C, Swift IJ, Sogorb-Esteve A, Bouzigues A, Borroni B, Sanchez-Valle R, Moreno F, Graff C, Laforce R, Galimberti D, Masellis M, Tartaglia MC, Finger E, Vandenberghe R, Rowe JB, de Mendonça A, Tagliavini F, Santana I, Ducharme S, Butler CR, Gerhard A, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Pijnenburg YAL, Sorbi S, Zetterberg H, Niessen WJ, Rohrer JD, Klein S, van Swieten JC, Venkatraghavan V, Seelaar H. A data-driven disease progression model of fluid biomarkers in genetic frontotemporal dementia. Brain 2022; 145:1805-1817. [PMID: 34633446 PMCID: PMC9166533 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several CSF and blood biomarkers for genetic frontotemporal dementia have been proposed, including those reflecting neuroaxonal loss (neurofilament light chain and phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain), synapse dysfunction [neuronal pentraxin 2 (NPTX2)], astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and complement activation (C1q, C3b). Determining the sequence in which biomarkers become abnormal over the course of disease could facilitate disease staging and help identify mutation carriers with prodromal or early-stage frontotemporal dementia, which is especially important as pharmaceutical trials emerge. We aimed to model the sequence of biomarker abnormalities in presymptomatic and symptomatic genetic frontotemporal dementia using cross-sectional data from the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia Initiative (GENFI), a longitudinal cohort study. Two-hundred and seventy-five presymptomatic and 127 symptomatic carriers of mutations in GRN, C9orf72 or MAPT, as well as 247 non-carriers, were selected from the GENFI cohort based on availability of one or more of the aforementioned biomarkers. Nine presymptomatic carriers developed symptoms within 18 months of sample collection ('converters'). Sequences of biomarker abnormalities were modelled for the entire group using discriminative event-based modelling (DEBM) and for each genetic subgroup using co-initialized DEBM. These models estimate probabilistic biomarker abnormalities in a data-driven way and do not rely on previous diagnostic information or biomarker cut-off points. Using cross-validation, subjects were subsequently assigned a disease stage based on their position along the disease progression timeline. CSF NPTX2 was the first biomarker to become abnormal, followed by blood and CSF neurofilament light chain, blood phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain, blood glial fibrillary acidic protein and finally CSF C3b and C1q. Biomarker orderings did not differ significantly between genetic subgroups, but more uncertainty was noted in the C9orf72 and MAPT groups than for GRN. Estimated disease stages could distinguish symptomatic from presymptomatic carriers and non-carriers with areas under the curve of 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.80-0.89) and 0.90 (0.86-0.94) respectively. The areas under the curve to distinguish converters from non-converting presymptomatic carriers was 0.85 (0.75-0.95). Our data-driven model of genetic frontotemporal dementia revealed that NPTX2 and neurofilament light chain are the earliest to change among the selected biomarkers. Further research should investigate their utility as candidate selection tools for pharmaceutical trials. The model's ability to accurately estimate individual disease stages could improve patient stratification and track the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L van der Ende
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther E Bron
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jackie M Poos
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica L Panman
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janne M Papma
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke H Meeter
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elise G P Dopper
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Wilke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Heller
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG London, UK
| | - Imogen J Swift
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG London, UK
| | - Aitana Sogorb-Esteve
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG London, UK
| | - Arabella Bouzigues
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG London, UK
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, 20014 Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Caroline Graff
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Solna, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Solna, Sweden
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, CHU de Québec, Université Laval, G1Z 1J4 Québec, Canada
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, ON M4N 3M5 Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8 Toronto, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, ON N6A 3K7 London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - James B Rowe
- Cambridge University Centre for Frontotemporal Dementia, University of Cambridge, CB2 0SZ Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Isabel Santana
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simon Ducharme
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, 3801 Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christopher R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU Oxford, UK
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, M20 3LJ Manchester, UK
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Geriatric Medicine, University Hospital Essen, 45 147 Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Location VU University Medical Center Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Wiro J Niessen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG London, UK
| | - Stefan Klein
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vikram Venkatraghavan
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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How can we define the presymptomatic C9orf72 disease in 2022? An overview on the current definitions of preclinical and prodromal phases. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2022; 178:426-436. [PMID: 35525633 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Repeat expansions in C9orf72 gene are the main genetic cause of frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and related phenotypes. With the advent of disease-modifying treatments, the presymptomatic disease phase is getting increasing interest as an ideal time window in which innovant therapeutic approaches could be administered. Recommendations issued from international study groups distinguish between a preclinical disease stage, during which lesions accumulate in absence of any symptoms or signs, and a prodromal stage, marked by the appearance the first subtle cognitive, behavioral, psychiatric and motor signs, before the full-blown disease. This paper summarizes the current definitions and criteria for these stages, in particular focusing on how fluid-based, neuroimaging and cognitive biomarkers can be useful to monitor disease trajectory across the presymptomatic phase, as well as to detect the earliest signs of clinical conversion. Continuous advances in the knowledge of C9orf72 pathophysiology, and the integration of biomarkers in the clinical evaluation of mutation carriers will allow a better diagnostic definition of C9orf72 disease spectrum from the earliest stages, with relevant impact on the possibility of disease prevention.
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32
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McKenna MC, Li Hi Shing S, Murad A, Lope J, Hardiman O, Hutchinson S, Bede P. Focal thalamus pathology in frontotemporal dementia: Phenotype-associated thalamic profiles. J Neurol Sci 2022; 436:120221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Heikkinen S, Cajanus A, Katisko K, Hartikainen P, Vanninen R, Haapasalo A, Krüger J, Remes AM, Solje E. Brainstem atrophy is linked to extrapyramidal symptoms in frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol 2022; 269:4488-4497. [PMID: 35377014 PMCID: PMC9294011 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExtrapyramidal (EP) symptoms are a known feature in a subpopulation of patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Concomitant EP symptoms with FTD-like neuropsychiatric symptoms are also core features in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). This complicates the early diagnosis of these disorders. Our retrospective register study aimed to discover imaging (MRI and FDG-PET) biomarkers to differentiate PSP, CBD, and bvFTD patients with extrapyramidal symptoms (EP +) from bvFTD patients without EP symptoms (EP-). The records of 2751 patients were screened for the diagnoses and presence of EP symptoms. A total of 222 patients were submitted to imaging analysis and applicable imaging data were recovered from 139 patients. Neuroimaging data were analyzed using Freesurfer software. In the whole cohort, EP + patients showed lower volumes of gray matter compared to EP- patients in the putamen (p = 0.002), bilateral globus pallidum (p = 0.002, p = 0.042), ventral diencephalon (p = 0.002) and brain stem (p < 0.001). In the bvFTD subgroup, there was volumetric difference between EP + and EP− patients in the brain stem. FDG-PET scans in the bvFTD patient subgroup showed that EP + patients had comparative hypometabolism of the superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) and the frontal lobes. We discovered that EP symptoms are linked to brainstem atrophy in bvFTD patients and the whole cohort. Also, evident hypometabolism in the SCP of bvFTD EP + patients was detected as compared to bvFTD EP− patients. This could indicate that the EP symptoms in these diseases have a more caudal origin in the brainstem than in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Heikkinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 (Yliopistonranta 1C), 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Cajanus
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 (Yliopistonranta 1C), 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kasper Katisko
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 (Yliopistonranta 1C), 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Ritva Vanninen
- Department of Radiology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Radiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Krüger
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne M Remes
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- MRC, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627 (Yliopistonranta 1C), 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
- Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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34
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Poos JM, Moore KM, Nicholas J, Russell LL, Peakman G, Convery RS, Jiskoot LC, van der Ende E, van den Berg E, Papma JM, Seelaar H, Pijnenburg YAL, Moreno F, Sanchez-Valle R, Borroni B, Laforce R, Masellis M, Tartaglia C, Graff C, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Finger E, Synofzik M, Vandenberghe R, de Mendonça A, Tiraboschi P, Santana I, Ducharme S, Butler C, Gerhard A, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Le Ber I, Pasquier F, van Swieten JC, Rohrer JD. Cognitive composites for genetic frontotemporal dementia: GENFI-Cog. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:10. [PMID: 35045872 PMCID: PMC8772227 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-00958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Clinical endpoints for upcoming therapeutic trials in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are increasingly urgent. Cognitive composite scores are often used as endpoints but are lacking in genetic FTD. We aimed to create cognitive composite scores for genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) as well as recommendations for recruitment and duration in clinical trial design. Methods A standardized neuropsychological test battery covering six cognitive domains was completed by 69 C9orf72, 41 GRN, and 28 MAPT mutation carriers with CDR® plus NACC-FTLD ≥ 0.5 and 275 controls. Logistic regression was used to identify the combination of tests that distinguished best between each mutation carrier group and controls. The composite scores were calculated from the weighted averages of test scores in the models based on the regression coefficients. Sample size estimates were calculated for individual cognitive tests and composites in a theoretical trial aimed at preventing progression from a prodromal stage (CDR® plus NACC-FTLD 0.5) to a fully symptomatic stage (CDR® plus NACC-FTLD ≥ 1). Time-to-event analysis was performed to determine how quickly mutation carriers progressed from CDR® plus NACC-FTLD = 0.5 to ≥ 1 (and therefore how long a trial would need to be). Results The results from the logistic regression analyses resulted in different composite scores for each mutation carrier group (i.e. C9orf72, GRN, and MAPT). The estimated sample size to detect a treatment effect was lower for composite scores than for most individual tests. A Kaplan-Meier curve showed that after 3 years, ~ 50% of individuals had converted from CDR® plus NACC-FTLD 0.5 to ≥ 1, which means that the estimated effect size needs to be halved in sample size calculations as only half of the mutation carriers would be expected to progress from CDR® plus NACC FTLD 0.5 to ≥ 1 without treatment over that time period. Discussion We created gene-specific cognitive composite scores for C9orf72, GRN, and MAPT mutation carriers, which resulted in substantially lower estimated sample sizes to detect a treatment effect than the individual cognitive tests. The GENFI-Cog composites have potential as cognitive endpoints for upcoming clinical trials. The results from this study provide recommendations for estimating sample size and trial duration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-022-00958-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie M Poos
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, Box 16, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Katrina M Moore
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, Box 16, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jennifer Nicholas
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, Box 16, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Georgia Peakman
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, Box 16, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rhian S Convery
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, Box 16, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, Box 16, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Emma van der Ende
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janne M Papma
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fermin Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert Laforce
- Clinique Interdisciplinaire de Mémoire, Département des Sciences Neurologiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- University of Milan, Centro Dino Ferrari, Milan, Italy.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Pietro Tiraboschi
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Neurologica Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabel Santana
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Chris Butler
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Isabel Le Ber
- Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- University of Lille, Lille, France.,Inserm 1172, Lille, France.,CHU, CNR-MAJ, Labex Distalz, LiCEND, Lille, France
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, UCL Institute of Neurology, 8-11 Queen Square, Box 16, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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35
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Benussi A, Alberici A, Samra K, Russell LL, Greaves CV, Bocchetta M, Ducharme S, Finger E, Fumagalli G, Galimberti D, Jiskoot LC, Le Ber I, Masellis M, Nacmias B, Rowe JB, Sanchez-Valle R, Seelaar H, Synofzik M, Rohrer JD, Borroni B. Conceptual framework for the definition of preclinical and prodromal frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:1408-1423. [PMID: 34874596 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The presymptomatic stages of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are still poorly defined and encompass a long accrual of progressive biological (preclinical) and then clinical (prodromal) changes, antedating the onset of dementia. The heterogeneity of clinical presentations and the different neuropathological phenotypes have prevented a prior clear description of either preclinical or prodromal FTD. Recent advances in therapeutic approaches, at least in monogenic disease, demand a proper definition of these predementia stages. It has become clear that a consensus lexicon is needed to comprehensively describe the stages that anticipate dementia. The goal of the present work is to review existing literature on the preclinical and prodromal phases of FTD, providing recommendations to address the unmet questions, therefore laying out a strategy for operationalizing and better characterizing these presymptomatic disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Benussi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Alberici
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Kiran Samra
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Lucy L Russell
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Caroline V Greaves
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Simon Ducharme
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Finger
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giorgio Fumagalli
- Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione Ca' Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR, Paris, France.,Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), Paris, France
| | - Mario Masellis
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, and IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacións Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
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36
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Saracino D, Dorgham K, Camuzat A, Rinaldi D, Rametti-Lacroux A, Houot M, Clot F, Martin-Hardy P, Jornea L, Azuar C, Migliaccio R, Pasquier F, Couratier P, Auriacombe S, Sauvée M, Boutoleau-Bretonnière C, Pariente J, Didic M, Hannequin D, Wallon D, Colliot O, Dubois B, Brice A, Levy R, Forlani S, Le Ber I. Plasma NfL levels and longitudinal change rates in C9orf72 and GRN-associated diseases: from tailored references to clinical applications. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:1278-1288. [PMID: 34349004 PMCID: PMC8606463 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-326914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a promising biomarker in genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We evaluated plasma neurofilament light chain (pNfL) levels in controls, and their longitudinal trajectories in C9orf72 and GRN cohorts from presymptomatic to clinical stages. METHODS We analysed pNfL using Single Molecule Array (SiMoA) in 668 samples (352 baseline and 316 follow-up) of C9orf72 and GRN patients, presymptomatic carriers (PS) and controls aged between 21 and 83. They were longitudinally evaluated over a period of >2 years, during which four PS became prodromal/symptomatic. Associations between pNfL and clinical-genetic variables, and longitudinal NfL changes, were investigated using generalised and linear mixed-effects models. Optimal cut-offs were determined using the Youden Index. RESULTS pNfL levels increased with age in controls, from ~5 to~18 pg/mL (p<0.0001), progressing over time (mean annualised rate of change (ARC): +3.9%/year, p<0.0001). Patients displayed higher levels and greater longitudinal progression (ARC: +26.7%, p<0.0001), with gene-specific trajectories. GRN patients had higher levels than C9orf72 (86.21 vs 39.49 pg/mL, p=0.014), and greater progression rates (ARC:+29.3% vs +24.7%; p=0.016). In C9orf72 patients, levels were associated with the phenotype (ALS: 71.76 pg/mL, FTD: 37.16, psychiatric: 15.3; p=0.003) and remarkably lower in slowly progressive patients (24.11, ARC: +2.5%; p=0.05). Mean ARC was +3.2% in PS and +7.3% in prodromal carriers. We proposed gene-specific cut-offs differentiating patients from controls by decades. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of gene-specific and age-specific references for clinical and therapeutic trials in genetic FTD/ALS. It supports the usefulness of repeating pNfL measurements and considering ARC as a prognostic marker of disease progression. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS NCT02590276 and NCT04014673.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Saracino
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare or Early Dementias, IM2A, Départment de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Aramis Project Team, Inria Paris Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Karim Dorgham
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Agnès Camuzat
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Daisy Rinaldi
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare or Early Dementias, IM2A, Départment de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Rametti-Lacroux
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau (ICM), FRONTlab, Paris, France
| | - Marion Houot
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare or Early Dementias, IM2A, Départment de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Centre of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN), ICM, CIC Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Clot
- UF de Neurogénétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Martin-Hardy
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ludmila Jornea
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Carole Azuar
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare or Early Dementias, IM2A, Départment de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau (ICM), FRONTlab, Paris, France
| | - Raffaella Migliaccio
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare or Early Dementias, IM2A, Départment de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau (ICM), FRONTlab, Paris, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Univ Lille, Inserm U1171, CHU Lille, DistAlz, LiCEND, CNR-MAJ, Lille, France
| | | | - Sophie Auriacombe
- CMRR Nouvelle Aquitaine, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives Clinique (IMNc), CHU de Bordeaux Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathilde Sauvée
- CMRR de l'Arc Alpin, POLE PRéNeLE, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jérémie Pariente
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre (ToNIC), Inserm, UPS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mira Didic
- APHM, Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, Hôpital Timone Adultes, Marseille, France.,Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Aix-Marseille University, Inserm, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Olivier Colliot
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Aramis Project Team, Inria Paris Research Centre, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare or Early Dementias, IM2A, Départment de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau (ICM), FRONTlab, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Richard Levy
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Reference Centre for Rare or Early Dementias, IM2A, Départment de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau (ICM), FRONTlab, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Forlani
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France .,Reference Centre for Rare or Early Dementias, IM2A, Départment de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute-Institut du Cerveau (ICM), FRONTlab, Paris, France
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37
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Querin G, Grazia Biferi M, Pradat PF. Biomarkers for C9orf7-ALS in Symptomatic and Pre-symptomatic Patients: State-of-the-art in the New Era of Clinical Trials. J Neuromuscul Dis 2021; 9:25-37. [PMID: 34864683 PMCID: PMC8842771 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-210754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of new possible treatments for C9orf72-related ALS and the possibility of early identification of subjects genetically at risk of developing the disease is creating a critical need for biomarkers to track neurodegeneration that could be used as outcome measures in clinical trials. Current candidate biomarkers in C9orf72-ALS include neuropsychology tests, imaging, electrophysiology as well as different circulating biomarkers. Neuropsychology tests show early executive and verbal function involvement both in symptomatic and asymptomatic mutation carriers. At brain MRI, C9orf72-ALS patients present diffuse white and grey matter degeneration, which are already identified up to 20 years before symptom onset and that seem to be slowly progressive over time, while regions of altered connectivity at fMRI and of hypometabolism at [18F]FDG PET have been described as well. At the same time, spinal cord MRI has also shown progressive decrease of FA in the cortico-spinal tract over time. On the side of wet biomarkers, neurofilament proteins are increased both in the CSF and serum just before symptom onset and tend to slowly increase over time, while poly(GP) protein can be detected in the CSF and probably used as target engagement marker in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Querin
- Institut de Myologie, I-Motion Adult ClinicalTrials Platform, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,APHP, Centre de référence desmaladies neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile de France, HôpitalPitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Maria Grazia Biferi
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm UMRS974, Centre of Research in Myology (CRM), Institut de Myologie, GH PitiéSalpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Francois Pradat
- APHP, Département de Neurologie, Centre Référent SLA, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute Ulster University, C-TRIC, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry, United Kingdom
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38
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Saracino D, Géraudie A, Remes AM, Ferrieux S, Noguès-Lassiaille M, Bottani S, Cipriano L, Houot M, Funkiewiez A, Camuzat A, Rinaldi D, Teichmann M, Pariente J, Couratier P, Boutoleau-Bretonnière C, Auriacombe S, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Levy R, Migliaccio R, Solje E, Le Ber I. Primary progressive aphasias associated with C9orf72 expansions: Another side of the story. Cortex 2021; 145:145-159. [PMID: 34717271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
C9orf72 repeat expansions are rarely associated with primary progressive aphasias (PPA). In-depth characterization of the linguistic deficits, and the underlying patterns of grey-matter atrophy in PPA associated with the C9orf72 expansions (PPA-C9orf72) are currently lacking. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed a unique series of 16 patients affected by PPA-C9orf72. Eleven patients were issued from two independent French and Finnish cohorts, and five were identified by means of literature review. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies were performed on three of them. This study depicts the spectrum of C9orf72-related aphasic phenotypes, and illustrates their linguistic presentation. The non-fluent/agrammatic variant was the most frequent phenotype in our series (9/16 patients, 56%), with apraxia of speech being the main defining feature. Left frontal lobe atrophy was present in these subjects, peaking in inferior frontal gyrus. Three patients (19%) showed the semantic variant, with progression of atrophy in temporo-polar regions, later involving orbitofrontal cortex. Anterior temporal lobe dysfunction was also particularly relevant in two patients (12.5%) with mixed forms of PPA. Lastly, two patients (12.5%) had unclassifiable PPA with predominating word-finding difficulties. No PPA-C9orf72 patients in our series fulfilled the criteria of the logopenic variant. Importantly, this study underlines the role of C9orf72 mutation in the disruption of the most anterior parts of the language network, including prefrontal and temporo-polar areas. It provides guidelines for C9orf72 testing in PPA patients, with important clinical impact as gene-specific therapies are upcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Saracino
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team, Inria Research Center of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Géraudie
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France; ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne M Remes
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sophie Ferrieux
- Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marie Noguès-Lassiaille
- Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Simona Bottani
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Aramis Project Team, Inria Research Center of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Cipriano
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" - Naples, Italy
| | - Marion Houot
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN), ICM, CIC Neurosciences, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Funkiewiez
- Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau (ICM), FrontLab, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Camuzat
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Daisy Rinaldi
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marc Teichmann
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau (ICM), FrontLab, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France; ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Centre, Inserm, UPS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Sophie Auriacombe
- CMRR Nouvelle Aquitaine / Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives Clinique (IMNc), CHU de Bordeaux Hôpital Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Richard Levy
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau (ICM), FrontLab, Paris, France
| | - Raffaella Migliaccio
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau (ICM), FrontLab, Paris, France
| | - Eino Solje
- Institute of Clinical Medicine - Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Neuro Center, Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Reference Centre for Rare or Early-Onset Dementias, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Paris Brain Institute - Institut Du Cerveau (ICM), FrontLab, Paris, France.
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Spinelli EG, Ghirelli A, Basaia S, Cividini C, Riva N, Canu E, Castelnovo V, Domi T, Magnani G, Caso F, Caroppo P, Prioni S, Rossi G, Tremolizzo L, Appollonio I, Silani V, Carrera P, Filippi M, Agosta F. Structural MRI Signatures in Genetic Presentations of the Frontotemporal Dementia/Motor Neuron Disease Spectrum. Neurology 2021; 97:e1594-e1607. [PMID: 34544819 PMCID: PMC8548958 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To assess cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar gray matter (GM) atrophy using MRI in patients with disorders of the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) spectrum with known genetic mutations. METHODS Sixty-six patients carrying FTLD-related mutations were enrolled, including 44 with pure motor neuron disease (MND) and 22 with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Sixty-one patients with sporadic FTLD (sFTLD) matched for age, sex, and disease severity with genetic FTLD (gFTLD) were also included, as well as 52 healthy controls. A whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was performed. GM volumes of subcortical and cerebellar structures were obtained. RESULTS Compared with controls, GM atrophy on VBM was greater and more diffuse in genetic FTD, followed by sporadic FTD and genetic MND cases, whereas patients with sporadic MND (sMND) showed focal motor cortical atrophy. Patients carrying C9orf72 and GRN mutations showed the most widespread cortical volume loss, in contrast with GM sparing in SOD1 and TARDBP. Globally, patients with gFTLD showed greater atrophy of parietal cortices and thalami compared with sFTLD. In volumetric analysis, patients with gFTLD showed volume loss compared with sFTLD in the caudate nuclei and thalami, in particular comparing C9-MND with sMND cases. In the cerebellum, patients with gFTLD showed greater atrophy of the right lobule VIIb than sFTLD. Thalamic volumes of patients with gFTLD with a C9orf72 mutation showed an inverse correlation with Frontal Behavioral Inventory scores. DISCUSSION Measures of deep GM and cerebellar structural involvement may be useful markers of gFTLD, particularly C9orf72-related disorders, regardless of the clinical presentation within the FTLD spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Gioele Spinelli
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alma Ghirelli
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Basaia
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Cividini
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nilo Riva
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Canu
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Castelnovo
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Teuta Domi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Magnani
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Caso
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Caroppo
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Prioni
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomina Rossi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Tremolizzo
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ildebrando Appollonio
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Carrera
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Agosta
- From the Neuroimaging Research Unit (E.G.S., A.G., S.B., C.C., E.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.) and Experimental Neuropathology Unit (N.R., T.D.), Division of Neuroscience, Neurorehabilitation Unit (N.R., M.F.), Neurology Unit (E.G.S., G.M., F.C., M.F., F.A.), Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology (P. Carrera), and Neurophysiology Service (M.F.), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (E.G.S., A.G., C.C., V.C., M.F., F.A.); Unit of Neurology 5-Neuropathology (P. Caroppo, S.P., G.R.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan; Neurology Unit (L.T., I.A.), "San Gerardo" Hospital and University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza; Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience (V.S.), IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano; and "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (V.S.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Pathological neural networks and artificial neural networks in ALS: diagnostic classification based on pathognomonic neuroimaging features. J Neurol 2021; 269:2440-2452. [PMID: 34585269 PMCID: PMC9021106 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The description of group-level, genotype- and phenotype-associated imaging traits is academically important, but the practical demands of clinical neurology centre on the accurate classification of individual patients into clinically relevant diagnostic, prognostic and phenotypic categories. Similarly, pharmaceutical trials require the precision stratification of participants based on quantitative measures. A single-centre study was conducted with a uniform imaging protocol to test the accuracy of an artificial neural network classification scheme on a cohort of 378 participants composed of patients with ALS, healthy subjects and disease controls. A comprehensive panel of cerebral volumetric measures, cortical indices and white matter integrity values were systematically retrieved from each participant and fed into a multilayer perceptron model. Data were partitioned into training and testing and receiver-operating characteristic curves were generated for the three study-groups. Area under the curve values were 0.930 for patients with ALS, 0.958 for disease controls, and 0.931 for healthy controls relying on all input imaging variables. The ranking of variables by classification importance revealed that white matter metrics were far more relevant than grey matter indices to classify single subjects. The model was further tested in a subset of patients scanned within 6 weeks of their diagnosis and an AUC of 0.915 was achieved. Our study indicates that individual subjects may be accurately categorised into diagnostic groups in an observer-independent classification framework based on multiparametric, spatially registered radiology data. The development and validation of viable computational models to interpret single imaging datasets are urgently required for a variety of clinical and clinical trial applications.
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41
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McKenna MC, Corcia P, Couratier P, Siah WF, Pradat PF, Bede P. Frontotemporal Pathology in Motor Neuron Disease Phenotypes: Insights From Neuroimaging. Front Neurol 2021; 12:723450. [PMID: 34484106 PMCID: PMC8415268 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.723450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal involvement has been extensively investigated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) but remains relatively poorly characterized in other motor neuron disease (MND) phenotypes such as primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), post poliomyelitis syndrome (PPS), and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). This review focuses on insights from structural, metabolic, and functional neuroimaging studies that have advanced our understanding of extra-motor disease burden in these phenotypes. The imaging literature is limited in the majority of these conditions and frontotemporal involvement has been primarily evaluated by neuropsychology and post mortem studies. Existing imaging studies reveal that frontotemporal degeneration can be readily detected in ALS and PLS, varying degree of frontotemporal pathology may be captured in PMA, SBMA, and HSP, SMA exhibits cerebral involvement without regional predilection, and there is limited evidence for cerebral changes in PPS. Our review confirms the heterogeneity extra-motor pathology across the spectrum of MNDs and highlights the role of neuroimaging in characterizing anatomical patterns of disease burden in vivo. Despite the contribution of neuroimaging to MND research, sample size limitations, inclusion bias, attrition rates in longitudinal studies, and methodological constraints need to be carefully considered. Frontotemporal involvement is a quintessential clinical facet of MND which has important implications for screening practices, individualized management strategies, participation in clinical trials, caregiver burden, and resource allocation. The academic relevance of imaging frontotemporal pathology in MND spans from the identification of genetic variants, through the ascertainment of presymptomatic changes to the design of future epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Clare McKenna
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philippe Corcia
- Department of Neurology-Neurophysiology, CRMR ALS, Tours, France.,UMR 1253 iBrain, University of Tours, Tours, France.,LITORALS, Federation of ALS Centres: Tours-Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Philippe Couratier
- LITORALS, Federation of ALS Centres: Tours-Limoges, Limoges, France.,ALS Centre, Limoges University Hospital (CHU de Limoges), Limoges, France
| | - We Fong Siah
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Peter Bede
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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Bocchetta M, Malpetti M, Todd EG, Rowe JB, Rohrer JD. Looking beneath the surface: the importance of subcortical structures in frontotemporal dementia. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab158. [PMID: 34458729 PMCID: PMC8390477 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst initial anatomical studies of frontotemporal dementia focussed on cortical involvement, the relevance of subcortical structures to the pathophysiology of frontotemporal dementia has been increasingly recognized over recent years. Key structures affected include the caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, and globus pallidus within the basal ganglia, the hippocampus and amygdala within the medial temporal lobe, the basal forebrain, and the diencephalon structures of the thalamus, hypothalamus and habenula. At the most posterior aspect of the brain, focal involvement of brainstem and cerebellum has recently also been shown in certain subtypes of frontotemporal dementia. Many of the neuroimaging studies on subcortical structures in frontotemporal dementia have been performed in clinically defined sporadic cases. However, investigations of genetically- and pathologically-confirmed forms of frontotemporal dementia are increasingly common and provide molecular specificity to the changes observed. Furthermore, detailed analyses of sub-nuclei and subregions within each subcortical structure are being added to the literature, allowing refinement of the patterns of subcortical involvement. This review focuses on the existing literature on structural imaging and neuropathological studies of subcortical anatomy across the spectrum of frontotemporal dementia, along with investigations of brain–behaviour correlates that examine the cognitive sequelae of specific subcortical involvement: it aims to ‘look beneath the surface’ and summarize the patterns of subcortical involvement have been described in frontotemporal dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bocchetta
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maura Malpetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily G Todd
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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43
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Tahedl M, Murad A, Lope J, Hardiman O, Bede P. Evaluation and categorisation of individual patients based on white matter profiles: Single-patient diffusion data interpretation in neurodegeneration. J Neurol Sci 2021; 428:117584. [PMID: 34315000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The majority of radiology studies in neurodegenerative conditions infer group-level imaging traits from group comparisons. While this strategy is helpful to define phenotype-specific imaging signatures for academic use, the meaningful interpretation of single scans of individual subjects is more important in everyday clinical practice. Accordingly, we present a computational method to evaluate individual subject diffusion tensor data to highlight white matter integrity alterations. Fifty white matter tracts were quantitatively evaluated in 132 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with respect to normative values from 100 healthy subjects. Fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity alterations were assessed individually in each patient. The approach was validated against standard tract-based spatial statistics and further scrutinised by the assessment of 78 additional data sets with a blinded diagnosis. Our z-score-based approach readily detected white matter degeneration in individual ALS patients and helped to categorise single subjects with a 'blinded diagnosis' as likely 'ALS' or 'control'. The group-level inferences from the z-score-based approach were analogous to the standard TBSS output maps. The benefit of the z-score-based strategy is that it enables the interpretation of single DTI datasets as well as the comparison of study groups. Outputs can be summarised either visually by highlighting the affected tracts, or, listing the affected tracts in a text file with reference to normative data, making it particularly useful for clinical applications. While individual diffusion data cannot be visually appraised, our approach provides a viable framework for single-subject imaging data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Tahedl
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Institute for Psychology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Aizuri Murad
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jasmin Lope
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Bede
- Computational Neuroimaging Group, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
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44
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Malpetti M, Holland N, Jones PS, Ye R, Cope TE, Fryer TD, Hong YT, Savulich G, Rittman T, Passamonti L, Mak E, Aigbirhio FI, O'Brien JT, Rowe JB. Synaptic density in carriers of C9orf72 mutations: a [ 11 C]UCB-J PET study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:1515-1523. [PMID: 34133849 PMCID: PMC8283163 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic loss is an early and clinically relevant feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. Here we assess three adults at risk of frontotemporal dementia from C9orf72 mutation, using [11 C]UCB-J PET to quantify synaptic density in comparison with 19 healthy controls and one symptomatic patient with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. The three pre-symptomatic C9orf72 carriers showed reduced synaptic density in the thalamus compared to controls, and there was an additional extensive synaptic loss in frontotemporal regions of the symptomatic patient. [11 C]UCB-J PET may facilitate early, pre-symptomatic assessment, monitoring of disease progression and evaluation of new preventive treatment strategies for frontotemporal dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Malpetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Negin Holland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - P Simon Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rong Ye
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas E Cope
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim D Fryer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Young T Hong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George Savulich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy Rittman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luca Passamonti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare (IBFM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milano, Italy
| | - Elijah Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Franklin I Aigbirhio
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John T O'Brien
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, UK
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45
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Lin Z, Kim E, Ahmed M, Han G, Simmons C, Redhead Y, Bartlett J, Pena Altamira LE, Callaghan I, White MA, Singh N, Sawiak S, Spires-Jones T, Vernon AC, Coleman MP, Green J, Henstridge C, Davies JS, Cash D, Sreedharan J. MRI-guided histology of TDP-43 knock-in mice implicates parvalbumin interneuron loss, impaired neurogenesis and aberrant neurodevelopment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab114. [PMID: 34136812 PMCID: PMC8204366 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia are overlapping diseases in which MRI reveals brain structural changes in advance of symptom onset. Recapitulating these changes in preclinical models would help to improve our understanding of the molecular causes underlying regionally selective brain atrophy in early disease. We therefore investigated the translational potential of the TDP-43Q331K knock-in mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia using MRI. We performed in vivo MRI of TDP-43Q331K knock-in mice. Regions of significant volume change were chosen for post-mortem brain tissue analyses. Ex vivo computed tomography was performed to investigate skull shape. Parvalbumin neuron density was quantified in post-mortem amyotrophic lateral sclerosis frontal cortex. Adult mutants demonstrated parenchymal volume reductions affecting the frontal lobe and entorhinal cortex in a manner reminiscent of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia. Subcortical, cerebellar and brain stem regions were also affected in line with observations in pre-symptomatic carriers of mutations in C9orf72, the commonest genetic cause of both amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Volume loss was also observed in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, along with ventricular enlargement. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced parvalbumin interneurons as a potential cellular correlate of MRI changes in mutant mice. By contrast, microglia was in a disease activated state even in the absence of brain volume loss. A reduction in immature neurons was found in the dentate gyrus, indicative of impaired adult neurogenesis, while a paucity of parvalbumin interneurons in P14 mutant mice suggests that TDP-43Q331K disrupts neurodevelopment. Computerized tomography imaging showed altered skull morphology in mutants, further suggesting a role for TDP-43Q331K in development. Finally, analysis of human post-mortem brains confirmed a paucity of parvalbumin interneurons in the prefrontal cortex in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis linked to C9orf72 mutations. Regional brain MRI changes seen in human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-frontotemporal dementia are recapitulated in TDP-43Q331K knock-in mice. By marrying in vivo imaging with targeted histology, we can unravel cellular and molecular processes underlying selective brain vulnerability in human disease. As well as helping to understand the earliest causes of disease, our MRI and histological markers will be valuable in assessing the efficacy of putative therapeutics in TDP-43Q331K knock-in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Lin
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Eugene Kim
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Mohi Ahmed
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Floor 27 Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gang Han
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Camilla Simmons
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Yushi Redhead
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Floor 27 Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jack Bartlett
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Luis Emiliano Pena Altamira
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Isobel Callaghan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Matthew A White
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Nisha Singh
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, 4th floor Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Stephen Sawiak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tara Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Anthony C Vernon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | | | - Jeremy Green
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Floor 27 Tower Wing, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Christopher Henstridge
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jeffrey S Davies
- Molecular Neurobiology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Diana Cash
- BRAIN Centre (Biomarker Research And Imaging for Neuroscience), Department of Neuroimaging, IoPPN, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Jemeen Sreedharan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
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Poos JM, Russell LL, Peakman G, Bocchetta M, Greaves CV, Jiskoot LC, van der Ende EL, Seelaar H, Papma JM, van den Berg E, Pijnenburg YA, Borroni B, Sanchez‐Valle R, Moreno F, Laforce R, Graff C, Synofzik M, Galimberti D, Rowe JB, Masellis M, Tartaglia C, Finger E, Vandenberghe R, de Medonça A, Tagliavini F, Butler CR, Santana I, Ber IL, Gerhard A, Ducharme S, Levin J, Danek A, Otto M, Sorbi S, Pasquier F, van Swieten JC, Rohrer JD. Impairment of episodic memory in genetic frontotemporal dementia: A GENFI study. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 13:e12185. [PMID: 34027016 PMCID: PMC8116844 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to assess episodic memory in genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT). METHODS The FCSRT was administered in 417 presymptomatic and symptomatic mutation carriers (181 chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 [C9orf72], 163 progranulin [GRN], and 73 microtubule-associated protein tau [MAPT]) and 290 controls. Group differences and correlations with other neuropsychological tests were examined. We performed voxel-based morphometry to investigate the underlying neural substrates of the FCSRT. RESULTS All symptomatic mutation carrier groups and presymptomatic MAPT mutation carriers performed significantly worse on all FCSRT scores compared to controls. In the presymptomatic C9orf72 group, deficits were found on all scores except for the delayed total recall task, while no deficits were found in presymptomatic GRN mutation carriers. Performance on the FCSRT correlated with executive function, particularly in C9orf72 mutation carriers, but also with memory and naming tasks in the MAPT group. FCSRT performance also correlated with gray matter volumes of frontal, temporal, and subcortical regions in C9orf72 and GRN, but mainly temporal areas in MAPT mutation carriers. DISCUSSION The FCSRT detects presymptomatic deficits in C9orf72- and MAPT-associated FTD and provides important insight into the underlying cause of memory impairment in different forms of FTD.
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Mahoney CJ, Ahmed RM, Huynh W, Tu S, Rohrer JD, Bedlack RS, Hardiman O, Kiernan MC. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Non-motor Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2021; 35:483-505. [PMID: 33993457 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-021-00820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease typically presenting with bulbar or limb weakness. There is increasing evidence that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a multisystem disease with early and frequent impacts on cognition, behaviour, sleep, pain and fatigue. Dysfunction of normal physiological and metabolic processes also appears common. Evidence from pre-symptomatic studies and large epidemiological cohorts examining risk factors for the future development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have reported a high prevalence of changes in behaviour and mental health before the emergence of motor weakness. This suggests that changes beyond the motor system are underway at an early stage with dysfunction across brain networks regulating a variety of cognitive, behavioural and other homeostatic processes. The full impact of non-motor dysfunction continues to be established but there is now sufficient evidence that the presence of non-motor symptoms impacts overall survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and with up to 80% reporting non-motor symptoms, there is an urgent need to develop more robust therapeutic approaches. This review provides a contemporary overview of the pathobiology of non-motor dysfunction, offering readers a practical approach with regard to assessment and management. We review the current evidence for pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of non-motor dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and highlight the need to further integrate non-motor dysfunction as an important outcome measure for future clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Mahoney
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rebekah M Ahmed
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - William Huynh
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sicong Tu
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Richard S Bedlack
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Kmetzsch V, Anquetil V, Saracino D, Rinaldi D, Camuzat A, Gareau T, Jornea L, Forlani S, Couratier P, Wallon D, Pasquier F, Robil N, de la Grange P, Moszer I, Le Ber I, Colliot O, Becker E. Plasma microRNA signature in presymptomatic and symptomatic subjects with C9orf72-associated frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:485-493. [PMID: 33239440 PMCID: PMC8053348 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-324647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify potential biomarkers of preclinical and clinical progression in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 gene (C9orf72)-associated disease by assessing the expression levels of plasma microRNAs (miRNAs) in C9orf72 patients and presymptomatic carriers. METHODS The PREV-DEMALS study is a prospective study including 22 C9orf72 patients, 45 presymptomatic C9orf72 mutation carriers and 43 controls. We assessed the expression levels of 2576 miRNAs, among which 589 were above noise level, in plasma samples of all participants using RNA sequencing. The expression levels of the differentially expressed miRNAs between patients, presymptomatic carriers and controls were further used to build logistic regression classifiers. RESULTS Four miRNAs were differentially expressed between patients and controls: miR-34a-5p and miR-345-5p were overexpressed, while miR-200c-3p and miR-10a-3p were underexpressed in patients. MiR-34a-5p was also overexpressed in presymptomatic carriers compared with healthy controls, suggesting that miR-34a-5p expression is deregulated in cases with C9orf72 mutation. Moreover, miR-345-5p was also overexpressed in patients compared with presymptomatic carriers, which supports the correlation of miR-345-5p expression with the progression of C9orf72-associated disease. Together, miR-200c-3p and miR-10a-3p underexpression might be associated with full-blown disease. Four presymptomatic subjects in transitional/prodromal stage, close to the disease conversion, exhibited a stronger similarity with the expression levels of patients. CONCLUSIONS We identified a signature of four miRNAs differentially expressed in plasma between clinical conditions that have potential to represent progression biomarkers for C9orf72-associated frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This study suggests that dysregulation of miRNAs is dynamically altered throughout neurodegenerative diseases progression, and can be detectable even long before clinical onset. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02590276.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgilio Kmetzsch
- Inria, Aramis project-team, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Anquetil
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Dario Saracino
- Inria, Aramis project-team, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Daisy Rinaldi
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Camuzat
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Gareau
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ludmila Jornea
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Forlani
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - David Wallon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Moszer
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Centre de référence des démences rares ou précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, FrontLab, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Colliot
- Inria, Aramis project-team, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute - Institut du Cerveau - ICM, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Popuri K, Beg MF, Lee H, Balachandar R, Wang L, Sossi V, Jacova C, Baker M, Shahinfard E, Rademakers R, Mackenzie IRA, Hsiung GYR. FDG-PET in presymptomatic C9orf72 mutation carriers. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 31:102687. [PMID: 34049163 PMCID: PMC8170157 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim is to investigate patterns of brain glucose metabolism using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in presymptomatic carriers of the C9orf72 repeat expansion to better understand the early preclinical stages of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). METHODS Structural MRI and FDG-PET were performed on clinically asymptomatic members of families with FTD caused by the C9orf72 repeat expansion (15 presymptomatic mutation carriers, C9orf72+; 20 non-carriers, C9orf72-). Regional glucose metabolism in cerebral and cerebellar gray matter was compared between groups. RESULTS The mean age of the C9orf72+ and C9orf72- groups were 45.3 ± 10.6 and 56.0 ± 11.0 years respectively, and the mean age of FTD onset in their families was 56 ± 7 years. Compared to non-carrier controls, the C9orf72+ group exhibited regional hypometabolism, primarily involving the cingulate gyrus, frontal and temporal neocortices (left > right) and bilateral thalami. CONCLUSIONS The C9orf72 repeat expansion is associated with changes in brain glucose metabolism that are demonstrable up to 10 years prior to symptom onset and before changes in gray matter volume become significant. These findings indicate that FDG-PET may be a particularly sensitive and useful method for investigating and monitoring the earliest stages of FTD in individuals with this underlying genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyunwoo Lee
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia
| | | | - Lei Wang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Radiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University
| | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia
| | | | | | - Elham Shahinfard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia
| | | | - Ian R A Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia
| | - Ging-Yuek R Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia.
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Cognitive dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: can we predict it? Neurol Sci 2021; 42:2211-2222. [PMID: 33772353 PMCID: PMC8159827 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background and aim Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of both upper and lower motoneurons in the brain and spinal cord leading to motor and extra-motor symptoms. Although traditionally considered a pure motor disease, recent evidences suggest that ALS is a multisystem disorder. Neuropsychological alterations, in fact, are observed in more than 50% of patients: while executive dysfunctions have been firstly identified, alterations in verbal fluency, behavior, and pragmatic and social cognition have also been described. Detecting and monitoring ALS cognitive and behavioral impairment even at early disease stages is likely to have staging and prognostic implications, and it may impact the enrollment in future clinical trials. During the last 10 years, humoral, radiological, neurophysiological, and genetic biomarkers have been reported in ALS, and some of them seem to potentially correlate to cognitive and behavioral impairment of patients. In this review, we sought to give an up-to-date state of the art of neuropsychological alterations in ALS: we will describe tests used to detect cognitive and behavioral impairment, and we will focus on promising non-invasive biomarkers to detect pre-clinical cognitive decline. Conclusions To date, the research on humoral, radiological, neurophysiological, and genetic correlates of neuropsychological alterations is at the early stage, and no conclusive longitudinal data have been published. Further and longitudinal studies on easily accessible and quantifiable biomarkers are needed to clarify the time course and the evolution of cognitive and behavioral impairments of ALS patients.
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