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Genis-Mendoza AD, Hernández-Díaz Y, González-Castro TB, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Castillo-Avila RG, López-Narváez ML, Ramos-Méndez MÁ, Nicolini H. Association between TPH1 polymorphisms and the risk of suicide behavior: An updated meta-analysis of 18,398 individuals. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:932135. [PMID: 35928776 PMCID: PMC9343722 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.932135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the association of TPH1 polymorphisms with the risk of suicide behavior (SB). DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHOD All relevant studies that evaluated the association between the A218C (rs1800532), A779C (rs1799913) and A6526G (rs4537731) polymorphisms and the susceptibility to SB published up to September 2021 were identified through a comprehensive systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO and Science Direct electronic databases. The association between TPH1 gene polymorphisms and SB was evaluated using inherence models by odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Subgroup analyses, heterogeneity analyses, and publication bias were also tested in this meta-analysis. RESULTS The meta-analysis for TPH1 A218C revealed an increased risk of SB in the dominant model (OR = 1.11, 95%CI 1.01-1.22). We also observed a positive association in the allelic (OR = 1.13, 95%CI 1.05-1.21), homozygous (OR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.06-1.40), heterozygous (OR = 1.21, 95%CI 1.08-1.37) and dominant (OR = 1.21, 95%CI 1.09-1.34) inherence models with the suicide attempt. Additionally, in the heterozygous (OR = 0.84, 95%CI 0.73-0.97) and dominant (OR = 0.79, 95%CI 0.68-0.91) inherence models we detected an association with completed suicide. Based on ethnicity, an association of SB in the European population also was observed (OR = 1.29, 95%CI 1.12-1.51). However, for both A779C and A6526G polymorphisms we did not find evidence of an association with SB. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests that the A218C polymorphism of TPH1 gene could be a possible risk factor of SB. Future large-scale studies are required to analyze the molecular mechanisms by which affect the susceptibility of developing suicide behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yazmín Hernández-Díaz
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Mexico
| | - Thelma Beatriz González-Castro
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Miguel Ángel Ramos-Méndez
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Mexico
| | - Humberto Nicolini
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Perry LM, Goldstein-Piekarski AN, Williams LM. Sex differences modulating serotonergic polymorphisms implicated in the mechanistic pathways of risk for depression and related disorders. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:737-762. [PMID: 27870440 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite consistent observations of sex differences in depression and related emotional disorders, we do not yet know how these sex differences modulate the effects of genetic polymorphisms implicated in risk for these disorders. This Mini-Review focuses on genetic polymorphisms of the serotonergic system to illustrate how sex differences might modulate the neurobiological pathways involved in the development of depression. We consider the interacting role of environmental factors such as early-life stress. Given limited current knowledge about this topic, we highlight methodological considerations, challenges, and guidelines for future research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeAnn M Perry
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Andrea N Goldstein-Piekarski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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Lukiw WJ, Rogaev EI. Genetics of Aggression in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:87. [PMID: 28443016 PMCID: PMC5385328 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a terminal, age-related neurological syndrome exhibiting progressive cognitive and memory decline, however AD patients in addition exhibit ancillary neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) and these include aggression. In this communication we provide recent evidence for the mis-regulation of a small family of genes expressed in the human hippocampus that appear to be significantly involved in expression patterns common to both AD and aggression. DNA array- and mRNA transcriptome-based gene expression analysis and candidate gene association and/or genome-wide association studies (CGAS, GWAS) of aggressive attributes in humans have revealed a surprisingly small subset of six brain genes that are also strongly associated with altered gene expression patterns in AD. These genes encoded on five different chromosomes (chr) include the androgen receptor (AR; chrXq12), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; chr11p14.1), catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT; chr22q11.21), neuronal specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS1; chr12q24.22), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH chr9q34.2) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH1, chr11p15.1 and TPH2, chr12q21.1). Interestingly, (i) the expression of three of these six genes (COMT, DBH, NOS1) are highly variable; (ii) three of these six genes (COMT, DBH, TPH1) are involved in DA or serotonin metabolism, biosynthesis and/or neurotransmission; and (iii) five of these six genes (AR, BDNF, COMT, DBH, NOS1) have been implicated in the development, onset and/or propagation of schizophrenia. The magnitude of the expression of genes implicated in aggressive behavior appears to be more pronounced in the later stages of AD when compared to MCI. These recent genetic data further indicate that the extent of cognitive impairment may have some bearing on the degree of aggression which accompanies the AD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Louisiana State University (LSU) Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science CenterNew Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science CenterNew Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science CenterNew Orleans, LA, USA.,Bollinger Professor of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Louisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Evgeny I Rogaev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia.,Center for Brain Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesNovosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Psychiatry, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester, MA, USA.,School of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
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González-Castro TB, Juárez-Rojop I, López-Narváez ML, Tovilla-Zárate CA. Association of TPH-1 and TPH-2 gene polymorphisms with suicidal behavior: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:196. [PMID: 25005534 PMCID: PMC4099217 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely acknowledged that suicidal behavior (SB) has a genetic influence. As a consequence, molecular genetic studies have been mostly conducted on serotonergic genes. One of the most promising candidate genes of this system is tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH). Although there have been several positive studies associating TPH genes and SB, the evidence is not entirely consistent. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to gain a better understanding into this issue. METHODS The meta-analysis was conducted with 37 articles of genetic association studies of TPH-1 (A218C and A779C) and TPH2 (G-703 T, A-473 T and G19918A) genes. To analyze the association of these variants with SB we used the following models: allelic, additive, dominant and recessive. In addition, we performed a sub-group analysis by Caucasian and Asian populations using the same four models. RESULTS TPH-1 gene variants showed a positive significant association with SB, but only in the fixed effects models. With regard to TPH-2 gene variants we could not find an association with SB. CONCLUSIONS The study provides evidence that A218C/A779C TPH-1 variants may be a risk factor to manifest SB at the clinical level, which is in agreement with previously reported meta-analyses. With regard to G-703 T/A-473 T/G19918A TPH-2 variants, our up-to-date meta-analysis could not detect any significant association between those genetic variants and SB. However, these results should be interpreted with caution since further studies need to be undertaken using larger sample sizes in different ethnic populations to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isela Juárez-Rojop
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - María Lilia López-Narváez
- CIGEN, Centro de Investigación Genómica, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México,Hospital General de Yajalón, Yajalón, Chiapas, México
| | - Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate
- División Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Ranchería Sur, Cuarta Sección, Comalcalco, Tabasco, C,P, 86650, México.
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The role of the serotonergic system at the interface of aggression and suicide. Neuroscience 2013; 236:160-85. [PMID: 23333677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in serotonin (5-HT) neurochemistry have been implicated in the aetiology of all major neuropsychiatric disorders, ranging from schizophrenia to mood and anxiety-spectrum disorders. This review will focus on the multifaceted implications of 5-HT-ergic dysfunctions in the pathophysiology of aggressive and suicidal behaviours. After a brief overview of the anatomical distribution of the 5-HT-ergic system in the key brain areas that govern aggression and suicidal behaviours, the implication of 5-HT markers (5-HT receptors, transporter as well as synthetic and metabolic enzymes) in these conditions is discussed. In this regard, particular emphasis is placed on the integration of pharmacological and genetic evidence from animal studies with the findings of human experimental and genetic association studies. Traditional views postulated an inverse relationship between 5-HT and aggression and suicidal behaviours; however, ample evidence has shown that this perspective may be overly simplistic, and that such pathological manifestations may reflect alterations in 5-HT homoeostasis due to the interaction of genetic, environmental and gender-related factors, particularly during early critical developmental stages. The development of animal models that may capture the complexity of such interactions promises to afford a powerful tool to elucidate the pathophysiology of impulsive aggression and suicidability, and identify new effective therapies for these conditions.
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Interaction between tryptophan hydroxylase I polymorphisms and childhood abuse is associated with increased risk for borderline personality disorder in adulthood. Psychiatr Genet 2012; 22:15-24. [PMID: 21989108 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e32834c0c4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe disorder with high morbidity and mortality, but unknown etiology. Childhood abuse has been proposed as an etiological factor, but the mechanism by which an abuse history could influence the risk for BPD has not been determined. The aim of this study was to determine whether the tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) gene is related to BPD in a clinical sample, and whether TPH1 genotypes or haplotypes moderate the relationship between abuse history and BPD. METHODS Three hundred and ninety-eight patients diagnosed with mood disorders were genotyped for TPH1 G-6526A promoter polymorphism (rs4537731) and the A218C intron 7 polymorphism (rs1800532) and a set of ancestry informative markers, assessed for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition diagnoses, and assessed for a history of physical and sexual abuse. RESULTS Patients with a diagnosis of BPD were more likely to be risk allele carriers (A alleles at both loci) than the non-BPD group. Logistic regression analysis predicting BPD diagnosis with both single-nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes showed significant interaction effects between genotype and abuse history. Poisson regression predicting the number of BPD diagnostic criteria met with the same predictor set also included a significant interaction term. Risk allele carriers with a history of abuse had an increased likelihood of a BPD diagnosis. CONCLUSION Variation in TPH1 may increase risk for developing BPD as a result of childhood abuse. Elements of BPD pathology may be due in part to a genetically influenced serotonergic dysfunction, which in turn may lead to a differential response to environmental stressors.
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Perez-Rodriguez MM, Hazlett EA, Rich EL, Ripoll LH, Weiner DM, Spence N, Goodman M, Koenigsberg HW, Siever LJ, New AS. Striatal activity in borderline personality disorder with comorbid intermittent explosive disorder: sex differences. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46:797-804. [PMID: 22464337 PMCID: PMC3645307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is associated with behavioral and emotional dysregulation, particularly in social contexts; however, the underlying pathophysiology at the level of brain function is not well understood. Previous studies found abnormalities in frontal cortical and limbic areas suggestive of poor frontal regulation of downstream brain regions. However, the striatum, which is closely connected with the medial frontal cortices and plays an important role in motivated behaviors and processing of rewarding stimuli, has been understudied in BPD. Here we hypothesized that, in addition to frontal dysfunction, BPD patients may show abnormal striatal function. In this study, 38 BPD patients with intermittent explosive disorder (BPD-IED) and 36 healthy controls (HC) participated in the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP), a computer game played with a fictitious other player. (18)Fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) measured relative glucose metabolism (rGMR) within caudate and putamen in response to aggression-provoking and non-provoking versions of the PSAP. Male BPD-IED patients had significantly lower striatal rGMR than all other groups during both conditions, although male and female BPD-IED patients did not differ in clinical or behavioral measures. These sex differences suggest differential involvement of frontal-striatal circuits in BPD-IED, and are discussed in relation to striatal involvement in affective learning and social decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Erin A. Hazlett
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Erin L. Rich
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Luis H. Ripoll
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Daniel M. Weiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Spence
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marianne Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Harold W. Koenigsberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Larry J. Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Antonia S. New
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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Sluyter F, Keijser JN, Boomsma DI, van Doornen LJP, van den Oord EJCG, Snieder H. Genetics of testosterone and the aggression-hostility-anger (AHA) syndrome: a study of middle-aged male twins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/twin.3.4.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the genetic contribution to the variation in testosterone and the aggression-hostility-anger (AHA) syndrome in middle-aged twins. Moreover, the relation between testosterone and this syndrome, and possible common genetic mechanisms were investigated. Towards this end, blood samples were collected at two time points; the AHA syndrome was measured using three questionnaires: the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory with seven subscales, the Jenkins Activity Survey and the Spielberger State-Trait Anger Scale. The results showed substantial heritabilities for testosterone (approximately 60%) and moderate to fair heritabilities for the nine measures of the AHA syndrome (23–53%). The best fitting model for testosterone at two time points included a small age component and additive genetic and unique environmental factors, while a multivariate analysis of the nine AHA subscales resulted in an independent pathway model with two common additive genetic and two common unique environmental factors. No correlation between the common genetic factor influencing testosterone and the AHA subscales was found. We did, however, detect a negative correlation between the common environmental factor underlying testosterone and both common environmental factors influencing the nine AHA subscales, which may reflect a tendency for testosterone levels to rise and hostility to drop (or vice versa) after repeatedly experiencing success (or failure). Twin Research (2000) 3, 266–276.
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Takahashi A, Quadros IM, de Almeida RMM, Miczek KA. Behavioral and pharmacogenetics of aggressive behavior. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 12:73-138. [PMID: 22297576 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) has long been considered as a key transmitter in the neurocircuitry controlling aggression. Impaired regulation of each subtype of 5-HT receptor, 5-HT transporter, synthetic and metabolic enzymes has been linked particularly to impulsive aggression. The current summary focuses mostly on recent findings from pharmacological and genetic studies. The pharmacological treatments and genetic manipulations or polymorphisms of aspecific target (e.g., 5-HT1A receptor) can often result in inconsistent results on aggression, due to "phasic" effects of pharmacological agents versus "trait"-like effects of genetic manipulations. Also, the local administration of a drug using the intracranial microinjection technique has shown that activation of specific subtypes of 5-HT receptors (5-HT1A and 5-HT1B) in mesocorticolimbic areas can reduce species-typical and other aggressive behaviors, but the same receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex or septal area promote escalated forms of aggression. Thus, there are receptor populations in specific brain regions that preferentially modulate specific types of aggression. Genetic studies have shown important gene-environment interactions; it is likely that the polymorphisms in the genes of 5-HT transporters or rate-limiting synthetic and metabolic enzymes of 5-HT (e.g., MAOA) determine the vulnerability to adverse environmental factors that escalate aggression. We also discuss the interaction between the 5-HT system and other systems. Modulation of 5-HT neurons in the dorsalraphe nucleus by GABA, glutamate and CRF profoundly regulate aggressive behaviors. Also, interactions of the 5-HT system with other neuropeptides(arginine vasopressin, oxytocin, neuropeptide Y, opioid) have emerged as important neurobiological determinants of aggression. Studies of aggression in genetically modified mice identified several molecules that affect the 5-HT system directly (e.g., Tph2, 5-HT1B, 5-HT transporter, Pet1, MAOA) or indirectly[e.g., BDNF, neuronal nitric oxide (nNOS), aCaMKII, Neuropeptide Y].The future agenda delineates specific receptor subpopulations for GABA, glutamate and neuropeptides as they modulate the canonical aminergic neurotransmitters in brainstem, limbic and cortical regions with the ultimate outcome of attenuating or escalating aggressive behavior.
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Perez-Rodriguez MM, Weinstein S, New AS, Bevilacqua L, Yuan Q, Zhou Z, Hodgkinson C, Goodman M, Koenigsberg HW, Goldman D, Siever LJ. Tryptophan-hydroxylase 2 haplotype association with borderline personality disorder and aggression in a sample of patients with personality disorders and healthy controls. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:1075-81. [PMID: 20451217 PMCID: PMC2955771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a decreased serotonergic function in impulsive aggression and borderline personality disorder (BPD), and genetic association studies suggest a role of serotonergic genes in impulsive aggression and BPD. Only one study has analyzed the association between the tryptophan-hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) gene and BPD. A TPH2 "risk" haplotype has been described that is associated with anxiety, depression and suicidal behavior. METHODS We assessed the relationship between the previously identified "risk" haplotype at the TPH2 locus and BPD diagnosis, impulsive aggression, affective lability, and suicidal/parasuicidal behaviors, in a well-characterized clinical sample of 103 healthy controls (HCs) and 251 patients with personality disorders (109 with BPD). A logistic regression including measures of depression, affective lability and aggression scores in predicting "risk" haplotype was conducted. RESULTS The prevalence of the "risk" haplotype was significantly higher in patients with BPD compared to HCs. Those with the "risk" haplotype have higher aggression and affect lability scores and more suicidal/parasuicidal behaviors than those without it. In the logistic regression model, affect lability was the only significant predictor and it correctly classified 83.1% of the subjects as "risk" or "non-risk" haplotype carriers. CONCLUSIONS We found an association between the previously described TPH2 "risk" haplotype and BPD diagnosis, affective lability, suicidal/parasuicidal behavior, and aggression scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Psychiatry Box # 1230 One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | - Shauna Weinstein
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Psychiatry Box # 1230 One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, The Mental Health Patient Care Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468
| | - Antonia S. New
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Psychiatry Box # 1230 One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, The Mental Health Patient Care Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468
| | - Laura Bevilacqua
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3S-32: MSC 9412 Bethesda MD 20892-9412
| | - Qiaoping Yuan
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3S-32: MSC 9412 Bethesda MD 20892-9412
| | - Zhifeng Zhou
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3S-32: MSC 9412 Bethesda MD 20892-9412
| | - Colin Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3S-32: MSC 9412 Bethesda MD 20892-9412
| | - Marianne Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Psychiatry Box # 1230 One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, The Mental Health Patient Care Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468
| | - Harold W. Koenigsberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Psychiatry Box # 1230 One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, The Mental Health Patient Care Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Room 3S-32: MSC 9412 Bethesda MD 20892-9412
| | - Larry J. Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Psychiatry Box # 1230 One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, The Mental Health Patient Care Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468
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Fluoxetine response in impulsive-aggressive behavior and serotonin transporter polymorphism in personality disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2010; 20:25-30. [PMID: 20010449 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e328335125d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbances in central serotonin function have been implicated in impulsive and aggressive behavior. A deletion/insertion polymorphism within the 5-HT transporter promoter gene (5-HTTLPR) is thought to be associated with disturbed impulse control, anxiety, and depression. The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) is the primary action site for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Several studies of major depression have shown that the l allele of 5-HTTLPR is associated with better SSRI antidepressant effects than the s allele. METHODS This study investigates the association between response of impulsivity to treatment with fluoxetine and 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in 49 personality disordered patients. Additionally, we studied TPH1, 5HT1B and 5HT2C receptor polymorphisms as predictors of response in this population. RESULTS Results reveal that patients with the l/l genotype of 5-HTTLPR had a significantly better response to fluoxetine when compared to s allele carriers, as evaluated on the basis of total (P<0.05) and Aggression subscale (P<0.01) Overt Aggression Scale Modified-score percentage change. There were no significant associations between fluoxetine response and TPH1 (A218C) (-6525 A>G) (-5806 G>T), HTR1B (G861C) and HTR2C (G68C) genotype groups. CONCLUSION This is the first study assessing the association between these polymorphisms and anti-impulsive response to fluoxetine in personality disorder. As the s genotype is associated with a poorer selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors response in major depression, bulimia nervosa and borderline personality disorder, it could represent a common biological background for SSRI response.
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[Neurobiological aspects of reactive and proactive violence in antisocial personality disorder and "psychopathy"]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2010; 58:587-609. [PMID: 19961124 DOI: 10.13109/prkk.2009.58.8.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Impulsive-reactive violent offenders show increased autonomic activity in response to negative emotional and threatening stimuli. A volume reduction and/or activity decrease of frontal brain structures associated with impulse control and the regulation of fear and anger are likewise found in combination with a fear-related hyperactivity of the amygdala. In addition, impulsive aggression is facilitated by variants of gene polymorphisms influencing the serotonergic system. Conversely, proactive-instrumental violent offender with psychopathy, who are characterized by a lack of empathy and remorse, demonstrate an autonomic hypo-responsivity as well as dysfunctions of the amygdala and of cortical regions related to empathic and social behavior. Developmentally, aggressive children exhibit temperamental differences from early childhood on that are characteristic of a developmental pathway towards either reactive or proactive violence later in life. Exposure to negative environmental factors like ineffective parenting or childhood maltreatment has been related to a heightened risk for developing reactive violence. A developmental trajectory of proactive violence, however, has been related to a mostly genetically determined callous unemotional temperament of the child that disrupts the parental socialization efforts during childhood.
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Pergadia ML, Agrawal A, Loukola A, Montgomery GW, Broms U, Saccone SF, Wang JC, Todorov AA, Heikkilä K, Statham DJ, Henders AK, Campbell MJ, Rice JP, Todd RD, Heath AC, Goate AM, Peltonen L, Kaprio J, Martin NG, Madden PAF. Genetic linkage findings for DSM-IV nicotine withdrawal in two populations. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:950-9. [PMID: 19180564 PMCID: PMC2995916 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine withdrawal (NW) is both an important contributor to difficulty quitting cigarettes and because of mood-related withdrawal symptoms a problem of particular relevance to psychiatry. Twin-studies suggest that genetic factors influence NW (heritability = 45%). Only one previous linkage study has published findings on NW [Swan et al. (2006); Am J Med Genet Part B 141B:354-360; LOD = 2.7; Chr. 6 at 159 cM]. As part of an international consortium, genome-wide scans (using over 360 autosomal microsatellite markers) and telephone diagnostic interviews were conducted on 289 Australian (AUS) and 161 Finnish (FIN, combined (COMB) N = 450 families) families ascertained from twin registries through index-cases with a lifetime history of cigarette smoking. The statistical approach used an affected-sib-pair design (at least two adult full siblings reported a history of DSM-IV NW) and conducted the linkage analyses using MERLIN. Linkage signals with LOD scores >1.5 were found on two chromosomes: 6 (FIN: LOD = 1.93 at 75 cM) and 11 at two different locations (FIN: LOD = 3.55 at 17 cM, and AUS: LOD = 1.68 with a COMB: LOD = 2.30 at 123 cM). The multipoint LOD score of 3.55 on chromosome 11p15 in FIN met genomewide significance (P = 0.013 with 1,000 simulations). At least four strong candidate genes lie within or near this peak on chromosome 11: DRD4, TPH, TH, and CHRNA10. Other studies have reported that chromosome 11 may harbor genes associated with various aspects of smoking behavior. This study adds to that literature by highlighting evidence for NW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Pergadia
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Natarajan D, de Boer SF, Koolhaas JM. Lack of differential serotonin biosynthesis capacity in genetically selected low and high aggressive mice. Physiol Behav 2009; 98:411-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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McCloskey MS, New AS, Siever LJ, Goodman M, Koenigsberg HW, Flory JD, Coccaro EF. Evaluation of behavioral impulsivity and aggression tasks as endophenotypes for borderline personality disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43:1036-48. [PMID: 19232640 PMCID: PMC2853811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is marked by aggression and impulsive, often self-destructive behavior. Despite the severe risks associated with BPD, relatively little is known about the disorder's etiology. Identification of genetic correlates (endophenotypes) of BPD would improve the prospects of targeted interventions for more homogeneous subsets of borderline patients characterized by specific genetic vulnerabilities. The current study evaluated behavioral measures of aggression and impulsivity as potential endophenotypes for BPD. Subjects with BPD (N=127), a non cluster B personality disorder (OPD N=122), or healthy volunteers (HV N=112) completed self report and behavioral measures of aggression, motor impulsivity and cognitive impulsivity. Results showed that BPD subjects demonstrated more aggression and motor impulsivity than HV (but not OPD) subjects on behavioral tasks. In contrast, BPD subjects self-reported more impulsivity and aggression than either comparison group. Subsequent analyses showed that among BPD subjects behavioral aggression was associated with self-reported aggression, while behavioral and self-report impulsivity measures were more modestly associated. Overall, the results provide partial support for the use of behavioral measures of aggression and motor impulsivity as endophenotypes for BPD, with stronger support for behavioral aggression measures as an endophenotype for aggression within BPD samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S McCloskey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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Wilson ST, Stanley B, Brent DA, Oquendo MA, Huang YY, Mann JJ. The tryptophan hydroxylase-1 A218C polymorphism is associated with diagnosis, but not suicidal behavior, in borderline personality disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:202-8. [PMID: 18506706 PMCID: PMC2674018 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
While there is some preliminary evidence that the tryptophan hydroxylase I (TPH1) polymorphisms are related to Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), it is not clear if this association is due to the high rates of suicidal behavior in this patient group. Because of the reported association between TPH1 polymorphisms and suicidal behavior, determining whether TPH1 is related to BPD independent of suicidal behavior is of particular importance. One hundred patients diagnosed with BPD and 101 healthy controls were genotyped for TPH1 intron 7 A218C polymorphism and assessed for impulsiveness and hostility. The BPD patient group had a higher frequency of A allele carriers (AA/AC genotypes) than the control group (chi(2) = 6.12, df = 1, P = 0.01), and differed by genotype frequencies (P = 0.03). Suicide attempter status in the patient group was not related to genotype. Logistic regression analysis controlling for age and gender predicted BPD diagnosis from TPH1 allele group (AA/AC vs. CC, P = 0.03), and TPH1 heterozygotes (AC) appeared to have the highest risk for BPD (P = 0.03). In the full sample, participants with the AC genotype had higher impulsiveness and hostility scores. However, TPH1 did not predict these traits in either of the groups independently, suggesting the association may be an artifact of the association between TPH1 and BPD. Results suggest that the A allele of the tryptophan hydroxylase-1 A218 polymorphism may be associated with BPD, and that it does not appear to be related to suicidal behavior in this population. An aspect of BPD pathology may be due to serotonergic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T. Wilson
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute
,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons
| | - Barbara Stanley
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute
,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons
,Department of Psychology, City University of New York-John Jay College
| | - David A. Brent
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburg Medical Center
| | - Maria A. Oquendo
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute
,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons
| | - Yung-yu Huang
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute
,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons
| | - J. John Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute
,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons
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Ni X, Chan D, Chan K, McMain S, Kennedy JL. Serotonin genes and gene-gene interactions in borderline personality disorder in a matched case-control study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:128-33. [PMID: 19032968 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lines of evidence suggest serotonin genes are susceptibility candidates in borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, few molecular genetic studies on BPD have been reported, especially an overall lack of study on epistatic interactions. We genotyped 27 polymorphisms in 7 serotonin genes in 113 Caucasian BPD patients and matched (sex, age and ethnicity) controls. Program UNPHASED was used to perform association analyses for genotypes, alleles and haplotypes with a permutation test of 10,000 simulations. The Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction analysis was used to examine gene-gene interactions in serotonin system, including three other genes (5-HTT, 5-HT2A and MAOA) that we previously reported. Genotype and allele analyses showed that BPD significantly associated with 5-HT2C and TPH2. BPD patients had high frequencies of the 5-HT2C rs6318G allele (p=0.021) and G/G genotype (OR=2.25); and TPH2 rs2171363T allele (p=0.001) and T containing genotypes (OR=3.40). The 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT3A and TPH1 showed no significant association with BPD for genotype, allele and haplotype analyses. We also detected significant interactions between 5-HT2C and TPH2 (p=0.001), and among 5-HT2C, 5-HTT, MAOA and TPH2 (p=0.001) in BPD. Patients with 5-HT2C rs6318G/G genotype had a high frequency of TPH2 rs2171363C/T genotype compared with controls. Our study indicates ""that serotonin genes and their interactions may play a role in the susceptibility to borderline personality disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingqun Ni
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 250 College Street, Toronto, Canada M5T1R8.
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Burt SA, Mikolajewski AJ. Preliminary evidence that specific candidate genes are associated with adolescent-onset antisocial behavior. Aggress Behav 2008; 34:437-45. [PMID: 18366104 DOI: 10.1002/ab.20251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Though initially conceptualized as resulting from peer imitation of child-onset or life-course-persistent youth [Moffitt, 1993], there is mounting evidence from twin studies that adolescent-onset or adolescent-limited antisocial behavior may also be genetically influenced. This study sought to provide preliminary molecular genetic evidence in support of these findings. We further evaluated whether genetic associations varied between behavioral subtypes of ASB (i.e., physical aggression and nonaggressive rule-breaking), given that only the latter has been found to characterize adolescent-onset ASB. The sample consisted of 211 undergraduate men of European-American ancestry. Three polymorphisms with theoretical and/or empirical ties to ASB or related traits (i.e., tryptophan hydroxylase-A218C, 5HT(2A) His452Tyr, and the DAT1 variable nucleotide tandem repeat) were genotyped. Analyses revealed that two of the three polymorphisms (i.e., His452Tyr and DAT1) were associated with adolescent ASB. Moreover, these associations appeared to be specific to the nonaggressive, rule-breaking form of ASB, and did not extend to physical aggression, further supporting ties to adolescent ASB in particular. Such results thus constructively replicate earlier findings of genetic influence on adolescent ASB. They also offer preliminary evidence that the genetic processes underlying aggressive and nonaggressive antisocial behavior may be (at least partially) distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
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Abstract
Suicidal behavior is partly heritable. Studies seeking the responsible candidate genes have examined genes involved in neurotransmitter systems shown to have altered function in suicide and attempted suicide. These neurotransmitter systems include the serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic systems and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. With some exceptions, most notably the serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (HTTLPR), replication of candidate gene association studies findings has been difficult. This article reviews current knowledge of specific gene effects and gene-environment interactions that influence risk for suicidal behavior. Effects of childhood stress on development and how it influences adult responses to current stress are shown to be relevant for mood disorders, aggressive/impulsive traits, and suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne Currier
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, NYSPI Unit #42, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
Acts of violence account for an estimated 1.43 million deaths worldwide annually. While violence can occur in many contexts, individual acts of aggression account for the majority of instances. In some individuals, repetitive acts of aggression are grounded in an underlying neurobiological susceptibility that is just beginning to be understood. The failure of "top-down" control systems in the prefrontal cortex to modulate aggressive acts that are triggered by anger provoking stimuli appears to play an important role. An imbalance between prefrontal regulatory influences and hyper-responsivity of the amygdala and other limbic regions involved in affective evaluation are implicated. Insufficient serotonergic facilitation of "top-down" control, excessive catecholaminergic stimulation, and subcortical imbalances of glutamatergic/gabaminergic systems as well as pathology in neuropeptide systems involved in the regulation of affiliative behavior may contribute to abnormalities in this circuitry. Thus, pharmacological interventions such as mood stabilizers, which dampen limbic irritability, or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which may enhance "top-down" control, as well as psychosocial interventions to develop alternative coping skills and reinforce reflective delays may be therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J. Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York; and VISN 3 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Bronx, New York
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Zucker RA, Donovan JE, Masten AS, Mattson ME, Moss HB. Early developmental processes and the continuity of risk for underage drinking and problem drinking. Pediatrics 2008; 121 Suppl 4:S252-72. [PMID: 18381493 PMCID: PMC2581879 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-2243b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental pathways to underage drinking emerge before the second decade of life. Many scientists, however, as well as the general public, continue to focus on proximal influences surrounding the initiation of drinking in adolescence, such as social, behavioral, and genetic variables related to availability and ease of acquisition of the drug, social reinforcement for its use, and individual differences in drug responses. In the past 20 years, a considerable body of evidence has accumulated on the early (often much earlier than the time of the first drink) predictors and pathways of youthful alcohol use and abuse. These early developmental influences involve numerous risk, vulnerability, promotive, and protective processes. Some of these factors are not related directly to alcohol use, whereas others involve learning and expectancies about later drug use that are shaped by social experience. The salience of these factors (identifiable in early childhood) for understanding the course and development of adult alcohol and other drug use disorders is evident from the large and growing body of findings on their ability to predict adult clinical outcomes. This review summarizes the evidence on early pathways toward and away from underage drinking, with a particular focus on the risk and protective factors and the mediators and moderators of risk for underage drinking that become evident during the preschool and early school years. It is guided by a developmental perspective on the aggregation of risk and protection and examines the contributions of biological, psychological, and social processes within the context of normal development. Implications of this evidence for policy, intervention, and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Zucker
- Department of Psychiatry, and Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Rachel Upjohn Building, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5740, USA.
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Abstract
There is evidence that the male sex and a personality style characterized by low self-control/high impulsivity and a propensity for negative emotionality increase the risk for impulsive aggressive, antisocial and criminal behavior. This article aims at identifying neurobiological factors underlying this association. It is concluded that the neurobiological correlates of impulsive aggression act through their effects on the ability to modulate impulsive expression more generally, and that sex-related differences in the neurobiological correlates of impulse control and emotion regulation mediate sex differences in direct aggression. A model is proposed that relates impulse control and its neurobiological correlates to sex differences in direct aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Strüber
- Brain Research Institute, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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25
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The Pharmacological and Psychological Treatment of Personality Disorders—From Neurobiology to Treatment Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1300/j085v17n03_04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Brown SM, Hariri AR. Neuroimaging studies of serotonin gene polymorphisms: exploring the interplay of genes, brain, and behavior. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2006; 6:44-52. [PMID: 16869228 DOI: 10.3758/cabn.6.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Because of the unique ability it provides to investigate information processing at the level of neural systems, functional neuroimaging is a powerful tool to explore the relationship between genes, brain, and behavior. Recently, functional neuroimaging has provided dramatic illustrations of how a promoter polymorphism in the human serotonin transporter gene, which has been weakly related to several dimensions of emotional behaviors (such as neuroticism and anxiety traits), is strongly related to the engagement of neural systems--namely, the amygdala and subgenual prefrontal cortex, subserving emotional information processing. This review will outline the experimental strategy by which these genetic effects on brain function have been explored and highlight the effectiveness of this strategy to delineate biological pathways and mechanisms contributing to the emergence of individual differences in brain function that potentially bias behavior and risk for psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Room E-729, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2593, USA
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Tochigi M, Hibino H, Otowa T, Ohtani T, Ebisawa T, Kato N, Sasaki T. No association of 5-HT2C, 5-HT6, and tryptophan hydroxylase-1 gene polymorphisms with personality traits in the Japanese population. Neurosci Lett 2006; 403:100-2. [PMID: 16682118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT(2C)), serotonin 6 receptor (5-HT(6)), and tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1) genes could be candidates for personality-related genes considering the role of serotonin in various mental functions and behavior. However, a limited number of studies have investigated the association between these genes and personality traits. In the present study, we investigated the three serotonin-related genes, 5-HT(2C), 5-HT(6), and TPH1 genes, in relation to personality traits in the Japanese population. The Cys23Ser polymorphisms in the 5-HT(2C) gene, the 267T/C polymorphism of the 5-HT(6) gene, and the 779A/C polymorphisms in the TPH1 gene were genotyped in 253 healthy Japanese subjects. Personality traits were evaluated by using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). As a result, no significant association was observed between the polymorphisms and the NEO PI-R or the STAI scores. The present results did not provide evidence for the association between the three serotonin-related genes and personality traits. The genes might not have major role in the development of personality traits, although further investigation with larger sample size may be recommended for conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Tochigi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Serretti A, Mandelli L, Lorenzi C, Landoni S, Calati R, Insacco C, Cloninger CR. Temperament and character in mood disorders: influence of DRD4, SERTPR, TPH and MAO-A polymorphisms. Neuropsychobiology 2006; 53:9-16. [PMID: 16319504 DOI: 10.1159/000089916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene variants exert a complex range of effects on human normal and abnormal behavior. We previously reported the effect of gene variants in serotoninergic and dopaminergic pathways, in a range of clinical features in mood disorders, such as symptomathology, periodicity, social adjustment and treatment response. In this paper we hypothesized that the same gene variants could influence temperamental traits in mood disorders patients. We focused on genes of the serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems (dopamine receptor D4 gene, DRD4; serotonin transporter gene, promoter region SERTPR; tryptophan hydroxylase gene, TPH; monoamine oxidase A gene, MAO-A). Two hundred and seven euthymic subjects, affected by major depressive disorder (n=73) and bipolar disorder (n=134) were assessed by the Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and typed using PCR-based analyses. Possible stratification factors such as demographic, clinical and other temperamental factors were also taken into account. We observed that homozygosity for the short SERTPR allele was associated with low novelty-seeking scores (p=0.006) and genotypes containing the DRD4 long allele were marginally associated with low harm avoidance (p=0.05). Finally, the long MAO-A allele was associated with decreased persistence scores among females (p=0.006). Our observation of a pattern of influence on temperamental dimension exerted by serotonergic and dopaminergic genes suggests that the contribution of these polymorphisms to the clinical presentation of mood disorders could be mediated by an influence on personality differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Psychiatry, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Li D, He L. Further clarification of the contribution of the tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) gene to suicidal behavior using systematic allelic and genotypic meta-analyses. Hum Genet 2006; 119:233-40. [PMID: 16450114 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-0113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is a major public health issue, especially in western countries, accounting for approximately 1 million deaths every year throughout the world. The tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) gene has been extensively studied as a candidate for suicidal behavior due to its role in serotonergic neurotransmission. Since the first study associating the gene with schizophrenia, there have been many attempts to replicate it. However, a number of these studies have produced contrary results, possibly reflecting inadequate statistical power and the use of different populations. Association data relating European and, more particularly, Asian populations has become increasingly available in recent years. To examine whether the aggregate data provide evidence of statistical significance, the current meta-analysis has combined all the published studies up to July 2005, and examined the polymorphisms (A779C, A218C, A-6526G) in the context of varied suicidal behaviors by analyzing the studies in total and in subsets. Compared with the inconsistent results of previous studies, the current results (22 references) confirm a strong overall association between suicidal behavior and the A779C/A218C polymorphisms, supporting the involvement of TPH in the pathogenesis of suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Shanghai Jiaotong University, Bio-X Center, Hao Ran Building, 1954 Hua Shan Road, 200030, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Thevenot T, Di Martino V, Lunel-Fabiani F, Vanlemmens C, Becker MC, Bronowicki JP, Bresson-Hadni S, Miguet JP. Traitements complémentaires de l’hépatite chronique virale C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 30:197-214. [PMID: 16565651 DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(06)73154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy represent the standard-of-care treatment for chronic hepatitis C, that allows to cure more than half of the patients. However, the success of this bitherapy is in balance with numerous side effects, especially hematologic and psychiatric. This review is focused on complementary treatments (erythropoietin, G-CSF, vitamin E, glutathion, ursodeoxycholic acid and antidepressants) likely to bring a benefit in maintaining adequate interferon and ribavirin dosages and in improving quality of life. This analysis has been performed by using the Medline(R) data base and with data from laboratories which commercialized these molecules. Erythropoietin, G-CSF and antidepressants are the best tools to optimize the bitherapy in its dose and its duration while privileging the quality of life of HCV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Thevenot
- Service d'Hépatologie et de Soins Intensifs Digestifs, Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Universitaire Jean Minjoz, Besançon.
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Abstract
The identification of endophenotypes in the personality disorders may provide a basis for the identification of underlying genotypes that influence the traits and dimensions of the personality disorders, as well as susceptibility to major psychiatric illnesses. Clinical dimensions of personality disorders that lend themselves to the study of corresponding endophenotypes include affective instability impulsiwity aggression, emotional information processing, cognitive disorganization, social deficits, and psychosis. For example, the propensity to aggression can be evaluated by psychometric measures, interview, laboratory paradigms, neurochemical imaging, and pharmacological studies. These suggest that aggression is a measurable trait that may be related to reduced serotonergic activity. Hyperresponsiveness of amygdala and other limbic structures may be related to affective instability, while structural and functional brain alterations underlie the cognitive disorganization in psychoticlike symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder. Thus, an endophenotypic approach not only provides clues to underlying candidate genes contributing to these behavioral dimensions, but may also point the way to a better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Nash MW, Sugden K, Huezo-Diaz P, Williamson R, Sterne A, Purcell S, Sham PC, Craig IW. Association analysis of monoamine genes with measures of depression and anxiety in a selected community sample of siblings. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 135B:33-7. [PMID: 15729745 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates the genetic susceptibility to depression and anxiety is both overlapping and dimensional. In the current study, a quantitative phenotype had been created from several depression and anxiety-related measures in order to index this common genetic susceptibility (G). This has been studied in 119 sibships comprising 312 individuals, selected for extreme scores on G, from a community-based sample of 34,371 individuals. In a pathway based candidate gene study, we examined five microsatellite markers located within or nearby to five serotonin system genes (5HT2C, 5HT1D, 5HT1B, TPH1, and MAOB). Statistical analysis, carried out using QTDT, gave a significant association with a microsatellite downstream of TPH1. Further analysis included a life-events composite as a co-variable, this lead to a stronger association of TPH1. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an association of the 3' end of TPH1 with continuous measures of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Nash
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Hennig J, Reuter M, Netter P, Burk C, Landt O. Two types of aggression are differentially related to serotonergic activity and the A779C TPH polymorphism. Behav Neurosci 2005; 119:16-25. [PMID: 15727508 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors investigated whether different types of aggression relate to the A779C tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) polymorphism and to serotonergic activity in volunteers. A factor analysis of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory yielded 2 factors representing Neurotic Hostility (NH) and Aggressive Hostility (AH). The authors used a neuroendocrine challenge with Citalopram in 48 volunteers and increased cortisol concentrations only in those with high levels of AH. Finally, an association study with 58 volunteers revealed that the A779C TPH polymorphism significantly relates to AH, with the highest aggression levels for the genotype AA and the lowest aggression levels for the genotype CC, but not to NH. Results are discussed with respect to inconsistent findings in the literature, which may be explained by this distinction of types of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hennig
- Center for Psychobiology and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Sun HS, Tsai HW, Ko HC, Chang FM, Yeh TL. Association of tryptophan hydroxylase gene polymorphism with depression, anxiety and comorbid depression and anxiety in a population-based sample of postpartum Taiwanese women. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2005; 3:328-36. [PMID: 15544576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2004.00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety disorders often coexist clinically and both are known to have a genetic basis, but the mode of inheritance is too complicated to be determined so far. Serotonin is the biogenic amine neurotransmitter most commonly associated with depression and anxiety. Since tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis, its role in the pathophysiology of these psychiatric diseases has been intensively studied. In this study, we examined whether polymorphism of the TPH1 gene is related to the etiology of major depression, anxiety and comorbid depression and anxiety. Five single nucleoside polymorphisms of the TPH1 gene were studied in a population-based sample of postpartum Taiwanese women consisting of 120 subjects with depression or/and anxiety and 86 matched normal controls. A significant difference (P = 0.0107) in genotype frequency for the T27224C polymorphism was found between the comorbid and normal groups, and risk analysis showed that the C allele conferred a strong protective effect (odds ratio = 0.27; 95% confident interval = 0.11-0.7). Three-allele haplotypes involving T27224C polymorphism were constructed and haplotype associations between particular haplotype combinations and various diseases identified. However, the associations were weak and the overall haplotype frequency profiles in all groups were similar. The results suggest that depression, anxiety, and comorbid depression and anxiety disorders may have related etiologies. In addition, this study suggests that the TPH1 gene might play a role in the pathogenesis of these closely related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Although initial reports of genetic contributions to personality dimensions were promising, continued empirical support remains controversial. The focus has largely revolved around polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region and the D4 dopamine receptor subtype. Equivocal findings likely stem from numerous sources including ethnic diversity of subject samples, phenotypic characterization of personality traits, and insufficient sample sizes. Research has begun to shy away from single gene causation in support of more complex polygenic models of personality traits. This search has identified numerous other candidate genes including dopamine D2 and D3 receptor subtypes, serotonin receptors, and catecholaminergic enzymes, to name a few. This article endeavors to review and evaluate the most recent literature within the context of this burgeoning field. Some considerations for future research are presented in summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis L Noblett
- Department of Psychiatry, MC #3077, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Lesch KP. Genetic alterations of the murine serotonergic gene pathway: the neurodevelopmental basis of anxiety. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2005:71-112. [PMID: 16594255 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-28082-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the configuration of behavioral differences is among the most prolonged and contentious controversies in intellectual history. Although current views emphasize the joint influence of genes and environmental sources during early brain development, the physiological complexities of multiple gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in the developmental neurobiology of fear and anxiety remain elusive. Variation in genes coding for proteins that control serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system development and plasticity, establish 5-HT neuron identity, and modulate 5-HT receptor-mediated signal transduction as well as cellular pathways have been implicated in the genetics of anxiety and related disorders. This review selects anxiety and avoidance as paradigmatic traits and behaviors, and it focuses on mouse models that have been modified by deletion of genes coding for key players of serotonergic neurotransmission. In particular, pertinent approaches regarding phenotypic changes in mice bearing inactivation mutations of 5-HT receptors, 5-HT transporter, and monoamine oxidase A and other genes related to 5-HT signaling will be discussed and major findings highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Lesch
- Molecular and Clinical Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstr. 15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Abstract
The review will tackle the interplay of genetic and environmental risk factors behind the completed suicide. First, individual differences in suicidal behaviour in relation to heritability are presented followed by a brief discussion of genetic methods currently used to investigate candidate genes for the completed suicide. Further along the polygenetic, multi-factorial model of genetic proneness to suicidal behaviour is presented as interplay of genes and environment. Finally, the future implications in this quickly blossoming field of research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balazic
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abstract
A model for personality dysfunction posits an interaction between inherited susceptibility and environmental factors such as childhood trauma. Core biological vulnerabilities in personality include dimensions of affective instability, impulsive aggression, and cognition/perceptual domains. For the dimension of impulsive aggression, often seen in borderline personality disorder (BPD), the underlying neurobiology involves deficits in central serotonin function and alterations in specific brain regions in the cingulate and the medial and orbital prefrontal cortex. The role of trauma in the development of personality disorder and especially for BPD remains unclear. Although recent studies suggest that BPD is not a trauma-spectrum disorder and that it is biologically distinct from posttraumatic stress disorder, high rates of childhood abuse and neglect do exist for individuals with personality dysfunction. Personality symptom clusters seem to be unrelated to specific abuses, but they may relate to more enduring aspects of interpersonal and family environments in childhood. Whereas twin and family studies indicate a partially heritable basis for impulsive aggression, studies of serotonin-related genes to date suggest only modest contributions to behavior. Gene-environment interactions involving childhood maltreatment are demonstrated in recent studies on antisocial behaviors and aggressive rhesus monkeys and highlight the need for further research in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Goodman
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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Craig D, Hart DJ, Carson R, McIlroy SP, Passmore AP. Allelic variation at the A218C tryptophan hydroxylase polymorphism influences agitation and aggression in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2004; 363:199-202. [PMID: 15182943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Revised: 02/18/2004] [Accepted: 02/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia are common, distressing to carers, and directly linked to the requirement for institutional care. Symptoms of aggression and agitation are particularly difficult for carers to tolerate. The origin of these features is unclear although genetic and environmental modification of pre-frontal serotonergic circuitry which regulates the control of negative emotions is proposed. Following the suggestion that the A218C intronic polymorphism of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene influences aggression and anger in non-demented individuals, we tested the influence of A218C on symptoms of agitation/aggression in 396 Alzheimer's disease patients using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Overall, 50% of participants experienced agitation/aggression in the month prior to interview. It was observed that male patients with a history of agitation/aggression were more likely to possess C-containing genotypes (P = 0.044, OR = 1.65, CI = 0.98-2.76). We conclude that aggression in male subjects with Alzheimer's disease may be genetically linked to polymorphic variation at the tryptophan hydroxylase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Craig
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Whitla Medical Building, The Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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40
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Bellivier F, Chaste P, Malafosse A. Association between the TPH gene A218C polymorphism and suicidal behavior: a meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 124B:87-91. [PMID: 14681922 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Genes encoding proteins involved in serotonergic metabolism are major candidates in association studies of suicidal behavior. The tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) gene, which codes for the rate-limiting enzyme of serotonin biosynthesis, is a major candidate gene and has been extensively studied in association studies of suicidal behavior, providing conflicting results. It is difficult to interpret these conflicting results due to lack of power, ethnic heterogeneity, and variations in the sampling strategies (in particular for controls) and in the polymorphism of the TPH gene studied. Meta-analyses can improve the statistical power for the analysis of the effects of candidate vulnerability factors. The analysis of the sources of heterogeneity that contribute to these conflicting results is an important step in the interpretation of these conflicting association results and in the interpretation of the results of a meta-analysis. We selected all of the published association studies between the TPH gene polymorphism and suicidal behavior. Nine association studies between the A218C TPH polymorphism and suicidal behavior fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A significant association was observed between the A218C polymorphism and suicidal behavior using the fixed effect method (odds ratio (OR) = 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) = [1.26; 2.07]) and the random effect method (OR = 1.61; 95% CI = [1.11; 2.35]). The analysis of the sources of heterogeneity showed that two studies (one positive and one negative) significantly deviated from the calculated global effect. The meta-analysis performed after removing those two studies also revealed a significant association between the TPH A218C polymorphism and suicidal behavior. Both analyses suggested that the A allele has a dose-dependent effect on the risk of suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Bellivier
- Service de Psychiatrie Adulte (Pr Rouillon), Hôpital Henri Mondor et Albert Chenevier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France.
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Tsai SJ, Wang YC, Chen JY, Hong CJ. Allelic variants of the tryptophan hydroxylase (A218C) and serotonin 1B receptor (A-161T) and personality traits. Neuropsychobiology 2003; 48:68-71. [PMID: 14504413 DOI: 10.1159/000072879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human personality traits have a considerable hereditary component, and central serotonergic activity is implicated in the personality factors of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). Our population-based association study tested the hypothesis that the tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) A218C and serotonin 1B receptor (HTR1B) A-161T polymorphisms were associated with TPQ personality trait scores in a sample population of 209 young healthy Chinese. No significant differences were demonstrated comparing scores of subjects bearing different TPH or HTR1B genotypes; however, a trend for difference in the novelty seeking score comparing TPH genotype groups was determined for the male population. Our negative findings suggest that the TPH A218C and HTR1B polymorphisms do not play major roles in the determination of TPQ personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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42
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Lesch KP, Zeng Y, Reif A, Gutknecht L. Anxiety-related traits in mice with modified genes of the serotonergic pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 480:185-204. [PMID: 14623362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiology of anxiety is complex, reflecting the cumulative physiological effects of multiple genes. These genes are interactive with each other and with the environment in which they are expressed. Variation in genes coding for proteins that control serotonin (5-HT) system development and plasticity, establish 5-HT neuron identity, and modulate 5-HT receptor-mediated signal transduction and cellular pathways have been implicated in the genetics of anxiety and related disorders. Here, we selected anxiety and avoidance as paradigmatic traits and behavior and cover both traditional studies with inbred murine strains and selected lines which have been modified by gene knockout technologies. The design of a mouse model partially or completely lacking a gene of interest during all stages of development (constitutive knockout) or in a spatio-temporal context (conditional knockout) is among the prime strategies directed at elucidating the role of genetic factors in fear and anxiety. In many cases, knockout mice have been able to confirm what has already been anticipated based on pharmacological studies. In other instances, knockout studies have changed views of the relevance of 5-HT homeostasis in brain development and plasticity as well as processes underlying emotional behavior. In this review, we discuss the pertinent literature regarding phenotypic changes in mice bearing inactivation mutations of 5-HT receptors, 5-HT transporter, monoamine oxidase A and other components of the serotonergic pathway. Finally, we attempt to identify future directions of genetic manipulation in animal models to advance our understanding of brain dysregulation characteristic of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Peter Lesch
- Molecular and Clinical Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Füchsleinstr. 15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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43
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Tan EC, Chan AOM, Tan CH, Mahendran R, Wang A, Chua HC. Case-control and linkage disequilibrium studies of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene polymorphisms and major depressive disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2003; 13:151-4. [PMID: 12960746 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200309000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alterations in the level of the serotonin, serotonin uptake and the number of binding sites have been linked to affective illness. We investigated the association of tryptophan hydroxylase gene polymorphisms and unipolar depression in a case-control study design. METHODS Patients and ethnically matched controls were genotyped for three polymorphisms of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene. RESULTS Significant difference in genotype frequency between patient and control groups was observed for the IVS7+218A >C polymorphism but not for the two promoter polymorphisms -1067G >A and -347T >G. Strong linkage disequilibrium among the three polymorphisms was also observed. CONCLUSIONS As the sample size was small, the positive association would need to be replicated by family-based association studies or in a larger set of samples. As our results did not indicate association with either of the two promoter polymorphisms, there is a need to continue the search for the causative variant directly involved in the susceptibility to unipolar depression in Chinese as this polymorphism within the intron might not be the true susceptibility variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ene-choo Tan
- Defence Medical Research Institute, Defence Science and Technology Agency, Clinical Research Centre #04-07, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore.
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44
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Rujescu D, Giegling I, Sato T, Hartmann AM, Möller HJ. Genetic variations in tryptophan hydroxylase in suicidal behavior: analysis and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54:465-73. [PMID: 12915291 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurobiological studies implicate serotonergic dysfunction in suicidal behavior. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin, plays a vital role in serotonin metabolism. Thus, variations in the TPH gene have been regarded as prime candidates in the susceptibility to suicidal behavior. The most widely studied genetic variations in the TPH gene, which are located in intron 7, yielded conflicting results in individual studies on suicide-related behavior. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis on a total of 898 patients and 1179 control subjects, in addition to our local association study in consecutively recruited suicide attempters (n=147) and healthy control subjects of German descent (n=326). RESULTS We observed a nonsignificant higher frequency of the TPH intron 7 A218 allele in our local group. The meta-analysis showed a weak yet highly significant increase in the frequency of the A218 allele (odds ratio [OR]: 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17-1.50; p=.00002) and an over-representation of A-carriers (OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.22-1.79; p=.00005) in Caucasian suicide attempters/victims. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis provides strong evidence for an association of suicide-related behavior with an A218 single-nucleotide polymorphism in the TPH gene in Caucasians. Because this variation do not seem to alter functional properties of the TPH gene or protein, functional variations remain to be identified and subsequently tested for association with suicide-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Rujescu
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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45
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Soloff PH, Kelly TM, Strotmeyer SJ, Malone KM, Mann JJ. Impulsivity, gender, and response to fenfluramine challenge in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 2003; 119:11-24. [PMID: 12860356 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(03)00100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral impulsivity in borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with indices of diminished central serotonergic function, independent of suicidal behavior, depression or alcohol use disorder. Many of these studies have been conducted among males in specialized settings. Studies of BPD females, who constitute the majority of BPD patients, are generally conducted in community settings and report inconsistent findings. We studied gender differences in behavioral impulsivity and the prolactin response to D,L-fenfluramine (FEN) in BPD subjects in a community setting. A FEN challenge study was conducted with 64 BPD subjects (20 male, 44 female), and 57 controls (36 male, 21 female). Axis I and II disorders, including BPD, and suicidal histories were assessed by structured interviews. Controls were free of Axis I and II disorders. Impulsivity and aggression were assessed by the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Psychopathic Deviate subscale, and the Brown-Goodwin Lifetime History of Aggression. Male, but not female, BPD subjects had significantly diminished prolactin responses compared to controls. Impulsivity and aggression each predicted prolactin responses. A significant effect of BPD diagnosis on prolactin response was eliminated when impulsivity was co-varied. Impulsivity and aggression were inversely related to delta-prolactin and peak-prolactin responses among male but not female subjects. Gender differences in central serotonergic function may contribute to variations in impulsivity in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Soloff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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46
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Rujescu D, Giegling I, Bondy B, Gietl A, Zill P, Möller HJ. Association of anger-related traits with SNPs in the TPH gene. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 7:1023-9. [PMID: 12399958 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2001] [Revised: 01/18/2002] [Accepted: 02/21/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since both aggression-related traits and serotonergic activity are partially heritable and correlate inversely, variations in genes of the serotonergic system might then, to some extent, account for variations in aggression-related behavior. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate limiting biosynthetic enzyme in the serotonin pathway and regulates levels of serotonin. Recently, a genetic variation in TPH has been associated with aggression and anger-related traits in volunteers. We investigated a sample of community-based healthy volunteers (n = 154) and suicide attempters (n = 86), a clinical population with a high risk for elevated impulsive aggression and related traits. The subjects were genotyped for a A218C and a A779C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the TPH gene. All subjects were administered standard psychiatric interviews as well as self-report questionnaires for aggression, irritability and anger-related traits. For anger-related traits, a multivariate effect of the tryptophan hydroxylase genotype and an interaction effect for genotype and diagnosis was observed in healthy volunteers and suicide attempters after controlling for age and educational level. U-carriers in both groups showed higher scores for State Anger, Trait Anger and Angry Temperament. These findings support the hypothesis that the A218C and the A779C SNP in the TPH gene may be associated with anger-related traits in German samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rujescu
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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47
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies provided a large body of evidence that personality dimensions are influenced by genetic factors and that the genetic component is highly complex, polygenic, and epistatic. However, consistent findings on the genetic basis of personality have yet remained sparse. In recent years, molecular genetics has begun to identify specific genes coding in particular for components of the serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems representing quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for behavioral traits. The QTL concept suggests that complex traits are not attributable to single genes. According to this polygenic model, the genetic basis of personality and behavior and its pathological variations thus results from additive or nonadditive interactions of various genes. As the number of suitable candidate genes constantly increases, the QTL model provides a reasonable explanation for the genetic basis of personality and its disorders. In this review, the current knowledge on the impact of a large number of candidate gene polymorphisms (e.g. variations in serotonin and dopamine receptor and serotonin transporter genes) on personality and temperament is summarized. Additionally, investigations of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in humans and animals, which currently intensify the identification of genes that underlie behavioral variations, are examined. The findings converge on the notion that a probabilistic rather than deterministic impact of genes on the expression of behavior will contribute to the demystification of behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Füchsleinstr. 15, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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48
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Hill EM, Stoltenberg SF, Bullard KH, Li S, Zucker RA, Burmeister M. Antisocial alcoholism and serotonin-related polymorphisms: association tests. Psychiatr Genet 2002; 12:143-53. [PMID: 12218658 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200209000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Central serotonin dysfunction appears to be related to a subtype of alcoholism with antisocial impulsive features (type II; antisocial alcoholism). The serotonergic deficit may be associated with greater impulsivity, which in turn facilitates both alcohol dependence and antisocial behavior. The present study tested association of antisocial impulsive alcoholism with candidate genes related to serotonergic neurotransmission, using families. Eight markers were assayed using polymerase chain reaction: tryptophan hydroxylase (intron 7), the serotonin transporter SLC6A4 (VNTR 9/12), HTTLPR, the three serotonin receptor types HTR1B (G861C), HTR2A (T102C) and HTR2C (Cys23Ser), monoamine oxidase A (T1460C), and (CA)(n). Eligible probands had early age of onset of alcoholism, child conduct disorder, and two or more symptoms of adult Antisocial Personality Disorder. This sample included 35 probands, their parents, and some siblings (n = 116). Association tests were conducted using the Haplotype Relative Risk method for antisocial alcoholism diagnosis and the George-Elston regression method (the S.A.G.E. program ASSOC) for quantitative antisocial alcoholism severity. Haplotype Relative Risk analyses were not significant at the 0.05 level for any of the markers. Trends suggestive for future research occurred for tryptophan hydroxylase and HTR2A. Quantitative ASSOC analyses showed significant marker effects (P < 0.05) for both monoamine oxidase A markers, which were in linkage disequilibrium. Antisocial alcoholism symptom severity was higher with monoamine oxidase A C homozygotes or hemizygotes, indicating that low monoamine oxidase activity may be important. Future studies are needed to examine joint and interactive effects of serotonin-related markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Hill
- Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan 48219, USA.
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49
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Chao HM, Richardson MA. Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase genes and schizophrenia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 114:626-30. [PMID: 12210276 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine, shares physical, structural and catalytic properties with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) that catalyze the rate-limiting steps in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin. Because these neurotransmitter systems have all been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases are among the likely candidates for genes associated with schizophrenia. A mutation in the functionally critical tetrahydrobiopterin cofactor binding domain of the PAH gene had been identified in African-American patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia, and biochemical analyses suggested that this mutation has physiological consequences related to amine neurotransmitter function. DNA sequencing of the highly conserved cofactor binding domain of the PAH, TH, and TPH genes in African-American subjects with schizophrenia and unrelated, never mentally ill subjects from the NIMH Schizophrenia Genetics Initiative, was undertaken to assess the concordance of mutant genotype with psychiatric phenotype. The K274E mutation was observed in the PAH gene cofactor binding domain, and several polymorphisms were identified in adjacent intronic regions of the PAH, TH, and TPH genes. All of the genetic variants observed were represented in the schizophrenia group and in the never mentally ill group. Genetic evaluation of the family members of subjects with the PAH K274E mutation showed that all individuals with the K274E mutation also exhibited the PAH L321L polymorphism in the catalytic domain of the PAH enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Chao
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York State Office of Mental Health, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA.
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Staner L, Uyanik G, Correa H, Tremeau F, Monreal J, Crocq MA, Stefos G, Morris-Rosendahl DJ, Macher JP. A dimensional impulsive-aggressive phenotype is associated with the A218C polymorphism of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene: a pilot study in well-characterized impulsive inpatients. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 114:553-7. [PMID: 12116193 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin, and association and linkage studies of its variants in suicidal and impulsive-aggressive behavior have brought conflicting results. This pilot study was designed to investigate whether TPH A218C genotypes could be associated with impulsive behavioral tendencies (IBTs) in consecutively admitted nonpsychotic nonorganic inpatients. Patients (20 females and 34 males; age, 38.8 +/- 11.8) did not differ from healthy nonimpulsive controls (16 females and 11 males; age, 35.2 +/- 10.2) regarding TPH genotypes, but in the patients, the number of IBT was related to the presence of the 218C allele. It was concluded that impulsive-aggressive behavior may be associated with the TPH genotype in well-characterized impulsive patients and that the present results stress the importance of considering impulsiveness-aggressiveness in studies investigating the relationship between suicidal behavior and TPH genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Staner
- FORENAP--Institute for Research in Neurosciences, Neuropharmacology and Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France.
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