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Chang van Oordt DA, Taff CC, Pipkin MA, Ryan TA, Vitousek MN. Experimentally elevated corticosterone does not affect bacteria killing ability of breeding female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Horm Behav 2024; 160:105500. [PMID: 38316079 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The immune system can be modulated when organisms are exposed to acute or chronic stressors. Glucocorticoids (GCs), the primary hormonal mediators of the physiological stress response, are suspected to play a crucial role in immune modulation. However, most evidence of stress-associated immunomodulation does not separate the effects of glucocorticoid-dependent pathways from those of glucocorticoid-independent mechanisms on immune function. In this study, we experimentally elevated circulating corticosterone, the main avian glucocorticoid, in free-living female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) for one to two weeks to test its effects on immune modulation. Natural variation in bacteria killing ability (BKA), a measure of innate constitutive immunity, was predicted by the interaction between timing of breeding and corticosterone levels. However, experimental elevation of corticosterone had no effect on BKA. Therefore, even when BKA is correlated with natural variation in glucocorticoid levels, this relationship may not be causal. Experiments are necessary to uncover the causal mechanisms of immunomodulation and the consequences of acute and chronic stress on disease vulnerability. Findings in other species indicate that acute increases in GCs can suppress BKA; but our results support the hypothesis that this effect does not persist over longer timescales, during chronic elevations in GCs. Direct comparisons of the effects of acute vs. chronic elevation of GCs on BKA will be important for testing this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Chang van Oordt
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 215 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Conor C Taff
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 215 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Monique A Pipkin
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 215 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Thomas A Ryan
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 215 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Maren N Vitousek
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, 215 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Cornell Lab of Ornithology, 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Libianto R, Hu J, Chee MR, Hoo J, Lim YY, Shen J, Li Q, Young MJ, Fuller PJ, Yang J. A Multicenter Study of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Primary Aldosteronism. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa153. [PMID: 33225198 PMCID: PMC7667995 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertensive patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) have a higher risk of cardiovascular complications than those with blood pressure-matched essential hypertension. The excess cardiovascular consequences of PA can be attributed to the proinflammatory effect of excessive aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptor activation in a range of peripheral tissues and cell types. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a widely available marker of inflammation which has been shown to predict cardiovascular outcome in the general population. This study aims to evaluate the use of NLR as a potential biomarker of PA and PA severity. Methods Patients with PA (n = 355) were identified from 2 large PA databases in Australia and China, while controls (n = 222) were patients with hypertension who were referred for assessment but did not meet the diagnostic criteria for PA. The NLR was retrospectively collected from routine full blood examination, prior to commencement of targeted treatment for PA. Results The NLR did not differ between PA patients and hypertensive controls (median 2.3 and 2.4, P = 0.563). However, among patients with PA, the NLR was positively correlated with baseline and post-saline aldosterone levels (r = 0.22 and P < 0.001 for both) and negatively correlated with serum potassium (r = -0.15, P = 0.006). Furthermore, in a logistic regression analysis of data from patients with PA, the NLR predicted the presence of comorbid chronic kidney disease (CKD) (defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73m2) with an odds ratio of 1.5 (P = 0.003). Conclusion While the NLR did not distinguish PA from controls, it was a marker of PA severity, being associated with aldosterone concentration as well as the presence of CKD. A prospective study is needed to further clarify the role of NLR in predicting end-organ damage associated with PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Libianto
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min R Chee
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jesse Hoo
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yin Y Lim
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jimmy Shen
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Morag J Young
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Prahan, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Fuller
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jun Yang
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Erdem Kuruca S, Çetin MB, Akgün Dar K, Özerkan D. Protective effects of cytokine combinations against the apoptotic activity of glucocorticoids on CD34 + hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:67-77. [PMID: 30603917 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells can self-renew and produce progenitor cells, which have a high proliferation capacity. Chemotherapeutic drugs are toxic to normal cells as well as cancer cells, and glucocorticoids (GCs), which are essential drugs for many chemotherapeutic protocols, efficiently induce apoptosis not only in malignant cells but also in normal haematopoietic cells. Studies have shown that haematopoietic cytokines can prevent the apoptosis induced by chemotherapy and decrease the toxic effects of these drugs. However, the apoptosis induction mechanism of GCs in CD34+ haematopoietic cells and the anti-apoptotic effects of cytokines have not been well elucidated. In this study, we investigated the apoptotic effects of GCs on CD34+, a haematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) population, and demonstrated the protective effects of haematopoietic cytokines. We used a cytokine cocktail containing early-acting cytokines, namely, interleukin-3 (IL-3), thrombopoietin, stem cell factor and flt3/flk2 ligand, and dexamethasone and prednisolone were used as GCs. Apoptotic mechanisms were assessed by immunohistochemical staining and quantified using H-scoring. Dexamethasone and prednisolone induced apoptosis in CD34+ HSPCs. GC treatment caused a significant increase in apoptotic Fas, caspase-3, cytochrome c and Bax, but a significant decrease in anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Furthermore, as expected, cytokines caused a significant decrease in all apoptotic markers and a significant increase in Bcl-2. Thus, our findings suggest that CD34+ HSPCs are an extremely sensitive target for GCs and that cytokines protect these cells from GC-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Erdem Kuruca
- Deparment of Physiology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Beyza Çetin
- Deparment of Physiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kadriye Akgün Dar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilşad Özerkan
- Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey.
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Chan CK, Hu YH, Chen L, Chang CC, Lin YF, Lai TS, Huang KH, Lin YH, Wu VC, Wu KD. Risk of sepsis in patients with primary aldosteronism. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2018; 22:313. [PMID: 30463626 PMCID: PMC6249889 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between hyperaldosteronism and immune dysfunction has been reported and glucocorticoid co-secretion is frequently found in primary aldosteronism (PA). The aforementioned conditions raise the possibility of the infection risk; however, clinical episodes of sepsis have not been reported in PA. METHODS Using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database between 1997 and 2009, we identified PA and aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) matched with essential hypertension (EH) at a 1:1 ratio by propensity scores. The incidences of sepsis and mortality after the index date were evaluated, and the risk factors of outcomes were identified using adjusted Cox proportional hazards models and taking mortality as a competing risk. RESULTS We enrolled 2448 patients with PA (male, 46.08%; mean age, 48.4 years). There were 875 patients who could be ascertained as APA. Taking mortality as the competing risk, APA patients had a lower incidence of sepsis than their matched EH patients (hazard ratio (HR) 0.29; P < 0.001) after target treatments. Patients receiving adrenalectomy showed a benefit of decreasing the risk of sepsis (PA vs EH, HR 0.14, P = 0.001; APA vs EH, HR 0.16, P = 0.003), but mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist treatment may differ. Compared with matched control cohorts, patients with APA had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (PA, adjusted HR 0.84, P = 0.050; APA, adjusted HR 0.31, P < 0.001) after target treatments. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that patients with PA/APA who underwent adrenalectomy could attenuate the risk of sepsis compared with their matched EH patients. We further found that APA patients with target treatments could decrease all-cause mortality compared with EH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Kai Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu branch, Hsin Chu, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Hu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Likwang Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chen Chang
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Shuan Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,TAIPAI, Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation (TAIPAI) Study Group, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kwan-Dun Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,TAIPAI, Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigation (TAIPAI) Study Group, Taipei, Taiwan
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Modulation of Immunity and Inflammation by the Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Aldosterone. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:652738. [PMID: 26448944 PMCID: PMC4581510 DOI: 10.1155/2015/652738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a ligand dependent transcription factor. MR has been traditionally associated with the control of water and electrolyte homeostasis in order to keep blood pressure through aldosterone activation. However, there is growing evidence indicating that MR expression is not restricted to vascular and renal tissues, as it can be also expressed by cells of the immune system, where it responds to stimulation or antagonism, controlling immune cell function. On the other hand, aldosterone also has been associated with proinflammatory immune effects, such as the release of proinflammatory cytokines, generating oxidative stress and inducing fibrosis. The inflammatory participation of MR and aldosterone in the cardiovascular disease suggests an association with alterations in the immune system. Hypertensive patients show higher levels of proinflammatory mediators that can be modulated by MR antagonism. Although these proinflammatory properties have been observed in other autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate these effects remain unknown. Here we review and discuss the scientific work aimed at determining the immunological role of MR and aldosterone in humans, as well as animal models.
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Stelzer I, Kröpfl JM, Fuchs R, Pekovits K, Mangge H, Raggam RB, Gruber HJ, Prüller F, Hofmann P, Truschnig-Wilders M, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Haushofer AC, Kessler HH, Mächler P. Ultra-endurance exercise induces stress and inflammation and affects circulating hematopoietic progenitor cell function. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e442-50. [PMID: 25438993 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although amateur sports have become increasingly competitive within recent decades, there are as yet few studies on the possible health risks for athletes. This study aims to determine the impact of ultra-endurance exercise-induced stress on the number and function of circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells (CPCs) and hematological, inflammatory, clinical, metabolic, and stress parameters in moderately trained amateur athletes. Following ultra-endurance exercise, there were significant increases in leukocytes, platelets, interleukin-6, fibrinogen, tissue enzymes, blood lactate, serum cortisol, and matrix metalloproteinase-9. Ultra-endurance exercise did not influence the number of CPCs but resulted in a highly significant decline of CPC functionality after the competition. Furthermore, Epstein-Barr virus was seen to be reactivated in one of seven athletes. The link between exercise-induced stress and decline of CPC functionality is supported by a negative correlation between cortisol and CPC function. We conclude that ultra-endurance exercise induces metabolic stress and an inflammatory response that affects not only mature hematopoietic cells but also the function of the immature hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell fraction, which make up the immune system and provide for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Stelzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - J M Kröpfl
- Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Exercise Physiology Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R Fuchs
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - K Pekovits
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - H Mangge
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R B Raggam
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - H-J Gruber
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - F Prüller
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - P Hofmann
- Institute of Sports Science, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M Truschnig-Wilders
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - B Obermayer-Pietsch
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A C Haushofer
- Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels-Grieskirchen, Austria
| | - H H Kessler
- Research Unit Molecular Diagnostics, IHMEM, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - P Mächler
- Center for Cardiac Rehabilitation, SKA-PVA St. Radegund, Graz, Austria
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Masri-Iraqi H, Robenshtok E, Tzvetov G, Manistersky Y, Shimon I. Elevated white blood cell counts in Cushing's disease: association with hypercortisolism. Pituitary 2014; 17:436-40. [PMID: 24078318 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-013-0522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid receptors are expressed in white blood cells (WBC’s) and are known to play a role in cell adhesion and WBC's recruitment from bone marrow. In Cushing's disease leukocytosis is frequently mentioned as laboratory finding. However, there is no data on the prevalence of this finding among patients, or correlation with disease severity. PURPOSE To investigate the prevalence of leukocytosis in patients with Cushing's disease, alterations in other blood count parameters and correlation with degree of hypercortisolism. METHODS Data of 26 patients diagnosed and followed for Cushing's disease at our clinic was reviewed. Two patients had disease relapse after complete remission and were studied as 2 separate events. RESULTS Of the 26 patients, 17 were women (71 %), with a mean age of 39.8 ± 12.7 years. Mean baseline WBC count was 10,500 ± 2,600 cells/μl and dropped to 8,400 ± 1,900 cells/μl (p < 0.05) after treatment, mean neutrophil count at baseline was 7,600 ± 2,600 cells/μl and dropped to 5,300 ± 1,700 cells/μl (p < 0.05), lymphocyte count was 2,000 ± 600 cells/μl and raised to 2,300 ± 600 cells/μl (p < 0.05), hemoglobin was 13.7 ± 1.2 g/dl and dropped to 12.8 ± 1.4 g/dl (p < 0.05), and platelet number did not change. Elevated WBC count was present in 11/28 cases (40 %). Those patients with normal baseline WBC (mean 9,000 ± 1,500 cells/μl) dropped also to 7,700 ± 1,300 cells/μl after treatment (p < 0. 05). There was a significant positive correlation between decrease in UFC secretion and change in WBC's following treatment (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Patients with Cushing's disease present with leukocytosis in approximately 40 % of cases. In most cases, including those without elevated baseline count, the WBC's decreased with disease remission, demonstrating the effect of glucocorticoids on these blood cells.
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Stickney DR, Groothuis JR, Ahlem C, Kennedy M, Miller BS, Onizuka-Handa N, Schlangen KM, Destiche D, Reading C, Garsd A, Frincke JM. Preliminary clinical findings on NEUMUNE as a potential treatment for acute radiation syndrome. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2010; 30:687-698. [PMID: 21149931 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/30/4/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
5-androstenediol (5-AED) has been advanced as a possible countermeasure for treating the haematological component of acute radiation syndrome (ARS). It has been used in animal models to stimulate both innate and adaptive immunity and treat infection and radiation-induced immune suppression. We here report on the safety, tolerability and haematologic activity of 5-AED in four double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled studies on healthy adults including elderly subjects. A 5-AED injectable suspension formulation (NEUMUNE) or placebo was administered intramuscularly as either a single injection, or once daily for five consecutive days at doses of 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg. Subjects (n = 129) were randomized to receive NEUMUNE (n = 95) or the placebo (n = 34). NEUMUNE was generally well-tolerated; the most frequent adverse events were local injection site reactions (n = 104, 81%) that were transient, dose-volume dependent, mild to moderate in severity, and that resolved over the course of the study. Blood chemistries revealed a transient increase (up to 28%) in creatine phosphokinase and C-reactive protein levels consistent with intramuscular injection and injection site irritation. The blood concentration profile of 5-AED is consistent with a depot formulation that increases in disproportionate increments following each dose. NEUMUNE significantly increased circulating neutrophils (p < 0.001) and platelets (p < 0.001) in the peripheral blood of adult and elderly subjects. A dose-response relationship was identified. Findings suggest that parenteral administration of 5-AED in aqueous suspension may be a safe and effective means to stimulate innate immunity and alleviate neutropenia and thrombocytopenia associated with ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight R Stickney
- Harbor Biosciences, 9171 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
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Boilson BA, Larsen K, Harbuzariu A, Delacroix S, Korinek J, Froehlich H, Bailey KR, Scott CG, Shapiro BP, Boerrigter G, Chen HH, Redfield MM, Burnett JC, Simari RD. Regulation of circulating progenitor cells in left ventricular dysfunction. Circ Heart Fail 2010; 3:635-42. [PMID: 20573992 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.109.879437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reductions in numbers of circulating progenitor cells (CD34+ cell subsets) have been demonstrated in patients at risk for, or in the presence of, cardiovascular disease. The mediators of these reductions remain undefined. To determine whether neurohumoral factors might regulate circulating CD34+ cell subsets in vivo, we studied complementary canine models of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS A pacing model of severe LV dysfunction and a hypertensive renal wrap model in which dogs were randomized to receive deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) were studied. Circulating CD34+ cell subsets including hematopoietic precursor cells (HPCs: CD34+/CD45(dim)/VEGFR2-) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs: CD34+/CD45-/VEGFR2+) were quantified. Additionally, the effect of mineralocorticoid excess on circulating progenitor cells in normal dogs was studied. The majority of circulating CD34+ cells expressed CD45dimly and did not express VEGFR2, consistent with an HPC phenotype. HPCs were decreased in response to pacing, and this decrease correlated with plasma aldosterone levels (Spearman rank correlation=-0.67, P=0.03). In the hypertensive renal wrap model, administration of DOCA resulted in decreased HPCs. No changes were seen in EPCs in either model. Normal dogs treated with DOCA exhibited a decrease in HPCs in peripheral blood but not bone marrow associated with decreased telomerase activity. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate that mineralocorticoid excess, either endogenous or exogenous, results in reduction in HPCs. These data suggest that mineralocorticoids may induce accelerated senescence of progenitor cells, leading to their reduced survival and decline in numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Boilson
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, USA
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Marchesi C, Belicchi M, Meregalli M, Farini A, Cattaneo A, Parolini D, Gavina M, Porretti L, D'Angelo MG, Bresolin N, Cossu G, Torrente Y. Correlation of circulating CD133+ progenitor subclasses with a mild phenotype in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2218. [PMID: 18493616 PMCID: PMC2377332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various prognostic serum and cellular markers have been identified for many diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and tumor pathologies. Here we assessed whether the levels of certain stem cells may predict the progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods and Findings The levels of several subpopulations of circulating stem cells expressing the CD133 antigen were determined by flow cytometry in 70 DMD patients. The correlation between the levels and clinical status was assessed by statistical analysis. The median (±SD) age of the population was 10.66±3.81 (range 3 to 20 years). The levels of CD133+CXCR4+CD34- stem cells were significantly higher in DMD patients compared to healthy controls (mean±standard deviation: 17.38±1.38 vs. 11.0±1.70; P = 0.03) with a tendency towards decreased levels in older patients. Moreover, the levels of this subpopulation of cells correlated with the clinical condition. In a subgroup of 19 DMD patients after 24 months of follow-up, increased levels of CD133+CXCR4+CD34- cells was shown to be associated with a phenotype characterised by slower disease progression. The circulating CD133+CXCR4+CD34- cells in patients from different ages did not exhibit significant differences in their myogenic and endothelial in vitro differentiation capacity. Conclusions Our results suggest that levels of CD133+CXCR4+CD34- could function as a new prognostic clinical marker for the progression of DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Marchesi
- Stem cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Science, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Belicchi
- Stem cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Science, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirella Meregalli
- Stem cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Science, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Farini
- Stem cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Science, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cattaneo
- Centro Trasfusionale e di Immunologia dei Trapianti, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Parolini
- Stem cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Science, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Gavina
- Stem cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Science, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Porretti
- Centro Trasfusionale e di Immunologia dei Trapianti, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia D'Angelo
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) E. Medea, La Nostra Famiglia, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- Stem cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Science, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Stem Cell Research Institute, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Yvan Torrente
- Stem cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Science, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Lim HY, Müller N, Herold MJ, van den Brandt J, Reichardt HM. Glucocorticoids exert opposing effects on macrophage function dependent on their concentration. Immunology 2007; 122:47-53. [PMID: 17451463 PMCID: PMC2265978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are involved in the modulation of macrophage function and thereby control the host's immune responses to pathogens. However, neither the role of hormone concentration nor the differential contribution of the glucocorticoid (GR) and the mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) to these activities are known. Here we show that low levels of corticosterone enhance NO production as well as mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and enzymes required for mediator synthesis. In contrast, at high corticosterone concentrations macrophage function was strongly repressed. Importantly, inactivation of the GR by lentiviral delivery of siRNAs abrogated both the immunostimulatory and the immunosuppressive GC actions whereas inactivation of the MR had no effect. Furthermore, removal of endogenous GCs by adrenalectomy in vivo induced a preactivated state in macrophages that could be modulated by corticosterone. We conclude that GCs exert distinct effects on macrophage function dependent on their concentration, and that they primarily act through the GR despite concomitant expression of the MR.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Glands/physiology
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Corticosterone/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Silencing
- Genetic Vectors
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Young Lim
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Cheung JOP, Casals-Pascual C, Roberts DJ, Watt SM. A small-scale serum-free liquid cell culture model of erythropoiesis to assess the effects of exogenous factors. J Immunol Methods 2006; 319:104-17. [PMID: 17174973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anaemia is an important global health problem. Therefore, it is crucial to understand its pathophysiology in various genetic or infectious diseases where dyserythropoiesis is a key pathological feature. To this effect, reproducible and reliable models of erythropoiesis in vitro are much needed as investigative tools. We have developed a serum-free liquid culture model of erythropoiesis using human umbilical cord blood CD34(+) cells cultured in the cytokine combination, interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6, stem cell factor (SCF) and erythropoietin (Epo), over 14 days. We found that these culture conditions favored erythroid differentiation over the expansion of the more primitive erythroid precursors. With an initiating culture density of 5x10(4) cells per ml, the nucleated cell fold expansion increased from 7.9+/-3.9 (range 4.5 to 11.1) after 4 days to 2990.2+/-1936.1 (range 626.6 to 6912.0) after 14 days in culture. Day-14 burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) frequencies peaked at day 4 (24.0+/-8.9%), with a marked decrease in BFU-E burst size as the cultures progressed. Time-course immunophenotypical profiles were characteristically erythroid with a decrease in CD34 expression (from 96.8+/-3.0% at day 0 to 0.8+/-0.8% at day 14), and a concomitant increase in the expression of erythroid-specific markers, CD36, glycophorin A (GpA) and CD71 (from 14.8+/-5.0%, 1.7+/-1.0% and 37.9+/-18.0% to 93.0+/-7.0%, 82.1+/-14.0% and 95.7+/-3.0%, respectively). Morphological studies revealed the presence of normoblasts with the complete absence of reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes after 14 days in culture. Once the culture conditions were optimized, we scaled down our culture model from 24-well plate (large-scale) to 96-well plate cultures (small-scale). We found that the small-scale cultures compared favorably with their large-scale counterpart in terms of erythroid progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, particularly at low CD34(+) initiating cell doses. By using tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a known inhibitor of erythropoiesis, we validated our model system and showed a dose-dependent inhibition of erythroid differentiation with TNF-alpha in our cultures. Therefore, our results demonstrate a small-scale serum-free liquid culture model of erythropoiesis that is comparable with and complements our well-defined large-scale model. Our system would prove useful for screening the effects of exogenous factors on erythropoiesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce O P Cheung
- Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, National Blood Service--Oxford, NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9BQ, UK
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Al-Uzri A, Yorgin PD, Kling PJ. Anemia in children after transplantation: etiology and the effect of immunosuppressive therapy on erythropoiesis. Pediatr Transplant 2003; 7:253-64. [PMID: 12890002 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3046.2003.00042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anemia in children after renal transplantation is more common than previously appreciated. Multiple factors appear to play roles in the development of post-transplant anemia, the most common of which is absolute and/or functional iron deficiency anemia. Most experts recommend that iron limited anemias in transplant patients should be diagnosed using the same criteria as for chronic renal failure patients. Serum erythropoietin (EPO) levels are expected to normalize after a successful renal transplantation with a normal kidney function, yet both EPO deficiency and resistance have been reported. While no large controlled trials comparing the effect of different immunosuppressive agents on erythropoiesis after transplantation have been performed, generalized bone marrow suppression attributable to azathioprine (AZA), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), tacrolimus, antithymocyte preparations has been reported. Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) occurs rarely after transplantation and is characterized by the selective suppression of erythroid cells in the bone marrow. PRCA has been reported with the use of AZA, MMF, tacrolimus, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), but not with cyclosporine (CSA) use. Post-transplant hemolytic uremic syndrome has been reported with orthoclone anti T-cell antibody (OKT3), CSA and tacrolimus therapy. Viral infections including cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and human parvovirus B19 have been reported to cause generalized marrow suppression. Management of severe anemia associated with immunosuppressive drugs generally requires lowering the dose, drug substitution or, when possible, discontinuation of the drug. Because this topic has been incompletely studied, our recommendation as to the best immunosuppressive protocol after renal transplantation remains largely dependent on the clinical response of the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Al-Uzri
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Oregon Health Sciences University, 707 SW Gaines Road, Portland, OR, USA.
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Neumann S, Huse K, Semrau R, Diegeler A, Gebhardt R, Buniatian GH, Scholz GH. Aldosterone and D-glucose stimulate the proliferation of human cardiac myofibroblasts in vitro. Hypertension 2002; 39:756-60. [PMID: 11897758 DOI: 10.1161/hy0302.105295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system appears to be involved in the development of cardiac fibrosis in rodents, characterized by nonepithelial cell proliferation and changes in the extracellular matrix. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of high aldosterone concentrations on the proliferation of human cardiac interstitial cells in vitro. In addition, the effect of D-glucose as another risk factor for fibrosis, eg, in the diabetic heart, was investigated. Human cardiac myofibroblast cultures were established, and growth rates were measured by WST-1 assay in fetal calf serum-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). Cells in culture showed a significant increase in number between 24 to 72 hours of cultivation under basal conditions (DMEM, 10% fetal calf serum). Aldosterone at high concentrations (10(-8) and 10(-7) mol/L) significantly (P<0.01) increased the proliferation of cultured cardiac myofibroblasts. Comparable effects were observed after incubation of the cells with high D-glucose concentrations (15 and 25 mmol/L, P<0.01). No additive growth stimulation was evident when the cells were incubated in medium containing both aldosterone and D -glucose. These results suggest a role for aldosterone and glucose in mediating the cardiac fibrosis through stimulation of myofibroblast growth in patients with dysregulated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (especially hyperaldosteronism) and impaired glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Neumann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Leipzig, Germany
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