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Evans AK, Saw NL, Woods CE, Vidano LM, Blumenfeld SE, Lam RK, Chu EK, Reading C, Shamloo M. Impact of high-fat diet on cognitive behavior and central and systemic inflammation with aging and sex differences in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 118:334-354. [PMID: 38408498 PMCID: PMC11019935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging and age-related diseases are associated with cellular stress, metabolic imbalance, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, accompanied by cognitive impairment. Lifestyle factors such as diet, sleep fragmentation, and stress can potentiate damaging cellular cascades and lead to an acceleration of brain aging and cognitive impairment. High-fat diet (HFD) has been associated with obesity, metabolic disorders like diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. HFD also induces neuroinflammation, impairs learning and memory, and may increase anxiety-like behavior. Effects of a HFD may also vary between sexes. The interaction between Age- and Sex- and Diet-related changes in neuroinflammation and cognitive function is an important and poorly understood area of research. This study was designed to examine the effects of HFD on neuroinflammation, behavior, and neurodegeneration in mice in the context of aging or sex differences. In a series of studies, young (2-3 months) or old (12-13 months) C57BL/6J male mice or young male and female C57Bl/6J mice were fed either a standard diet (SD) or a HFD for 5-6 months. Behavior was assessed in Activity Chamber, Y-maze, Novel Place Recognition, Novel Object Recognition, Elevated Plus Maze, Open Field, Morris Water Maze, and Fear Conditioning. Post-mortem analyses assessed a panel of inflammatory markers in the plasma and hippocampus. Additionally, proteomic analysis of the hypothalamus, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation in the locus coeruleus, and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus were assessed in a subset of young and aged male mice. We show that HFD increased body weight and decreased locomotor activity across groups compared to control mice fed a SD. HFD altered anxiety-related exploratory behavior. HFD impaired spatial learning and recall in young male mice and impaired recall in cued fear conditioning in young and aged male mice, with no effects on spatial learning or fear conditioning in young female mice. Effects of Age and Sex were observed on neuroinflammatory cytokines, with only limited effects of HFD. HFD had a more significant impact on systemic inflammation in plasma across age and sex. Aged male mice had induction of microglial immunoreactivity in both the locus coeruleus (LC) and hippocampus an effect that HFD exacerbated in the hippocampal CA1 region. Proteomic analysis of the hypothalamus revealed changes in pathways related to metabolism and neurodegeneration with both aging and HFD in male mice. Our findings suggest that HFD induces widespread systemic inflammation and limited neuroinflammation. In addition, HFD alters exploratory behavior in male and female mice, and impairs learning and memory in male mice. These results provide valuable insight into the impact of diet on cognition and aging pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Evans
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Nay L Saw
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Claire E Woods
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Laura M Vidano
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Sarah E Blumenfeld
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Rachel K Lam
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Emily K Chu
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | | | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, 1050 Arastradero Road, Building A, Palo Alto, CA 94304.
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2
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Studneva М, Mandrik M, Song S, Tretyak E, Krasnyuk I, Yamada Y, Tukavin A, Ansari A, Kozlov I, Reading C, Ma Y, Krapfenbauer K, Svistunov A, Suchkov S. Strategic aspects of higher education reform to cultivate specialists in diagnostic and biopharma industry as applicable to Predictive, Preventive and Personalized Medicine as the Medicine of the Future. EPMA J 2015; 6:18. [PMID: 26379805 PMCID: PMC4570293 DOI: 10.1186/s13167-015-0040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Predictive, Preventive and Personalized Medicine as the Medicine of the Future represents an innovative model for advanced healthcare and robust platform for relevant industrial branches for diagnostics and pharmaceutics. However, rapid market penetration of new medicines and technologies demands the implementation of reforms not only in the spheres of biopharmaceutical industries and healthcare, but also in education. Therefore, the problem of the fundamental, modern preparation of specialists in bioengineering and affiliated fields is becoming particularly urgent, and it requires significant revision of training programs of higher education practice into current medical universities. Modernization and integration of widely accepted medical and teaching standards require consolidation of both the natural sciences and medical sciences that may become the conceptual basis for a university medical education. The main goal of this training is not simply to achieve advanced training and expansion of technological skills, but to provide development of novel multifaceted approaches to build academic schools for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- М. Studneva
- />I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. Mandrik
- />I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sh. Song
- />Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - E. Tretyak
- />Division of Ocular Diseases, Central Clinical Hospital No. 85, FMBA, Moscow, Russia
| | - I. Krasnyuk
- />I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y. Yamada
- />Department of Human Functional Genomics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - A. Tukavin
- />St. Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical Academy, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A. Ansari
- />College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - I. Kozlov
- />N.I.Pirogov Moscow Medical Research University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Y. Ma
- />College of Arts, Science and Business, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO USA
| | - K. Krapfenbauer
- />EPMA (European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine), Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Svistunov
- />I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - S. Suchkov
- />A.I.Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
- />I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- />EPMA (European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine), Brussels, Belgium
- />New York Academy of Sciences, New York, NY USA
- />ACS (American Chemical Society), Dallas, TX USA
- />AMEE (European Association for Medical Education), Dundee, UK
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3
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Stickney DR, Groothuis JR, Ahlem C, Kennedy M, Miller BS, Onizuka-Handa N, Schlangen KM, Destiche D, Reading C, Garsd A, Frincke JM. Preliminary clinical findings on NEUMUNE as a potential treatment for acute radiation syndrome. J Radiol Prot 2010; 30:687-698. [PMID: 21149931 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/30/4/004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
5-androstenediol (5-AED) has been advanced as a possible countermeasure for treating the haematological component of acute radiation syndrome (ARS). It has been used in animal models to stimulate both innate and adaptive immunity and treat infection and radiation-induced immune suppression. We here report on the safety, tolerability and haematologic activity of 5-AED in four double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled studies on healthy adults including elderly subjects. A 5-AED injectable suspension formulation (NEUMUNE) or placebo was administered intramuscularly as either a single injection, or once daily for five consecutive days at doses of 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg. Subjects (n = 129) were randomized to receive NEUMUNE (n = 95) or the placebo (n = 34). NEUMUNE was generally well-tolerated; the most frequent adverse events were local injection site reactions (n = 104, 81%) that were transient, dose-volume dependent, mild to moderate in severity, and that resolved over the course of the study. Blood chemistries revealed a transient increase (up to 28%) in creatine phosphokinase and C-reactive protein levels consistent with intramuscular injection and injection site irritation. The blood concentration profile of 5-AED is consistent with a depot formulation that increases in disproportionate increments following each dose. NEUMUNE significantly increased circulating neutrophils (p < 0.001) and platelets (p < 0.001) in the peripheral blood of adult and elderly subjects. A dose-response relationship was identified. Findings suggest that parenteral administration of 5-AED in aqueous suspension may be a safe and effective means to stimulate innate immunity and alleviate neutropenia and thrombocytopenia associated with ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight R Stickney
- Harbor Biosciences, 9171 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
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4
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Carrero JC, Cervantes-Rebolledo C, Vargas-Villavicencio JA, Hernández-Bello R, Dowding C, Frincke J, Reading C, Morales-Montor J. Parasiticidal effect of 16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone (EpiBr) in amoebiasis and cysticercosis. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:677-82. [PMID: 20403456 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the dehydroepiandrosterone analog 16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone (EpiBr) was tested on the tapeworm Taenia crassiceps and the protist Entamoeba histolytica, both in vivo and in vitro. Administration of EpiBr prior to infection with cysticerci in mice reduced the parasite load by 50% compared with controls. EpiBr treatment induced 20% reduction on the development of amoebic liver abscesses in hamsters. In vitro treatment of T. crassiceps and E. histolytica cultures with EpiBr, reduced reproduction, motility and viability in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. These results leave open the possibility of assessing the potential of this hormonal analog as a possible anti-parasite drug, including cysticercosis and amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio César Carrero
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, Mexico.
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5
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Wang T, Villegas S, Huang Y, White SK, Ahlem C, Lu M, Olefsky JM, Reading C, Frincke JM, Alleva D, Flores-Riveros J. Amelioration of glucose intolerance by the synthetic androstene HE3286: link to inflammatory pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:70-80. [PMID: 20068030 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.161182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance, the major metabolic abnormality underlying type 2 diabetes, is associated with chronic inflammation and heavy macrophage infiltration in white adipose tissue (WAT). The therapeutic properties of the synthetic adrenal steroid Delta(5)-androstene-17alpha-ethynyl-3beta,7beta,17beta-triol (HE3286) were characterized in metabolic disease models. Treatment of diabetic db/db mice with HE3286 suppressed progression to hyperglycemia and markedly improved glucose clearance. Similar effects were also observed in insulin-resistant, diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice and genetically obese ob/ob mice. This effect appeared to be a consequence of reduced insulin resistance because HE3286 lowered blood insulin levels in db/db and ob/ob mice. Treatment with HE3286 was accompanied by suppressed expression of the prototype macrophage-attracting chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in WAT, along with its cognate receptor C-C motif chemokine receptor-2. Exposure of mouse macrophages to HE3286 in vitro caused partial suppression of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide)-induced nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB)-sensitive reporter gene expression, NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, and NF-kappaB/p65 serine phosphorylation. Proinflammatory kinases, including IkappaB kinase, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, and p38, were also inhibited by HE3286. In ligand competition experiments HE3286 did not bind to classical sex steroid or corticosteroid receptors, including androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor (ER) alpha or ERbeta, and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Likewise, in cells expressing nuclear receptor-sensitive reporter genes HE3286 did not substantially stimulate transactivation of AR, ER, GR, or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha, PPARdelta, and PPARgamma. These findings indicate that HE3286 improves glucose homeostasis in diabetic and insulin-resistant mice and suggest that the observed therapeutic effects result from attenuation of proinflammatory pathways, independent of classic sex steroid receptors, corticosteroid receptors, or PPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlun Wang
- Hollis-Eden Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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6
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Ahlem C, Auci D, Mangano K, Reading C, Frincke J, Stickney D, Nicoletti F. HE3286: a novel synthetic steroid as an oral treatment for autoimmune disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1173:781-90. [PMID: 19758229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
HE3286 (17alpha-ethynyl-5-androstene-3beta, 7beta, 17beta-triol) is a synthetic derivative of a natural anti-inflammatory steroid, beta-AET (5-androstene-3beta, 7beta, 17beta-triol). HE3286 is orally bioavailable and treats established disease in models of ulcerative colitis, collagen-induced arthritis, and collagen antibody-induced arthritis, reducing clinical signs of disease and proinflammatory signals, including IL-6 and matrix metallopeptidase 3. HE3286 modulates nuclear factor kappaB through an unknown mechanism but does not interact with any of the steroid-binding nuclear hormone receptors and is not immune suppressive. HE3286 was safe and well tolerated in phase I studies and is under evaluation in multicenter phase I/II clinical trials for ulcerative colitis and arthritis. HE3286 may provide a new treatment option for patients with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ahlem
- Hollis-Eden Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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7
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Trauger R, Corey E, Bell D, White S, Garsd A, Stickney D, Reading C, Frincke J. Inhibition of androstenediol-dependent LNCaP tumour growth by 17alpha-ethynyl-5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (HE3235). Br J Cancer 2009; 100:1068-72. [PMID: 19337256 PMCID: PMC2669987 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Androst-5-ene-3β, 17β-diol (AED) is an adrenal hormone that has been reported to sustain prostate cancer growth after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). LNCaP cells express a mutated androgen receptor that confers the ability to respond not only to androgen but also to oestrogen and adrenal hormones such as AED, and thus provide a cell line useful for identifying compounds capable of inhibiting AED-stimulated cell growth. We sought to determine whether structurally related steroids could inhibit AED-stimulated LNCaP cell growth in vitro and tumour growth in vivo. We report here the identification of a novel androstane steroid, HE3235 (17α-ethynyl-5α-androstan-3α, 17β-diol), with significant inhibitory activity for AED-stimulated LNCaP proliferation. This inhibitory activity is accompanied by an increase in the number of apoptotic cells. Animal studies have confirmed the cytoreductive activity of HE3235 on LNCaP tumours. The results suggest that this compound may be of clinical use in castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Trauger
- Hollis-Eden Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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8
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Auci D, Kaler L, Subramanian S, Huang Y, Frincke J, Reading C, Offner H. A New Orally Bioavailable Synthetic Androstene Inhibits Collagen-Induced Arthritis in the Mouse: Androstene Hormones as Regulators of Regulatory T Cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1110:630-40. [PMID: 17911478 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1423.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has attracted much interest because of its many antiaging, metabolic and immune-modulating effects in rodents. Synthetic derivatives, such as 5-androstene-16alpha-fluoro-17-one (HE2500) and certain natural metabolites also provide benefit in various animal models of autoimmune and metabolic diseases. But, like DHEA, low potency and low oral bioavailability suggested limited usefulness of these compounds in humans. We hypothesized that HE3286, a novel 17-ethynyl derivative would be orally bioavailable, more potent, and chemically more useful in man than its parent compound. We found that on a dose/mass basis, HE3286 demonstrated up to 25% oral bioavailability in mice. In the DBA mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), animals receiving oral treatment with HE3286 (50 mg/kg), beginning at onset of disease, significantly decreased CIA peak scores and daily severity of arthritis scores. Benefit was associated with decreases in: (1) production of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-17; and (2) decreases in joint inflammation, erosion, and synovial proliferation as judged by histological analysis. HE3286 was not found to be immune suppressive in any of the classical models tested, including mitogen-induced proliferation, delayed-type hypersensitivity, or mixed lymphocyte reaction. Instead, benefit was associated with increases in numbers and function of CD4+CD25+FOXp3+CD127- regulatory T cells (T reg). To our knowledge, this is probably the first study to report that an orally bioavailable synthetic analogue of DHEA can ameliorate ongoing disease in a CIA mouse model with relevance to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to correlate that finding with decreases in proinflammatory cytokines and increases in T reg cells. Hormones targeting T reg cells hold the intriguing potential to treat autoimmune, infectious, and neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Auci
- Hollis-Eden Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California, USA.
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9
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Reading C, Dowding C, Schramm B, Garsd A, Onizuka-Handa N, Stickney D, Frincke J. Improvement in immune parameters and human immunodeficiency virus-1 viral response in individuals treated with 16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone (HE2000). Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12:1082-8. [PMID: 17002607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study examined the safety, tolerance, immunological effect and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity of sub-cutaneously administered HE2000 (16alpha-bromoepiandrosterone) as monotherapy in treatment-naïve patients with HIV-1. Twenty-four patients received five sequential daily doses of 50 or 100 mg of HE2000 or placebo every 6 weeks for up to three courses, and were followed thereafter for 3 months. HE2000 was safe, with transient injection site reactions being the main side-effect. Peripheral blood samples, collected serially, were analysed for changes in immune cell phenotypes. Significant increases were observed in the numbers of circulating dendritic cells, early activated (CD69+ CD25-) CD8 T-cells and T-NK cells after administration of 50-mg doses of HE2000 (p < 0.05). Gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was analysed by real-time RT-PCR. Before treatment, HIV-1-infected patients had significantly elevated transcripts for a number of inflammatory mediators (p < 0.012). After 50 mg or 100 mg HE2000, but not after placebo, there were significant sustained decreases in IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and Cox-2 transcripts (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in CD4 cell numbers, although patients receiving 50-mg doses demonstrated a significant decrease in viral load (- 0.6 log; p < 0.01). Anti-HIV-1 T-cell responses were analysed serially using GAG-peptides to stimulate cytoplasmic IFN-gamma responses. After three courses, the 50-mg dose group demonstrated a significant increase in CD8 T-cell response against two distinct GAG peptide pools (p < 0.03). These findings suggest that immune-based therapies may be able to impact viral load by decreasing inflammation and/or stimulating CD8 T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reading
- Hollis Eden Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.
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10
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Auci D, Nicoletti F, Mangano K, Pieters R, Nierkens S, Morgan L, Offner H, Frincke J, Reading C. Anti-inflammatory and Immune Regulatory Properties of 5-Androsten-3β, 17β-Diol (HE2100), and Synthetic Analogue HE3204: Implications for Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1051:730-42. [PMID: 16127013 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1361.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
5-Androsten-3beta, 17beta-diol (HE2100), and a synthetic analogue HE3204 are regarded as immune-regulating hormones, because both induce changes in the reporter antigen-popliteal lymph node assay (RA-PLNA). Mice were injected in the footpad with either HE2100 or HE3204 (0.01-3 mg), and a nonsensitizing dose of trinitrophenyl ovalbumin (TNP-OVA) was used as bystander reporter antigen. Seven days later, nodes were removed and numbers of cells (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19; flow cytometry), TNP-specific IgM, IgG1, and IgG2a antibody-forming cells (AFCs; ELISPOT assay), and cytokines (interleukin-4 [IL-4], interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]; ELISA) were measured. HE2100 and HE3204 increased cell numbers in a dose-dependent fashion. T (helper and suppressor) cells and B cells were increased (>5-fold). HE3204 was apparently twice as potent as HE2100. Both increased the B/T ratio (fivefold), increased TNP-specific IgM and IgG1 ( approximately 50-fold), and induced IgG2a AFCs. Both increased IL-4 and IFN-gamma secretion (up to threefold). Both displayed anti-inflammatory activity in the murine model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy, as evidenced by reduced neutrophil numbers and exudate volumes. Our observations suggest that both HE2100 and HE3204 are immune-regulating steroid hormones that exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. HE2100 (1 mg/mouse per day) provided significant benefit when given at disease onset in the SJL/J female mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These compounds and their analogues are candidates for further testing in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Auci
- Hollis-Eden Pharmaceuticals, 4435 Eastgate Mall, Suite 400, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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11
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Hernández-Pando R, Aguilar-Leon D, Orozco H, Serrano A, Ahlem C, Trauger R, Schramm B, Reading C, Frincke J, Rook GAW. 16α‐Bromoepiandrosterone Restores T Helper Cell Type 1 Activity and Accelerates Chemotherapy‐Induced Bacterial Clearance in a Model of Progressive Pulmonary Tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 2005; 191:299-306. [PMID: 15609241 DOI: 10.1086/426453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BALB/c mice with pulmonary tuberculosis develop a T helper cell type 1 response that peaks at 3 weeks, temporarily controlling bacterial growth. Then bacterial proliferation recommences, accompanied by increasing interleukin (IL)-4 levels and decreasing interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels. These changes mimic those in the human disease. In a previous study, administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) beginning on day 60 after infection reversed these changes and protected the mice. However, DHEA is suboptimal for human use, partly because it is readily metabolized into sex steroids. 16alpha-Bromoepiandrosterone (EpiBr; 16alpha -bromo-5alpha -androstan-3beta-ol-17-one) is a synthetic adrenal steroid derivative that does not enter sex steroid pathways. In the present study, when tuberculous BALB/c mice were treated with EpiBr 3 times/week beginning on day 60, inhibition of bacterial proliferation and increased expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and iNOS were observed, although decreased expression of IL-4 was also observed. Moreover, when given as an adjunct to conventional chemotherapy, EpiBr enhanced bacterial clearance. Trials for the use of EpiBr in the treatment of human tuberculosis are now justified.
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Stickney D, Dowding C, Reading C, Garsd A, Frincke J. Protection of rhesus macques from whole body radiation induced severe neutropenia and thrombocytopenia by novel hormones HE2100 and HE3204. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.07.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Stickney DR, Dowding C, Reading C, Frincke J. HE2100 and HE3204 protect Rhesus Macaques from chemotherapy or radiation induced myelosuppression. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.6668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Dowding
- Hollis Eden Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - C. Reading
- Hollis Eden Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA
| | - J. Frincke
- Hollis Eden Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA
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14
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Pedersen NC, North TW, Rigg R, Reading C, Higgins J, Leutenegger C, Henderson GL. 16alpha-Bromo-epiandrosterone therapy modulates experimental feline immunodeficiency virus viremia: initial enhancement leading to long-term suppression. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003; 94:133-48. [PMID: 12909410 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
16alpha-Bromo-epiandrosterone (epiBr), a synthetic derivative of the natural hormone dehyroepiandrosterone (DHEA), was evaluated for its effects on feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in experimental cats. The rationale for this study was based on the ability of DHEA to significantly reduce the mortality to viral infections in mice. DHEA and epiBr also have demonstrable in vitro anti-viral activity for both HIV-1 and FIV. Preliminary pharmacokinetic studies in cats demonstrated that subcutaneously injected epiBr was rapidly absorbed, completely metabolized, and nontoxic. Metabolites were excreted in both urine and feces, with the latter having the most complex pattern of breakdown products. Cats were then divided into four groups; two groups were infected with FIV and two uninfected. Two groups, one infected and one uninfected were treated on 5 consecutive days of weeks 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 with epiBr. The remaining two groups were mock treated with the drug vehicle alone. Treatment started 1 week prior to infection and extended for 4 weeks after infection. Cats were observed for 20 weeks post-FIV infection. Infected cats had identical decreases in blood neutrophil and lymphocyte counts following, regardless of whether they were treated with epiBr or vehicle alone. The CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio was decreased following FIV exposure, but was significantly more decreased for the epiBr treated animals from week 2 post-infection onward. CD4+ T cells were decreased in FIV-infected cats treated with epiBr compared to their untreated cohort, while CD8+ T cells tended to be higher in treated animals. FIV infected cats that were treated with epiBr had over one-log higher virus loads at week 2 post-infection than non-epiBr treated cohorts. In spite of this enhanced initial viremia, the subsequent levels of virus in the blood were significantly lower in epiBr treated versus untreated animals. EpiBr treated cats had significantly higher FIV-p24 antibody responses than control cats receiving vehicle alone, although primary and secondary antibody responses to a T-cell dependent non-FIV antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), were unaffected. EpiBr treatment significantly decreased the expected FIV-induced suppression of IL-12 p40 mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) observed at weeks 4, 5, 8, 9 and 16 post-infection, but had no influence on FIV-induced changes in IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gamma, MIP-1alpha and RANTES.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacokinetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/urine
- Androsterone/analogs & derivatives
- Androsterone/pharmacokinetics
- Androsterone/pharmacology
- Androsterone/urine
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- CD4-CD8 Ratio/veterinary
- Cats
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytokines/genetics
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
- Feces/chemistry
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/metabolism
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Male
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Random Allocation
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Viremia/drug therapy
- Viremia/immunology
- Viremia/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Pedersen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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15
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Michallet M, Philip T, Philip I, Godinot H, Sebban C, Salles G, Thiebaut A, Biron P, Lopez F, Mazars P, Roubi N, Leemhuis T, Hanania E, Reading C, Fine G, Atkinson K, Juttner C, Coiffier B, Fière D, Archimbaud E. Transplantation with selected autologous peripheral blood CD34+Thy1+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in multiple myeloma: impact of HSC dose on engraftment, safety, and immune reconstitution. Exp Hematol 2000; 28:858-70. [PMID: 10907648 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of our study performed in myeloma were to evaluate the performance and the safety of Systemix's high-speed clinical cell sorter, to assess the safety and efficacy of deescalating cell dose cohorts of CD34+Thyl+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as autologous grafts by determining engraftment, and to assess the residual tumor cell contamination using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification assays of patient-specific complementarity determining region III (CDR III) analysis for residual myeloma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical trial was performed in 31 multiple myeloma patients, using purified human CD34+Thyl+ HSCs mobilized from peripheral blood with cyclosphosphamide and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to support a single transplant after high-dose melphalan 140 mg/m2 alone (cohort 1) and with total body irradiation (TBI) (cohorts 2-5) after an HSC transplant cell dose de-escalation/escalation design. RESULTS Twenty-three patients were transplanted. Engraftment data in the melphalan + TBI cohorts confirmed that HSC doses above the threshold dose of 0.8 x 10(6) CD34+Thy1+ HSCs/ kg provided prompt engraftment (absolute neutrophil count >0.5 x 10(9)/L day 10; platelet count >50 x 10(9)/L day 13). A higher rate of infections was observed in the early and late follow-up phases than usually reported after CD34+ selected or unselected autologous transplantation, which did not correlate with the CD34+Thy1+ HSC dose infused. Successful PCR for CDR III could only be performed in five patients on initial apheresis product and final CD34+Thy1+ HSC product and showed a median tumor log reduction >3.12. CONCLUSIONS CD34+Thy1+ HSCs are markedly depleted or free of detectable tumor cells in multiple myeloma and are capable of producing fast and durable hematopoietic reconstitution at cell doses >0.8 x 10(6) CD34+Thy1+ HSCs/kg. The delayed immune reconstitution observed is not different from that described in unselected autologous bone marrow and peripheral blood mononucleated cells transplants in multiple myeloma and may be corrected by addition of T cells either to the graft or to the patient in the posttransplant phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michallet
- Service d'Hématologie de l'Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
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16
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Olsson K, Gerard CJ, Zehnder J, Jones C, Ramanathan R, Reading C, Hanania EG. Real-time t(11;14) and t(14;18) PCR assays provide sensitive and quantitative assessments of minimal residual disease (MRD). Leukemia 1999; 13:1833-42. [PMID: 10557059 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) arises as a clonal transformation of normal B and T cell differentiation and is often characterized by a higher incidence of specific chromosomal translocations. We have developed real-time TaqMan PCR assays directed toward two of these tumor-associated DNA markers, the t(14;18)(q32;q21.3) at the major breakpoint region of the bcl-2 gene and the t(11;14)(q13;q32) at the bcl-1 major translocation cluster. During analysis of serial dilutions of t(14;18)-positive DNA, the t(14;18) real-time PCR was at least as sensitive as nested PCR and demonstrated enhanced quantitative potential. Moreover, in a blinded comparison of the t(14;18) real-time PCR and a clinically validated nested PCR protocol using 134 cell line and patient DNA samples, the real-time PCR detected the translocation in 30.0% more cases than nested PCR. Both the t(14;18) and t(11;14) real-time PCR assays were used to quantitate minimal residual disease (MRD) in an NHL clinical trial assessing the safety and efficacy of a tumor-purging protocol in autologous stem cell transplantation. The assays were also used to evaluate disease depletion in an ex vivo tumor spiking model in which normal peripheral blood was spiked with tumor cell lines and processed according to the clinical purging method. PCR data from both the clinical trial and the ex vivo model demonstrated a 4 to 6 log reduction in tumor cells during CD34+ and CD34+ Thy-1+ enrichment. Because the t(14;18) and t(11;14) real-time PCR assays are very sensitive, quantitative, rapid, and require no post-PCR manipulation, they may serve as practical alternatives to nested PCR.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Base Sequence
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Purging
- Chromosome Breakage/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Genes, bcl-1/genetics
- Genes, bcl-2/genetics
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/therapy
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm, Residual
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Reproducibility of Results
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Single-Blind Method
- Thy-1 Antigens/analysis
- Time Factors
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- K Olsson
- SyStemix Inc., A Novartis Company, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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17
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Gerard CJ, Olsson K, Ramanathan R, Reading C, Hanania EG. Improved quantitation of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma using real-time polymerase chain reaction and plasmid-DNA complementarity determining region III standards. Cancer Res 1998; 58:3957-64. [PMID: 9731509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The complementarity determining region III of the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain gene has been the target for tumor-specific PCR assays for the detection and follow-up of B-cell malignancies. Previously, these assays have relied on gel-based end point data collection methods (i.e., band densitometry) and, thus, have provided at best a semiquantitative assessment of tumor levels. We show the development of a novel, real-time TaqMan PCR assay to quantitate residual multiple myeloma cells in clinical samples after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. We provide evidence that real-time PCR is reproducible, sensitive, and quantitative. In a 40-replicate PCR experiment targeting the beta-actin gene, the coefficient of variation for threshold cycle data was 1.6%, whereas it increased to 13.6% and 31%, respectively, for end point fluorescence and gel densitometry. Moreover, in an experiment directly comparing standard curves obtained from band densitometry and threshold cycle data, the standard curve constructed from threshold cycle data had a multiple R2 value of 1.00 and demonstrated a dynamic range >4 logs, compared with the 2-log linear range of gel densitometry. Finally, we show that when a complementarity determining region III-specific PCR primer is used in conjunction with a consensus primer for the immunoglobulin heavy chain joining gene, plasmid DNA can be used as a readily available and effective substitute for clonal plasma-cell genomic DNA when preparing standards. By applying real-time PCR to the analysis of clinical samples, we are able to quantitate levels of tumor involvement with unparalleled reproducibility and statistical confidence. Real-time PCR technology may well provide the accuracy and reliability necessary for minimal residual disease detection to have real prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Gerard
- SyStemix, Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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18
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Tricot G, Gazitt Y, Leemhuis T, Jagannath S, Desikan KR, Siegel D, Fassas A, Tindle S, Nelson J, Juttner C, Tsukamoto A, Hallagan J, Atkinson K, Reading C, Hoffman R, Barlogie B. Collection, tumor contamination, and engraftment kinetics of highly purified hematopoietic progenitor cells to support high dose therapy in multiple myeloma. Blood 1998; 91:4489-95. [PMID: 9616143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfractionated peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) grafts contain measurable quantities of myeloma cells and are therefore a potential source of relapse posttransplantation. In contrast, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-sorted CD34+ Thy1+ Lin- peripheral blood cells are substantially enriched for stem cell activity, yet contain virtually no clonal myeloma cells. A study was performed in patients with symptomatic myeloma, who had received 12 months or less of preceding standard chemotherapy, to evaluate the feasibility of large scale purification of primitive hematopoietic stem cells in order to study engraftment kinetics posttransplantation and the degree of tumor cell contamination of this cell population, based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the patient-specific complementarity-determining region III (CDR III). PBSC were mobilized with high dose cyclophosphamide and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). A combination of elutriation and chemical lysis was used to deplete PBSC collections of monocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets. Subsequently, CD34+ Thy1+ Lin- progenitor cells were purified with high speed cell sorting. Of the 10 evaluable patients, nine met the required minimum criteria of >/=7.2 x 10(5) cells/kg to support tandem transplants. After high dose melphalan (200 mg/m2) eight engrafted successfully, although granulocyte (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] >0.5 x 10(9)/L, 16 days) and platelet recovery (platelets > 50 x 10(9)/L, 39 days) was substantially delayed when compared with unmanipulated PBSC grafts; one patient required infusion of a reserve graft because of lack of evidence of engraftment by day +28. Three patients proceeded to a second graft with high dose melphalan and total body irradiation; two required infusion of a reserve graft and both died of infectious complications; one showed delayed, but complete, engraftment after this myeloablative regimen. Two of the nine evaluable patients attained a clinical complete remission (CR). The grafts from three patients were tested for tumor contamination and contained no detectable clonal myeloma cells. Larger quantities of purified cells may be required to resolve the problem of delayed engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tricot
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and the Arkansas Cancer Research Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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19
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Abstract
Two members of a novel class of anthelmintics, the aspergillimides, have been isolated from the Aspergillus strain IMI 337664. This novel fungus also produced two known and one structurally novel paraherquamide. This paper describes the fermentation, isolation, structure elucidation and anthelmintic activity of aspergillimide (VM55598, 1), 16-keto aspergillimide (SB202327, 2), and the paraherquamides VM54159 (3), SB203105 (4) and SB200437 (5). The aspergillimides are equivalent to paraherquamides which have lost both the dioxygenated 7-membered ring and the phenyl ring to which this is fused; gaining in their place a C8-keto group. SB203105 is the first example of a 4-substituted paraherquamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Banks
- Pfizer Central Research, Sandwich, Kent, England
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20
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Van den Berg D, Wessman M, Murray L, Tong J, Chen B, Chen S, Simonetti D, King J, Yamasaki G, DiGiusto R, Gearing D, Reading C. Leukemic burden in subpopulations of CD34+ cells isolated from the mobilized peripheral blood of alpha-interferon-resistant or -intolerant patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 1996; 87:4348-57. [PMID: 8639795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We attempted to determine the frequency of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and contaminating leukemic cells in mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) collected from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, intolerant of alpha-interferon or with interferon-resistant disease. A total of 14 MPB samples, six from patients in chronic phase (CP) and eight from patients in accelerated phase or blast crisis (AP/BC) were studied. Cytogenetic analysis of MPB collected from AP/BC patients showed that 100% of the cells were Ph+, whereas cells from four of five CP MPB were Ph-. By contrast, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of CP MPB showed a mean frequency of 14.7% Ph+ cells, while AP/BC MPB contained 39.2% Ph+ cells. In an attempt to purify normal HSC, subpopulations of the MPB CD34+ cells were isolated based on expression of the Thy-1 antigen (CDw90). The mean Ph+ cell frequency as determined by FISH within the CD34+Thy-1+Lin- and CD34+Thy-1-Lin- populations from CP patients was 19.2% and 33.9%, respectively. In the AP/BC patients, levels of residual leukemic cells were significantly greater with mean Ph+ cell frequencies of 59.2% and 72.7% for the CD34+Thy-1+Lin- and CD34+Thy-1-Lin- fractions, respectively. The frequency of cobblestone area forming cells (CAFC) was used as a means of quantitating the numbers of functional HSC within these cell subpopulations. The mean CAFC frequency was 1 of 19 for the CD34+Thy-1+Lin- cells as compared with 1 of 133 for the Thy-1-fraction indicating a higher frequency of primitive progenitor cells in the Thy-1+ subpopulation. CD34+ cell subsets from two patients were also injected into SCID-hu bone assays to determine the in vivo behavior of these cell populations. After 8 weeks, multilineage donor engraftment was observed in these grafts. FISH analysis of the donor cells within the grafts showed that 55.3% and 60.0% of the cells were Ph+. We conclude that unfractionated MPB from this patient population is not leukemia-free and that the CD34+Thy-1+Lin- cell subpopulation, although predominantly enriched for normal HSC, still contains substantial numbers of residual leukemic cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Blast Crisis/blood
- Blast Crisis/therapy
- Blood Cell Count
- Bone Transplantation
- Cisplatin/administration & dosage
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Drug Resistance
- Etoposide/administration & dosage
- Etoposide/pharmacology
- Fetal Tissue Transplantation
- Flow Cytometry
- Graft Survival
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/chemistry
- Humans
- Ifosfamide/administration & dosage
- Ifosfamide/pharmacology
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Immunomagnetic Separation
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Leukapheresis/methods
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/blood
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Accelerated Phase/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Accelerated Phase/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/chemistry
- Philadelphia Chromosome
- Radiation Chimera
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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21
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Khushi T, Payne DJ, Fosberry A, Reading C. Production of metal dependent beta-lactamases by clinical strains of Bacteroides fragilis isolated before 1987. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37:345-50. [PMID: 8707745 DOI: 10.1093/jac/37.2.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Five imipenem resistant clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis isolated before 1987, were examined to determine if they produced metallo-beta-lactamases. The beta-lactamases produced by the clinical isolates all focused as doublet bands at pl 4.8/4.9, characteristic of the B. fragilis CfiA type metallo-beta-lactamase. Each enzyme had a similar substrate profile and were inhibited by EDTA and activated with zinc sulphate. The sequence of the metallo-beta-lactamase gene from B. fragilis ED262 was determined and confirmed to be a CfiA type beta-lactamase. Consequently, the five isolates examined probably produce a CfiA type beta-lactamase, suggesting that metallo-beta-lactamases were present before the widespread use of carbapenems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Khushi
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Betchworth, Surrey, UK
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22
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Chen BP, Fraser C, Reading C, Murray L, Uchida N, Galy A, Sasaki D, Tricot G, Jagannath S, Barlogie B. Cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood CD34+Thy-1+Lin- human hematopoietic stem cells as target cells for transplantation-based gene therapy. Leukemia 1995; 9 Suppl 1:S17-25. [PMID: 7475307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gene-therapy of blood-borne disorders may be best achieved using hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) which have extensive self renewal potential as well as multilineage repopulating potential as a cellular target. The human HSC, which is CD34+Thy-1+Lin- has been isolated from fetal, adult bone marrow and cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) (1-3). Results presented in this study show that the degree of mobilization of HSC into peripheral blood of cancer patients is highly variable and that the combined use of high dose chemotherapy and GM-CSF as a mobilization strategy is superior to the use of G-CSF with regard to the mobilization of true HSC. A multistep cell isolation procedure has been developed which utilizes high speed flow-cytometric cell sorting and allows the isolation of sufficient numbers of HSC from MPB to permit their use as an hematopoietic graft for clinical transplantation. Hematopoietic stem cells isolated from MPB are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into multiple hematopoietic lineages as shown by their behavior in both in vitro and in vivo assays. Mobilized PB mononuclear cells isolated from cancer patients are frequently contaminated with tumor cells. Using this cell isolation procedure, HSC preparations from patients with multiple myeloma have been created with greatly reduced tumor cell burdens. These CD34+Thy-1+Lin- cells are capable of being stably transduced at high efficiency (32-75%) by co-culture on a cell line producing recombinant retroviruses containing the neomycin-resistant gene. These HSC cell populations are likely ideal targets for hematopoietic cell-based gene therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Chen
- SyStemix Inc, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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23
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Rubin J, Charboneau JW, Reading C, Kovach JS. Phase I study of immunotherapy of hepatic metastases of colorectal carcinoma by direct gene transfer. Hum Gene Ther 1994; 5:1385-99. [PMID: 7893809 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1994.5.11-1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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24
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Dimopoulos MA, Alexanian R, Przepiorka D, Hester J, Andersson B, Giralt S, Mehra R, van Besien K, Delasalle KB, Reading C. Thiotepa, busulfan, and cyclophosphamide: a new preparative regimen for autologous marrow or blood stem cell transplantation in high-risk multiple myeloma. Blood 1993; 82:2324-8. [PMID: 8104539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty patients with multiple myeloma received thiotepa (750 mg/m2), busulfan (10 mg/kg), and cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) (TBC) followed by autologous bone marrow or blood stem cell support. Granulocyte-Colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) was administered to accelerate hematopoietic recovery. Sixty-five percent of all patients responded to this treatment. Eighty-eight percent of patients transplanted in partial remission had a further reduction of the myeloma and 53% achieved a complete remission. Forty-eight percent of patients with refractory myeloma responded. All responding patients transplanted during partial remission or with primary refractory myeloma remain free of progression for a period of 4 to 24 months post-transplant, but the remission duration of patients treated in refractory relapse was short (4 months). Five of 24 patients transplanted with marrow and none of 16 receiving blood stem cells died of treatment-related complications. Use of blood stem cells resulted in more rapid granulocyte and platelet recovery. We conclude that TBC is an effective, relatively well tolerated, preparative regimen for patients with multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Dimopoulos
- Department of Hematology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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25
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Deisseroth AB, Kantarjian H, Talpaz M, Champlin R, Reading C, Hanania EG, Fu S, Randhawa GS, Cha Y, Fang X. Molecular approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Stem Cells 1993; 11 Suppl 3:129-30. [PMID: 7905320 DOI: 10.1002/stem.5530110926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have used autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) as a setting to develop the genetic therapy of cancer in hematopoietic neoplasms based on the use of the bone marrow as a conduit through which to introduce regulatory molecules into the patient. This has involved three developmental phases: 1) learning how to develop genetic modification techniques; 2) learning how to develop in vivo selection techniques for the genetically modified cells; and 3) developing molecular vectors for modification of hematopoietic cells for therapy of cancer. These programs will be summarized in terms of their progress at the conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Deisseroth
- Department of Hematology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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26
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Abstract
Four novel metabolites of a Penicillium strain, IMI 332995, which has previously been reported to produce paraherquamide and a number of related metabolites, are herein described. VM55596 is the first N-oxide to be found in this family of compounds. Unusual oxidative substitution is also seen in VM55597. VM55599 appears to be the first documented example of the hexacyclic indole species that have long been postulated as biosynthetic precursors of metabolites of the brevianamide, paraherquamide and marcfortine families.
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27
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Claxton D, Reading C, Deisseroth A. CD2 expression and the PML-RAR gene. Blood 1993; 81:2210-1. [PMID: 8097121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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28
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Deisseroth AB, Kantarjian H, Talpaz M, Champlin R, Reading C, Andersson B, Claxton D. Use of two retroviral markers to test relative contribution of marrow and peripheral blood autologous cells to recovery after preparative therapy. The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Division of Medicine. Hum Gene Ther 1993; 4:71-85. [PMID: 8461383 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1993.4.1-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A B Deisseroth
- U.T.M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Hematology, Houston 77030
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Deisseroth AB, Hanania EG, Fu S, Claxton D, Andreeff M, Champlin R, Kavanagh J, Hortobagyi G, Holmes F, Reading C. Genetic therapy of human neoplastic disease. J Hematother 1993; 2:373-5. [PMID: 7921999 DOI: 10.1089/scd.1.1993.2.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular biology has provided clinical investigators and basic scientists with the tools to identify those changes present within neoplastic hematopoietic and epithelial cells that lead to the evolution of unregulated patterns of cell growth. This information has made possible the development of therapy that involves genetic modification of either the normal hematopoietic cells (for chemoprotection), or the tumor cells themselves to suppress the growth of these cells. This article will summarize the clinical and laboratory data that is evolving in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Deisseroth
- Department of Hematology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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30
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Przepiorka D, Giralt S, Huh YO, Andreeff M, Luna M, Reading C, Thomas M, Champlin RE. T-cell-depleted autologous marrow fails to prevent acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic marrow transplantation for lymphoblastic lymphoma. Transplant Proc 1992; 24:2906-7. [PMID: 1465994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Przepiorka
- Department of Hematology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Hematology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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32
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Terstappen LW, Buescher S, Nguyen M, Reading C. Differentiation and maturation of growth factor expanded human hematopoietic progenitors assessed by multidimensional flow cytometry. Leukemia 1992; 6:1001-10. [PMID: 1405753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-adherent cord blood and bone marrow mononuclear cells were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry before and at day 2, 4, 7, and 11 of culture in recombinant interleukin 3 (IL-3) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, cord blood) or stem cell factor (SCF), IL3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF, BM) to assess the differentiation and maturational pathway of myeloid cells. Before cell culture cord blood contained progenitor cells (CD34+) in various differentiation stages (CD38(-)----CD38bright), mature lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, but no immature neutrophils and immature monocytes. During cell culture, all CD34+ cells acquired the CD38 antigen between day 2 and 5 of cell culture, the CD34 antigen was lost between day 5 and 11 of cell culture. Differentiation of cells into the myeloid cell lineage was characterized by the acquisition of both CD33 and CD71. The latter is indicative for the active proliferation of these cells. Maturation of the cells into the neutrophilic pathway was indicated by the acquisition of first the CD15 antigen followed by CD11b and CD16 respectively. Whereas maturation of the cells into the monocytic pathway was indicated by the acquisition of first CD11b followed by CD14 and a dim expression of both CD15 and CD16. In normal bone marrow, cells of various maturational stages are already present before cell culture. During cell culture differentiation of cells into the myeloid lineage and maturation of the cells along the monocyte and neutrophilic lineage followed identical pathways as was observed before cell culture. Differentiation and maturational pathways of cord blood and adult bone marrow were identical. The results confirm the surface-antigen-defined pathways of myeloid cell differentiation described previously for non-cultured normal bone marrow aspirates. The detailed assessment of cell maturation and differentiation of cultured cells by multidimensional flow cytometry permits the determination of the specific effects of various recombinant human growth factors on myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Terstappen
- Becton Dickinson Immunocytometry Systems, San Jose, CA 95131
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33
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Claxton D, Deisseroth A, Talpaz M, Reading C, Kantarjian H, Trujillo J, Stass S, Gooch G, Spitzer G. Polyclonal hematopoiesis in interferon-induced cytogenetic remissions of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Blood 1992; 79:997-1002. [PMID: 1371081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) therapy of early chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) frequently produces partial or complete cytogenetic remission of the disease. Patients with complete cytogenetic remission often continue on therapy for several years with bone marrow showing only diploid (normal) metaphases. We studied hematopoiesis in five female patients with major cytogenetic remissions from CML during IFN therapy. Clonality analysis using the BstXI PGK gene polymorphism showed that granulocytes were nonclonal in all patients during cytogenetic remission. BCR region studies showed rearrangement only in the one patient whose remission was incomplete at the time of sampling. Granulopoiesis is nonclonal in IFN-induced remissions of CML and may be derived from normal hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Claxton
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Hematology, Houston 77030
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34
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Dyas CH, Simmons TK, Ellis CN, Austin JM, Partridge EE, Kilgore LC, Reading C, Nelson K, Blakemore WS. Effect of deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy status on survival of patients with carcinoma of the endometrium. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992; 174:133-6. [PMID: 1734571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective study was performed to determine the clinical usefulness of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ploidy and the amount of DNA in the nucleus of the tumor cell on the prognosis of patients with carcinoma of the endometrium. Five year follow-up study was obtained for 121 patients. Flow cytometric analysis was used to determine tumor cell ploidy from paraffin-embedded specimens. Patients were grouped according to ploidy, clinical stage and grade and whether or not they received postoperative radiation. The data were subjected to a Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, and only ploidy status and clinical stage were significantly associated with survival time. Of the 121 patients observed, 44.6 per cent were aneuploid and 55.4 per cent, euploid. Preliminary chi-square analysis indicated a strong survival advantage to those patients with euploid endometrial carcinoma. The over-all five year survival rate for patients with aneuploid tumors was 53.7 per cent, as opposed to 80.6 per cent for patients with euploid tumors (p less than 0.01). Eighty-seven patients were Stage I, 39 aneuploid, 48 euploid. The five year survival rate for patients with Stage I aneuploid was 71.8 versus 85.4 per cent for those who were euploid. Twenty-one patients were Stage II; seven aneuploid and 14 euploid. The five year survival rate for aneuploid patients was 14.3 versus 85.7 per cent for euploid patients. The over-all five year survival rate for those with Stage I and II was 85.5 per cent euploid and 63.0 per cent aneuploid, p less than 0.05. Patients with Stage III or IV had poor outcome regardless of ploidy status. These data show that patients with euploid Stage I and II carcinoma of the endometrium have a significant survival advantage over patients with aneuploid tumors. We, therefore, believe that ploidy status may be used to facilitate the determination of prognosis in carcinoma of the endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Dyas
- Department of Surgical Education, Baptist Medical Centers, Birmingham, Alabama 35211
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35
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Claxton D, Suh SP, Filaccio M, Ellerson D, Gaozza E, Andersson B, Brenner M, Reading C, Feinberg A, Moen R. Molecular analysis of retroviral transduction in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Hum Gene Ther 1991; 2:317-21. [PMID: 1665348 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1991.2.4-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for detection of integrated retroviral transgenomes containing the neo G418 resistance gene in colonies (40 cells or more) grown in G418 selection after exposure to the neo-positive retrovirus LNL6. This assay also provides for simultaneous characterization of these colonies as belonging to a chronic myelogenous leukemic (bcr-abl positive) or nonleukemic population (bcr-abl negative). Using these techniques, we assessed transduction of the LNL6 retrovirus into the normal and leukemic cells of a blast-crisis chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patient. This work was designed to support the use of the LNL6 retroviral marker to help identify the origin of relapse after autologous marrow infusion. The data from these experiments show that the majority of CML blast crisis cells that, following exposure to the LNL6 virus, produce colonies under rigorous G418 selection are indeed transduced by the virus, as shown by the presence of the neo retroviral gene. Most of these colonies are also shown to be leukemic by PCR detection of the bcr-abl RNA. This demonstrates the feasibility of the study of CML marrow for retroviral marking. These procedures will be of use in establishing if relapse arises from leukemic blasts which contaminate purged autologous bone marrow infused following intensive therapy for leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Blast Crisis/surgery
- Bone Marrow Purging
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Drug Resistance, Microbial
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/analysis
- Genetic Markers
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Kanamycin Kinase
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/surgery
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neomycin/pharmacology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Phosphotransferases/analysis
- Phosphotransferases/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Recombinant Proteins/analysis
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transplantation, Autologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- D Claxton
- Department of Hematology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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36
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Seong D, Sims S, Johnson E, Lyding J, Lopez A, Garovoy M, Talpaz M, Kantarjian H, Lopez-Berestein G, Reading C. Activation of class I HLA expression by TNF-alpha and gamma-interferon is mediated through protein kinase C-dependent pathway in CML cell lines. Br J Haematol 1991; 78:359-67. [PMID: 1908310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1991.tb04449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The combination of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and gamma-interferon induced transcription of class I HLA genes in chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) cell lines through the formation of a complex between nuclear proteins and the transcriptional enhancers associated with these genes. Although gamma-interferon or TNF-alpha stimulated expression of class I HLA antigens in the EM2 and K562 CML cell lines when used alone, the effect of the combination of TNF-alpha and gamma-interferon was greater than that observed with either agent alone. The induction of class I HLA expression by gamma-interferon and TNF-alpha was inhibited completely by the isoquinoline sulfonamide H7, an inhibitor of protein kinase C. We conclude that the enhancement of the gamma-interferon induced transcriptional activation of class I HLA gene expression by TNF-alpha involves a protein kinase C-dependent pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Cell Division
- Cell Line
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Gene Expression
- Genes, MHC Class I/drug effects
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Seong
- Department of Hematology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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37
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Abstract
Hot flushes were caused by hot drinks, alcohol, radiant heaters and thermal blankets in men undergoing treatment for carcinoma of the prostate and in menopausal women. Avoiding or changing these commonplace stimuli appears to reduce the frequency of flushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A McCallum
- Department of Urology, Withington Hospital, Manchester
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39
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Ellis CN, Frey ES, Burnette JJ, Akin JM, Reading C, Gaskin TA, Blakemore WS. The content of tumor DNA as an indicator of prognosis in patients with T1N0M0 and T2N0M0 carcinoma of the breast. Surgery 1989; 106:133-8. [PMID: 2763022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To determine if the flow cytometric measurement of the content of the tumor DNA could provide prognostic information in T1N0M0 and T2N0M0 carcinoma of the breast, we isolated nuclei from paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from 128 consecutive patients who underwent modified radical mastectomy and were found to have a T1 or T2N0M0 carcinoma of the breast. The content of DNA of the nuclei was determined by flow cytometry. Although the average tumor size was not significantly different, 17 of 56 patients with aneuploid tumors died of cancer compared with 2 of 72 with euploid tumors. The 10-year overall actuarial survival rate of the euploid and aneuploid groups was 72% and 67%, respectively (p less than 0.02). A hazards model of the data shows that the DNA content of the tumor is the most significant indicator of prognosis, with a 2.25-fold increased risk of death for patients with aneuploid tumors. These data show that the tumor DNA content can be used to identify a group of patients with T1 or T2N0M0 carcinoma of the breast with the same prognosis as a group of patients without carcinoma of the breast that would be unlikely to benefit from adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Ellis
- Baptist Medical Centers, Birmingham, AL 35213
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40
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Farmer TH, Reading C. The effects of clavulanic acid sulbactam on induction of class 1 beta-lactamase. J Chemother 1989; 1:331-3. [PMID: 16312426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T H Farmer
- Beecham Pharmaceuticals (Research Division), Brockham Park, Betchworth Surrey, RH3 7AJ UK
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41
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O'Kennedy R, Bator JM, Reading C. A microassay for the determination of iodide and its application to the measurement of the iodination of proteins and the catalytic activities of iodo compounds. Anal Biochem 1989; 179:138-44. [PMID: 2757187 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A microassay system based on the effect of the catalytic Sandell-Kolthoff reaction of iodide on the oxidation of arsenic(III) by cerium(IV) was developed to measure iodine-containing compounds. This rapid assay uses small quantities of reagents, is suitable for use with a photometric microplate reader, can test many samples simultaneously, and eliminates problems associated with the use of radiolabeled compounds to measure iodination. It can detect picogram quantities of iodide. We report the use of this assay to measure the conjugation of an iodine-containing hapten (iodinated Bolton-Hunter reagent, IBHR) to ovalbumin and human serum albumin. It has proven to be excellent for studying the relative molar catalytic activity of the iodine-containing compounds IBHR, thyroxine, 4-iodophenol, and lithium 3,4-diiodosalicylate. The interference by azide on the assay was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O'Kennedy
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute for Higher Education, Dublin, Ireland
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42
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Abstract
Clavulanic acid and sulbactam were tested as inducers of beta-lactamase in 21 strains of Gram-negative bacteria. beta-Lactamase synthesis was inducible in all these strains, as demonstrated by the increased enzyme activities obtained when cells were grown in the presence of 10 mg/l of cefoxitin, the increase varying from 11- to 734-fold However, at the same concentration, neither inhibitor induced significant amounts of beta-lactamase, except in one strain of Providencia rettgeri, where both were potent inducers. When steps were taken to overcome the inhibitory effects of clavulanic acid and sulbactam, they were still found to be ineffective inducers. We conclude that, at therapeutic concentrations, clavulanic acid and sulbactam are generally poor inducers of beta-lactamase. Amoxycillin and ampicillin induced more beta-lactamase than the inhibitors, but were much less effective than cefoxitin, except for the strain of Prov. rettgeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Farmer
- Beecham Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Betchworth, Surrey, UK
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43
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Farmer TH, Reading C. Induction of the beta-lactamases of a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii and Enterobacter cloacae. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987; 19:401-4. [PMID: 3106306 DOI: 10.1093/jac/19.3.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Abstract
Careful clinical and investigative protocols allow the identification of a homogeneous group of patients with prostatodynia or 'anxious bladder syndrome' (underactive detrusor function). Psychophysiological studies and urodynamic measurements in such patients demonstrate remarkably consistent results, which, whilst lending support to the hypothesis that the sympathetic nervous system may effect bladder and urethral function, do not offer objective proof that adrenergic mechanisms are directly responsible for the observed dysfunctional state. observed dysfunctional state.
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45
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Abstract
Using a variety of beta-lactamases including those from Escherichia coli (TEM-1), Enterobacter cloacae P99 and Staphylococcus aureus the inhibition profiles (I50 values) were determined for various groups of compounds including penicillins, penicillanic acid derivatives (sulphone and beta-halo substitutions), olivanic acids and clavulanic acid derivatives including substituted ethers and amines. Some of the latter compounds had higher activity than clavulanic acid with and without preincubation of enzyme with inhibitor but they still had poor activity against the P99 enzyme. Improvements in activity against Class I cephalosporinases were obtained with some derivatives of clavulanic acid but this was usually achieved at the expense of activity against clavulanate susceptible beta-lactamases. The olivanic acids had the highest activity against the widest range of beta-lactamases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reading
- Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Research Division, Betchworth, Surrey, England
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46
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Abstract
The beta-lactamases of Branhamella catarrhalis Ravasio and strain 1908 were readily inhibited by low concentrations of sulbactam, beta-halopenicillanic acids, MM 13902 and clavulanic acid. More detailed studies on the interaction of the Ravasio beta-lactamase with clavulanic acid demonstrated that the enzyme had high affinity for the inhibitor (Ki = 0.07 mumol/L) and was rapidly inhibited (t1/2 = 21 sec, kinhib. = 0.033/sec). Two types of enzyme-inhibitor complex were formed, a transiently stable species (t1/2 = 5.3 minutes at pH 7.3 and 37 degrees C) and a more stable species (t1/2 approximately equal to 2 hours at pH 7.3 and 37 degrees C). Irreversible inactivation of the enzyme was not achieved. Permeability studies on whole cells showed that beta-lactam antibiotics and beta-lactamase inhibitors readily penetrated the outer membrane of B. catarrhalis.
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Abstract
The stability of temocillin to 12 different beta-lactamase preparations was studied using high pressure liquid chromatography and was compared with that of aztreonam, cefotetan and cefotaxime. Temocillin was the most stable beta-lactam examined, being as stable as cefotetan to most of the beta-lactamases tested. However, cefotetan was hydrolysed at measurable rates by the beta-lactamase of Enterobacter cloacae P99, in contrast to temocillin which was completely stable to this enzyme. Aztreonam was hydrolysed at a slow rate by many of the preparations, being especially labile to the enzyme from Klebsiella oxytoca K1. Cefotaxime was hydrolysed at varying rates by all the preparations.
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50
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Reading C, Farmer T, Cole M. The beta-lactamase stability of amoxycillin with the beta-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanic acid. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983; 11:27-32. [PMID: 6600741 DOI: 10.1093/jac/11.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The stability of low concentrations of amoxycillin in the presence of clavulanic acid (potassium salt) was determined for a wide range of clinically important beta-lactamases including the staphylococcal and TEM plasmid mediated enzymes. Even with enzyme preparations which completely hydrolysed the amoxycillin within a minute, clavulanic acid provided significant protection. The time course of the protection of amoxycillin reflected the time dependent action of clavulanic acid.
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