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Matsuno T, Mikami T, Hayashi H, Funahashi K, Okazumi S, Hiruta N, Shibuya K, Igarashi Y. Estrogen receptor beta expression in colitis-associated carcinoma in comparison with sporadic colonic tumor: An immunohistochemical study. JGH Open 2023; 7:110-117. [PMID: 36852140 PMCID: PMC9958341 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aim The rate of ulcerative colitis (UC)-related colorectal cancer (colitis-associated carcinoma) is increasing. Estrogen receptor (ER) beta expression has been studied separately in patients with sporadic colorectal cancer and those with colitis-associated carcinoma. However, no study has compared the expression in both of these cancer types. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between colitis-associated carcinoma and ERs and assess whether the expression of ER beta influences cell proliferation. Methods This study included 45 surgically operated colitis-associated carcinomas, 43 high-grade dysplasias, 34 low-grade dysplasias, 36 sporadic colorectal cancers, 44 high-grade adenomas, and 34 low-grade adenomas. ER beta expression was evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Results Colitis-associated carcinoma showed significantly lower ER beta immunoexpression than sporadic colorectal lesions and high- and low-grade dysplasia. In seven colitis-associated carcinoma harboring both intensity score 3 (strong immunoexpression) and score 1 (weak immunoexpression) areas, the correlation among ER beta intensity, Ki-67, and p21 labeling index was assessed; an area with an ER beta intensity score of 3 showed a higher Ki-67 labeling index than that with score 1. In four out of the seven lesions, p21 labeling index was higher in the area of ER beta score 1 than in that of ER beta score 3. Conclusions The data suggest that ER beta expression is an accelerating factor in colorectal tumors. This association may be lower in colitis-associated carcinoma than in sporadic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Matsuno
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal MedicineToho University Omori Medical CenterTokyoJapan
| | - Tetuo Mikami
- Department of PathologyToho University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Hayashi
- Department of PathologyYokohama Municipal Citizen's HospitalYokohamaJapan
| | | | - Shinichi Okazumi
- Department of SurgeryToho University Sakura Medical CenterSakuraJapan
| | - Nobuyuki Hiruta
- Department of Surgical PathologyToho University Sakura Medical CenterSakuraJapan
| | - Kazutoshi Shibuya
- Department of Surgical PathologyToho University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshinori Igarashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal MedicineToho University Omori Medical CenterTokyoJapan
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2
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Rodriguez Paris V, Wong XYD, Solon-Biet SM, Edwards MC, Aflatounian A, Gilchrist RB, Simpson SJ, Handelsman DJ, Kaakoush NO, Walters KA. The interplay between PCOS pathology and diet on gut microbiota in a mouse model. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2085961. [PMID: 35787106 PMCID: PMC9450977 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2085961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has been implicated in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) pathophysiology. PCOS is a disorder with reproductive, endocrine and metabolic irregularities, and several studies report that PCOS is associated with a decrease in microbial diversity and composition. Diet is an important regulator of the gut microbiome, as alterations in macronutrient composition impact the balance of gut microbial communities. This study investigated the interplay between macronutrient balance and PCOS on the gut microbiome of control and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced PCOS-like mice exposed to diets that varied in protein (P), carbohydrate (C) and fat (F) content. The amount of dietary P, C and F consumed significantly altered alpha (α) and beta (β) diversity of the gut microbiota of control and PCOS-like mice. However, α-diversity between control and PCOS-like mice on the same diet did not differ significantly. In contrast, β-diversity was significantly altered by PCOS pathology. Further analysis identified an operational taxonomic unit (OTU) within Bacteroides (OTU3) with 99.2% similarity to Bacteroides acidifaciens, which is inversely associated with obesity, to be significantly decreased in PCOS-like mice. Additionally, this study investigated the role of the gut microbiome in the development of PCOS traits, whereby PCOS-like mice were transplanted with healthy fecal microbiota from control mice. Although the PCOS gut microbiome shifted toward that of control mice, PCOS traits were not ameliorated. Overall, these findings demonstrate that while diet exerts a stronger influence over gut microbiota diversity than PCOS pathology, overall gut microbiota composition is affected by PCOS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rodriguez Paris
- Fertility & Research Centre, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,CONTACT Valentina Rodriguez Paris Fertility & Research Centre, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
| | - Xin Yi Denise Wong
- Fertility & Research Centre, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Melissa C Edwards
- Fertility & Research Centre, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ali Aflatounian
- Fertility & Research Centre, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert B Gilchrist
- Fertility & Research Centre, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirsty A Walters
- Fertility & Research Centre, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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3
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Annunziata G, Ciampaglia R, Capò X, Guerra F, Sureda A, Tenore GC, Novellino E. Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Could trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) be a major player? A potential upgrade forward in the DOGMA theory. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112171. [PMID: 34536755 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies reported an increase in cardiovascular risk (CVR) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), considered primarily as the result of the combination of all the clinical features that characterize the syndrome, including hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, diabetes, obesity chronic low-grade inflammation. Interestingly, in 2012 it has been proposed the so-called DOGMA theory, suggesting the pivotal role played by microbiota alteration in the development of PCOS. Subsequently, several authors evidenced the existence in PCOS women of a marked dysbiosis, which is related to the development of metabolic diseases and cardiovascular complications, mainly due to the production of bacteria-derived metabolites that interfere with various pathways. Among these, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is emerging as one of the most important and studied microbiota-derived metabolites related to the increase in CVR, due to its pro-atherosclerotic effect. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the evidence in order to support the hypothesis that, in women with PCOS, dysbiosis might be further involved in enhancement of the CVR via contributing to the increase of circulating TMAO. Although no observational studies on a large number of patients directly investigated the serum levels of TMAO in PCOS women, this manuscript aimed to drive future studies in this field, concurring in providing a novel approach for both comprehension and treatment of the CVR in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Annunziata
- NutraPharmaLabs, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Roberto Ciampaglia
- NutraPharmaLabs, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Xavier Capò
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Fabrizia Guerra
- NutraPharmaLabs, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands-IUNICS, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- NutraPharmaLabs, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Ettore Novellino
- NGN Healthcare - New Generation Nutraceuticals s.r.l., Torrette Via Nazionale 207, 83013 Mercogliano, Avellino, Italy.
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4
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Lenhart A, Naliboff B, Shih W, Gupta A, Tillisch K, Liu C, Mayer EA, Chang L. Postmenopausal women with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have more severe symptoms than premenopausal women with IBS. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13913. [PMID: 32469130 PMCID: PMC7529855 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is more common in women, little is known about the role of hormonal changes and menopause in IBS. This study aimed to evaluate for differences in gastrointestinal (GI) and psychological symptoms between pre- and postmenopausal women with IBS compared to age-matched men with IBS. METHODS Patients with Rome-positive IBS were identified. Premenopausal women were <45 years of age with regular menses. Postmenopausal women were ≥45 years without menses for at least 1 year. Younger men were <45 years, and older men were ≥45 years. Questionnaires measured severity of IBS symptoms, somatic symptoms, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and psychological symptoms. Multivariable linear or logistic regressions evaluating relationships between age and sex were performed. KEY RESULTS 190 premenopausal women (mean age 30.25 years), 52 postmenopausal women (mean age 54.38 years), 190 men <45 years (mean age 30.45 years), and 52 men ≥45 years (mean age 53.37 years) were included. Postmenopausal IBS women had greater severity of IBS symptoms (P = .003) and worse physical HRQOL (P = .048) compared to premenopausal women. No differences were observed between age-matched older and younger IBS men. Constipation increased with age for both sexes but was the principal IBS subtype in women only. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Postmenopausal women with IBS have more severe IBS symptoms than premenopausal women, while no comparable age-related changes were seen in IBS men. The modulatory effect of female sex hormones on brain-gut interactions which affect visceral perception and GI function likely contributes to these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Lenhart
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases,
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,
USA
| | - Bruce Naliboff
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases,
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,
USA
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and
Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Shih
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior,
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arpana Gupta
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases,
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,
USA
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and
Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten Tillisch
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases,
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,
USA
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and
Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cathy Liu
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases,
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,
USA
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and
Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emeran A. Mayer
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases,
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,
USA
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and
Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases,
David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,
USA
- G Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and
Resilience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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Polari L, Anttila S, Helenius T, Wiklund A, Linnanen T, Toivola DM, Määttä J. Novel Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Ameliorates Murine Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123007. [PMID: 31226730 PMCID: PMC6627219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen-receptor-mediated signaling has been suggested to decrease the inflammatory response in monocyte macrophages. Previously, we showed that a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM2) promotes anti-inflammatory phenotype of monocytes in vitro. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of SERM2 in amelioration of colitis. We utilized a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model in FVB/n mice to demonstrate the effects of orally administered SERM2 on the clinical status of the mice and the histopathological changes in the colon, as well as proportion of Mrc-1 positive macrophages. SERM2 nuclear receptor affinities were measured by radioligand binding assays. Orally administered, this compound significantly alleviated DSS-induced colitis in male mice and induced local estrogen receptor activation in the inflamed colon, as well as promoting anti-inflammatory cytokine expression and infiltration of anti-inflammatory monocytes. We show that this novel drug candidate has an affinity to estrogen receptors α and β and progesterone receptors, but not to glucocorticoid receptor, thus expressing unique binding properties compared to other sex steroid receptor ligands. These results indicate that novel drug candidates to alleviate inflammatory conditions of the colon could be found among sex steroid receptor activating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Polari
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department Biosciences, Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Santeri Anttila
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Terhi Helenius
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department Biosciences, Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Anu Wiklund
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | | | - Diana M Toivola
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department Biosciences, Cell Biology; Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Jorma Määttä
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
- Turku Center for Disease Modeling, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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6
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Sasso CV, Santiano FE, Campo Verde Arboccó F, Zyla LE, Semino SN, Guerrero-Gimenez ME, Pistone Creydt V, López Fontana CM, Carón RW. Estradiol and progesterone regulate proliferation and apoptosis in colon cancer. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:217-229. [PMID: 30738018 PMCID: PMC6391933 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies describe estrogens as protectors in the development of colon cancer in postmenopausal women treated with hormone replacement therapy. However, the role of progesterone in colon cancer has been minimally studied and the results are controversial. For the above, the objective of this work was to determine the hormonal regulation exerted by natural ovarian steroids on proliferation and apoptosis in an experimental model of colon cancer in ovariectomized rats treated with 17-beta estradiol and progesterone. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to the carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine to induce colon tumors. Thirty days later, the rats were ovariectomized and treated with estradiol (60 μg/kg), progesterone (10 mg/kg), estradiol plus progesterone (60 μg/kg and 10 mg/kg) or vehicle. We observed no significant differences in colon cancer incidence and tumor multiplicity between the groups. Nevertheless, we observed a decrease in PCNA expression and a greater number of apoptotic index, higher expression of caspase 3, cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 8 in tumors, confirming the activation of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis by the combined treatment. In addition, we observed a higher expression of estrogen receptor beta in these tumors. We conclude that the action of both hormones, estradiol and progesterone, is necessary to reduce proliferation and increase apoptosis in colon tumors, probably through estrogen receptor beta activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Verónica Sasso
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-Mendoza CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Flavia Eliana Santiano
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-Mendoza CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fiorella Campo Verde Arboccó
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-Mendoza CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Leila Esther Zyla
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-Mendoza CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | | | - Virginia Pistone Creydt
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-Mendoza CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Rubén Walter Carón
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-Mendoza CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Correspondence should be addressed to R W Carón:
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7
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Deroover L, Tie Y, Verspreet J, Courtin CM, Verbeke K. Modifying wheat bran to improve its health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1104-1122. [PMID: 30632785 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1558394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of wheat bran (WB) has been associated with improved gastrointestinal health and a reduced risk for colorectal cancer, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. These benefits are likely mediated by a combination of mechanisms, including colonic fermentation of the WB fiber, fecal bulking and the prevention of oxidative damage due to its antioxidant capacities. The relative importance of those mechanisms is not known and may differ for each health effect. WB has been modified by reducing particle size, heat treatment or modifying tissue composition to improve its technological properties and facilitate bread making processes. However, the impact of those modifications on human health has not been fully elucidated. Some modifications reinforce whereas others attenuate the health effects of coarse WB. This review summarizes available WB modifications, the mechanisms by which WB induces health benefits, the impact of WB modifications thereon and the available evidence for these effects from in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Deroover
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yaxin Tie
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Thackray VG. Sex, Microbes, and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:54-65. [PMID: 30503354 PMCID: PMC6309599 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that sex and sex steroids influence the composition of the gut microbiome. These studies also indicate that steroid regulation of the gut microbiome may play a role in pathological situations of hormonal excess, such as PCOS. Indeed, studies demonstrated that PCOS is associated with decreased alpha diversity and changes in specific Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, previously associated with metabolic dysregulation. These studies suggest that androgens may regulate the gut microbiome in females and that hyperandrogenism may be linked with a gut 'dysbiosis' in PCOS. Future mechanistic studies will be required to elucidate how sex steroids regulate the composition and function of the gut microbial community and what the consequences of this regulation are for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varykina G Thackray
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; http://repro.ucsd.edu/thackray.
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9
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Murphy N, Jenab M, Gunter MJ. Adiposity and gastrointestinal cancers: epidemiology, mechanisms and future directions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:659-670. [PMID: 29970888 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Excess adiposity is a risk factor for several cancers of the gastrointestinal system, specifically oesophageal adenocarcinoma and colorectal, small intestine, pancreatic, liver, gallbladder and stomach cancers. With the increasing prevalence of obesity in nearly all regions of the world, this relationship could represent a growing source of cancers of the digestive system. Experimental and molecular epidemiological studies indicate important roles for alterations in insulin signalling, adipose tissue-derived inflammation and sex hormone pathways in mediating the association between adiposity and gastrointestinal cancer. The intestinal microbiome, gut hormones and non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) also have possible roles. However, important gaps remain in our knowledge. For instance, our understanding of how adiposity throughout the life course is related to the risk of gastrointestinal cancer development and of how obesity influences gastrointestinal cancer prognosis and survival is limited. Nonetheless, the increasing use of state-of-the-art analytical methods (such as omics technologies, Mendelian randomization and MRI) in large-scale epidemiological studies offers exciting opportunities to advance our understanding of the complex relationship between adiposity and gastrointestinal cancers. Here, we examine the epidemiology of associations between obesity and gastrointestinal cancer, explore potential mechanisms underlying these relationships and highlight important unanswered research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Murphy
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Mazda Jenab
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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10
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Murphy N, Achaintre D, Zamora‐Ros R, Jenab M, Boutron‐Ruault M, Carbonnel F, Savoye I, Kaaks R, Kühn T, Boeing H, Aleksandrova K, Tjønneland A, Kyrø C, Overvad K, Quirós JR, Sánchez M, Altzibar JM, María Huerta J, Barricarte A, Khaw K, Bradbury KE, Perez‐Cornago A, Trichopoulou A, Karakatsani A, Peppa E, Palli D, Grioni S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Panico S, Bueno‐de‐Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Rutegård M, Johansson I, Freisling H, Noh H, Cross AJ, Vineis P, Tsilidis K, Gunter MJ, Scalbert A. A prospective evaluation of plasma polyphenol levels and colon cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:1620-1631. [PMID: 29696648 PMCID: PMC6175205 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols have been shown to exert biological activity in experimental models of colon cancer; however, human data linking specific polyphenols to colon cancer is limited. We assessed the relationship between pre-diagnostic plasma polyphenols and colon cancer risk in a case-control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Using high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, we measured concentrations of 35 polyphenols in plasma from 809 incident colon cancer cases and 809 matched controls. We used multivariable adjusted conditional logistic regression models that included established colon cancer risk factors. The false discovery rate (qvalues ) was computed to control for multiple comparisons. All statistical tests were two-sided. After false discovery rate correction and in continuous log2 -transformed multivariable models, equol (odds ratio [OR] per log2 -value, 0.86, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.79-0.93; qvalue = 0.01) and homovanillic acid (OR per log2 -value, 1.46, 95% CI = 1.16-1.84; qvalue = 0.02) were associated with colon cancer risk. Comparing extreme fifths, equol concentrations were inversely associated with colon cancer risk (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.41-0.91, ptrend = 0.003), while homovanillic acid concentrations were positively associated with colon cancer development (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.17-2.53, ptrend < 0.0001). No heterogeneity for these associations was observed by sex and across other colon cancer risk factors. The remaining polyphenols were not associated with colon cancer risk. Higher equol concentrations were associated with lower risk, and higher homovanillic acid concentrations were associated with greater risk of colon cancer. These findings support a potential role for specific polyphenols in colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Murphy
- Section of Nutrition and MetabolismInternational Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - David Achaintre
- Section of Nutrition and MetabolismInternational Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Raul Zamora‐Ros
- Unit of Nutrition and CancerCancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Mazda Jenab
- Section of Nutrition and MetabolismInternational Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | | | - Franck Carbonnel
- CESP, INSERM U1018, Univ. Paris‐Sud, UVSQ, Université Paris‐SaclayVillejuif CedexFrance
- Université Paris Sud and Gastroenterology Unit, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, CHU de Bicêtre, AP‐HPLe Kremlin BicêtreFrance
| | - Isabelle Savoye
- CESP, INSERM U1018, Univ. Paris‐Sud, UVSQ, Université Paris‐SaclayVillejuif CedexFrance
- Gustave Roussy, Espace Maurice TubianaVillejuif CedexFrance
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer EpidemiologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Division of Cancer EpidemiologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of EpidemiologyGerman Institute of Human NutritionPotsdam‐RehbrückeGermany
| | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- Department of EpidemiologyNutrition, Immunity and Metabolism Start‐up LabPotsdam‐RehbrückeGermany
| | | | - Cecilie Kyrø
- Danish Cancer Society Research CenterCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public HealthAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Maria‐Jose Sánchez
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de GranadaGranadaSpain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
| | - Jone M. Altzibar
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Osakidetza/Basque Health ServiceBreast Cancer Screening ProgramBilbaoSpain
| | - José María Huerta
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Department of EpidemiologyMurcia Regional Health Council, IMIB‐ArrixacaMurciaSpain
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Navarra Public Health InstitutePamplonaSpain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Kay‐Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E. Bradbury
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Aurora Perez‐Cornago
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Anna Karakatsani
- Hellenic Health FoundationAthensGreece
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, School of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “ATTIKON” University HospitalHaidariGreece
| | | | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life‐Style Epidemiology UnitCancer Research and Prevention Institute—ISPOFlorenceItaly
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention UnitFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei TumoriMilanItaly
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology DepartmentCivic ‐ M.P. Arezzo” Hospital, ASP RagusaRagusaItaly
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University‐Hospital and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO)TurinItaly
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e SperimentaleFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - H. B(as) Bueno‐de‐Mesquita
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD)National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1BilthovenBA3720The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Medical CentreUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Petra H. Peeters
- Department of EpidemiologyJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- MRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Martin Rutegård
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative SciencesUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | | | - Heinz Freisling
- Section of Nutrition and MetabolismInternational Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Hwayoung Noh
- Section of Nutrition and MetabolismInternational Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Amanda J. Cross
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paolo Vineis
- MRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kostas Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public HealthImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of MedicineUniversity of IoanninaIoanninaGreece
| | - Marc J. Gunter
- Section of Nutrition and MetabolismInternational Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- Section of Nutrition and MetabolismInternational Agency for Research on CancerLyonFrance
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11
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Ortega LS, Bradbury KE, Cross AJ, Morris JS, Gunter MJ, Murphy N. A Prospective Investigation of Body Size, Body Fat Composition and Colorectal Cancer Risk in the UK Biobank. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17807. [PMID: 29259258 PMCID: PMC5736687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been consistently associated with a greater colorectal cancer risk, but this relationship is weaker among women. In the UK Biobank, we investigated the associations between body size (body mass index [BMI], height, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio) and body fat composition (total body fat percentage and trunk fat percentage) measurements with colorectal cancer risk among 472,526 men and women followed for 5.6 years on average. Multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for developing colorectal cancer (2,636 incident cases) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Among men, when the highest and lowest fifths were compared, BMI (HR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.13-1.61; Ptrend < 0.0001), waist circumference (HR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.39-1.99; Ptrend < 0.0001), waist-to-hip ratio (HR = 1.58, 95%CI: 1.31-1.91; Ptrend < 0.0001), total body fat percentage (HR = 1.27, 95%CI: 1.06-1.53; Ptrend = 0.002), and trunk fat percentage (HR = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.09-1.58; Ptrend = 0.002) were associated with greater colorectal cancer risk. For women, only waist-to-hip ratio (HR for highest versus lowest fifth = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.08-1.65; Ptrend = 0.005) was positively associated with colorectal cancer risk. Greater body size (overall and abdominal adiposity) was positively associated with colorectal cancer development in men. For women, abdominal adiposity, rather than overall body size, was associated with a greater colorectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Saldana Ortega
- Primary Care Clinical Trials Unit, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn E Bradbury
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amanda J Cross
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Marc J Gunter
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Neil Murphy
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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12
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Stevanato Filho PR, Aguiar Júnior S, Begnami MD, Kuasne H, Spencer RM, Nakagawa WT, Bezerra TS, Kupper BC, Takahashi RM, Barros Filho M, Rogatto SR, Lopes A. Oestrogen receptor beta isoform expression in sporadic colorectal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis and progressive stages of colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:754. [PMID: 29132333 PMCID: PMC5683223 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Among the sex hormones, oestrogen may play a role in colorectal cancer, particularly in conjunction with oestrogen receptor-β (ERβ). The expression of ERβ isoform variants and their correlations with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome and sporadic colorectal carcinomas are poorly described. Methods This study aimed to investigate the expression levels of the ERβ1, ERβ2, ERβ4 and ERβ5 isoform variants using quantitative RT-PCR (921 analyses) in FAP, normal mucosa, adenomatous polyps and sporadic colorectal carcinomas. Results Decreased expression of ERβ isoforms was identified in sporadic polyps and in sporadic colorectal cancer as well as in polyps from FAP syndrome patients compared with normal tissues (p < 0.001). In FAP patients, ERβ1 and ERβ5 isoforms showed significant down-expression in polyps (p < 0.001) compared with matched normal tissues. However, no differences were observed when sporadic colorectal carcinomas were compared to normal mucosa tissues. These findings suggest an association of the ERβ isoform variants in individuals affected by germline mutations of the APC gene. Progressively decreased expression of ERβ was found in polyps at early stages of low-grade dysplasia, followed by T1-T2 and T3-T4 tumours (p < 0.05). In sporadic colorectal cancer, the loss of expression was an independent predictor of recurrence, and ERβ1 and ERβ5 expression levels were associated with better disease-free survival (p = 0.002). Conclusion These findings may provide a better understanding of oestrogens and their potential preventive and therapeutic effects on sporadic colorectal cancer and cancers associated with FAP syndrome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3688-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto Stevanato Filho
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, R. Professor Antônio Prudente, 211 Liberdade, São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01509-010, Brazil.
| | - Samuel Aguiar Júnior
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Hellen Kuasne
- CIPE - International Center for Research, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Sygehus, Vejle and Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ranyell Matheus Spencer
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson Toshihiko Nakagawa
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Santoro Bezerra
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Catin Kupper
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Maymi Takahashi
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus Barros Filho
- CIPE - International Center for Research, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- CIPE - International Center for Research, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Sygehus, Vejle and Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ademar Lopes
- Colorectal Tumor Nucleus of the Pelvic Surgery Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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Roshan MHK, Tambo A, Pace NP. The role of testosterone in colorectal carcinoma: pathomechanisms and open questions. EPMA J 2016; 7:22. [PMID: 27833666 PMCID: PMC5103431 DOI: 10.1186/s13167-016-0071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth commonest type of malignancy after breast, lung and prostate in the USA and accounts for approximately 49,190 deaths annually in USA alone. The 5-year survival rate of CRC has increased over the past decades, in part, due to greater awareness and the widespread implementation of national screening programmes. Recently, a number of studies reported that males have a higher risk of developing CRC due to the action of testosterone. Testosterone is an androgen that is responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics and for spermatogenesis. Studies on rats with mutated Apc tumour-suppressor gene subjected to either ovariectomy or orchidectomy exhibit different risks of CRC. Female rats subjected to ovariectomy are at higher risk of CRC, whereas orchidectomised male rats exhibit a lower risk of developing CRC. Sex hormones, in particular estrogen and testosterone, play a significant role in the development of CRC since the anti-neoplastic effect of estrogen lost during ovariectomy increases the risk of females developing CRC. Male mice exposed to testosterone after orchidectomy were also at greater risk than those who were orchidectomised but administered placebo only. Moreover, the recently established role of membrane androgen receptors in regression of CRC via non-genomic androgen-dependent action sets these receptors apart from intracellular androgen receptors (iARs) which themselves promote CRC development. In addition, testosterone-albumin conjugates are selective to membrane androgen receptors (mARs) and lead to apoptosis via caspase-3 activation. Akt kinases promote invasion of colon cancer cells when phosphorylated. These kinases are dephosphorylated upon activation of mARs, thereby reducing colon cancer cell motility and invasiveness. Testosterone similarly plays important roles in human CRC. Long cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats in the gene for the androgen receptors have been associated with a poor 5-year survival compared to shorter CAG repeats. Very recently, the measurement of serum unbound testosterone has been suggested as a novel biomarker along with carcinoembryonic antigen in CRC. In conclusion, testosterone may promote the development of CRC via a number of pathways, which may place males at greater risk. Testosterone holds promise as a potential biomarker in CRC risk prediction; however, further studies are required to better define its role in colorectal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin H K Roshan
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080 Malta
| | - Amos Tambo
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080 Malta
| | - Nikolai P Pace
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080 Malta
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14
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Murphy N, Strickler HD, Stanczyk FZ, Xue X, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Rohan TE, Ho GYF, Anderson GL, Potter JD, Gunter MJ. A Prospective Evaluation of Endogenous Sex Hormone Levels and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv210. [PMID: 26232761 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmenopausal hormone therapy use has been associated with lower colorectal cancer risk in observational studies. However, the role of endogenous sex hormones in colorectal cancer development in postmenopausal women is uncertain. METHODS The relation of colorectal cancer risk with circulating levels of estradiol, estrone, free (bioactive) estradiol, progesterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was determined in a nested case-control study of 1203 postmenopausal women (401 case patients and 802 age and race/ethnicity-matched control patients) enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Clinical Trial (WHI-CT) who were not assigned to the estrogen-alone or combined estrogen plus progestin intervention groups. We used multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression models that included established colorectal cancer risk factors. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Comparing extreme quartiles, estrone (odds ratio [OR]q4-q1 = 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.28 to 0.68, P trend = .001), free estradiol (ORq4-q1 = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.27 to 0.69, P trend ≤ .0001), and total estradiol (ORq4-q1 = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.38 to 0.90, P trend = .08) were inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. SHBG levels were positively associated with colorectal cancer development (OR[q4-q1] = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.51 to 3.51, P trend ≤ .0001); this association strengthened after further adjustment for estradiol and estrone (ORq4-q1 = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.59 to 3.92, P trend < .0001). Progesterone was not associated with colorectal cancer risk. CONCLUSION Endogenous estrogen levels were inversely, and SHBG levels positively, associated with colorectal cancer risk, even after control for several colorectal cancer risk factors. These results suggest that endogenous estrogens may confer protection against colorectal tumorigenesis among postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Murphy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (NM, MJG); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY (HDS, XX, SWS, TER, GYFH); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (FZS); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (GLA, JDP); Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand (JDP).
| | - Howard D Strickler
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (NM, MJG); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY (HDS, XX, SWS, TER, GYFH); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (FZS); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (GLA, JDP); Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand (JDP)
| | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (NM, MJG); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY (HDS, XX, SWS, TER, GYFH); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (FZS); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (GLA, JDP); Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand (JDP)
| | - Xiaonan Xue
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (NM, MJG); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY (HDS, XX, SWS, TER, GYFH); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (FZS); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (GLA, JDP); Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand (JDP)
| | - Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (NM, MJG); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY (HDS, XX, SWS, TER, GYFH); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (FZS); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (GLA, JDP); Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand (JDP)
| | - Thomas E Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (NM, MJG); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY (HDS, XX, SWS, TER, GYFH); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (FZS); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (GLA, JDP); Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand (JDP)
| | - Gloria Y F Ho
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (NM, MJG); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY (HDS, XX, SWS, TER, GYFH); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (FZS); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (GLA, JDP); Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand (JDP)
| | - Garnet L Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (NM, MJG); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY (HDS, XX, SWS, TER, GYFH); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (FZS); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (GLA, JDP); Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand (JDP)
| | - John D Potter
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (NM, MJG); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY (HDS, XX, SWS, TER, GYFH); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (FZS); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (GLA, JDP); Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand (JDP)
| | - Marc J Gunter
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (NM, MJG); Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY (HDS, XX, SWS, TER, GYFH); Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (FZS); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (GLA, JDP); Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand (JDP)
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15
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Huang R, Wang G, Song Y, Wang F, Zhu B, Tang Q, Liu Z, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Muhammad S, Wang X. Polymorphic CAG Repeat and Protein Expression of Androgen Receptor Gene in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1066-74. [PMID: 25637315 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although somatic alterations in CAG repeats in the androgen receptor (AR) gene have been suggested to predispose to colorectal cancer, less is known about AR in colorectal cancer carcinogenesis. Because of lack of relevant analysis on CAG repeat length and AR expression in colorectal cancer, we aimed to investigate the prognostic value of polymorphic CAG and protein expression of the AR gene in patients with colorectal cancer. A case-control study was carried out on 550 patients with colorectal cancer and 540 healthy controls to investigate whether polymorphic CAG within the AR gene is linked to increased risk for colorectal cancer. Polymorphic CAG and AR expression were analyzed to clarify their relationship with clinicopathologic and prognostic factors in patients with colorectal cancer. The study showed that the AR gene in patients with colorectal cancer had a longer CAG repeat sequence than those in the control group, as well as increased risk for colorectal cancer among females (P = 0.013), males (P = 0.002), and total colorectal cancer population (P < 0.001), respectively. AR expression exhibited a significant difference in long CAG repeat sequence among males (P < 0.001), females (P < 0.001), and total colorectal cancer study population (P < 0.001). Both long CAG repeat sequence and negative AR expression were associated with a short 5-year overall survival (OS) rate in colorectal cancer. Long CAG repeat sequences and the absence of AR expression were closely related to the development of colorectal cancer. Both long CAG and decreased AR expression were correlated with the poor 5-year OS in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guiyu Wang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanni Song
- Department of Tumor Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Liaoyang Central Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoyang, China
| | - Qingchao Tang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yinggang Chen
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Muhammad
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xishan Wang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. Colorectal Cancer Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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16
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Gil Ferreira C, Aran V, Zalcberg-Renault I, Victorino AP, Salem JH, Bonamino MH, Vieira FM, Zalis M. KRAS mutations: variable incidences in a Brazilian cohort of 8,234 metastatic colorectal cancer patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:73. [PMID: 24720724 PMCID: PMC3997472 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KRAS mutations are frequently found in colorectal cancer (CRC) indicating the importance of its genotyping in the study of the molecular mechanisms behind this disease. Although major advances have occurred over the past decade, there are still important gaps in our understanding of CRC carcinogenesis, particularly whether sex-linked factors play any role. METHODS The profile of KRAS mutations in the Brazilian population was analyzed by conducting direct sequencing of KRAS codons 12 and 13 belonging to 8,234 metastatic CRC patient samples. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue, exon 1 was amplified by PCR and submitted to direct sequencing. The data obtained was analysed comparing different geographical regions, gender and age. RESULTS The median age was 59 years and the overall percentage of wild-type and mutated KRAS was 62.8% and 31.9%, respectively. Interestingly, different percentages of mutated KRAS patients were observed between male and female patients (32.5% versus 34.8%, respectively; p = 0.03). KRAS Gly12Asp mutation was the most prevalent for both genders and for most regions, with the exception of the North where Gly12Val was the most frequent mutation found. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge this is one of the largest cohorts of KRAS genotyping in CRC patients and the largest to indicate a higher incidence of KRAS mutation in females compared to males in Brazil. Nevertheless, further research is required to better address the impact of gender differences in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gil Ferreira
- Progenética Diagnósticos Moleculares, Av, Presidente Vargas, 962 3 Andar, Cep: 20071-002 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Tu Z, Ma Y, Akers W, Achilefu S, Gu Y. Therapeutic effect of the treatment for colorectal cancer with adenoviral vectors mediated estrogen receptor β gene therapy combined with thermotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:623-32. [PMID: 24531912 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our preliminary study on repressing colorectal tumors by recombinant adenoviruses (Ads) delivering the human ERβ gene (Ad-ERβ) has achieved positive result. METHODS In this study, hydrophobic fluorescent dyes ICG-Der-01 was entrapped into the N-succinyl-N'-octyl chitosan (SOC) micelles to form the near infrared absorbing dyes SOC-ICG-Der-01 and SOC-ICG-Der-01 mediated near infrared laser (SOC-ICG-Der-01/NIR) thermotherapy was combined with Ad-ERβ gene therapy to regress colon cancer in vivo. RESULTS Firstly, the antitumor efficacies of SOC-ICG-Der-01/NIR thermotherapy were investigated on S180 ascites tumor-bearing mice. Results indicated that, the average tumor volume of SOC-ICG-Der-01/NIR group was the smallest among the three treatment groups. Then, thermotherapy with SOC-ICG-Der-01/NIR combined with Ad-ERβ gene therapy to treat HCT-116 colon cancer xenograft model was investigated. Further results demonstrated that, SOC-ICG-Der-01/NIR thermotherapy showed the significantly inhibitory efficiency compared with control group and Ad-ERβ enhanced the therapeutic effect of SOC-ICG-Der-01/NIR. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that combined administration of Ad-ERβ with SOC-ICG-Der-01/NIR thermotherapy represents a promising colon cancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Tu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023,, China
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18
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Stevenson L, Phillips F, O'Sullivan K, Walton J. Wheat bran: its composition and benefits to health, a European perspective. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012; 63:1001-13. [PMID: 22716911 PMCID: PMC3507301 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2012.687366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wheat bran is a concentrated source of insoluble fibre. Fibre intakes are generally lower than recommendations. This paper reviews the physiological effects of wheat bran and the health benefits it may provide in terms of the prevention of diseases such as colon and breast cancers, cardiovascular disease, obesity and gastrointestinal diseases. In recognition of the weight of evidence, the European Food Safety Authority has recently approved two health claims for wheat bran and gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Stevenson
- Food & Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Education, Community & Leisure, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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19
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Tu Z, Ma Y, Tian J, Li H, Akers W, Achilefu S, Gu Y. Estrogen receptor β potentiates the antiproliferative effect of raloxifene and affects the cell migration and invasion in HCT-116 colon cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:1091-103. [PMID: 22398780 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) is the predominant ER in the colorectal epithelium, whose expression is greatly reduced in colorectal cancer compared with normal colon tissue. Recent in vitro studies suggested that ERβ may suppress tumor growth. No research was reported whether ERβ can be used as therapeutic agent for colon cancer. METHODS In this study, ERβ gene constructed into adenoviral (Ad) vectors was used to treat colon cancer HCT-116 cells alone or in combination with raloxifene. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to investigate the therapeutic effects of ERβ and raloxifene in HCT-116 cells. RESULTS Our results indicated that, although Ad-ERβ alone had no effect on the proliferation of HCT-116 cells, the combination of Ad-ERβ with raloxifene significantly inhibited the proliferation of HCT-116 cells. The apparently apoptotic induction effects may partly explain the cytotoxicity of the two agents. The results of the study of ERβ on migration and invasion of HCT-116 cells demonstrated that overexpression of ERβ significantly decreased cell migration and increased invasion of cells. The antitumor efficacies of ERβ as well as raloxifene were further investigated on HCT-116 tumor bearing mice. Results demonstrated that both Ad-ERβ and raloxifene individually inhibited tumor growth. The combination group showed the highest inhibitory efficiency compared with other three groups. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that combined administration of Ad-ERβ with raloxifene represents a promising colon cancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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20
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Yakimchuk K, Iravani M, Hasni MS, Rhönnstad P, Nilsson S, Jondal M, Okret S. Effect of ligand-activated estrogen receptor β on lymphoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Leukemia 2011; 25:1103-10. [PMID: 21502954 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) is expressed in immune cells and studies have suggested an antiproliferative function of ERβ. We detected ERβ expression in murine T- and human B-cell lymphoma cell lines and analyzed the effects of estradiol and selective ERβ agonists on lymphoma growth in culture and in vivo. Treating the cells with estradiol had minor effects on cell growth, whereas the selective ERβ agonists diarylpropionitrile (DPN) and KB9520 showed a strong antiproliferative effect. When grafting mice with murine T-cell lymphoma cells, male mice developed larger tumors compared with female mice, a difference that was abolished following ovariectomy, showing estrogen-dependent growth in vivo. To investigate whether lymphoma growth may be inhibited in vivo by ERβ agonist treatment, mice grafted with murine lymphoma cells were treated with DPN or KB9520. Both ERβ-selective agonists strongly inhibited lymphoma growth. The reduced tumor size seen following either DPN or KB9520 treatment was due to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. Our results show an ERβ ligand-dependent antiproliferative effect of lymphoma cells expressing endogenous ERβ and that lymphoma cell growth in vivo can efficiently be inhibited by ERβ agonists. This suggests that ERβ agonists may be useful in the treatment of lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yakimchuk
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Huddinge, Sweden
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21
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Hartman J, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptors in colorectal cancer: goalkeepers, strikers, or bystanders? Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:897-9. [PMID: 20663982 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This perspective on Jin et al. (beginning on page 910 in this issue of the journal) discusses the importance of estrogen signaling in colorectal carcinogenesis, with a focus on estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta), which is the predominant ER in the colorectal epithelium. The importance of ERbeta in breast cancer is well described in the literature, and recent studies reveal that ERbeta functions similarly in colorectal cancer. The implications of this pathway include new possibilities to treat or prevent colorectal cancer with targeted endocrine drugs and the potential of ERbeta as a novel diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hartman
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
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22
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most prevalent cancer in the world. If detected at an early stage, treatment often might lead to cure. As prevention is better than cure, epidemiological studies reveal that having a healthy diet often protects from promoting/ developing cancer. An important consideration in evaluating new drugs and devices is determining whether a product can effectively treat a targeted disease. There are quite a number of biomarkers making their way into clinical trials and few are awaiting the preclinical efficacy and safety results to enter into clinical trials. Researchers are facing challenges in modifying trial design and defining the right control population, validating biomarker assays from the biological and analytical perspective and using biomarker data as a guideline for decision making. In spite of following all guidelines, the results are disappointing from many of the large clinical trials. To avoid these disappointments, selection of biomarkers and its target drug needs to be evaluated in appropriate animal models for its toxicities and efficacies. The focus of this review is on the few of the potential molecular targets and their biomarkers in colorectal cancers. Strengths and limitations of biomarkers/surrogate endpoints are also discussed. Various pathways involved in tumor cells and the specific agents to target the altered molecular biomarker in biomolecular pathway are elucidated. Importance of emerging new platforms siRNAs and miRNAs technology for colorectal cancer therapeutics is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveena B Janakiram
- Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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24
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Slattery ML, Sweeney C, Murtaugh M, Ma KN, Wolff RK, Potter JD, Caan BJ, Samowitz W. Associations between ERalpha, ERbeta, and AR genotypes and colon and rectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 14:2936-42. [PMID: 16365013 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen and androgens are thought to be involved in the etiology of colorectal cancer. We evaluate genetic variants of the estrogen receptor genes (ERalpha and ERbeta) and the androgen receptor gene (AR). We use data from two large case-control studies of colon (n = 1,580 cases and 1,968 controls) and rectal (n = 797 cases and 1,016 controls) cancer. We evaluated the 351A >G XbaI polymorphism of ERalpha, the 1,082 G >A and CA repeat polymorphisms of ERbeta, and the CAG repeat of AR. Having two 25 or more CA repeats in ERbeta was associated with an increased relative risk of colon cancer in women [odds ratio (OR), 2.13; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.24-3.64] but not in men (P(interaction) relative excess risk from interaction < 0.01; multiplicative = 0.03). Increasing number of AR CAG repeats was directly associated with colon cancer among men (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.06-1.54), but not women (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.68-1.02); the interaction P value for AR gene x sex was <0.01. Taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer in the presence of the R allele of the ERbeta gene, whereas an R allele was associated with increased risk among postmenopausal women who did not take HRT. Postmenopausal women not using HRT who had > or =25 CA repeats of the ERbeta gene had over a 6-fold increased risk of colon cancer (OR, 6.71; 95% CI, 2.89-15.6). Our results suggest that the ERbeta gene is more important than ERalpha in the etiology of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Slattery
- Health Research Center, School of medicine, University of Utah, 375 Chipeta Way, Suite A, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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25
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Arendt-Nielsen L, Bajaj P, Drewes AM. Visceral pain: gender differences in response to experimental and clinical pain. Eur J Pain 2004; 8:465-72. [PMID: 15324777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gender differences in response to visceral pain have important implications for experimental studies and when evaluating clinical pain. Few studies have in details explored specific gender differences in response to experimental stimulation of selected visceral organs or specific visceral diseases. Lower pain threshold to e.g. oesophageal distension has however been shown in females. The effect of female sex hormones on visceral function and pain is studied in greater details in both experimental and clinical studies. Pronounced differences in pain sensitivity are found across the menstrual phases. This may also interact with pharmacological interventions. For clinicians assessing the pain level of female patients in the reproductive age group should take into consideration the physiological and clinical effects of the menstrual cycle and the somatic segmental sites related to the uterus and cervix when clinically evaluating the pain and assessing for disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Laboratory for Experimental Pain Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7, D3, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
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26
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Bardin A, Boulle N, Lazennec G, Vignon F, Pujol P. Loss of ERbeta expression as a common step in estrogen-dependent tumor progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2004; 11:537-51. [PMID: 15369453 PMCID: PMC2072930 DOI: 10.1677/erc.1.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) brought new insight into the mechanisms underlying estrogen signaling. Estrogen induction of cell proliferation is a crucial step in carcinogenesis of gynecologic target tissues, and the mitogenic effects of estrogen in these tissues (such as breast, endometrium and ovary) are well documented both in vitro and in vivo. There is also an emerging body of evidence that colon and prostate cancer growth is influenced by estrogens. In all of these tissues, most studies have shown decreased ERbeta expression in cancer as compared with benign tumors or normal tissues, whereas ERalpha expression persists. The loss of ERbeta expression in cancer cells could reflect tumor cell dedifferentiation but may also represent a critical stage in estrogen-dependent tumor progression. Modulation of the expression of ERalpha target genes by ERbeta or ERbeta-specific gene induction could explain that ERbeta has a differential effect on proliferation as compared with ERalpha. ERbeta may exert a protective effect and thus constitute a new target for hormone therapy, such as ligand specific activation. The potential distinct roles of ERalpha and ERbeta expression in carcinogenesis, as suggested by experimental and clinical data, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Bardin
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540 INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
| | - Nathalie Boulle
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540 INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et
Hormonale
CHRU MontpellierHôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve,FR
| | - Gwendal Lazennec
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540 INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Gwendal Lazennec
| | - Françoise Vignon
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540 INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
| | - Pascal Pujol
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540 INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et
Hormonale
CHRU MontpellierHôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Pascal Pujol
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27
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Konstantinopoulos PA, Kominea A, Vandoros G, Sykiotis GP, Andricopoulos P, Varakis I, Sotiropoulou-Bonikou G, Papavassiliou AG. Oestrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) is abundantly expressed in normal colonic mucosa, but declines in colon adenocarcinoma paralleling the tumour's dedifferentiation. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39:1251-8. [PMID: 12763213 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(03)00239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oestrogen Receptor beta (ERbeta) may protect against prostate and mammary cell proliferation and malignant transformation. Epidemiological studies indicate that oestrogens may reduce colon cancer risk. Since ERalpha is minimally expressed in normal and malignant colon, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of ERbeta in both normal colonic wall and colon cancer. ERbeta expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 90 cases of colon adenocarcinoma and nearby (>30-cm away) normal colonic wall, using a monoclonal antibody. Moderate or strong nuclear immunostaining was detected in superficial and crypt epithelium, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, lymphocytes, enteric neurons and smooth muscular cells of the normal colonic wall. Superficial epithelial cells in normal colon demonstrated a significantly higher ERbeta expression than colon adenocarcinoma cells in both genders. The decline in ERbeta expression paralleled the loss of differentiation of malignant colon cells, regardless of the tumour's localisation. These findings suggest a protective role for ERbeta against colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Konstantinopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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28
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Pfaffl MW, Lange IG, Meyer HHD. The gastrointestinal tract as target of steroid hormone action: quantification of steroid receptor mRNA expression (AR, ERalpha, ERbeta and PR) in 10 bovine gastrointestinal tract compartments by kinetic RT-PCR. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 84:159-66. [PMID: 12710999 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the tissue-specific mRNA expression pattern of androgen receptor (AR), both estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes ERalpha and ERbeta and progestin receptor (PR) in 10 bovine gastrointestinal compartments. Goal of this study was to evaluate the deviating tissue sensitivities and the influence of the estrogenic active preparation Ralgro on the compartment-specific expression regulation. Ralgro contains Zeranol which shows strong estrogenic and anabolic effects. Eight heifers were treated for 8 weeks with Ralgro at different dosages (0, 1, 3, and 10 times). To quantify the very low abundant steroid receptor mRNA transcripts sensitive and reliable real-time (kinetic) reverse transcription (RT)-PCR quantification methods were validated on the LightCycler. Expression results indicate the existence of AR and both ER subtypes in all 10 gastrointestinal compartments. PR receptor was expressed at very low abundancy. Gastrointestinal tissues exhibit a specific ERalpha and ERbeta expression pattern with high expression levels for both subtypes in rectum, colon and ileum. With increasing Zeranol concentrations a significant down-regulation for ERalpha and ERbeta was observed in jejunum (P<0.001 and <0.05, respectively). Significant up-regulations under estrogen treatment could be shown in abomasum for ERalpha (P<0.05) and in rectum for ERbeta (P<0.001). The authors conclude, that especially estrogens and the expression of their corresponding receptor subtypes may play an important role in the modulation and regulation in gastric as well as gut functions, cell proliferation and possibly in the pathophysiology of cell cancer. The different expression patterns of ERalpha and ERbeta can be regarded as support of the hypothesis that the subtype proteins may have different biological functions in the gastrointestinal tract. AR and PR seem to be not estrogen dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Pfaffl
- Institute of Physiology, Research Centre for Milk and Food Weihenstephan, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, Technische Universität München, D-85350, Freising, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
In the United States and other Western cultures, a greater number of women seek health care services for symptoms of functional pain disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome, than men. Recent clinical trials indicate that gender differences in responsiveness to drug therapy also occur. Several lines of inquiry have focused on explaining this gender-related difference due to the higher prevalence of these disorders in women. Evidence of a physiologic component is based on gender differences in gastrointestinal transit time, visceral sensitivity, central nervous system pain processing, and specific effects of estrogen and progesterone on gut function. Additional factors may play a role, including gender-related differences in neuroendocrine, autonomic nervous system, and stress reactivity, which are related to bowel function and pain. However, the link between these measures and gut motility or sensitivity remains to be clarified. Psychological characteristics, including somatization, depression, and anxiety as well as a history of sexual abuse, may also contribute to gender-related differences in the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome. Although gender differences in the therapeutic benefit of serotonergic agents have been observed, less is known about potential differences in responsiveness to nondrug therapies for irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chang
- UCLA/CURE Neuroenteric Disease Program, Department of Medicine, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
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30
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Ferro P, Catalano MG, Dell'Eva R, Fortunati N, Pfeffer U. The androgen receptor CAG repeat: a modifier of carcinogenesis? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 193:109-20. [PMID: 12161010 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(02)00104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The first exon of the human androgen receptor (AR) contains a translated CAG (poly-glutamine) repeat. The repeat length is polymorphic in the normal population ranging from 8 to 35 repeats. Expansions to over 40 repeats lead to spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), a late onset neurodegenerative disease. The repeat is located between the two parts of a bipartite amino-terminal transactivation function and the repeat length, also within in the normal range, is inversely correlated to the transactivation power of the receptor. P160 type co-activators bind more strongly to shorter repeats. A correlation between AR CAG repeat length and total risk, age at diagnosis, recurrence after surgery and aggressive growth has been reported for tumors of classical androgen target tissues. In the prostate, where androgens exert a mitogenic effect, the cancer risk increases with decreasing AR-CAG repeat length. In contrast, in the breast, where the hormone probably acts as anti-mitogen, a higher risk and earlier onset of breast cancer has been reported for carriers of BRCA1 mutations who also have long CAG repeats in the receptor gene. Somatic alterations during carcinogenesis appear to be frequent in endometrial and in colon cancer. In the endometrium the AR CAG repeat prevalently undergoes expansions consistent with the putative protective function of androgens in this tissue. Frequent repeat reductions during colon carcinogenesis would be consistent with a mitogenic effect of androgens. Analysis of AR protein expression by Western blot reveals expression of the AR in healthy and neoplastic colon tissues. Normal mucosa of the colon expresses both AR-isoforms of 110 and 87 kDa, while the tumor samples have lost the expression of the 110-kDa isoform. The 87-kDa isoform is devoid of the amino-terminal portion of the receptor molecule that also contains the poly-glutamine tract. The temporal and causal relation between isoform switch and somatic repeat reductions during colon carcinogenesis is as yet unclear, but the two events could both enhance p160 mediated androgen signaling. The recent finding that smad3 interacts with the AR in a way similar to p160 links the AR to TGFbeta signaling. Interruption of this signaling pathway is a frequent event in colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ferro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Research Institute, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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31
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Castagnetta L, Traina A, Campisi I, Calabro M, Maratta A, Saetta A, Agostara B, Mezzatesta N. Androgen receptor status in nontumoral and malignant human colorectal tissues. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 963:322-5. [PMID: 12095958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Data on androgen receptor (AR) status of nontumoral and malignant human colorectal tissues are compared using ligand binding assay in 22 patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer at the "M. Ascoli" Cancer Hospital Centre in Palermo, Sicily. In nontumoral tissues, ARs were predominantly (67%) positive, with 25% of cases having a 0/+ status. Conversely, malignant tissues showed only 32% of cases with a positive (+/+) AR status, with a proportional increase of 0/+ cases (from 25% to 55%); the extent of AR-negative (0/0) cases remained fairly constant (8-9%). Overall, our evidence indicates that nontumoral colorectal tissues have a predominantly positive (+/+) AR status and that this condition shifts towards a significant decrease of AR-positive cases in cancer tissues. Studies on the relation between status of sex steroid receptors and specific biomolecular markers in human colorectal tumors are currently being carried out in our laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Castagnetta
- Unit of Experimental Oncology & Palermo Branch of IST-GE, Department of Clinical Oncology, M. Ascoli Cancer Hospital Centre, A.R.N.A.S., Civico, Palermo, Italy.
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32
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Witte D, Chirala M, Younes A, Li Y, Younes M. Estrogen receptor beta is expressed in human colorectal adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2001; 32:940-4. [PMID: 11567223 DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2001.27117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor beta (ER-beta) has recently been detected in a human colon cancer cell line. The aim of this work was to determine whether ER-beta is expressed in human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) tissue and the extent of this expression. ER-beta expression in CRC was investigated by immunohistochemical staining of sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from 55 CRC. The percent of positive cells was recorded. ER-beta immunoreactivity was always present in normal epithelium and adenomas in the same sections of some CRC and was always nuclear. In CRC, nuclear ER-beta immunoreactivity was detected in >10% of the cancer cells in 67% of the cases and was almost always associated with cytoplasmic immunoreactivity. There were no statistically significant differences between the ER-beta-positive and -negative groups in regard to depth of invasion, nodal metastases, or survival, regardless of the cut-off value used. We conclude that (1) a significant number of CRCs are positive for ER-beta. (2) estrogen may play an important role in the proliferation of normal colonic epithelium, and (3) there is differential localization of ER-beta immunoreactivity between normal colon, adenomas, and CRCs. Whether different ER-beta isoforms are differentially expressed in CRCs, and whether human CRCs respond to treatment with antiestrogens, is the subject of studies currently in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Witte
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine and the Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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33
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Speer G, Cseh K, Winkler G, Takács I, Barna I, Nagy Z, Lakatos P. Oestrogen and vitamin D receptor (VDR) genotypes and the expression of ErbB-2 and EGF receptor in human rectal cancers. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37:1463-8. [PMID: 11506951 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen/oestrogen receptor (ER) and vitamin D/vitamin D receptor (VDR) systems have been implicated in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancers. The expression of erbB-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in colorectal cancers has been suggested to have diagnostic and prognostic significance. In our study, XbaI and PvuII polymorphisms of the ER gene and the BsmI polymorphism of the VDR gene were studied in 56 Caucasian patients with rectal cancer. The relationship between the ER and VDR genotypes and the expression of oncogenes was also investigated. The presence of the x allele of ER gene significantly correlated with the overexpression of the erbB-2 and EGFR oncogenes. Significantly increased erbB-2 expression was observed in patients with the VDR B allele. The XXbb allelic combination of the ER/VDR genes was associated with a significantly lower erbB-2 expression, whereas in the other genotypes significantly higher oncogene expression was seen. Our data raise the possibility that ER/VDR gene polymorphisms accompanied by variable oncogene expression might influence the pathogenetic processes of colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Speer
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University Budapest, Korányi 2/a, Budapest H-1083, Hungary
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Abstract
There is evidence suggesting that local intracrine formation of sex steroids from inactive precursors, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), its sulfate (DHEA-S) and 4-androstenedione (4-DIONE) plays an important role in the regulation of growth and function of peripheral target tissues. Moreover, human solid tumors are often infiltrated by stromal/immune cells secreting a wide spectra of cytokines. These cytokines might in turn regulate the activity of both immune and neoplastic cells. Our data demonstrate that the potent regulatory effects of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-6 on both estrogenic and androgenic 17beta-HSD/KSR activities in breast cancer cells depend on the cell-specific gene expression of various types of 17beta-HSD/KSR enzymes. However, in both estrogen-receptor (ER)-positive (ZR-75-1, T-47D) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231, BT-20) human breast cancer cells, exposure to IL-4 and IL-13 caused a rapid and potent induction of 3beta-HSD type 1 gene expression. Such an induction was also observed in normal human mammary and prostate epithelial cells in primary culture as well as in human HaCaT immortalized keratinocytes, ME-180 cervix cancer cells, and HT-29 colon cancer cells. The DNA-binding activity of Stat6, a member of the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription gene family, was activated after a 30 min exposure to IL-4 in all the cell types where IL-4 induced 3beta-HSD expression, but not in those that failed to respond to IL-4. Our data therefore suggest that IL-4 and IL-13 may play a role in the biosynthesis of active sex steroids from the inactive adrenal steroid DHEA, not only in breast cells but also in various cell types derived from peripheral target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Simard
- Laboratory of Hereditary Cancers, Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Medical Center (CHUL) and Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, G1V 4G2, Québec, Canada.
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35
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Ferro P, Catalano MG, Raineri M, Reato G, dell'Eva R, Risio M, Foà R, Fortunati N, Pfeffer U. Somatic alterations of the androgen receptor CAG repeat in human colon cancer delineate a novel mutation pathway independent of microsatellite instability. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 123:35-40. [PMID: 11120331 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(00)00296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The human androgen receptor gene contains a polymorphic CAG repeat region ranging from 8 to about 35 repeats in the normal human population. The repeat length is inversely related to the transactivation potential of the receptor. We have analyzed the repeat length in 50 sporadic colon cancer samples in comparison to surrounding healthy mucosa and have found somatic reductions of up to 10 repeats in 5 cases (10%), 3 of which were complex, probably involving both alleles. Alterations occurred in tumors with and without microsatellite instability indicating that they follow an independent mutation pathway. The similar repeat of the huntingtin gene did not show any somatic alterations in the same cases. No correlation to sex, tumor stage, location, or histology was evident. In the tumors that showed somatic reductions, the reduced allele was present in at least half of the cells and thus in most, if not all, of the tumor component of the sample. Somatic reductions of the androgen receptor CAG repeat thus occur frequently, through a pathway distinct from microsatellite instability and early during colon carcinogenesis. The receptor is expressed in most normal and neoplastic tissue samples analyzed. Apparent growth selection of cells bearing shortened AR alleles suggests that androgens contribute to colon carcinogenesis in a yet unknown way.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ferro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Catalano MG, Pfeffer U, Raineri M, Ferro P, Curto A, Capuzzi P, Corno F, Berta L, Fortunati N. Altered expression of androgen-receptor isoforms in human colon-cancer tissues. Int J Cancer 2000; 86:325-30. [PMID: 10760818 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000501)86:3<325::aid-ijc4>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Many groups have examined of androgen the effects on normal and neoplastic colon tissues, but no clear picture has hitherto emerged. In particular, the presence and the function of the androgen receptor (AR) has only partially been investigated in the past. The present study reports analysis of expression of the AR gene as messenger RNA and as protein in surgical samples of neoplastic colon mucosa and of corresponding healthy surrounding tissue. Specific binding for DHT, demonstrating the presence of AR, was observed in almost all the samples (2 samples out of 12 were negative). No significant difference was observed between healthy and neoplastic mucosa, or between male and female patients. A further characterization of AR was performed with Western blot, using 2 different primary antibodies. Both AR isoforms, AR-B and AR-A, were detected in healthy mucosa, while only AR-A, resolving at 87 kDa, was observed in neoplastic mucosa. RT-PCR analysis revealed the transcript for AR in both healthy and neoplastic mucosa in 10 samples; no message was detectable in 2 samples (negative also for binding); 2 additional samples presented AR mRNA only in healthy colon mucosa, 2 others only in neoplastic mucosa. In addition, a variant AR messenger RNA, probabily derived from alternative splicing, was observed. We found that AR is expressed both in healthy and in neoplastic colon mucosa, either as mRNA or as protein. Neoplastic colon tissue shows a characteristic loss of expression of the AR-B isoform, while AR-A expression is maintained. These findings underscore the possible role of androgen and its receptor in colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Catalano
- Endocrinology Laboratory, II UOADU General Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Giovanni Battista and University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Arai N, Ström A, Rafter JJ, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptor beta mRNA in colon cancer cells: growth effects of estrogen and genistein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 270:425-31. [PMID: 10753641 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge regarding the expression of the recently cloned estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) in colonic mucosa is limited. In this study, we demonstrated that five human colon cancer cell lines, HT29, Colo320, Lovo, SW480, and HCT116, expressed ERbeta mRNA, but lacked ERalpha mRNA. Results from a cell growth assay demonstrated that these colon cancer cells were not influenced by estrogen, while genistein possessed slight growth inhibitory effects on HT29, Colo320 and Lovo cells at 10 microM, at which concentration is stimulated the growth of ERalpha-positive human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Tamoxifen inhibited the growth of HT29 and Colo320 cells, dose-dependently, as well as MCF-7 cells. A transfected reporter plasmid containing a vitellogenin estrogen response element could be activated by estradiol in Colo320 cells. Taken together with previous reports, these data suggest that ERalpha and ERbeta may have different biological functions in colon cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arai
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, NOVUM, Huddinge, S-141 84, Sweden
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Kaklamanos IG, Bathe OF, Franceschi D, Lazaris AC, Davaris P, Glinatsis M, Golematis BC. Expression of receptors for estrogen and progesterone in malignant colonic mucosa as a prognostic factor for patient survival. J Surg Oncol 1999; 72:225-9. [PMID: 10589038 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9098(199912)72:4<225::aid-jso8>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) have been detected in both normal and malignant colonic mucosa, but the prognostic value of this observation is unknown. We aimed to define the prognostic significance of the presence of ER and PR in malignant cells from colorectal adenocarcinoma specimens. METHODS An immunohistochemical assay for ER and PR was performed on paraffinized sections from 65 colorectal adenocarcinoma specimens. Survival curves were analyzed to define the prognostic implications of ER and PR. RESULTS Twenty nine (45%) tumors tested receptor positive (32% for ER and 23% for PR). Tumors of advanced stage were more likely to express receptors than early stage tumors (56% vs. 32%; P = 0.01). Median survival of patients with neoplasms expressing PR was 30 months. For patients whose tumors did not express any receptors, median survival had not been reached at the time of follow-up (P = 0.04). Similarly, patients with tumors expressing both receptors had significantly reduced survival (median survival = 20 months; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Expression of receptors for sex steroids correlates with advanced stage disease. Expression of PR by the tumor cells is associated with a shorter patient survival. The results suggest that sex steroids may play a role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G Kaklamanos
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Gingras S, Simard J. Induction of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase type 1 expression by interleukin-4 in human normal prostate epithelial cells, immortalized keratinocytes, colon, and cervix cancer cell lines. Endocrinology 1999; 140:4573-84. [PMID: 10499513 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.10.7038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3beta-HSD) isoenzymes catalyze an essential step in the formation of all classes of active steroid hormones. In humans there are two 3beta-HSD isoenzymes, the type 1 gene being predominantly expressed in the placenta and peripheral tissues, whereas the type 2 gene is the predominant 3beta-HSD expressed in the adrenal glands and gonads. We have recently showed that interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 induce 3beta-HSD type 1 gene expression in human breast cancer cell lines as well as in normal human mammary epithelial cells. The present study was designed to investigate whether such a cytokine-induced 3beta-HSD type 1 expression would also be observed in cell types derived from other peripheral sex steroid target tissues. To gain further knowledge about the molecular mechanism of IL-4 action, we have studied whether the induction of 3beta-HSD type 1 expression in IL-4-responsive cell types would always be associated with the activation of Stat6, a member of the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) gene family. Stat6 is recognized as the principal transcription factor mediating the effects of IL-4. In normal human prostate epithelial cells (PrEC), no 3beta-HSD activity was detectable under basal culture conditions, while exposure to IL-4 or IL-13 caused a potent induction of this activity. This effect results from a rapid induction of 3beta-HSD type 1 messenger RNA levels as determined by Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses. Furthermore, IL-4 and IL-13 also increased 3beta-HSD type 1 gene expression in human HaCaT immortalized keratinocytes, ME-180 cervix cancer cells, HT-29 colon cancer cells as well as in BT-20 and ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells. However, IL-4 and IL-13 failed to modulate the 3beta-HSD type 1 expression in human LnCAP and PC-3 prostate cancer cells, Caco-2 colon cancer cells as well as in JAR and JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell lines. The DNA-binding activity of Stat6 was activated after a 30-min exposure to IL-4 in PrEC and in all the cell types where IL-4 induced 3beta-HSD expression, but not in those that failed to respond to IL-4. Our data therefore suggest that IL-4 and IL-13 may play a role in the biosynthesis of active sex steroids from the inactive adrenal steroid dehydroepiandrosterone, not only in breast cells but also in various cell types derived from peripheral target tissues, such as normal human prostate epithelial cells, immortalized keratinocytes, as well as colon and cervix cancer cell lines. Our data also demonstrates that the stimulatory effect of IL-4 was always associated with the activation of Stat6, thus supporting the essential role of Stat6 in this induction of 3beta-HSD type 1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gingras
- Medical Research Council Group in Molecular Endocrinology, CHUL Research Center and Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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Waliszewski P, Waliszewska M, Gordon N, Hurst RE, Benbrook DM, Dhar A, Hemstreet GP. Retinoid signaling in immortalized and carcinoma-derived human uroepithelial cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1999; 148:55-65. [PMID: 10221771 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the presence and functionality of retinoid signaling pathways in human urinary bladder carcinoma and SV40-immortalized uroepithelial cell lines. Only two of eight cell lines were proliferation-inhibited by 10 microM of either all-trans or 13-cis-retinoic acid. Transactivation of the CAT gene under control of a retinoid-responsive element demonstrated functionality of the signaling pathway in both sensitive cell lines and four of six resistant cell lines. Relative RT-PCR analysis of a panel of retinoid-responsive and inducible genes demonstrated changes in expression levels of all the genes in response to-retinoic acid treatment together with numerous aberrations dysregulations. We conclude that retinoid signaling may be a target for inactivation during tumorigenesis by uncoupling gene expression, proliferation and differentiation. Therefore retinoids are more likely to be effective for chemoprevention than for treatment of bladder carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Waliszewski
- Department of Urology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City 73190, USA
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