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Karges J. Klinische Entwicklung von Metallkomplexen als Photosensibilisatoren für die photodynamische Therapie von Krebs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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Karges J. Clinical Development of Metal Complexes as Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112236. [PMID: 34748690 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has emerged over the last decades as one of the deadliest diseases in the world. Among the most commonly used techniques (i.e. surgery, immunotherapy, radiotherapy or chemotherapy), increasing attention has been devoted towards photodynamic therapy. However, the vast majority of clinically applied photosensitizers are not ideal and associated with several limitations including poor aqueous solubility, poor photostability and slow clearance from the body, causing photosensitivity. In an effort to overcome these drawbacks, much attention has been devoted towards the incorporation of a metal ion. Herein, the clinical development of metal-containing compounds including Purlytin® , Lutrin® /Antrin® , Photosens® , TOOKAD® soluble or TLD-1433 is critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Vargas-Zúñiga GI, Kim HS, Li M, Sessler JL, Kim JS. Pyrrole-based photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy — a Thomas Dougherty award paper. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621300044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality that uses light to treat malignant or benign diseases. A photosensitizer, light, and oxygen are the three main components needed to generate a cytotoxic effect. Pyrrole-based photosensitizers have been widely used for PDT. Many of the photosensitizers within this class are macrocyclic. This is particularly true for systems that have received regulatory approval or been the subject of clinical trials. However, in recent years, a number of boron dipyrromethanes (BODIPY) have been studied as photosensitizers. Herein, we review examples of some of the most relevant pyrrole-based photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela I. Vargas-Zúñiga
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street-A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
| | - Hyeong Seok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Mingle Li
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street-A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Das S, Tiwari M, Mondal D, Sahoo BR, Tiwari DK. Growing tool-kit of photosensitizers for clinical and non-clinical applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10897-10940. [PMID: 33165483 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizers are photosensitive molecules utilized in clinical and non-clinical applications by taking advantage of light-mediated reactive oxygen generation, which triggers local and systemic cellular toxicity. Photosensitizers are used for diverse biological applications such as spatio-temporal inactivation of a protein in a living system by chromophore-assisted light inactivation, localized cell photoablation, photodynamic and immuno-photodynamic therapy, and correlative light-electron microscopy imaging. Substantial efforts have been made to develop several genetically encoded, chemically synthesized, and nanotechnologically driven photosensitizers for successful implementation in redox biology applications. Genetically encoded photosensitizers (GEPS) or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating proteins have the advantage of using them in the living system since they can be manipulated by genetic engineering with a variety of target-specific genes for the precise spatio-temporal control of ROS generation. The GEPS variety is limited but is expanding with a variety of newly emerging GEPS proteins. Apart from GEPS, a large variety of chemically- and nanotechnologically-empowered photosensitizers have been developed with a major focus on photodynamic therapy-based cancer treatment alone or in combination with pre-existing treatment methods. Recently, immuno-photodynamic therapy has emerged as an effective cancer treatment method using smartly designed photosensitizers to initiate and engage the patient's immune system so as to empower the photosensitizing effect. In this review, we have discussed various types of photosensitizers, their clinical and non-clinical applications, and implementation toward intelligent efficacy, ROS efficiency, and target specificity in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Environment, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403206, India.
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Mamardashvili GM, Kaigorodova EY, Simonova OR, Lazovskiy DA, Mamardashvili NZ. Interaction of the Sn(IV)-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin axial complexes with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide: Aggregation and location in micelles, fluorescence properties and photochemical stability. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Mamardashvili GM, Kaigorodova EY, Simonova OR, Lazovskiy DA, Mamardashvili NZ. Interaction of the Sn(IV)-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin axial complexes with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide: Aggregation and location in micelles, fluorescence properties and photochemical stability. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Muniyandi K, George B, Parimelazhagan T, Abrahamse H. Role of Photoactive Phytocompounds in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Molecules 2020; 25:E4102. [PMID: 32911753 PMCID: PMC7570746 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the greatest life-threatening diseases conventionally treated using chemo- and radio-therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach to eradicate different types of cancers. PDT requires the administration of photosensitisers (PSs) and photoactivation using a specific wavelength of light in the presence of molecular oxygen. This photoactivation exerts an anticancer effect via apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy of cancer cells. Recently, various natural compounds that exhibit photosensitising potentials have been identified. Photoactive substances derived from medicinal plants have been found to be safe in comparison with synthetic compounds. Many articles have focused on PDT mechanisms and types of PSs, but limited attention has been paid to the phototoxic activities of phytocompounds. The reduced toxicity and side effects of natural compounds inspire the researchers to identify and use plant extracts or phytocompounds as a potent natural PS candidate for PDT. This review focusses on the importance of common photoactive groups (furanocoumarins, polyacetylenes, thiophenes, curcumins, alkaloids, and anthraquinones), their phototoxic effects, anticancer activity and use as a potent PS for an effective PDT outcome in the treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasipandi Muniyandi
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; (K.M.); (B.G.)
- Bioprospecting Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India;
| | - Blassan George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; (K.M.); (B.G.)
| | - Thangaraj Parimelazhagan
- Bioprospecting Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641046, India;
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa; (K.M.); (B.G.)
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Dingiswayo S, Babu B, Prinsloo E, Mack J, Nyokong T. A comparative study of the photophysicochemical and photodynamic activity properties of meso-4-methylthiophenyl functionalized Sn(IV) tetraarylporphyrins and triarylcorroles. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620500273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tin(IV) complexes of a 4-methylthiophenyl functionalized porphyrin (1-Sn) and its corrole analogue (2-Sn) were synthesized so that their photophysicochemical properties and photodynamic activities against MCF-7 breast cancer cells could be compared. Singlet oxygen luminescence studies revealed that 1-Sn and 2-Sn have comparable [Formula: see text] values in DMF of 0.59 and 0.60, respectively, while the IC[Formula: see text] values after irradiation of MCF-7 cells for 30 min with a Thorlabs 625 nm LED (432 J · cm[Formula: see text] were determined to be 12.4 and 8.9 [Formula: see text]M. The results demonstrate that the cellular uptake of 2-Sn and its molar absorptivity at the irradiation wavelength play a crucial role during in vitro cytotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somila Dingiswayo
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Earl Prinsloo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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Molupe N, Babu B, Prinsloo E, Kaassis AYA, Edkins K, Mack J, Nyokong T. Photodynamic activity of Sn(IV) meso-tetraacenaphthylporphyrin and its methyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel Sn(IV) meso-tetraacenaphthylporphyrin (SnTAcP) has been synthesized and characterized. SnTAcP was complexed with methyl-[Formula: see text]-cyclodextrin (m[Formula: see text]-CD), a nanocarrier that enhances water solubility, and the complexes were evaluated as PDT agents using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. A relatively low singlet oxygen quantum yield value of 0.36 was obtained in DMF, and the lowest energy Q band lies at 608 nm on the edge of the therapeutic window. SnTAcP was found to be non-toxic in the dark and phototoxic towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC[Formula: see text] value of 11 ± 1.1 [Formula: see text]g · mL[Formula: see text] after 30 min of irradiation with a 625 nm Thorlabs LED that provides a dose of 432 J · cm[Formula: see text]. A higher IC[Formula: see text] value of 21 ± 1.1 [Formula: see text]g · mL-1 was obtained for the m[Formula: see text]-CD inclusion complex of SnTAcP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nthabeleng Molupe
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Earl Prinsloo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | | | - Katharina Edkins
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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Baskaran R, Lee J, Yang SG. Clinical development of photodynamic agents and therapeutic applications. Biomater Res 2018; 22:25. [PMID: 30275968 PMCID: PMC6158913 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-018-0140-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is photo-treatment of malignant or benign diseases using photosensitizing agents, light, and oxygen which generates cytotoxic reactive oxygens and induces tumour regressions. Several photodynamic treatments have been extensively studied and the photosensitizers (PS) are key to their biological efficacy, while laser and oxygen allow to appropriate and flexible delivery for treatment of diseases. Introduction In presence of oxygen and the specific light triggering, PS is activated from its ground state into an excited singlet state, generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces apoptosis of cancer tissues. Those PS can be divided by its specific efficiency of ROS generation, absorption wavelength and chemical structure. Main body Up to dates, several PS were approved for clinical applications or under clinical trials. Photofrin® is the first clinically approved photosensitizer for the treatment of cancer. The second generation of PS, Porfimer sodium (Photofrin®), Temoporfin (Foscan®), Motexafin lutetium, Palladium bacteriopheophorbide, Purlytin®, Verteporfin (Visudyne®), Talaporfin (Laserphyrin®) are clinically approved or under-clinical trials. Now, third generation of PS, which can dramatically improve cancer-targeting efficiency by chemical modification, nano-delivery system or antibody conjugation, are extensively studied for clinical development. Conclusion Here, we discuss up-to-date information on FDA-approved photodynamic agents, the clinical benefits of these agents. However, PDT is still dearth for the treatment of diseases in specifically deep tissue cancer. Next generation PS will be addressed in the future for PDT. We also provide clinical unmet need for the design of new photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengarajan Baskaran
- World Class Smart Lab, Department of New Drug Development, Inha University College of Medicine, 366, Seohae-daero, Jung-gu, Incheon, 22332 Republic of Korea
| | - Junghan Lee
- World Class Smart Lab, Department of New Drug Development, Inha University College of Medicine, 366, Seohae-daero, Jung-gu, Incheon, 22332 Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Geun Yang
- World Class Smart Lab, Department of New Drug Development, Inha University College of Medicine, 366, Seohae-daero, Jung-gu, Incheon, 22332 Republic of Korea
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Conjugation of chlorins with spermine enhances phototoxicity to cancer cells in vitro. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 168:175-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jo HJ, Kim SH, Kim HJ. Supramolecular Assembly of Tin(IV) Porphyrin Cations Stabilized by Ionic Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jin Jo
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Kumoh National Institute of Technology; Gumi 730-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Kumoh National Institute of Technology; Gumi 730-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Joon Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Kumoh National Institute of Technology; Gumi 730-701 Republic of Korea
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Guan M, Qin T, Ge J, Zhen M, Xu W, Chen D, Li S, Wang C, Su H, Shu C. Amphiphilic trismethylpyridylporphyrin-fullerene (C70) dyad: an efficient photosensitizer under hypoxia conditions. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:776-783. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic trismethylpyridylporphyrin-C70(PC70) dyad with improved photosensitization has been successfully prepared.
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Voon SH, Kiew LV, Lee HB, Lim SH, Noordin MI, Kamkaew A, Burgess K, Chung LY. In vivo studies of nanostructure-based photosensitizers for photodynamic cancer therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:4993-5013. [PMID: 25164105 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Animal models, particularly rodents, are major translational models for evaluating novel anticancer therapeutics. In this review, different types of nanostructure-based photosensitizers that have advanced into the in vivo evaluation stage for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer are described. This article focuses on the in vivo efficacies of the nanostructures as delivery agents and as energy transducers for photosensitizers in animal models. These materials are useful in overcoming solubility issues, lack of tumor specificity, and access to tumors deep in healthy tissue. At the end of this article, the opportunities made possible by these multiplexed nanostructure-based systems are summarized, as well as the considerable challenges associated with obtaining regulatory approval for such materials. The following questions are also addressed: (1) Is there a pressing demand for more nanoparticle materials? (2) What is the prognosis for regulatory approval of nanoparticles to be used in the clinic?
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Hui Voon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Spratt DE, Gordon Spratt EA, Wu S, DeRosa A, Lee NY, Lacouture ME, Barker CA. Efficacy of skin-directed therapy for cutaneous metastases from advanced cancer: a meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:3144-55. [PMID: 25154827 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.55.4634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform the first meta-analysis of the efficacy of skin-directed therapies for cutaneous metastases. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched for reports of prospective clinical studies published between 1960 and 2013 that assessed the response of skin-directed therapy for cutaneous metastases (47 of 2,955 unique studies were selected). Primary end points of the study were complete and objective response rates. Secondary analyses were preplanned and included subgroup analyses by skin-directed therapy, histology, and recurrence rates. Meta-analyses were performed with random-effect modeling, and extent of heterogeneity between studies was determined with the Cochran Q and I(2) tests. RESULTS After applying exclusion criteria, 47 prospective studies of 4,313 cutaneous metastases were assessed. Five skin-directed therapies were identified: electrochemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy, intralesional therapy, and topical therapy. Among all cutaneous metastases, complete response rate was 35.5% (95% CI, 27.6% to 44.3%) and objective response rate was 60.2% (95% CI, 50.6% to 69.0%). Overall recurrence rate was estimated to be 9.2% (95% CI, 3.7% to 21.2%). Melanoma and breast carcinoma comprised 96.8% of all cutaneous metastases studied and had similar objective response rates (54.5% [95% CI, 48.3% to 60.7%] and 54.0% [95% CI, 48.3% to 59.7%], respectively). Grade ≥ 3 toxicity was reported in less than 6% of patients. CONCLUSION Response to skin-directed therapy for cutaneous metastases is high but heterogeneous across treatment modalities, with low rates of recurrence post-treatment. Treatment was generally well tolerated and conferred improvements in quality of life. Standardization of response criteria for cutaneous metastases and treatment algorithms to optimally use the available skin-directed therapies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Spratt
- Daniel E. Spratt, Antonio DeRosa, Nancy Y. Lee, Mario E. Lacoutre, and Christopher A. Barker, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Elizabeth A. Gordon Spratt, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; and Shenhong Wu, Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Elizabeth A Gordon Spratt
- Daniel E. Spratt, Antonio DeRosa, Nancy Y. Lee, Mario E. Lacoutre, and Christopher A. Barker, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Elizabeth A. Gordon Spratt, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; and Shenhong Wu, Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Shenhong Wu
- Daniel E. Spratt, Antonio DeRosa, Nancy Y. Lee, Mario E. Lacoutre, and Christopher A. Barker, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Elizabeth A. Gordon Spratt, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; and Shenhong Wu, Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Antonio DeRosa
- Daniel E. Spratt, Antonio DeRosa, Nancy Y. Lee, Mario E. Lacoutre, and Christopher A. Barker, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Elizabeth A. Gordon Spratt, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; and Shenhong Wu, Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Nancy Y Lee
- Daniel E. Spratt, Antonio DeRosa, Nancy Y. Lee, Mario E. Lacoutre, and Christopher A. Barker, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Elizabeth A. Gordon Spratt, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; and Shenhong Wu, Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Mario E Lacouture
- Daniel E. Spratt, Antonio DeRosa, Nancy Y. Lee, Mario E. Lacoutre, and Christopher A. Barker, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Elizabeth A. Gordon Spratt, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; and Shenhong Wu, Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Christopher A Barker
- Daniel E. Spratt, Antonio DeRosa, Nancy Y. Lee, Mario E. Lacoutre, and Christopher A. Barker, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; Elizabeth A. Gordon Spratt, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York; and Shenhong Wu, Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY.
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Allison RR, Sibata C, Mang TS, Bagnato VS, Downie GH, Hu XH, Cuenca R. Photodynamic therapy for chest wall recurrence from breast cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 1:157-71. [PMID: 25048186 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(04)00039-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Revised: 07/22/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is common with over 230,000 new cases diagnosed each year in North America alone. While great strides have been made to achieve excellent cancer control and survival, a significant minority of patients fail locally. While initial salvage to regain disease control is of the utmost importance, it is not universally successful. This leads to a therapeutic quagmire. Additional surgery, radiation and chemo-hormonal therapy are possible, but they are usually highly morbid with low success rates. Photodynamic therapy appears to be an underutilized salvage modality for this unfortunate patient population. This report analyzes and reviews the role of photodynamic therapy for patients with chest wall re-recurrence from breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Allison
- Radiation Oncology Department, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; PDT Center, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - C Sibata
- Radiation Oncology Department, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; PDT Center, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - T S Mang
- School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - V S Bagnato
- Physics Department, University of São Paulo-São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - G H Downie
- PDT Center, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - X H Hu
- PDT Center, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Physics Department, Thomas Harriot College of Arts and Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - R Cuenca
- PDT Center, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Surgical Oncology Department, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Allison RR, Downie GH, Cuenca R, Hu XH, Childs CJ, Sibata CH. Photosensitizers in clinical PDT. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 1:27-42. [PMID: 25048062 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(04)00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 636] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy allow for the transfer and translation of light energy into a type II chemical reaction. In clinical practice, photosensitizers arise from three families-porphyrins, chlorophylls, and dyes. All clinically successful photosensitizers have the ability to a greater or lesser degree, to target specific tissues or their vasculature to achieve ablation. Each photosensitizer needs to reliably activate at a high enough light wavelength useful for therapy. Their ability to fluoresce and visualize the lesion is a bonus. Photosensitizers developed from each family have unique properties that have so far been minimally clinically exploited. This review looks at the potential benefits and consequences of each major photosensitizer that has been tried in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron R Allison
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; PDT Center, Leo Jenkins Cancer Center, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Gordon H Downie
- PDT Center, Leo Jenkins Cancer Center, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Rosa Cuenca
- PDT Center, Leo Jenkins Cancer Center, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; Department of Surgical Oncology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Xin-Hua Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; PDT Center, Leo Jenkins Cancer Center, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Carter Jh Childs
- PDT Center, Leo Jenkins Cancer Center, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Claudio H Sibata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; PDT Center, Leo Jenkins Cancer Center, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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18
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Al-Shabrawey M, Elsherbiny M, Nussbaum J, Othman A, Megyerdi S, Tawfik A. Targeting Neovascularization in Ischemic Retinopathy: Recent Advances. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 8:267-286. [PMID: 25598837 DOI: 10.1586/eop.13.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pathological retinal neovascularization (RNV) is a common micro-vascular complication in several retinal diseases including retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and central vein occlusion. The current therapeutic modalities of RNV are invasive and although they may slow or halt the progression of the disease they are unlikely to restore normal acuity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop treatment modalities, which are less invasive and therefore associated with fewer procedural complications and systemic side effects. This review article summarizes our understanding of the pathophysiology and current treatment of RNV in ischemic retinopathies; lists potential therapeutic targets; and provides a framework for the development of future treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Al-Shabrawey
- Oral Biology/Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, GeorgiaRegentsUniversity (GRU), Augusta GA, USA ; Ophthalmology and Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, GRU ; Anatomy, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University-Egypt ; Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, GRU
| | - Mohamed Elsherbiny
- Oral Biology/Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, GeorgiaRegentsUniversity (GRU), Augusta GA, USA ; Ophthalmology and Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, GRU ; Anatomy, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University-Egypt
| | - Julian Nussbaum
- Ophthalmology and Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, GRU
| | - Amira Othman
- Anatomy, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University-Egypt
| | - Sylvia Megyerdi
- Oral Biology/Anatomy, College of Dental Medicine, GeorgiaRegentsUniversity (GRU), Augusta GA, USA
| | - Amany Tawfik
- Ophthalmology and Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, GRU ; Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, GRU
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19
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Wachowska M, Muchowicz A, Firczuk M, Gabrysiak M, Winiarska M, Wańczyk M, Bojarczuk K, Golab J. Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA) as a Prodrug in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer. Molecules 2011. [PMCID: PMC6263343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16054140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an endogenous metabolite normally formed in the mitochondria from succinyl-CoA and glycine. Conjugation of eight ALA molecules yields protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and finally leads to formation of heme. Conversion of PpIX to its downstream substrates requires the activity of a rate-limiting enzyme ferrochelatase. When ALA is administered externally the abundantly produced PpIX cannot be quickly converted to its final product - heme by ferrochelatase and therefore accumulates within cells. Since PpIX is a potent photosensitizer this metabolic pathway can be exploited in photodynamic therapy (PDT). This is an already approved therapeutic strategy making ALA one of the most successful prodrugs used in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Wachowska
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angelika Muchowicz
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Firczuk
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gabrysiak
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wańczyk
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Bojarczuk
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A F Building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Department III, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel. +48-22-5992199; Fax: +48-22-5992194
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20
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Allison RR, Sibata CH. Oncologic photodynamic therapy photosensitizers: a clinical review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2010; 7:61-75. [PMID: 20510301 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A myriad of naturally occurring and synthetic structures are capable of transferring the energy of light. Few, however, allow for this energy transfer to enable a type II photochemical reaction which, as currently practiced, is a fundamental component of photodynamic therapy. Even fewer of these agents, aptly termed photosensitizers, have found success in the treatment of patients. This review will focus on the oncologic photosensitizers that have come to clinical trial with outcomes published in peer reviewed journals. Based on a clinical orientation the qualities of successful photosensitizers will be examined, how current drugs fare and potential future options explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron R Allison
- 21st Century Oncology, Greenville, NC 27834-3764, USA
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21
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Kudinova NV, Berezov TT. Photodynamic therapy of cancer: Search for ideal photosensitizer. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750810010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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O'Connor AE, Gallagher WM, Byrne AT. Porphyrin and nonporphyrin photosensitizers in oncology: preclinical and clinical advances in photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1053-74. [PMID: 19682322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 812] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is now a well-recognized modality for the treatment of cancer. While PDT has developed progressively over the last century, great advances have been observed in the field in recent years. The concept of dual selectivity of PDT agents is now widely accepted due to the relative specificity and selectivity of PDT along with the absence of harmful side effects often encountered with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Traditionally, porphyrin-based photosensitizers have dominated the PDT field but these first generation photosensitizers have several disadvantages, with poor light absorption and cutaneous photosensitivity being the predominant side effects. As a result, the requirement for new photosensitizers, including second generation porphyrins and porphyrin derivatives as well as third generation photosensitizers has arisen, with the aim of alleviating the problems encountered with first generation porphyrins and improving the efficacy of PDT. The investigation of nonporphyrin photosensitizers for the development of novel PDT agents has been considerably less extensive than porphyrin-based compounds; however, structural modification of nonporphyrin photosensitizers has allowed for manipulation of the photochemotherapeutic properties. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into PDT photosensitizers clinically approved for application in oncology, as well as those which show significant potential in ongoing preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling E O'Connor
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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23
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Nyst HJ, Tan IB, Stewart FA, Balm AJ. Is photodynamic therapy a good alternative to surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of head and neck cancer? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2009; 6:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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25
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Park Y, Kim W, Ko S, Lim D, Lee H, Lee W, Lee DW. Separation and Characterization of Chlorophyll Degradation Products in Silkworm Using HPLC‐UV‐APCI‐MS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120025517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young‐Jae Park
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120‐749, Korea
| | - Won‐Suk Kim
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120‐749, Korea
- c Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute , University of Illinois , Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Si‐Hwan Ko
- b Department of Microbiology , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae‐Seog Lim
- b Department of Microbiology , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung‐Joo Lee
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120‐749, Korea
| | - Won‐Young Lee
- b Department of Microbiology , Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Dai Woon Lee
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120‐749, Korea
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26
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly being recognized as an attractive, alternative treatment modality for superficial cancer. Treatment consists of two relatively simple procedures: the administration of a photosensitive drug and illumination of the tumor to activate the drug. Efficacy is high for small superficial tumors and, except for temporary skin photosensitization, there are no long-term side effects if appropriate protocols are followed. Healing occurs with little or no scarring and the procedure can be repeated without cumulative toxicity. Considering the efficacy and lack of long-term toxicity of PDT, and the fact that the first treatment of cancer with PDT was done more than 100 years ago, one might expect that this treatment had already become an established therapy. However, PDT is currently offered in only a few selected centers, although it is slowly gaining acceptance as an alternative to conventional cancer therapies. Here, we show the developmental steps PDT underwent and summarize the current clinical applications. The data show that, when properly used, PDT is an effective alternative treatment option in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Triesscheijn
- Division of Experimental Therapy (H6), The Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Stylli SS, Kaye AH. Photodynamic therapy of cerebral glioma – A review Part II – Clinical studies. J Clin Neurosci 2006; 13:709-17. [PMID: 16567094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a binary treatment modality that has been used to treat malignant brain tumours for 25 years. The treatment involves the selective uptake of a photosensitizer (PS) by the tumour cells followed by irradiation of the tumour with light of the appropriate wavelength to excite and activate the PS resulting in selective tumour destruction and is a potentially valuable adjunct to surgical excision and other conventional therapies. PDT has undergone extensive laboratory studies and clinical trials with a variety of PS and tumour models. These are discussed with reference mainly to clinical studies involving the PDT of brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, 5th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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28
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Allison RR, Sibata CH, Downie GH, Cuenca RE. A clinical review of PDT for cutaneous malignancies. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2006; 3:214-26. [PMID: 25046986 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
More critical than for most other anatomy, intervention to cutaneous malignancy must not only be therapeutically successful but also achieve excellent cosmetic and functional outcome. As it can achieve those ends, PDT has moved to the forefront in the management of skin cancer. A number of well designed clinical trials and large patient series have reported outstanding outcomes for many histologies. This paper will review the rationale and outcomes of cutaneous PDT to malignancy using both topical and systemic photosensitizers. The benefits and drawbacks of cutaneous PDT are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron R Allison
- PDT Center, Leo Jenkins Cancer Institute, The Brody School of Medicine at ECU, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Smith
- Radiation Oncology, The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, USA
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31
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Karrer S, Szeimies RM, Hohenleutner U, Landthaler M. Role of lasers and photodynamic therapy in the treatment of cutaneous malignancy. Am J Clin Dermatol 2002; 2:229-37. [PMID: 11705250 DOI: 10.2165/00128071-200102040-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tumor therapy is not a common indication for the use of lasers, as it is in the treatment of benign vascular skin lesions, since many alternative treatment modalities exist. However, certain patients may benefit from laser therapy of premalignant and malignant skin tumors. Skin tumors can be treated by laser excision, laser coagulation, laser vaporization, or photodynamic therapy (PDT). For these purposes, the carbon dioxide laser, the neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser and the argon laser are particularly suitable. PDT is a therapeutic approach based on the photosensitization of the target tissue by topical or systemic photosensitizers and subsequent irradiation with light from a laser or a lamp inducing cell death via generation of reactive oxygen species. Laser therapy and PDT have shown good results in the curative treatment of actinic keratoses, superficial basal cell carcinoma, Bowen's disease and cheilitis actinica. However, they are not recommended for primary malignant melanoma and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. In some patients, lasers and PDT might also be used effectively for the palliative treatment of cutaneous metastases. In selected patients, lasers and PDT may offer some advantages over routine procedures, e.g. reduction of scarring and better cosmetic results. However, when treating invasive tumors with curative intention, one has to bear in mind the lack of histologic control and the limited depth of tissue penetration of most laser and PDT therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karrer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Light has been employed in the treatment of disease since antiquity. Many ancient civilizations utilized phototherapy, but it was not until early last century that this form of therapy reappeared. Following the scientific discoveries by early pioneers such as Finsen, Raab and Von Tappeiner, the combination of light and drug administration led to the emergence of photochemotherapy as a therapeutic tool. The isolation of porphyrins and the subsequent discovery of their tumor-localizing properties and phototoxic effects on tumor tissue led to the development of modern photodetection (PD) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). This review traces the origins and development of PD and PDT from antiquity to the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ackroyd
- Section of Surgical and Anesthetic Sciences, Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
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33
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Hagedorn M, Bikfalvi A. Target molecules for anti-angiogenic therapy: from basic research to clinical trials. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2000; 34:89-110. [PMID: 10799835 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(00)00056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that anti-angiogenic drugs will improve future therapies of diseases like cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and ocular neovascularisation. However, it is still uncertain which kind of substance, out of the large number of angiogenesis inhibitors, will prove to be a suitable agent to treat these human diseases. There are currently more than 30 angiogenesis inhibitors in clinical trials and a multitude of promising new candidates are under investigation in vitro and in animal models. Important therapeutic strategies are: suppression of activity of the major angiogenic regulators like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF); inhibition of function of alphav-integrins and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); the exploitation of endogenous anti-angiogenic molecules like angiostatin, endostatin or thrombospondin. Given the wide spectrum of diseases which could be treated by anti-angiogenic compounds, it is important for today's clinicians to understand their essential mode of action at a cellular and molecular level. Here we give an in-depth overview of the basic pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the different anti-angiogenic approaches used to date based on the most recent fundamental and clinical research data. The angiogenesis inhibitors in clinical trials are presented and promising future drug candidates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hagedorn
- Laboratoire des Facteurs de Croissance et de la Différenciation cellulaire (Growth Factor and Cell Differenciation Laboratory), Bâtiment de Recherche Biologie Animale, Avenue des Facultés, Université de Bordeaux I, Talence, France
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Stewart F, Baas P, Star W. What does photodynamic therapy have to offer radiation oncologists (or their cancer patients)? Radiother Oncol 1998; 48:233-48. [PMID: 9925243 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(98)00063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Major advances have recently been made in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for clinical application, including the development of more powerful photosensitizers and light sources and suitable light applicators. PDT is emerging as an attractive new form of cancer therapy, suitable for treating superficial lesions (less than 1 cm in depth) and carcinoma in situ, or as an adjuvant to surgery for more bulky disease. PDT is therefore complementary to radiotherapy which is better suited to treating larger tumours. There are some qualitative similarities between light distribution in tissue during superficial illumination and ionizing radiation dose distributions during external beam irradiation, or between interstitial PDT and brachytherapy, although the geometric scale is very different (visible light penetrates a maximum of 5-10 mm in tissue). The contribution of scattered light to tissue irradiance is much greater than for ionizing radiation and in situ light dosimetry is very important (although rather complicated) to ensure adequate illumination without over-treating. Dosimetry and treatment planning are highly advanced for ionizing radiation and are routine in all radiotherapy departments. Proper in situ light dosimetry and dose distribution calculation for PDT is in its infancy. Physicists have an important role to play in the further optimization of clinical PDT and much of the infrastructure and expertise present in the radiotherapy department is ideally suited to accommodate PDT. In this review, parallels and contrasts are made between PDT and ionizing radiation for both mechanistic and dosimetric aspects of the therapies. A summary of the most interesting clinical applications is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stewart
- Division of Experimental Therapy, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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