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Ortiz AE, Ahluwalia J, Anderson RR, Franco W, Brian Jiang SI. Autofluorescence Excitation Imaging of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer for Margin Assessment Before Mohs Micrographic Surgery: A Pilot Study. Dermatol Surg 2024:00042728-990000000-00735. [PMID: 38518178 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000004171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autofluorescence photography can detect specific light-tissue interactions and record important pathophysiological changes associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), which has been ascribed to the fluorescence of an aromatic amino acid, tryptophan. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of a novel, autofluorescence imaging (AFI) device on margin control for NMSCs before Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) in an effort to decrease overall operating time. METHODS Before the initial stage of MMS, NMSCs were measured with a 2-mm margin as standard of care (normal margin). The tumor was then imaged with the AFI device. A 2-mm margin was drawn around the fluorescent area captured by the AFI device and was referred to as the camera margin. The tumor was excised based on the normal margin and evaluated on frozen histological section. RESULTS Imaging based on the AFI device resulted in appropriate recommendations for margin control in 8 of 11 tumors. Four of these tumors did not fluoresce and demonstrated a lack of tumor residuum on stage I specimen, as anticipated. There were no side effects from the AFI device. CONCLUSION This is an initial pilot study that supports the use of a novel, noninvasive imaging device to help with margin assessment before MMS. On optimization, this device has potential to extend applicability to surgical excisions for tumors that do not fulfill criteria for MMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisa E Ortiz
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Jusleen Ahluwalia
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - R Rox Anderson
- Wellman Center of Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology Cosmetic and Laser Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Walfre Franco
- Wellman Center of Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology Cosmetic and Laser Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Massachusetts
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Shang I Brian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
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In Vivo Reflectance Confocal Microscopy: Emerging Role in Noninvasive Diagnosis and Monitoring of Eczematous Dermatoses. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Intra- and Interspecies Variability of Single-Cell Innate Fluorescence Signature of Microbial Cell. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00608-19. [PMID: 31324624 PMCID: PMC6715841 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00608-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A cell’s innate fluorescence signature is an assemblage of fluorescence signals emitted by diverse biomolecules within a cell. It is known that the innate fluoresce signature reflects various cellular properties and physiological statuses; thus, they can serve as a rich source of information in cell characterization as well as cell identification. However, conventional techniques focus on the analysis of the innate fluorescence signatures at the population level but not at the single-cell level and thus necessitate a clonal culture. In the present study, we developed a technique to analyze the innate fluorescence signature of a single microbial cell. Using this novel method, we found that even very similarly shaped cells differ noticeably in their autofluorescence features, and the innate fluorescence signature changes dynamically with growth phases. We also demonstrated that the different cell types can be classified accurately within a mixed population under a microscope at the resolution of a single cell, depending solely on the innate fluorescence signature information. We suggest that single-cell autofluoresce signature analysis is a promising tool to directly assess the taxonomic or physiological heterogeneity within a microbial population, without cell tagging. Here we analyzed the innate fluorescence signature of the single microbial cell, within both clonal and mixed populations of microorganisms. We found that even very similarly shaped cells differ noticeably in their autofluorescence features and that the innate fluorescence signatures change dynamically with growth phases. We demonstrated that machine learning models can be trained with a data set of single-cell innate fluorescence signatures to annotate cells according to their phenotypes and physiological status, for example, distinguishing a wild-type Aspergillus nidulans cell from its nitrogen metabolism mutant counterpart and log-phase cells from stationary-phase cells of Pseudomonas putida. We developed a minimally invasive method (confocal reflection microscopy-assisted single-cell innate fluorescence [CRIF] analysis) to optically extract and catalog the innate cellular fluorescence signatures of each of the individual live microbial cells in a three-dimensional space. This technique represents a step forward from traditional techniques which analyze the innate fluorescence signatures at the population level and necessitate a clonal culture. Since the fluorescence signature is an innate property of a cell, our technique allows the prediction of the types or physiological status of intact and tag-free single cells, within a cell population distributed in a three-dimensional space. Our study presents a blueprint for a streamlined cell analysis where one can directly assess the potential phenotype of each single cell in a heterogenous population by its autofluorescence signature under a microscope, without cell tagging. IMPORTANCE A cell’s innate fluorescence signature is an assemblage of fluorescence signals emitted by diverse biomolecules within a cell. It is known that the innate fluoresce signature reflects various cellular properties and physiological statuses; thus, they can serve as a rich source of information in cell characterization as well as cell identification. However, conventional techniques focus on the analysis of the innate fluorescence signatures at the population level but not at the single-cell level and thus necessitate a clonal culture. In the present study, we developed a technique to analyze the innate fluorescence signature of a single microbial cell. Using this novel method, we found that even very similarly shaped cells differ noticeably in their autofluorescence features, and the innate fluorescence signature changes dynamically with growth phases. We also demonstrated that the different cell types can be classified accurately within a mixed population under a microscope at the resolution of a single cell, depending solely on the innate fluorescence signature information. We suggest that single-cell autofluoresce signature analysis is a promising tool to directly assess the taxonomic or physiological heterogeneity within a microbial population, without cell tagging.
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Maarouf M, Costello CM, Gonzalez S, Angulo I, Curiel-Lewandrowski CN, Shi VY. In Vivo Reflectance Confocal Microscopy: Emerging Role in Noninvasive Diagnosis and Monitoring of Eczematous Dermatoses. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2019; 110:626-636. [PMID: 31202471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatologic diagnosis and monitoring have been dependent largely on visual grading. A skin biopsy is performed in case of diagnostic uncertainty, but can be traumatic, and results are delayed due to time for specimen transport and processing. Biopsies also destroy specimens, prohibiting lesion evolution monitoring. In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) offers a diagnostic alternative to skin biopsy. RCM captures real-time, high-resolution images, and has been piloted for the evaluation of various dermatologic conditions. Identification of unique RCM features may distinguish dermatoses with similar clinical morphologies. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) are diagnosed by patch testing that currently uses a subjective scoring system. RCM has increasingly been studied for early detection and severity grading of CD. Common RCM features shared by ACD and ICD are stratum corneum disruption, vesicle formation, exocytosis, spongiosis, and parakeratosis. Features unique to ACD are vasodilation, increased epidermal thickness, intercellular edema, and acanthosis. Features unique to ICD are detached corneocytes and targetoid keratinocytes. This review summarizes the use of RCM in evaluating contact eccematous conditions and aims to spark future research and interest in this promising tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maarouf
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, Estados Unidos
| | - C M Costello
- Departamento de Dermatología, Clínica Mayo, Scottsdale, Arizona, Estados Unidos
| | - S Gonzalez
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, España
| | - I Angulo
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de ArizonaTucson, Arizona, Estados Unidos
| | - C N Curiel-Lewandrowski
- División de Dermatología, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, Estados Unidos
| | - V Y Shi
- División de Dermatología, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, Estados Unidos.
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Maidhof R, Liebel F, Hwang C, Ruvolo E, Lyga J. UV
fluorescence excitation spectroscopy as a noninvasive predictor of epidermal proliferation and clinical performance of cosmetic formulations. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2019; 35:408-414. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yim JH, Jeong KH, Shin MK. Comparative study of skin autofluorescence expression in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: A prospective in vivo study. Skin Res Technol 2016; 23:169-175. [PMID: 27511797 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis requires their differentiation from other eczematoid dermatitis and a determination of disease severity. However, both can be clinically difficult and the findings subjectively interpreted. We investigated the utility of in vivo autofluorescence (AF) measurements for diagnosis of both diseases, and determination of severity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty patients with AD and 30 with psoriasis were recruited, together with sex- and age-matched patients with healthy skin. AF intensity was measured using the EcoSkin® fluorescence video dermatoscope. In AD and psoriasis patients, AF in non-sun-exposed lesional and non-lesional skin was measured. To identify the locations that reflect characteristics of AD, AF was also measured at the other sites in the patients with AD. RESULTS AD was associated with lower AF and psoriasis with higher AF intensity peaking around 620 nm. In addition, skin AF intensity of each disease was associated with severity of lesion. CONCLUSIONS Non-invasive measurement of skin AF in vivo can aid in diagnosis of AD and psoriasis as well as in treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Yim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicaine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - K H Jeong
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicaine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - M K Shin
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicaine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Gutierrez-Herrera E, Ortiz A, Doukas A, Franco W. Fluorescence excitation photography of epidermal cellular proliferation. Br J Dermatol 2016; 174:1086-91. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Gutierrez-Herrera
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Dermatology; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA U.S.A
| | - A.E. Ortiz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Dermatology; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA U.S.A
| | - A. Doukas
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Dermatology; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA U.S.A
| | - W. Franco
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Dermatology; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA U.S.A
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Franco W, Gutierrez-Herrera E, Kollias N, Doukas A. Review of applications of fluorescence excitation spectroscopy to dermatology. Br J Dermatol 2015; 174:499-504. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Franco
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Department of Dermatology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA U.S.A
| | - E. Gutierrez-Herrera
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Department of Dermatology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA U.S.A
| | - N. Kollias
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - A. Doukas
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine; Department of Dermatology; Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA U.S.A
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Endogenous fluorescence signatures in living pluripotent stem cells change with loss of potency. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43708. [PMID: 22952742 PMCID: PMC3430704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of stem cells is limited by the non-uniformity of their phenotypic state. Thus it would be advantageous to noninvasively monitor stem cell status. Driven by this challenge, we employed multidimensional multiphoton microscopy to quantify changes in endogenous fluorescence occurring with pluripotent stem cell differentiation. We found that global and cellular-scale fluorescence lifetime of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and murine embryonic stem cells (mESC) consistently decreased with differentiation. Less consistent were trends in endogenous fluorescence intensity with differentiation, suggesting intensity is more readily impacted by nuances of species and scale of analysis. What emerges is a practical and accessible approach to evaluate, and ultimately enrich, living stem cell populations based on changes in metabolism that could be exploited for both research and clinical applications.
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Non-invasive skin biomarkers quantification of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis: Cytokines, antioxidants and psoriatic skin auto-fluorescence. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 66:293-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Tierney E, Petersen J, Hanke CW. Photodynamic diagnosis of tumor margins using methyl aminolevulinate before Mohs micrographic surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64:911-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Uchugonova A, König K. Two-photon autofluorescence and second-harmonic imaging of adult stem cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:054068. [PMID: 19021446 DOI: 10.1117/1.3002370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Human and animal stem cells (rat and human adult pancreatic stem cells, salivary gland stem cells, and human dental pulp stem cells) are investigated by femtosecond laser 5-D two-photon microscopy. Autofluorescence and second-harmonic generation (SHG) are imaged with submicron spatial resolution, 270 ps temporal resolution, and 10 nm spectral resolution. In particular, the reduced coenzyme nicotinamide adenine (phosphorylated) dinucleotide [NAD(P)H] and flavoprotein fluorescence is detected in stem cell monolayers and stem cell spheroids. Major emission peaks at 460 and 530 nm with typical long fluorescence lifetimes (tau2) of 1.8 and 2.0 ns, respectively, are measured using spectral imaging and time-correlated single photon counting. Differentiated stem cells produce the extra cellular matrix (ECM) protein collagen, detected by SHG signals at 435 nm. Multiphoton microscopes may become novel noninvasive tools for marker-free optical stem cell characterization and for on-line monitoring of differentiation within a 3-D microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisada Uchugonova
- Fraunhofer Institute of Biomedical Technology (IBMT), Ensheimerstr. 48-50, 66386 St. Ingbert, Germany
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Doukas AG, Soukos NS, Babusis S, Appa Y, Kollias N. Fluorescence Excitation Spectroscopy for the Measurement of Epidermal Proliferation¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740096fesftm2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Stamatas GN, Estanislao RB, Suero M, Rivera ZS, Li J, Khaiat A, Kollias N. Facial skin fluorescence as a marker of the skin's response to chronic environmental insults and its dependence on age. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:125-32. [PMID: 16403105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Throughout life facial skin is exposed to a variety of adverse environmental conditions and is constantly required to repair itself. The rate of epidermal cell proliferation is indicative of the skin's repair rate and can be monitored noninvasively in vivo using skin intrinsic fluorescence markers. OBJECTIVES The goal of the present study was to assess the effects of ageing, geographical region, ethnic origin and season on the ability of facial skin to repair itself in the presence of chronic environmental insults using in vivo fluorescence spectroscopy. METHODS Skin fluorescence emission was measured on the cheeks of 522 individuals in winter and repeated in summer in five different geographical locations in the Asia-Pacific region. Fluorescence emission was also measured from 80 caucasians of fair complexion in the United States (New Jersey area) on the face and on a relatively protected area (upper inner arm). The age range of the participants was 14-75 years. RESULTS We found that epidermal proliferation rates decrease monotonically with age, while the fluorescence of collagen and elastin cross-links increases with age indicating accumulation of advanced glycation end-products. These trends were independent of geographical region, ethnic origin and season of measurement. Epidermal proliferation rates of facial skin were higher than those of unexposed sites; they may be 10 times higher in younger (second decade) than in older (seventh decade) individuals, and they decrease with age at rates 10 times faster compared with those of unexposed sites. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that epidermal proliferation and its dependence on ageing have been measured noninvasively on the human face. The higher tryptophan fluorescence values on the face vs. the protected site are indicative of accelerated rates of epidermal proliferation in the presence of chronic environmental insults. The repair potential of facial skin, i.e. its ability to maintain high proliferation rates, is maximal in younger populations and gradually decreases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Stamatas
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products Worldwide, Skillman, NJ, USA.
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15
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Astner S, Burnett N, Rius-Díaz F, Doukas AG, González S, Gonzalez E. Irritant contact dermatitis induced by a common household irritant: A noninvasive evaluation of ethnic variability in skin response. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54:458-65. [PMID: 16488297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to investigate the ethnic susceptibility to irritant contact dermatitis induced by a common dishwashing liquid using noninvasive technologies. METHODS A total of 30 participants (15 Caucasian, 15 African American) were patch tested to graded concentrations of a common household irritant and evaluated using clinical scoring, reflectance confocal microscopy, transepidermal water loss, and fluorescence excitation spectroscopy. RESULTS At 24 hours, the concentration thresholds for clinically perceptible irritancy were significantly higher for African American compared with Caucasian participants. Reflectance confocal microscopy showed stratum corneum disruption, parakeratosis, and spongiosis; these features were more severe in Caucasian participants (P < or = .002). Mean values for transepidermal water loss were significantly higher in the Caucasian group at comparable clinical scores (P < or = .005). Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy showed a broad excitation band at 300 nm (emission 340 nm) and values in both groups returned to baseline by day 7. LIMITATIONS This pilot study was limited in scope and larger studies are needed to further evaluate ethnic differences in irritant contact dermatitis and to demonstrate the applicability of our findings for other irritants. CONCLUSION Clinical evaluation, reflectance confocal microscopy, and transepidermal water loss showed significant differences in the cutaneous irritant response between both groups suggesting a superior barrier function of African American skin. Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy on the other hand demonstrated no differences in the hyperproliferative response after irritant exposure and indicated similar kinetics for the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Astner
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Reyes JMG, Fermanian S, Yang F, Zhou SY, Herretes S, Murphy DB, Elisseeff JH, Chuck RS. Metabolic changes in mesenchymal stem cells in osteogenic medium measured by autofluorescence spectroscopy. Stem Cells 2006; 24:1213-7. [PMID: 16439616 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to measure metabolic changes in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) placed in osteogenic medium by autofluorescence spectroscopy. MSCs were plated in stem cell-supporting or osteogenic medium and imaged. Shift from the basic growth environment to the inductive osteogenic environment was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Reduced pyridine nucleotides were detected by exciting near 366 nm and measuring fluorescence at 450 nm, and oxidized flavoproteins were detected by exciting at 460 nm and measuring fluorescence at 540 nm. The ratio of these fluorescence measurements, reduction-oxidation (redox) fluorometry, is a noninvasive measure of the cellular metabolic state. The detected pyridine nucleotide to flavoprotein ratio decreased upon transitioning from the stem cell to the differentiated state, as well as with increasing cell density and cell-cell contact. MSC metabolism increased upon placement in differentiating medium and with increasing cell density and contact. Redox fluorometry is a feasible, noninvasive technique for distinguishing MSCs from further differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann M G Reyes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21117, USA
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Hsu ER, Gillenwater AM, Richards-Kortum RR. Detection of the molecular changes associated with oral cancer using a molecular-specific fluorescent contrast agent and single-wavelength spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 59:1166-73. [PMID: 16197641 DOI: 10.1366/0003702055012582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
There is currently no standard screening technique for oral cancer and its precursors other than visual identification and biopsy of suspicious lesions. To aid noninvasive early detection of oral neoplasia in vivo, we previously developed a molecular-specific contrast agent targeted against epidermal growth factor receptor. Here, we present a simple fluorescence spectroscopy system to detect the presence of this contrast agent in biological models representative of living tissues in order to demonstrate the feasibility of using a spectroscopy system in conjunction with a contrast agent as a screening technique for oral cancer. The spectroscopy system was tested for the ability to detect the contrast agent in four in vitro models: multilayer tissue phantoms made of cells pre-labeled with the contrast agent, multilayer tissue phantoms labeled with the contrast agent from the surface in conjunction with a permeability enhancing agent, fresh tissue slices from normal and abnormal oral cavity biopsies, and whole normal and abnormal oral cavity biopsies. The optical signal from samples labeled with the contrast agent was 3--32 times stronger compared to controls and was detected with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 10. These results demonstrate that an inexpensive and simple spectroscopy system can be used in biological models of living systems to detect the optical signal from a contrast agent targeted toward a cancer-related biomarker with good signal-to-noise ratios. Coupling inexpensive fluorescence spectrometers with molecular-specific contrast agents has the potential to improve the early detection of oral neoplasia by providing a low-cost screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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Tagg R, Asadi-Zeydabadi M, Meyers AD. Biophotonic and Other Physical Methods for Characterizing Oral Mucosa. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2005; 38:215-40, vi. [PMID: 15823590 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses biophotonic and other physical methods for characterizing oral mucosa.
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Astner S, González E, Cheung AC, Rius-Díaz F, Doukas AG, William F, González S. Non-invasive evaluation of the kinetics of allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:351-9. [PMID: 15675954 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) allows non-invasive visualization of human skin in vivo. It has been used to describe the histopathological features of acute contact dermatitis (CD). This work was designed to investigate the kinetics of both allergic and irritant CD (ACD and ICD) in vivo. Eighteen subjects with a prior diagnosis of ACD were patch tested with the specific allergen sodium lauryl sulfate as an irritant, and appropriate controls. RCM, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and fluorescence excitation spectroscopy (FES) were performed at several time points within 2 wk after patch removal. After removal of the Finn chambers at 48 h, superficial epidermal changes, primarily involving the stratum corneum, and increased epidermal thickness were mainly present in ICD. ACD, on the other hand, showed microvesicle formation peaking at 96 h following patch removal. Both ACD and ICD showed exocytosis and similar degrees of spongiosis on RCM. TEWL and FES demonstrated a significant difference between ACD and ICD. RCM, TEWL, and FES are valuable non-invasive tools to quantitatively study the kinetics of the pathophysiology of acute CD reactions in vivo and monitor the changes at a cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Astner
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Monici M. Cell and tissue autofluorescence research and diagnostic applications. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2005; 11:227-56. [PMID: 16216779 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(05)11007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cells contain molecules, which become fluorescent when excited by UV/Vis radiation of suitable wavelength. This fluorescence emission, arising from endogenous fluorophores, is an intrinsic property of cells and is called auto-fluorescence to be distinguished from fluorescent signals obtained by adding exogenous markers. The majority of cell auto-fluorescence originates from mitochondria and lysosomes. Together with aromatic amino acids and lipo-pigments, the most important endogenous fluorophores are pyridinic (NADPH) and flavin coenzymes. In tissues, the extracellular matrix often contributes to the auto-fluorescence emission more than the cellular component, because collagen and elastin have, among the endogenous fluorophores, a relatively high quantum yield. Changes occurring in the cell and tissue state during physiological and/or pathological processes result in modifications of the amount and distribution of endogenous fluorophores and chemical-physical properties of their microenvironment. Therefore, analytical techniques based on auto-fluorescence monitoring can be utilized in order to obtain information about morphological and physiological state of cells and tissues. Moreover, auto-fluorescence analysis can be performed in real time because it does not require any treatment of fixing or staining of the specimens. In the past few years spectroscopic and imaging techniques have been developed for many different applications both in basic research and diagnostics.
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Grossman N, Ilovitz E, Chaims O, Salman A, Jagannathan R, Mark S, Cohen B, Gopas J, Mordechai S. Fluorescence spectroscopy for detection of malignancy: H-ras overexpressing fibroblasts as a model. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2001; 50:53-63. [PMID: 11714512 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(01)00175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Autofluorescence from intracellular chromophores upon illumination of cells by monochromatic light has been studied towards the development of novel noninvasive and sensitive technology for the early detection of cancer. To investigate the relationship between biochemical and morphological changes underlying malignant disease and resulting fluorescence spectra, an in vitro model system of a paired normal and malignant murine fibroblasts cell lines, differing in cancer-associated H-ras expression was employed. A comparison of fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of proliferative cells revealed that fluorescence intensity of malignant cells was significantly less than that of normal cells upon excitation at 290 nm. Fluorescence of both cell lines decreased with decreasing cell concentration, but at each concentration, normal cells had higher fluorescence intensity than malignant cells. Similar differences between the cell lines were observed when brought to quiescence or at stationary phase. Results suggested that the chromophore contributing most significantly to these spectra is tryptophan and its moieties in proteins. This model system demonstrates the specific contribution of H-ras to subcellular chromophores, resulting in a significant difference in their autofluorescence intensity, and implies the potential use of the technique for cancer detection. This model system is potent for analysis of the contribution of other oncogenes and their combinations towards spectral detection of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Grossman
- Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, POB 151, 84101, Beersheba, Israel.
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22
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Doukas AG, Soukos NS, Babusis S, Appa Y, Kollias N. Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy for the measurement of epidermal proliferation. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:96-102. [PMID: 11460544 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0096:fesftm>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy was used to assess cellular turnover in human skin by monitoring changes of endogenous fluorescence. Epidermal proliferation was induced with alpha-hydroxy acids. Commercially available glycolic acid creams (8 and 4% wt/wt concentration) and a vehicle cream (placebo) were applied in a randomized double blinded fashion on subjects' forearms, twice daily for 21 days. Excitation spectra were recorded (excitation 250-360 nm, emission 380 nm) at days 0, 1, 3, 7, 10, 11, 14, 17 and 21. The 295 nm excitation band (assigned to tryptophan moieties) was used in this study as a marker for cellular proliferation. To further reduce the day-to-day variability of the skin fluorescence the intensity of the 295 nm band was normalized to the 334 nm band (assigned to collagen crosslinks). The fluorescence emission intensity from placebo-treated skin remained practically unchanged over the period of the measurements while the fluorescence intensity measured from the glycolic acid-treated skin increased monotonically with treatment. The rate of increase of the excitation intensity with treatment was found to be dose dependent. The epidermal 295 nm band may be used as a quantitative marker to monitor the rate of proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes noninvasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Doukas
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, WEL224, Boston, MA, USA.
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23
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Pitts JD, Sloboda RD, Dragnev KH, Dmitrovsky E, Mycek MA. Autofluorescence characteristics of immortalized and carcinogen-transformed human bronchial epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2001; 6:31-40. [PMID: 11178578 DOI: 10.1117/1.1333057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2000] [Revised: 10/09/2000] [Accepted: 10/11/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue autofluorescence has been explored as a potential method of noninvasive pre-neoplasia (pre-malignancy) detection in the lung. Here, we report the first studies of intrinsic cellular autofluorescence from SV40 immortalized and distinct tobacco-carcinogen-transformed (malignant) human bronchial epithelial cells. These cell lines are useful models for studies seeking to distinguish between normal and pre-neoplastic human bronchial epithelial cells. The cells were characterized via spectrofluorimetry and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Spectrofluorimetry revealed that tryptophan was the dominant fluorophore. No change in tryptophan emission intensity was observed between immortalized and carcinogen-transformed cells. Confocal autofluorescence microscopy was performed using a highly sensitive, spectrometer-coupled instrument capable of limiting emission detection to specific wavelength ranges. These studies revealed two additional endogenous fluorophores, whose excitation and emission characteristics were consistent with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavins. In immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells, the fluorescence of these species was localized to cytoplasmic granules. In contrast, the carcinogen-transformed cells showed an appreciable decrease in the fluorescence intensity of both NADH and flavins and the punctate, spatial localization of the autofluorescence was lost. The observed autofluorescence decrease was potentially the result of changes in the redox state of the fluorophores. The random cytoplasmic fluorescence pattern found in carcinogen-transformed cells may be attributed to changes in the mitochondrial morphology. The implications of these results to pre-neoplasia detection in the lung are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Pitts
- Dartmouth College, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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24
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Gillies R, Zonios G, Anderson RR, Kollias N. Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy provides information about human skin in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:704-7. [PMID: 10998147 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy of human skin has the potential to provide useful morphologic and biochemical information. The endogenous fluorescence of human skin has been investigated in vivo on normal human volunteers as well as on patients with psoriasis and it was found that characteristic bands can be identified in the fluorescence spectra that are associated with specific skin fluorophores. One epidermal band (295 nm excitation, attributed to tryptophan) and two dermal bands (335 and 370 nm excitation, attributed to collagen cross-links) were consistently present in all fluorescence spectra. In addition, the fluorescence spectra obtained from lesions and nonlesional sites of psoriatic patients differed from those obtained from healthy volunteers and the hyperproliferative state of the lesions was characterized by a significantly larger signal at 295 nm excitation. These results indicate that fluorescence spectroscopy is a promising technique for the investigation of human skin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gillies
- Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Ramanujam N. Fluorescence spectroscopy of neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues. Neoplasia 2000; 2:89-117. [PMID: 10933071 PMCID: PMC1531869 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/1999] [Accepted: 12/02/1999] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fast and non-invasive, diagnostic techniques based on fluorescence spectroscopy have the potential to link the biochemical and morphologic properties of tissues to individual patient care. One of the most widely explored applications of fluorescence spectroscopy is the detection of endoscopically invisible, early neoplastic growth in epithelial tissue sites. Currently, there are no effective diagnostic techniques for these early tissue transformations. If fluorescence spectroscopy can be applied successfully as a diagnostic technique in this clinical context, it may increase the potential for curative treatment, and thus, reduce complications and health care costs. Steady-state, fluorescence measurements from small tissue regions as well as relatively large tissue fields have been performed. To a much lesser extent, time-resolved, fluorescence measurements have also been explored for tissue characterization. Furthermore, sources of both intrinsic (endogenous fluorophores) and extrinsic fluorescence (exogenous fluorophores) have been considered. The goal of the current report is to provide a comprehensive review on steady-state and time-resolved, fluorescence measurements of neoplastic and non-neoplastic, biologic systems of varying degrees of complexity. First, the principles and methodology of fluorescence spectroscopy are discussed. Next, the endogenous fluorescence properties of cells, frozen tissue sections and excised and intact bulk tissues are presented; fluorescence measurements from both animal and human tissue models are discussed. This is concluded with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ramanujam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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26
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Karu T. Primary and secondary mechanisms of action of visible to near-IR radiation on cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1999; 49:1-17. [PMID: 10365442 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 765] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase is discussed as a possible photoacceptor when cells are irradiated with monochromatic red to near-IR radiation. Four primary action mechanisms are reviewed: changes in the redox properties of the respiratory chain components following photoexcitation of their electronic states, generation of singlet oxygen, localized transient heating of absorbing chromophores, and increased superoxide anion production with subsequent increase in concentration of the product of its dismutation, H2O2. A cascade of reactions connected with alteration in cellular homeostasis parameters (pHi, [Cai], cAMP, Eh, [ATP] and some others) is considered as a photosignal transduction and amplification chain in a cell (secondary mechanisms).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Karu
- Laser Technology Research Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Troitsk, Moscow Region, Russia.
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27
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Wagnières GA, Star WM, Wilson BC. In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging for oncological applications. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [PMID: 9825692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb02521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Wagnières
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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