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Semmes EC, Shen E, Cohen JL, Zhang C, Wei Q, Hurst JH, Walsh KM. Genetic variation associated with childhood and adult stature and risk of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. Cancer Med 2020; 9:8216-8225. [PMID: 32945147 PMCID: PMC7643638 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma is the most common pediatric solid tumor. MYCN‐amplification is an important negative prognostic indicator and inherited genetic contributions to risk are incompletely understood. Genetic determinants of stature increase risk of several adult and childhood cancers, but have not been studied in neuroblastoma despite elevated neuroblastoma incidence in children with congenital overgrowth syndromes. Methods We investigated the association between genetic determinants of height and neuroblastoma risk in 1538 neuroblastoma cases, stratified by MYCN‐amplification status, and compared to 3390 European‐ancestry controls using polygenic scores for birth length (five variants), childhood height (six variants), and adult height (413 variants). We further examined the UK Biobank to evaluate the association of known neuroblastoma risk loci and stature. Results An increase in the polygenic score for childhood stature, corresponding to a ~0.5 cm increase in pre‐pubertal height, was associated with greater risk of MYCN‐amplified neuroblastoma (OR = 1.14, P = .047). An increase in the polygenic score for adult stature, corresponding to a ~1.7 cm increase in adult height attainment, was associated with decreased risk of MYCN‐amplified neuroblastoma (OR = 0.87, P = .047). These associations persisted in case‐case analyses comparing MYCN‐amplified to MYCN‐unamplified neuroblastoma. No polygenic height scores were associated with MYCN‐unamplified neuroblastoma risk. Previously identified genome‐wide association study hits for neuroblastoma (N = 10) were significantly enriched for association with both childhood (P = 4.0 × 10−3) and adult height (P = 8.9 × 10−3) in >250 000 UK Biobank study participants. Conclusions Genetic propensity to taller childhood height and shorter adult height were associated with MYCN‐amplified neuroblastoma risk, suggesting that biological pathways affecting growth trajectories and pubertal timing may contribute to MYCN‐amplified neuroblastoma etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Semmes
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Erica Shen
- Division of Neuro-epidemiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer L Cohen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chenan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jillian H Hurst
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kyle M Walsh
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Health and Discovery Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Neuro-epidemiology, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Scollon S, Anglin AK, Thomas M, Turner JT, Wolfe Schneider K. A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Tumors and Associated Cancer Predisposition Syndromes. J Genet Couns 2017; 26:387-434. [PMID: 28357779 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the role of inherited cancer predisposition syndromes in pediatric tumor diagnoses continues to develop as more information is learned through the application of genomic technology. Identifying patients and their relatives at an increased risk for developing cancer is an important step in the care of this patient population. The purpose of this review is to highlight various tumor types that arise in the pediatric population and the cancer predisposition syndromes associated with those tumors. The review serves as a guide for recognizing genes and conditions to consider when a pediatric cancer referral presents to the genetics clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Scollon
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates St, FC 1200, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | | | | | - Joyce T Turner
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kami Wolfe Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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3
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Brioude F, Lacoste A, Netchine I, Vazquez MP, Auber F, Audry G, Gauthier-Villars M, Brugieres L, Gicquel C, Le Bouc Y, Rossignol S. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: growth pattern and tumor risk according to molecular mechanism, and guidelines for tumor surveillance. Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 80:457-65. [PMID: 24335096 DOI: 10.1159/000355544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth syndrome associated with an increased risk of pediatric tumors. The underlying molecular abnormalities may be genetic (CDKN1C mutations or 11p15 paternal uniparental isodisomy, pUPD) or epigenetic (imprinting center region 1, ICR1, gain of methylation, ICR1 GOM, or ICR2 loss of methylation, ICR2 LOM). AIM We aimed to describe a cohort of 407 BWS patients with molecular defects of the 11p15 domain followed prospectively after molecular diagnosis. RESULTS Birth weight and length were significantly higher in patients with ICR1 GOM than in the other groups. ICR2 LOM and CDKN1C mutations were associated with a higher prevalence of exomphalos. Mean adult height (regardless of molecular subtype, n = 35) was 1.8 ± 1.2 SDS, with 18 patients having a final height above +2 SDS. The prevalence of tumors was 8.6% in the whole population; 28.6 and 17.3% of the patients with ICR1 GOM (all Wilms tumors) and 11p15 pUPD, respectively, developed a tumor during infancy. Conversely, the prevalence of tumors in patients with ICR2 LOM and CDKN1C mutations were 3.1 and 8.8%, respectively, with no Wilms tumors. CONCLUSION Based on these results for a large cohort, we formulated guidelines for the follow-up of these patients according to the molecular subtype of BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Brioude
- AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France
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Abstract
Pancreatoblastoma is a rare malignant tumor of the pancreas mostly diagnosed in childhood. The clinical presentation and outcome of infantile and congenital pancreatoblastoma have not been clearly elucidated. This report describes our recent institutional experience with an unusual case of congenital pancreatoblastoma. Review of the scientific literature identifies approximately 200 cases of pancreatoblastoma. We describe the 9 infantile (aged 3 mo and younger) and 4 congenital cases previously reported and summarize their clinical presentation and outcome. We also define the close association of infantile/congenital pancreatoblastoma and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (50%) versus all affected age groups (4.5%).
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5
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Kannenberg K, Urban C, Binder G. Increased incidence of aberrant DNA methylation within diverse imprinted gene loci outside of IGF2/H19 in Silver-Russell syndrome. Clin Genet 2012; 81:366-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Hochberg Z, Feil R, Constancia M, Fraga M, Junien C, Carel JC, Boileau P, Le Bouc Y, Deal CL, Lillycrop K, Scharfmann R, Sheppard A, Skinner M, Szyf M, Waterland RA, Waxman DJ, Whitelaw E, Ong K, Albertsson-Wikland K. Child health, developmental plasticity, and epigenetic programming. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:159-224. [PMID: 20971919 PMCID: PMC3365792 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity in developmental programming has evolved in order to provide the best chances of survival and reproductive success to the organism under changing environments. Environmental conditions that are experienced in early life can profoundly influence human biology and long-term health. Developmental origins of health and disease and life-history transitions are purported to use placental, nutritional, and endocrine cues for setting long-term biological, mental, and behavioral strategies in response to local ecological and/or social conditions. The window of developmental plasticity extends from preconception to early childhood and involves epigenetic responses to environmental changes, which exert their effects during life-history phase transitions. These epigenetic responses influence development, cell- and tissue-specific gene expression, and sexual dimorphism, and, in exceptional cases, could be transmitted transgenerationally. Translational epigenetic research in child health is a reiterative process that ranges from research in the basic sciences, preclinical research, and pediatric clinical research. Identifying the epigenetic consequences of fetal programming creates potential applications in clinical practice: the development of epigenetic biomarkers for early diagnosis of disease, the ability to identify susceptible individuals at risk for adult diseases, and the development of novel preventive and curative measures that are based on diet and/or novel epigenetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Hochberg
- Rambam Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Choufani S, Shuman C, Weksberg R. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 154C:343-54. [PMID: 20803657 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an imprinting disorder characterized by overgrowth, tumor predisposition, and congenital malformations. Approximately 85% of reported BWS cases are sporadic, while the remaining 15% are familial. BWS is caused by epigenetic or genomic alterations which disrupt genes in one or both of the two imprinted domains on chromosome 11p15.5. In each domain, an imprinting center regulates the expression of imprinted genes in cis. Normally in domain 1, insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and the untranslated mRNA H19 are monoallelically expressed. In BWS, increased expression of IGF2 occurs via several mechanisms. In domain 2, CDKN1C, a growth repressor, and an untranslated RNA, KCNQ1OT1, are normally expressed monoallelically. In cases of BWS, several mechanisms result in reduced expression of CDKN1C. Recent reports of BWS cases have identified mutations outside the chromosome 11p15.5 critical region, thereby broadening the challenges in the diagnosis and genetic counseling of individuals and families with BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa Choufani
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Lennerz JK, Timmerman RJ, Grange DK, DeBaun MR, Feinberg AP, Zehnbauer BA. Addition of H19 'loss of methylation testing' for Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) increases the diagnostic yield. J Mol Diagn 2010; 12:576-88. [PMID: 20616360 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2010.100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a clinical diagnosis; however, molecular confirmation via abnormal methylation of DMR2(LIT1) and/or DMR1(H19) has clinical utility due to epigenotype-tumor association. Despite the strong link between H19 hypermethylation and tumor risk, several diagnostic laboratories only test for hypomethylation of LIT1. We assessed the added diagnostic value of combined LIT1 and H19 testing in a large series of referred samples from 1298 patients, including 53 well-characterized patients from the St. Louis Children's Hospital BWS-Registry (validation samples) and 1245 consecutive nationwide referrals (practice samples). Methylation-sensitive enzymatic digestion with Southern hybridization assessed loss of normal imprinting. In the validation group, abnormal LIT1 hypomethylation was detected in 60% (32/52) of patients but LIT1/H19-combined testing was abnormal in 68% (36/53); sensitivity in the practice setting demonstrated 27% (342/1245) abnormal LIT1 and 32% (404/1245) abnormal LIT1/H19-combined. In addition, H19 methylation was abnormal in 7% of LIT1-normal patients. We observed absence of uniparental disomy (UPD) in 27% of combined LIT1/H19-abnormal samples, diagnostic of multilocus methylation abnormalities; in contrast to studies implicating that combined LIT1/H19 abnormalities are diagnostic of UPD. The overall low detection rate, even in validated patient samples and despite characterization of both loci and UPD status, emphasizes the importance of clinical diagnosis in BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen K Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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García-de-la-Torre JP, Sotelo-Rodríguez MT, Santos-Briz A, Rodríguez-Peralto JL, De-Castro J. Mesenchymal Hamartoma of the Liver in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome: The First Reported Case. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15513810009168652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Geneticists estimate that 5% to 10% of all cancers diagnosed in the pediatric age range occur in children born with a genetic mutation that directly increases their lifetime risk for neoplasia. However, despite the fact that only a fraction of cancers in children occur as a result of an identified inherited predisposition, characterizing genetic mutations responsible for increased cancer risk in such syndromes has resulted in a profound understanding of relevant molecular pathways involved in carcinogenesis and/or resistance to neoplasia. Importantly, because most cancer predisposition syndromes result in an increased risk of a small number of defined malignancies, personalized prophylactic surveillance and preventive measures can be implemented in affected patients. Lastly, many of the same genetic targets identified from cancer-prone families are mechanistically involved in the majority of sporadic cancers in adults and children, thereby underscoring the clinical relevance of knowledge gained from these defined syndromes and introducing novel therapeutic opportunities to the broader oncologic community. This review highlights the clinical and genetic features of many of the known constitutional genetic syndromes that predispose to malignancy in children and young adults.
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Weksberg R, Shuman C, Beckwith JB. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:8-14. [PMID: 19550435 PMCID: PMC2987155 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a model disorder for the study of imprinting, growth dysregulation, and tumorigenesis. Unique observations in this disorder point to an important embryonic developmental window relevant to the observations of increased monozygotic twinning and an increased rate of epigenetic errors after subfertility/assisted reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Weksberg
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.
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12
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Murphy R, Baptista J, Holly J, Umpleby AM, Ellard S, Harries LW, Crolla J, Cundy T, Hattersley AT. Severe intrauterine growth retardation and atypical diabetes associated with a translocation breakpoint disrupting regulation of the insulin-like growth factor 2 gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:4373-80. [PMID: 18728168 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT IGF-II is an imprinted gene (predominantly transcribed from the paternally inherited allele), which has an important role in fetal growth in mice. IGF2 gene expression is regulated by a complex system of enhancers and promoters that determine tissue-specific and development-specific transcription. In mice, enhancers of the IGF2 gene are located up to 260 kb telomeric to the gene. The role of IGF-II in humans is unclear. OBJECTIVE A woman of short adult stature (1.46 m, -3 sd score) born with severe intrauterine growth retardation (1.25 kg at term, -5.4 SD score) and atypical diabetes diagnosed at the age of 23 yr had a balanced chromosomal translocation t(1;11) (p36.22; p15.5). We hypothesized that her phenotype resulted from disruption of her paternally derived IGF2 gene because her daughter who inherited the identical translocation had normal birth weight. DESIGN Both chromosomal break points were identified using fluorescent in situ hybridization. Sequence, methylation, and expression of the IGF2 gene was examined. Hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp with glucose tracers and magnetic resonance imaging of the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis were performed. RESULTS The 11p15.5 break point mapped 184 kb telomeric of the IGF2 gene. Microsatellite markers confirmed paternal origin of this chromosome. IGF2 gene sequence and methylation was normal. IGF2 gene expression was reduced in lymphoblasts. Clamp studies showed marked hepatic and total insulin resistance. Massive excess sc fat was seen on magnetic resonance imaging despite slim body mass index (21.1 kg/m2). CONCLUSIONS A break point 184 kb upstream of the paternally derived IGF2 gene, separating it from some telomeric enhancers, resulted in reduced expression in some mesoderm-derived adult tissues causing intrauterine growth retardation, short stature, lactation failure, and insulin resistance with altered fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Murphy
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Peninsula Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom
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13
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Abstract
Congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN) is a rare primary pediatric renal tumor occurring predominantly in infants. There is no known association between CMN and WT1 gene expression and the association of hemihypertrophy and CMN is not well known. We report an infant with isolated hemihypertrophy and WT1-positive CMN, and the results of WT1 immunostaining in 13 other patients with CMN diagnosed over 14 years at SickKids. Of the 14 total patients 3 had positive nuclear immunostaining for WT1. Two patients also expressed WT1 RNA by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In conclusion, contrary to previous reports, WT1 may be expressed in CMN and CMN can be associated with hemihypertrophy in the absence of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
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Abstract
Overgrowth syndromes such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Sotos syndrome, and Weaver syndrome have an increased risk of neoplasia. Two previous cases of neuroblastoma have been reported in children with Weaver syndrome. We present a third description of a patient with Weaver syndrome and neuroblastoma. In a child with phenotypic characteristics consistent with Weaver syndrome, evaluation for neuroblastoma should be considered.
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Eggermann T, Eggermann K, Schönherr N. Growth retardation versus overgrowth: Silver-Russell syndrome is genetically opposite to Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Trends Genet 2008; 24:195-204. [PMID: 18329128 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human growth is a complex process that requires the appropriate interaction of many players. Central members in the growth pathways are regulated epigenetically and thereby reflect the profound significance of imprinting for correct mammalian ontogenesis. In this review, we show that the growth retardation disorder Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is a suitable model to decipher the role of imprinting in growth. As we will show, SRS should not only be regarded as the genetically (and clinically) opposite disease to Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, but it also represents the first human disorder with imprinting disturbances that affect two different chromosomes (i.e. chromosomes 7 and 11). Thus, a functional interaction between factors encoded by chromosomes 7 and 11 is likely.
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Algar EM, St Heaps L, Darmanian A, Dagar V, Prawitt D, Peters GB, Collins F. Paternally Inherited Submicroscopic Duplication at 11p15.5 Implicates Insulin-like Growth Factor II in Overgrowth and Wilms' Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2360-5. [PMID: 17325026 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss of imprinting at insulin-like growth factor II (IGFII), in association with H19 silencing, has been described previously in a subgroup of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) patients who have an elevated risk for Wilms' tumor. An equivalent somatic mutation occurs in sporadic Wilms' tumor. We describe a family with overgrowth in three generations and Wilms' tumor in two generations, with paternal inheritance of a cis-duplication at 11p15.5 spanning the BWS IC1 region and including H19, IGFII, INS, and TH. The duplicated region was below the limit of detection by high-resolution karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization, has a predicted minimum size of 400 kb, and was confirmed by genotyping and gene-dosage analysis on a CytoChip comparative genomic hybridization bacterial artificial chromosome array. IGFII is the only known paternally expressed oncogene mapping within the duplicated region and our findings directly implicate IGFII in Wilms' tumorigenesis and add to the mutation spectrum that increases the effective dose of IGFII. Furthermore, this study raises the possibility that sporadic cases of overgrowth and Wilms' tumor, presenting with apparent gain of methylation at IC1, may be explained by submicroscopic paternal duplications. This finding has important implications for determining the transmission risk in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Algar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
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Tan TY, Amor DJ. Tumour surveillance in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and hemihyperplasia: a critical review of the evidence and suggested guidelines for local practice. J Paediatr Child Health 2006; 42:486-90. [PMID: 16925531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence for an association between overgrowth disorders such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and the development of neoplasia. An increased cancer risk has also been observed in individuals with isolated hemihyperplasia. We critically review the evidence for tumour surveillance in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and isolated hemihyperplasia and suggest local practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiong Y Tan
- Genetic Health Services Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
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18
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Laroche C, Testelin S, Devauchelle B. Cleft palate and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2005; 42:212-7. [PMID: 15748114 DOI: 10.1597/02-155.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome suffer numerous anomalies, which vary somewhat from case to case. Cleft palate in combination with this syndrome has rarely been reported in the literature. Through two cases, this report examines the staging of the surgical repairs and the role of macroglossia in cleft palate and the consequences of the scarred palate on mandibular development. RESULTS Of four patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, only two had a cleft palate. The timing of the repair in these two children was different. Speech development was satisfactory in the first case but mediocre in the second. This result seemed to be related to a poor social environment. Mandibular prognathism persisted in both cases. CONCLUSION The treatment of patients with cleft palate and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome remains complex. It is preferable not to operate on a cleft palate before performing a tongue reduction plasty, but rather to combine these two surgical interventions. This would reduce the risks of anesthesia and enable the palate to heal more efficiently. Surgical treatment should be performed after the age of 6 months and before problems in speech development occur. An orthognathic surgery at adolescence could be performed if prognathism persists. While the origin of the cleft palate is still being discussed, we cannot claim that macroglossia is related to the development of cleft palate, nor that the scarred palate has an impact on the mandibular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Laroche
- Stomatologie and Maxillofacial Service, CHI Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye Hospital, Saint Germain en Laye, France.
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Gripp KW. Tumor predisposition in Costello syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2005; 137C:72-7. [PMID: 16010679 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare congenital anomaly syndrome. Although it may be classified as an "overgrowth" syndrome due to slightly increased birth weight and relative macrocephaly, it is characterized by severe postnatal failure to thrive and short stature. Patients with CS have an increased risk for malignant tumors, a hallmark of several model overgrowth syndromes. The most common tumor in CS is rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), followed by neuroblastoma and bladder carcinoma. The occurrence of bladder carcinoma in adolescents is distinctly unusual as this is typically a neoplasm of older adults and is not seen with increased frequency in other tumor predisposition syndromes. The increased tumor frequency in CS led to the proposal of a screening protocol, consisting of abdominal and pelvic ultrasounds, and urine studies for catecholamine metabolites and hematuria. It has since become apparent that patients with CS have an increased excretion of catecholamine metabolites in urine without the presence of an identifiable catecholamine secreting tumor. Thus, the urine assay for catecholamines is unhelpful as a screening test for neuroblastoma and should not be used in this population. The benefit of abdominal and pelvic ultrasound and urinalysis for hematuria as screening tests remains to be shown. A timely diagnosis of CS is a necessary prerequisite for awareness of the increased tumor risk. Once a malignancy has been identified, treatment should follow standard protocols. Additional medical problems characteristic for CS, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia, need to be considered and addressed appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W Gripp
- Thomas Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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20
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Rump P, Zeegers MPA, van Essen AJ. Tumor risk in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: A review and meta-analysis. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 136:95-104. [PMID: 15887271 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth syndrome associated with macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, ear anomalies, and an increased risk for embryonic tumors. Reported tumor risk estimates vary between 4% and 21%. It has been hypothesized that tumor predisposition in BWS is related to the imprinting status of the H19 and LIT1 genes on chromosome 11p15. A loss of imprinting (LOI) of H19 implies a higher tumor risk. However, a systematic analysis of available data is lacking. Therefore, we performed a review and meta-analysis of reported associations between the imprinting status of the LIT1 and H19 genes and the risk for tumor development in BWS. Five publications suitable for meta-analysis were identified by electronic database searches. Sufficient data were available for 402 out of 520 patients. Patients were divided into four groups based on the imprinting status of H19 and LIT1: group I with LOI of LIT1 (45%); group II with LOI of H19 (9%); group III with LOI of LIT1 and LOI of H19 (21%); and group IV with normal imprinting patterns (26%). Differences in tumor risk between groups were studied with random effects meta-analysis. Tumors occurred in 55 patients. The odds of tumor development was significantly lower in group I when compared to group II (OR=0.06; 95% CI: 0.02-0.21) and group III (OR=0.12; 95% CI: 0.04-0.37). Tumor risk did not differ significantly between groups II and III (OR=1.40; 95% CI: 0.56-3.50). Compared to group IV, tumor risk was significantly lower in group I (OR=0.33; 95% CI: 0.12-0.87) and higher in groups II (OR=4.0; 95% CI: 1.5-10.4) and III (OR=2.6; 95% CI: 1.2-5.7). Tumor incidence rate for group IV was 10.6% (95% CI: 3.6-17.7). Calculated absolute risks were 3% for group I, 43% for group II, and 28% for group III, respectively. No Wilms tumor was seen in group I. In total, other tumors were seen with comparable frequencies in groups I-III. The results show a strong association between a LOI of H19 and especially Wilms tumor development in BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rump
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Bliek J, Gicquel C, Maas S, Gaston V, Le Bouc Y, Mannens M. Epigenotyping as a tool for the prediction of tumor risk and tumor type in patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). J Pediatr 2004; 145:796-9. [PMID: 15580204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) have a risk of 7.5% to 10% of developing childhood tumors, 60% of which are Wilms' tumors. Aberrant methylation of two distinct clusters of imprinted genes on chromosome 11p15 is detected in approximately 70% of BWS cases. Our aim was to determine associations between the imprinting status of both imprinting clusters (BWSIC1/2) and the tumor incidence and type. STUDY DESIGN Methylation patterns of H19 and KCNQ1OT1 were collected in 114 patients with BWS with a clinical diagnosis. The patients were followed until 5 years of age, and tumor incidence and type were registered. RESULTS A lower risk of developing childhood tumors was found among patients with a methylation defect limited to BWSIC2 compared with other patients with BWS. No Wilms' tumors were found in this group, whereas in patients with a methylation defect limited to BWSIC1 Wilms' tumor was the most common tumor. CONCLUSIONS In addition to clinical factors indicative for a high tumor risk (hemihypertrophy, nephromegaly), methylation patterns discriminate between patients with BWS with a high and low tumor risk. It also is possible to predict whether they are at risk of developing a Wilms' tumor. Epigenotyping of patients is important to select the type of screening protocol to be proposed to these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet Bliek
- Departments of Clinical Genetics and Anatomy & Embryology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a complex and heterogeneous overgrowth syndrome with genetic and epigenetic alterations, involving genomic imprinting and cancer predisposition. Isolated hemihyperplasia is of unknown cause, and it may represent a partial or incomplete expression of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. OBJECTIVES A clinical and molecular review and proposal of the use of an experimental protocol to provide a practical approach for the physician. DATA SYNTHESIS This review demonstrates the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and isolated hemihyperplasia, and the candidate genes. To our knowledge, this is the first Brazilian protocol for research into these disorders. The results have been used at the Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, to elucidate the basis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and isolated hemihyperplasia, and have been applied at the Hospital Universitário of the Faculdade de Medicina. CONCLUSIONS Elucidation of the etiological mechanisms and use of a laboratory protocol to detect alterations in these disorders may be useful for guiding the management of such patients and genetic counseling of the families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Vinícius de Matos Gomes
- Department of Genetics, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir o Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Goldman M, Smith A, Shuman C, Caluseriu O, Wei C, Steele L, Ray P, Sadowski P, Squire J, Weksberg R, Rosenblum ND. Renal abnormalities in beckwith-wiedemann syndrome are associated with 11p15.5 uniparental disomy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:2077-84. [PMID: 12138139 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000023431.16173.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a somatic overgrowth syndrome characterized by a variable incidence of congenital anomalies, including hemihyperplasia and renal malformations. BWS is associated with disruption of genomic imprinting and/or mutations in one or more genes encoded on 11p15.5, including CDKN1C (p57(KIP2)). It was hypothesized that genotypic and epigenotypic abnormalities of the 11p15.5 region affecting CDKN1C were associated with renal abnormalities. Medical records for 159 individuals with BWS were reviewed. All underwent at least one abdominal ultrasonographic evaluation. Testing for paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) at 11p15.5, CDKN1C mutations, and imprinting defects at KvDMR1 was performed for 96, 32, and 47 patients, respectively. Of the 159 patients, 67 (42%) exhibited renal abnormalities, mainly nephromegaly (25%), collecting system abnormalities (11%), and renal cysts (10.5%). The frequency of renal lesions among patients who were tested for genetic abnormalities did not differ from that among patients who were not tested. Paternal UPD was demonstrated in 22 of 96 cases (23%), CDKN1C mutations in eight of 32 cases (25%), and KvDMR1 imprinting defects in 21 of 47 cases (45%). The 22 UPD-positive patients exhibited a significantly higher incidence of renal abnormalities (P = 0.0026). Surprisingly, the eight patients with CDKN1C mutations exhibited no significant increase in the incidence of renal lesions (P = 0.29). Imprinting defects at KvDMR1, which might downregulate CDKN1C, were also not associated with a significant difference in the incidence of renal disease. Whereas UPD at 11p15.5 in BWS was associated with a higher incidence of renal abnormalities, mutations at CDKN1C and KvDMR1 imprinting defects were not, suggesting that imprinted genes on 11p15.5 other than CDKN1C are critical for renal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Goldman
- Divisions of Nephrology and Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Program in Developmental Biology, Research Institute, and Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gripp KW, Scott CI, Nicholson L, McDonald-McGinn DM, Ozeran JD, Jones MC, Lin AE, Zackai EH. Five additional Costello syndrome patients with rhabdomyosarcoma: proposal for a tumor screening protocol. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 108:80-7. [PMID: 11857556 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report five new cases of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in Costello syndrome. These cases, combined with those previously reported, increase the number of solid tumors to 17 (10 RMSs, 3 neuroblastomas, 2 bladder carcinomas, 1 vestibular schwannoma, 1 epithelioma), in at least 100 known Costello syndrome patients. Despite possible ascertainment bias, and the incomplete identification of all Costello syndrome patients, the tumor frequency could be as high as 17%. This is comparable to the 7-21% frequency of solid tumors in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), and may justify tumor screening. Based on the recommendations for screening BWS patients, we propose a screening protocol consisting of ultrasound examination of the abdomen and pelvis every 3-6 months until age 8-10 years for RMS and abdominal neuroblastoma; urine catecholamine metabolite analysis every 6-12 months until age 5 years for neuroblastoma; and urinalysis for hematuria annually for bladder carcinoma after age 10 years. These recommendations may need to be modified, as new information becomes available. Potential criticism of the tumor screening protocol concerns the lack of evidence for improved outcome, and possible overestimation of the tumor risk. The ability of RMSs to occur at various sites complicates tumor screening, but 8 of the 10 RMSs in Costello syndrome patients originated from the abdomen, pelvis and urogenital area. Prior diagnosis of Costello syndrome is a prerequisite for the implementation of any screening protocol. The diagnosis of Costello syndrome should also be considered in individuals with RMS and physical findings suggestive of Costello syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W Gripp
- Division of Medical Genetics, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19899, USA.
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Gaston V, Le Bouc Y, Soupre V, Burglen L, Donadieu J, Oro H, Audry G, Vazquez MP, Gicquel C. Analysis of the methylation status of the KCNQ1OT and H19 genes in leukocyte DNA for the diagnosis and prognosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2001; 9:409-18. [PMID: 11436121 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2000] [Revised: 03/05/2001] [Accepted: 03/07/2001] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth disorder involving developmental abnormalities, tissue and organ hyperplasia and an increased risk of embryonal tumours (most commonly Wilms tumour). This multigenic disorder is caused by dysregulation of the expression of imprinted genes in the 11p15 chromosomal region. Molecular diagnosis of BWS is currently difficult, mostly due to the large spectrum of genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. The other difficulty in managing BWS is the identification of patients at risk of tumour. An imprinted antisense transcript within KCNQ1, called KCNQ1OT (also known as LIT1), was recently shown to be normally expressed from the paternal allele. A loss of imprinting of the KCNQ1OT gene, associated with the loss of maternal allele-specific methylation of the differentially methylated region KvDMR1 has been described in BWS patients. The principal aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of KvDMR1 methylation analysis of leukocyte DNA for the diagnosis of BWS. The allelic status of the 11p15 region and the methylation status of the KCNQ1OT and H19 genes were investigated in leukocyte DNA from 97 patients referred for BWS and classified into two groups according to clinical data: complete BWS (CBWS) (n=61) and incomplete BWS (IBWS) (n=36). Fifty-eight (60%) patients (39/61 CBWS and 19/36 IBWS) displayed abnormal demethylation of KvDMR1. In 11 of the 56 informative cases, demethylation of KvDMR1 was related to 11p15 uniparental disomy (UPD) (nine CBWS and two IBWS). Thirteen of the 39 patients with normal methylation of KvDMR1 displayed hypermethylation of the H19 gene. These 13 patients included two siblings with 11p15 trisomy. These results show that analysis of the methylation status of KvDMR1 and the H19 gene in leukocyte DNA is useful in the diagnosis of 11p15-related overgrowth syndromes, resulting in the diagnosis of BWS in more than 70% of investigated patients. We also evaluated clinical and molecular features as prognostic factors for tumour and showed that mosaicism for 11p15 UPD and hypermethylation of the H19 gene in blood cells were associated with an increased risk of tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gaston
- Laboratoire d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
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Gaston V, Le Bouc Y, Soupre V, Vazquez MP, Gicquel C. Assessment of p57(KIP2) gene mutation in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. HORMONE RESEARCH 2001; 54:1-5. [PMID: 11182628 DOI: 10.1159/000063429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth disorder involving developmental anomalies, tissue and organ hyperplasia and an increased risk of embryonic tumours (most commonly Wilms' tumour). This multigenic disorder is caused by dysregulation of the expression of imprinted genes in the 11p15 chromosomal region. It may involve paternal uniparental disomy (UPD), loss of imprinting of the IGF2 gene, maternal inherited translocations and trisomy with paternal duplication. Recently, a small proportion of BWS patients has been shown to have a mutation in the paternal imprinted p57(KIP2) gene, which encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and negatively regulates cell proliferation. We screened for p57(KIP2) gene mutations in 21 BWS patients with no 11p15 UPD in leucocyte DNA. All patients had a phenotype typical of BWS. We analysed the entire coding sequence of p57(KIP2), including intron-exon boundaries, by direct sequencing of five PCR-amplified fragments. No mutation was found in the p57(KIP2) gene. Our results are consistent with those of previous studies showing that mutation of p57(KIP2) is infrequent in BWS. Thus, other mechanisms of p57(KIP2) silencing (imprinting errors) and/or other 11p15 genes are probably involved in the pathogenesis of BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gaston
- Laboratoire d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, 26 Avenue Arnold-Netter, F-75012 Paris, France
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Benzacken B, Monier-Gavelle F, Siffroi JP, Agbo P, Chalvon A, Wolf JP. Acrocentric chromosome polymorphisms: beware of cryptic translocations. Prenat Diagn 2001; 21:96-8. [PMID: 11241533 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0223(200102)21:2<96::aid-pd986>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cryptic translocations may escape diagnosis, especially when they implicate chromosomal regions that are known to be polymorphic in the human karyotype. We describe a case of postnatal diagnosis of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) due to an unbalanced translocation that had not been diagnosed in the fetal karyotype. This first cytogenetic analysis revealed that one chromosome 14 presented as a common acrocentric short arm polymorphism. Further analyses after birth, using C-banding, NOR staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with telomeric probes, revealed that it was the result of an unbalanced de novo t(11;14)(p15;p13) translocation leading to partial 11p trisomy and to BWS. Prenatal cytogenetic management of such apparently inoffensive chromosome markers is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Benzacken
- Service d'Histologie, Embryologie, Cytogénétique et Biologie de la Reproduction, Hôpital Jean Verdier, 93 Bondy, France
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Munns
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Mesoblastic nephroma, a benign tumor, is the most common renal neoplasm in neonates. Wilms' tumor (WT) may occur in newborn infants, but is more common in older children. The molecular genetics of WT involves one or more genes located on Chromosome #11 and probably other locations not yet elicidated. Germline mutations cause less than 5% of WTs; most WTs are sporadic. Precursor lesions to WT called nephrogenic rests may be detected before evolution to WT by imaging studies. Developmental anomalies comprising several different syndromes are associated with nephrogenic rests and predisposition to WT. Prospective surveillance for WT may be feasible in high risk infants identified on the basis of physical findings followed by testing for predisposing gene defects and periodic imaging of the kidneys and other organs at risk until the period of risk has ended.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Bove
- Childrens Hospital Research Foundation, and the Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, USA.
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Nellissery MJ, Padalecki SS, Brkanac Z, Singer FR, Roodman GD, Unni KK, Leach RJ, Hansen MF. Evidence for a novel osteosarcoma tumor-suppressor gene in the chromosome 18 region genetically linked with Paget disease of bone. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 63:817-24. [PMID: 9718349 PMCID: PMC1377407 DOI: 10.1086/302019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Paget disease of bone, or "osteitis deformans," is a bone disorder characterized by rapid bone remodeling resulting in abnormal bone formation. It is the second most common metabolic bone disease after osteoporosis, affecting 3%-5% of subjects aged >40 years. Recent evidence suggests that predisposition to Paget disease may have a genetic component. Genetic linkage analysis of families with multigenerational Paget disease shows linkage to a region of chromosome 18q near the polymorphic locus D18S42. Approximately 1% of Paget patients develop osteosarcoma, which represents an increase in risk that is several thousandfold over that of the general population. Osteosarcoma in Paget patients is the underlying basis for a significant fraction of osteosarcomas occurring after age 60 years. Our analysis of tumor-specific loss of constitutional heterozygosity (LOH) in 96 sporadic osteosarcomas has identified a putative tumor-suppressor locus that maps to chromosome 18q. We have localized this tumor-suppressor locus between D18S60 and D18S42, a region tightly linked to familial Paget disease. Analysis of osteosarcomas from patients with Paget disease revealed that these tumors also undergo LOH in this region. These findings suggest that the association between Paget disease and osteosarcoma is the result of a single gene or two tightly linked genes on chromosome 18.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Nellissery
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Eggenschwiler J, Ludwig T, Fisher P, Leighton PA, Tilghman SM, Efstratiadis A. Mouse mutant embryos overexpressing IGF-II exhibit phenotypic features of the Beckwith-Wiedemann and Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndromes. Genes Dev 1997; 11:3128-42. [PMID: 9389646 PMCID: PMC316748 DOI: 10.1101/gad.11.23.3128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/1997] [Accepted: 10/06/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In mice, the imprinted Igf2 gene (expressed from the paternal allele), which encodes a growth-promoting factor (IGF-II), is linked closely to the reciprocally imprinted H19 locus on chromosome 7. Also imprinted (expressed from the maternal allele) is the Igf2r gene on chromsome 17 encoding the type 2 IGF receptor that is involved in degradation of excess IGF-II. Double mutant embryos carrying a deletion around the H19 region and also a targeted Igf2r allele, both inherited maternally, have extremely high levels of IGF-II (7- and 11-fold higher than normal in tissues and serum, respectively) as a result of biallelic Igf2 expression (imprint relaxation by deletion of H19-associated sequence) in combination with lack of the IGF2R-mediated IGF-II turnover. This excess of IGF-II causes somatic overgrowth, visceromegaly, placentomegaly, omphalocele, and cardiac and adrenal defects, which are also features of the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), a genetically complex human disorder associated with chromosomal abnormalities in the 11p15.5 region where the IGF2 gene resides. In addition, the double mutant mouse embryos exhibit skeletal defects and cleft palate, which are manifestations observed frequently in the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, another overgrowth disorder overlapping phenotypically, but not genetically, with BWS.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/etiology
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/metabolism
- Adrenal Cortex/abnormalities
- Adrenal Cortex/embryology
- Animals
- Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome/etiology
- Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome/genetics
- Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome/metabolism
- Bone and Bones/abnormalities
- Bone and Bones/embryology
- Cleft Palate/embryology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57
- Disease Models, Animal
- Eye Abnormalities/embryology
- Female
- Fetal Death
- Fetus/abnormalities
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Heart Defects, Congenital
- Hernia, Umbilical/embryology
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/biosynthesis
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Phenotype
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 2/metabolism
- Sequence Deletion
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Affiliation(s)
- J Eggenschwiler
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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