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McRae O, Walls PLL, Natarajan V, Antoniou C, Bird JC. Elucidating the effects of microbubble pinch-off dynamics on mammalian cell viability. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:524-534. [PMID: 37902645 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
In the biotechnology industry, ensuring the health and viability of mammalian cells, especially Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, plays a significant role in the successful production of therapeutic agents. These cells are typically cultivated in aerated bioreactors, where they encounter fluid stressors from rapidly deforming bubbles. These stressors can disrupt essential biological processes and potentially lead to cell death. However, the impact of these transient, elevated stressors on cell viability remains elusive. In this study, we first employ /cgqamicrofluidics to expose CHO cells near to bubbles undergoing pinch-off, subsequently collecting and assaying the cells to quantify the reduction in viability. Observing a significant impact, we set out to understand this phenomenon. We leverage computational fluid dynamics and numerical particle tracking to map the stressor field history surrounding a rapidly deforming bubble. Separately, we expose CHO cells to a known stressor level in a flow constriction device, collecting and assaying the cells to quantify the reduction in viability. By integrating the numerical data and results from the flow constriction device experiments, we develop a predictive model for cell viability reduction. We validate this model by comparing its predictions to the earlier microfluidic results, observing good agreement. Our findings provide critical insights into the relationship between bubble-induced fluid stressors and mammalian cell viability, with implications for bioreactor design and cell culture protocol optimization in the biotechnology sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver McRae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter L L Walls
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dunwoody College of Technology, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Chris Antoniou
- Global Processing Engineering, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James C Bird
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Thompson W, Papoutsakis ET. The role of biomechanical stress in extracellular vesicle formation, composition and activity. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108158. [PMID: 37105240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cornerstones of intercellular communication with exciting fundamental, clinical, and more broadly biotechnological applications. However, variability in EV composition, which results from the culture conditions used to generate the EVs, poses significant fundamental and applied challenges and a hurdle for scalable bioprocessing. Thus, an understanding of the relationship between EV production (and for clinical applications, manufacturing) and EV composition is increasingly recognized as important and necessary. While chemical stimulation and culture conditions such as cell density are known to influence EV biology, the impact of biomechanical forces on the generation, properties, and biological activity of EVs remains poorly understood. Given the omnipresence of these forces in EV preparation and in biomanufacturing, expanding the understanding of their impact on EV composition-and thus, activity-is vital. Although several publications have examined EV preparation and bioprocessing and briefly discussed biomechanical stresses as variables of interest, this review represents the first comprehensive evaluation of the impact of such stresses on EV production, composition and biological activity. We review how EV biogenesis, cargo, efficacy, and uptake are uniquely affected by various types, magnitudes, and durations of biomechanical forces, identifying trends that emerge both generically and for individual cell types. We also describe implications for scalable bioprocessing, evaluating processes inherent in common EV production and isolation methods, and propose a path forward for rigorous EV quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Eleftherios Terry Papoutsakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
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3
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Review of the role of surfactant dynamics in drop microfluidics. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 312:102844. [PMID: 36708604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are employed in microfluidic systems not just for drop stabilisation, but also to study local phenomena in industrial processes. On the scale of a single drop, these include foaming, emulsification and stability of foams and emulsions using statistically significant ensembles of bubbles or drops respectively. In addition, surfactants are often a part of a formulation in microfluidic drop reactors. In all these applications, surfactant dynamics play a crucial role and need to be accounted for. In this review, the effect of surfactant dynamics is considered on the level of standard microfluidic operations: drop formation, movement in channels and coalescence, but also on a more general level, considering the mechanisms controlling surfactant adsorption on time- and length-scales characteristic of microfluidics. Some examples of relevant calculations are provided. The advantages and challenges of the use of microfluidics to measure dynamic interfacial tension at short time-scales are discussed.
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4
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Distribution and history of extensional stresses on vWF surrogate molecules in turbulent flow. Sci Rep 2022; 12:171. [PMID: 34997036 PMCID: PMC8742075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The configuration of proteins is critical for their biochemical behavior. Mechanical stresses that act on them can affect their behavior leading to the development of decease. The von Willebrand factor (vWF) protein circulating with the blood loses its efficacy when it undergoes non-physiological hemodynamic stresses. While often overlooked, extensional stresses can affect the structure of vWF at much lower stress levels than shear stresses. The statistical distribution of extensional stress as it applies on models of the vWF molecule within turbulent flow was examined here. The stress on the molecules of the protein was calculated with computations that utilized a Lagrangian approach for the determination of the molecule trajectories in the flow filed. The history of the stresses on the proteins was also calculated. Two different flow fields were considered as models of typical flows in cardiovascular mechanical devises, one was a Poiseuille flow and the other was a Poiseuille–Couette flow field. The data showed that the distribution of stresses is important for the design of blood flow devices because the average stress can be below the critical value for protein damage, but tails of the distribution can be outside the critical stress regime.
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5
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The challenges of hydrodynamic forces on cells used in cell manufacturing and therapy. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Foster KM, Papavassiliou DV, O’Rear EA. Elongational Stresses and Cells. Cells 2021; 10:2352. [PMID: 34572002 PMCID: PMC8471242 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid forces and their effects on cells have been researched for quite some time, especially in the realm of biology and medicine. Shear forces have been the primary emphasis, often attributed as being the main source of cell deformation/damage in devices like prosthetic heart valves and artificial organs. Less well understood and studied are extensional stresses which are often found in such devices, in bioreactors, and in normal blood circulation. Several microfluidic channels utilizing hyperbolic, abrupt, or tapered constrictions and cross-flow geometries, have been used to isolate the effects of extensional flow. Under such flow cell deformations, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and a variety of other cell types have been examined. Results suggest that extensional stresses cause larger deformation than shear stresses of the same magnitude. This has further implications in assessing cell injury from mechanical forces in artificial organs and bioreactors. The cells' greater sensitivity to extensional stress has found utility in mechanophenotyping devices, which have been successfully used to identify pathologies that affect cell deformability. Further application outside of biology includes disrupting cells for increased food product stability and harvesting macromolecules for biofuel. The effects of extensional stresses on cells remains an area meriting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edgar A. O’Rear
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (K.M.F.); (D.V.P.)
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7
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Fisher JT, Gurney TO, Mason BM, Fisher JK, Kelly WJ. Mixing and oxygen transfer characteristics of a microplate bioreactor with surface-attached microposts. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000257. [PMID: 33470052 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioprocess optimization for cell-based therapies is a resource heavy activity. To reduce the associated cost and time, process development may be carried out in small volume systems, with the caveat that such systems be predictive for process scale-up. The transport of oxygen from the gas phase into the culture medium, characterized using the volumetric mass transfer coefficient, kL a, has been identified as a critical parameter for predictive process scale-up. Here, we describe the development of a 96-well microplate with integrated Redbud Posts to provide mixing and enhanced kL a. Mixing in the microplate is characterized by observation of dyes and analyzed using the relative mixing index (RMI). The kL a is measured via dynamic gassing out method. Actuating Redbud Posts are shown to increase rate of planar homogeneity (2 min) verse diffusion alone (120 min) and increase oxygenation, with increasing stirrer speed (3500-9000 rpm) and decreasing fill volume (150-350 μL) leading to an increase in kL a (4-88 h-1 ). Significant increase in Chinese Hamster Ovary growth in Redbud Labs vessel (580,000 cells mL-1 ) versus the control (420,000 cells mL-1 ); t(12.814) = 8.3678, p ≤ .001), and CD4+ Naïve cell growth in the microbioreactor indicates the potential for this technology in early stage bioprocess development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Fisher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, 19085, USA
| | - Travis O Gurney
- Redbud Labs Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Brittany M Mason
- Redbud Labs Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Jay K Fisher
- Redbud Labs Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - William J Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, 19085, USA
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8
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Zhan C, Bidkhori G, Schwarz H, Malm M, Mebrahtu A, Field R, Sellick C, Hatton D, Varley P, Mardinoglu A, Rockberg J, Chotteau V. Low Shear Stress Increases Recombinant Protein Production and High Shear Stress Increases Apoptosis in Human Cells. iScience 2020; 23:101653. [PMID: 33145483 PMCID: PMC7593556 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic kidney cells HEK293 can be used for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins requiring human post-translational modifications. High cell density perfusion processes are advantageous for such production but are challenging due to the shear sensitivity of HEK293 cells. To understand the impact of hollow filter cell separation devices, cells were cultured in bioreactors operated with tangential flow filtration (TFF) or alternating tangential flow filtration (ATF) at various flow rates. The average theoretical velocity profile in these devices showed a lower shear stress for ATF by a factor 0.637 compared to TFF. This was experimentally validated and, furthermore, transcriptomic evaluation provided insights into the underlying cellular processes. High shear caused cellular stress leading to apoptosis by three pathways, i.e. endoplasmic reticulum stress, cytoskeleton reorganization, and extrinsic signaling pathways. Positive effects of mild shear stress were observed, with increased recombinant erythropoietin production and increased gene expression associated with transcription and protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijuan Zhan
- KTH - Cell Technology Group (CETEG), Department of Industrial Biotechnology, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- AdBIOPRO, Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gholamreza Bidkhori
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hubert Schwarz
- KTH - Cell Technology Group (CETEG), Department of Industrial Biotechnology, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- AdBIOPRO, Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Malm
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aman Mebrahtu
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ray Field
- BioPharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Diane Hatton
- BioPharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Varley
- BioPharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Rockberg
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- AdBIOPRO, Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronique Chotteau
- KTH - Cell Technology Group (CETEG), Department of Industrial Biotechnology, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Protein Research (WCPR), 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- AdBIOPRO, Competence Centre for Advanced Bioproduction by Continuous Processing, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Numerical Simulation of Bubble-Liquid Two-Phase Turbulent Flows in Shallow Bioreactor. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12122269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An improved second-order moment bubble-liquid two-phase turbulent model is developed to predict the hydrodynamic characteristics of the shallow bioreactor using two height-to-diameter ratios of H/D = 1.4 and H/D = 2.9. The two-phase hydrodynamic parameters, the bubble normal and shear stress, the bubble energy dissipation rate, the bubble turbulent kinetic energy, etc. were numerically simulated. These parameters increased along with flow direction and constituted a threat to cells living at far distance away from the gas jetting inlet regions, rather than a finding of higher cell damage at near the jetting inlet region, as reported by Babosa et al. 2003. A new correlation named the turbulent energy production of bubble-liquid two-phase flow was proposed to successfully verify this experimental observation. A smaller H/D ratio makes more contributions to the generation of lower turbulent energy productions, which are in favor of the alleviation of cell damage. The extremely long and narrow shape of the bioreactor is deteriorative for cell living.
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10
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Study of hydrodynamics in wave bioreactors by computational fluid dynamics reveals a resonance phenomenon. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Delafosse A, Calvo S, Collignon ML, Toye D. Comparison of hydrodynamics in standard stainless steel and single-use bioreactors by means of an Euler-Lagrange approach. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Wang H, Xia J, Zheng Z, Zhuang YP, Yi X, Zhang D, Wang P. Hydrodynamic investigation of a novel shear-generating device for the measurement of anchorage-dependent cell adhesion intensity. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:1371-1382. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1964-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Zhu L, Monteil DT, Wang Y, Song B, Hacker DL, Wurm MJ, Li X, Wang Z, Wurm FM. Fluid dynamics of flow fields in a disposable 600-mL orbitally shaken bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Kent JA, Bommaraju TV, Barnicki SD, Kyung YS, Zhang GG. Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins: Cell Lines, Cell Culture, and Purification. HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121293 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52287-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A central pillar of the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries continues to be the development of biological drug products manufactured from engineered mammalian cell lines. Since the hugely successful launch of human tissue plasminogen activator in 1987 and erythropoietin in 1988, the biopharmaceutical market has grown immensely. In 2014, biotherapeutics made up a significant portion of global drug sales as 7 of the top 10 and 21 of top 50 selling pharmaceuticals in the world were biologics with over US$100 billion in global sales (Table 1, [1]).
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16
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Application of EulerLagrange CFD for quantitative evaluating the effect of shear force on Carthamus tinctorius L. cell in a stirred tank bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Quantitative evaluation of the shear threshold on Carthamus tinctorius L. cell growth with computational fluid dynamics in shaken flask bioreactors. Biochem Eng J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Hosseinizand H, Ebrahimi M, Abdekhodaie MJ. Agitation increases expansion of cord blood hematopoietic cells and promotes their differentiation into myeloid lineage. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:969-78. [PMID: 26264594 PMCID: PMC4960146 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress caused by agitation is one of the factors that can affect hematopoietic stem cell expansion in suspension bioreactors. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of agitation on umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cell (UCB-HSC) growth and differentiation. A comparison was made between various agitation rates (20, 40 and 60 rpm) in spinner-flask and cells cultured in glass petri dish as a static culture. Moreover, the fluid dynamic at various agitation rates of spinner-flask was analyzed to determine shear stress. The spinner-flask contained a rotational moving mixer with glass ball and was kept in tissue culture incubator. To reduce consumption of cytokines, UCB-serum was used which widely decreased the costs. Our results determined that, agitation rate at 40 rpm promoted UCB-HSCs expansion and their colony forming potential. Myeloid progenitors were the main type of cells at 40 rpm agitation rate. The results of glucose consumption and lactic acid production were in complete agreement with colony assay and expansion data and indicated the superiority of culture in spinner-flask when agitated at 40 rpm over to other agitation speeds and also static culture. Cell viability and colony count was affected by changing the agitation speed. We assume that changes in cell growth resulted from the effect of shear stress directly on cell viability, and indirectly on signaling pathways that influence the cells to differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasti Hosseinizand
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9465, Iran
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad J Abdekhodaie
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9465, Iran.
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19
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Konishi S, Shimomura S, Tajima S, Tabata Y. Implementation of soft microfingers for a hMSC aggregate manipulation system. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2016; 2:15048. [PMID: 31057812 PMCID: PMC6444732 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a pneumatic balloon actuator (PBA) composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for cellular aggregate manipulation. We evaluated the ability of the microdevice to manipulate a tiny and sensitive cellular aggregate without causing serious damage. We used human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for the cellular aggregate. We describe the design, fabrication, characterization and operation of the soft microfingers to pinch and release a spherical hMSC aggregate (φ200 μm), and we employed a PBA to serve as an artificial muscle to drive the microfingers. A design of the microfingers in terms of dimensions, generated force and contact conditions was accomplished. The designed dimensions of a single finger were 560 μm×900 μm. In summary, we demonstrate the utility of the surface modification of a fingertip for pinching and releasing a cellular aggregate and describe a manipulation system that was constructed to drive and control the microfingers. The implemented manipulation system, which is composed of microfingers and a positioning mechanism, was tested and verified in a series of operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Konishi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higash, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higash, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shuhei Shimomura
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higash, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tajima
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-shimoadachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida-shimoadachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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20
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Ma S, Huck WTS, Balabani S. Deformation of double emulsions under conditions of flow cytometry hydrodynamic focusing. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4291-4301. [PMID: 26394745 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00693g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) microfluidics double emulsions offer a new route to compartmentalise reagents into isolated aqueous microenvironments while maintaining an aqueous carrier fluid phase; this enables compatibility with commercial flow cytometry systems such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Double emulsion (inner core) deformation under hydrodynamic focusing conditions that mimic the environment double emulsions experience in flow cytometry applications is of particular importance for droplet stability and cell viability. This paper reports on an experimental study of the dynamic deformation of aqueous cores of w/o/w double emulsions under hydrodynamic focusing, with the sheath flow directed at 45° to the sample flow. A number of factors affecting the inner core deformation and recovery were examined. Deformation was found to depend significantly on the core or shell viscosity, the droplet-to-sheath flow velocity ratio, and core and shell sizes. Core deformation was found to depend more on the type of surfactant rather concentration with high molecular weight surfactant exhibiting a negligible effect on deformation whereas low molecular weight surfactant enhancing deformation at low concentrations due to their lateral mobility at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK and Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Wilhelm T S Huck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK and Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stavroula Balabani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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21
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Yen JH, Chen SF, Chern MK, Lu PC. THE EFFECTS OF EXTENSIONAL STRESS ON RED BLOOD CELL HEMOLYSIS. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-APPLICATIONS BASIS COMMUNICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.4015/s1016237215500428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Artificial prostheses create non-physiologic flow conditions with stress forces that may induce blood cell damage, particularly hemolysis. Earlier computational fluid dynamics (CFD) prediction models based on a quantified power model showed significant discrepancies with actual hemolysis experiments. These models used the premise that shear stresses act as the primary force behind hemolysis. However, additional studies have suggested that extensional stresses play a more substantial role than previously thought and should be taken into account in hemolysis models. We compared extensional and shear stress flow fields within the contraction of a short capillary with sharp versus tapered entrances. The flow field was calculated with CFD to determine stress values, and hemolysis experiments with porcine red blood cells were performed to correlate the effects of extensional and shear stress on hemolysis. Our results support extensional stress as the primary mechanical force involved in hemolysis, with a threshold value of 1000 Pa under exposure time less than 0.060 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hong Yen
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei 251, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kai Chern
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei 251, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chien Lu
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Tamkang University, New Taipei 251, Taiwan
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22
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Chalmers JJ. Mixing, aeration and cell damage, 30+ years later: what we learned, how it affected the cell culture industry and what we would like to know more about. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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23
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Delafosse A, Calvo S, Collignon ML, Delvigne F, Crine M, Toye D. Euler–Lagrange approach to model heterogeneities in stirred tank bioreactors – Comparison to experimental flow characterization and particle tracking. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Adaptation for survival: Phenotype and transcriptome response of CHO cells to elevated stress induced by agitation and sparging. J Biotechnol 2014; 189:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Burke JM, Pandit KR, Goertz JP, White IM. Fabrication of rigid microstructures with thiol-ene-based soft lithography for continuous-flow cell lysis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:056503. [PMID: 25538814 PMCID: PMC4222282 DOI: 10.1063/1.4897135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a method for the soft-lithography-based fabrication of rigid microstructures and a new, simple bonding technique for use as a continuous-flow cell lysis device. While on-chip cell lysis techniques have been reported previously, these techniques generally require a long on-chip residence time, and thus cannot be performed in a rapid, continuous-flow manner. Microstructured microfluidic devices can perform mechanical lysis of cells, enabling continuous-flow lysis; however, rigid silicon-based devices require complex and expensive fabrication of each device, while polydimethylsiloxane (PMDS), the most common material used for soft lithography fabrication, is not rigid and expands under the pressures required, resulting in poor lysis performance. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of microfluidic microstructures from off-stoichiometry thiol-ene (OSTE) polymer using soft-lithography replica molding combined with a post-assembly cure for easy bonding. With finite element simulations, we show that the rigid microstructures generate an energy dissipation rate of nearly 10(7), which is sufficient for continuous-flow cell lysis. Correspondingly, with the OSTE device we achieve lysis of highly deformable MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells at a rate of 85%, while a comparable PDMS device leads to a lysis rate of only 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Burke
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Kunal R Pandit
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - John P Goertz
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Ian M White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Daub A, Böhm M, Delueg S, Mühlmann M, Schneider G, Büchs J. Characterization of hydromechanical stress in aerated stirred tanks up to 40 m(3) scale by measurement of maximum stable drop size. J Biol Eng 2014; 8:17. [PMID: 25067953 PMCID: PMC4099098 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turbulence intensity, or hydromechanical stress, is a parameter that influences a broad range of processes in the fields of chemical engineering and biotechnology. Fermentation processes are often characterized by high agitation and aeration intensity resulting in high gas void fractions of up to 20% in large scale reactors. Very little experimental data on hydromechanical stress for such operating conditions exists because of the problems associated with measuring hydromechanical stress under aeration and intense agitation. RESULTS An indirect method to quantify hydromechanical stress for aerated operating conditions by the measurement of maximum stable drop size in a break-up controlled dispersion was applied to characterize hydromechanical stress in reactor scales of 50 L, 3 m(3) and 40 m(3) volume with a broad range of operating conditions and impeller geometries (Rushton turbines). Results for impellers within each scale for the ratio of maximum to specific energy dissipation rate ϕ based on measured values of maximum stable drop size for aerated operating conditions are qualitatively in agreement with results from literature correlations for unaerated operating conditions. Comparison of data in the different scales shows that there is a scale effect that results in higher values for ϕ in larger reactors. This behavior is not covered by the classic theory of turbulent drop dispersion but is in good agreement with the theory of turbulence intermittency. The data for all impeller configurations and all aeration rates for the three scales can be correlated within ±20% when calculated values for ϕ based on the measured values for dmax are used to calculate the maximum local energy dissipation rate. A correlation of the data for all scales and all impeller configurations in the form ϕ = 2.3∙(ϕunaerated)(0.34)∙(DR)(0.543) is suggested that successfully models the influence of scale and impeller geometry on ϕ for aerated operating conditions. CONCLUSIONS The results show that besides the impeller geometry, also aeration and scale strongly influence hydromechanical stress. Incorporating these effects is beneficial for a successful scale up or scale down of this parameter. This can be done by applying the suggested correlation or by measuring hydromechanical stress with the experimental method used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daub
- AVT.Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Marina Böhm
- AVT.Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Stefanie Delueg
- AVT.Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Markus Mühlmann
- AVT.Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schneider
- Sandoz GmbH, Anti-Infectives Operations Development, Biochemiestraße 10, Kundl A-6250, Austria
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT.Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen 52074, Germany
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28
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Computational fluid dynamics as a modern tool for engineering characterization of bioreactors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Measurement of maximum stable drop size in aerated dilute liquid–liquid dispersions in stirred tanks. Chem Eng Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Hilal-Alnaqbi A, Hu AYC, Zhang Z, Al-Rubeai M. Growth, metabolic activity, and productivity of immobilized and freely suspended CHO cells in perfusion culture. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2013; 60:436-45. [PMID: 23701045 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells producing β-galactosidase (β-gal) were successfully cultured on silicone-based porous microcarriers (ImmobaSil FS) in a 1 L stirred-tank perfusion bioreactor. We studied the growth, metabolism, and productivity of free and immobilized cells to understand cellular activity in immobilized conditions. CHO cells attached to ImmobaSil FS significantly better than to other microcarriers. Scanning electron microscope images showed that the CHO cells thoroughly colonized the porous surfaces of the ImmobaSil FS, exhibiting a spherical morphology with microvilli that extended to anchorage cells on the silicone surface. In perfusion culture, the concentration of the attached cells reached 8 × 10(8) cells/mL of carrier, whereas those that remained freely suspended reached 2 × 10(7) cells/mL medium. The β-gal concentration reached more than 5 unit/mL in perfusion culture, more than fivefold that of batch culture. The maximum concentration per microcarrier was proportional to the initial cell density. The specific growth rate, the specific β-gal production rate, the percentage of S phase, and the oxygen uptake rate were all relatively lower for immobilized cells than freely suspended cells in the same bioreactor, indicating that not only do cells survive and grow to a greater extent in a free suspension state, but they are also metabolically more active than viable cells inside the pores of the microcarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hilal-Alnaqbi
- School of Chemical & Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland; Faculty of Engineering, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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31
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Development of a Scale-Down Model of hydrodynamic stress to study the performance of an industrial CHO cell line under simulated production scale bioreactor conditions. J Biotechnol 2013; 164:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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32
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Wolfe RP, Ahsan T. Shear stress during early embryonic stem cell differentiation promotes hematopoietic and endothelial phenotypes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:1231-42. [PMID: 23138937 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a potential source for cell-based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, but their translation into clinical use will require efficient and robust methods for promoting differentiation. Fluid shear stress, which can be readily incorporated into scalable bioreactors, may be one solution for promoting endothelial and hematopoietic phenotypes from ESCs. Here we applied laminar shear stress to differentiating ESCs using a 2D adherent parallel plate configuration to systematically investigate the effects of several mechanical parameters. Treatment similarly promoted endothelial and hematopoietic differentiation for shear stress magnitudes ranging from 1.5 to 15 dyne/cm(2) and for cells seeded on collagen-, fibronectin- or laminin-coated surfaces. Extension of the treatment duration consistently induced an endothelial response, but application at later stages of differentiation was less effective at promoting hematopoietic phenotypes. Furthermore, inhibition of the FLK1 protein (a VEGF receptor) neutralized the effects of shear stress, implicating the membrane protein as a critical mediator of both endothelial and hematopoietic differentiation by applied shear. Using a systematic approach, studies such as these help elucidate the mechanisms involved in force-mediated stem cell differentiation and inform scalable bioprocesses for cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P Wolfe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, 500 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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33
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Hu W, Berdugo C, Chalmers JJ. The potential of hydrodynamic damage to animal cells of industrial relevance: current understanding. Cytotechnology 2011; 63:445-60. [PMID: 21785843 PMCID: PMC3176934 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-011-9368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Suspension animal cell culture is now routinely scaled up to bioreactors on the order of 10,000 L, and greater, to meet commercial demand. However, the concern of the 'shear sensitivity' of animal cells still remains, not only within the bioreactor, but also in the downstream processing. As the productivities continue to increase, titer of ~10 g/L are now reported with cell densities greater than 2 × 10(7) cells/mL. Such high, and potentially higher cell densities will inevitably translate to increased demand in mass transfer and mixing. In addition, achieving productivity gains in both the upstream stage and downstream processes can subject the cells to aggressive environments such as those involving hydrodynamic stresses. The perception of 'shear sensitivity' has historically put an arbitrary upper limit on agitation and aeration in bioreactor operation; however, as cell densities and productivities continue to increase, mass transfer requirements can exceed those imposed by these arbitrary low limits. Therefore, a better understanding of how animal cells, used to produce therapeutic products, respond to hydrodynamic forces in both qualitative and quantitative ways will allow an experimentally based, higher, "upper limit" to be created to guide the design and operation of future commercial, large scale bioreactors. With respect to downstream hydrodynamic conditions, situations have already been achieved in which practical limits with respect to hydrodynamic forces have been experienced. This review mainly focuses on publications from both the academy and industry regarding the effect of hydrodynamic forces on industrially relevant animal cells, and not on the actual scale-up of bioreactors. A summary of implications and remaining challenges will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Hu
- Cell Culture Development, Biogen Idec Inc., 5000 Davis Drive, RTP, NC 27709 USA
| | - Claudia Berdugo
- Scientist / Research & Development, BD Biosciences, 54 Loveton Circle, Sparks, MD 21152 USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Chalmers
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 West 19th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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34
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Brindley D, Moorthy K, Lee JH, Mason C, Kim HW, Wall I. Bioprocess forces and their impact on cell behavior: implications for bone regeneration therapy. J Tissue Eng 2011; 2011:620247. [PMID: 21904661 PMCID: PMC3166560 DOI: 10.4061/2011/620247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioprocess forces such as shear stress experienced during routine cell culture are considered to be harmful to cells. However, the impact of physical forces on cell behavior is an area of growing interest within the tissue engineering community, and it is widely acknowledged that mechanical stimulation including shear stress can enhance osteogenic differentiation. This paper considers the effects of bioprocess shear stress on cell responses such as survival and proliferation in several contexts, including suspension-adapted cells used for recombinant protein and monoclonal antibody manufacture, adherent cells for therapy in suspension, and adherent cells attached to their growth substrates. The enhanced osteogenic differentiation that fluid flow shear stress is widely found to induce is discussed, along with the tissue engineering of mineralized tissue using perfusion bioreactors. Recent evidence that bioprocess forces produced during capillary transfer or pipetting of cell suspensions can enhance osteogenic responses is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brindley
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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35
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Down LA, Papavassiliou DV, O’Rear EA. Significance of Extensional Stresses to Red Blood Cell Lysis in a Shearing Flow. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39:1632-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Santiago PA, Giordano RDC, Suazo CAT. Performance of a vortex flow bioreactor for cultivation of CHO-K1 cells on microcarriers. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Zumaeta N, Byrne EP, Fitzpatrick JJ. Application of CFD and breakage modelling for predicting the size reduction of protein precipitates during transport. Chem Eng Res Des 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Henighan T, Chen A, Vieira G, Hauser AJ, Yang FY, Chalmers JJ, Sooryakumar R. Manipulation of magnetically labeled and unlabeled cells with mobile magnetic traps. Biophys J 2010; 98:412-7. [PMID: 20141754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A platform of discrete microscopic magnetic elements patterned on a surface offers dynamic control over the motion of fluid-borne cells by reprogramming the magnetization within the magnetic bits. T-lymphocyte cells tethered to magnetic microspheres and untethered leukemia cells are remotely manipulated and guided along desired trajectories on a silicon surface by directed forces with average speeds up to 20 microm/s. In addition to navigating cells, the microspheres can be operated from a distance to push biological and inert entities and act as local probes in fluidic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Henighan
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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39
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Wang CY, Liao HF, Sheu DC. Enhancement of recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor production using culture systems with porous polymeric microspheres. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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40
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Shenkman RM, Chalmers JJ, Hering BJ, Kirchhof N, Papas KK. Quadrupole magnetic sorting of porcine islets of Langerhans. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2009; 15:147-56. [PMID: 19505179 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation is emerging as a treatment option for selected patients with type 1 diabetes. Inconsistent isolation, purification, and recovery of large numbers of high-quality islets remain substantial impediments to progress in the field. Removing islets as soon as they are liberated from the pancreas during digestion and circumventing the need for density gradient purification is likely to result in substantially increased viable islet yields by minimizing exposure to proteolytic enzymes, reactive oxygen intermediates, and mechanical stress associated with centrifugation. This study capitalized on the hypervascularity of islets compared with acinar tissue to explore their preferential enrichment with magnetic beads to enable immediate separation in a magnetic field utilizing a quadrupole magnetic sorting. The results demonstrate that (1) preferential enrichment of porcine islets is achievable, but homogeneous bead distribution within the pancreas is difficult to achieve with current protocols; (2) greater than 70% of islets in the dissociated pancreatic tissue were recovered by quadrupole magnetic sorting, but their purity was low; and (3) infused islets purified by density gradients and subsequently passed through quadrupole magnetic sorting had similar potency as uninfused islets. These results demonstrate proof of concept and define the steps for implementation of this technology in pig and human islet isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustin M Shenkman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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41
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Godoy-Silva R, Chalmers JJ, Casnocha SA, Bass LA, Ma N. Physiological responses of CHO cells to repetitive hydrodynamic stress. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:1103-17. [PMID: 19405151 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A majority of the previous investigations on the hydrodynamic sensitivity of mammalian cells have focused on lethal effects as determined by cell death or lysis. In this study, we investigated the effect of hydrodynamic stress on CHO cells in a fed-batch process using a previously reported system which subjects cells to repetitive, high levels of hydrodynamic stress, quantified by energy dissipation rate (EDR). The results indicated that cell growth and monoclonal antibody production of the test cells were very resistant to the hydrodynamic stress. Compared to the control, no significant variation was observed at the highest EDR tested, 6.4 x 10(6) W/m(3). Most product quality attributes were not affected by intense hydrodynamic stress either. The only significant impact was on glycosylation. A shift of glycosylation pattern was observed at EDR levels at or higher than 6.0 x 10(4) W/m(3), which is two orders of magnitude lower than the EDR where physical cell damage, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase release, was observed. While not as extensively investigated, a second monoclonal antibody produced in a different CHO clone exhibited the same glycosylation change at an intensive EDR, 2.9 x 10(5) W/m(3). Conversely, a low EDR of 0.9 x 10(2) W/m(3) had no effect on the glycosylation pattern. As 6.0 x 10(4) W/m(3), the lowest EDR that triggers the glycosylation shift, is about one order of magnitude higher than the estimated, maximum EDR in typically operated, large-scale stirred tank bioreactors, further studies in a lower EDR range of 1 x 10(3)-6.0 x 10(4) W/m(3) are needed to assess the glycosylation shift effect under typical large-scale bioreactor operation conditions. Follow-up studies in stirred tanks are also needed to confirm the glycosylation shift effect and to validate the repetitive hydrodynamic stress model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Godoy-Silva
- Bioprocess R&D, Global Biologics, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
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42
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Shenkman RM, Godoy-Silva R, Papas KK, Chalmers JJ. Effects of energy dissipation rate on islets of Langerhans: implications for isolation and transplantation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:413-23. [PMID: 19191351 PMCID: PMC2832830 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acute physical stresses can occur in the procurement and isolation process and potentially can contribute to islet death or malfunction upon transplantation. A contractional flow device, previously used to subject suspended cells to well-defined hydrodynamic forces, has been modified and used to assess the vulnerability of porcine islets of Langerhans to hydrodynamic forces. The flow profiles and velocity gradients in this modified device were modeled using commercial CFD software and characterized, as in previous studies, with the scalar parameter, energy dissipation rate (EDR). Porcine islets were stressed in a single pass at various stress levels (i.e., values of EDR). Membrane integrity, oxygen uptake rate, caspase 3/7 activity, and insulin release were not affected by the levels of fluid stress tested up to an EDR of 2 x 10(3) W/m(3). Visual observation of the stressed islets suggested that cells at the islet exterior were peeled away at EDR greater than 10,000 W/m(3), however, this observation could not be confirmed using image analysis software, which determined the ratio of surface perimeter to total area. The result of this study suggests an upper limit in fluid stress to which islets can be subjected. Such upper limits assist in the design and operation of future islet processing equipment and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustin M Shenkman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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43
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Godoy-Silva R, Mollet M, Chalmers JJ. Evaluation of the effect of chronic hydrodynamical stresses on cultures of suspensed CHO-6E6 cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:1119-30. [PMID: 18958864 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hydrodynamic forces on animal cell cultures, while extensively studied, still lacks significant, fundamental understanding. A previous manuscript reported on the acute exposure of CHO cells to hydrodynamic forces in a second generation convergent-divergent microfluidic device (Mollet et al., 2007). In this study, the use of this device is extended in a proof of concept system in which suspended animal cells, grown in a typical bioreactor, are subjected to chronic exposure of moderately high levels of hydrodynamic forces by way of a continuous recycle loop between the bioreactor and the microfluidic device. A strain of CHO cells (CHO-6E6) was grown in a batch culture under controlled pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen conditions. At mid exponential stage of growth in the bioreactor the recycle flow was initiated. The cells either stopped growing or started dying at EDR values that were significantly lower (one to two orders of magnitude) than those previously reported to kill cells from a single, acute exposure. These observations allow further refinement in the design of bioprocess equipment since it provides a more accurate threshold, above which one does not want to subject animal cells to continuous exposure to specific levels of hydrodynamic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Godoy-Silva
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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44
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Hu W, Gladue R, Hansen J, Wojnar C, Chalmers JJ. Growth inhibition of dinoflagellate algae in shake flasks: Not due to shear this time! Biotechnol Prog 2009; 26:79-87. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Nam JH, Ermonval M, Sharfstein ST. Cell Attachment to Microcarriers Affects Growth, Metabolic Activity, and Culture Productivity in Bioreactor Culture. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 23:652-60. [PMID: 17500530 DOI: 10.1021/bp070007l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is not well understood how changes from suspension to microcarrier cultures affect cell growth, metabolism, and yield of recombinant proteins. To investigate the effects of culture conditions on cell characteristics, fed-batch bioreactor cultures were performed under different culture conditions (suspension cultures, cultures attached to Cytodex 3 and Cytopore 1 microcarriers) using two different Chinese hamster ovary cell lines producing either secreted human placental alkaline phosphatase (TR2-255) or tissue plasminogen activator (CHO 1-15-500). In controlled, agitated bioreactors, suspension cultures reached cell densities and product titers higher than those in microcarrier cultures, in contrast to the results in static flask cultures. Growth and metabolic activities showed similar trends in suspension and microcarrier culture regardless of cell line. However, the responses of the specific productivities to the different culture conditions differed significantly between the cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Nam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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46
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Mollet M, Godoy-Silva R, Berdugo C, Chalmers JJ. Computer simulations of the energy dissipation rate in a fluorescence-activated cell sorter: Implications to cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 100:260-72. [PMID: 18078288 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence activated cell sorting, FACS, is a widely used method to sort subpopulations of cells to high purities. To achieve relatively high sorting speeds, FACS instruments operate by forcing suspended cells to flow in a single file line through a laser(s) beam(s). Subsequently, this flow stream breaks up into individual drops which can be charged and deflected into multiple collection streams. Previous work by Ma et al. (2002) and Mollet et al. (2007; Biotechnol Bioeng 98:772-788) indicates that subjecting cells to hydrodynamic forces consisting of both high extensional and shear components in micro-channels results in significant cell damage. Using the fluid dynamics software FLUENT, computer simulations of typical fluid flow through the nozzle of a BD FACSVantage indicate that hydrodynamic forces, quantified using the scalar parameter energy dissipation rate, are similar in the FACS nozzle to levels reported to create significant cell damage in micro-channels. Experimental studies in the FACSVantage, operated under the same conditions as the simulations confirmed significant cell damage in two cell lines, Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) and THP1, a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Mollet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 125 Koffolt Laboratories, 140 W 19th Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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47
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Zumaeta N, Byrne EP, Fitzpatrick JJ. Breakage of protein precipitates flowing through orifices. Chem Eng Res Des 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mollet M, Godoy-Silva R, Berdugo C, Chalmers JJ. Acute hydrodynamic forces and apoptosis: a complex question. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 98:772-88. [PMID: 17497730 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A second generation flow contraction device was developed and modeled which allows cells to be subjected to well-defined hydrodynamic forces. Studies were conducted with this system on wild-type Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO-K1) and a strain of CHO cells which expresses the human Bcl-2 triangle gene (CHO-bcl-2). In this study, the following questions were asked: (1) Does an acute hydrodynamic force induce apoptosis in wild-type CHO and CHO-bcl-2 cells? (2) Does the type of culture media make a difference with respect to the induction of apoptosis or necrosis? and (3) Does culture history affect induction of apoptosis or necrosis? The results obtained with this new flow contraction device and corresponding computer simulations are consistent with previously published studies with respect to the level of energy dissipation rate (EDR) required to create significant cell lysis. Second, while detectable relative to the control in the T-flask experiments, only a small fraction of the cells become apoptotic when exposed to a sub-lysis level of EDR (<10(8) W x m(-3)). Third, cells cultured in suspension with serum free media do not exhibit any higher or lower sensitivity (with respect to apoptosis) to various levels of EDR when compared to control cultures grown in T-flask and serum containing media; on the other hand, necrosis is significantly increased in experiments performed on suspended cells without serum. Fourth, the addition of the Bcl-2 gene product might slightly reduce the occurrence of apoptosis in T-flask culture; however, the baseline response is so low that the difference is insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Mollet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Koynov A, Tryggvason G, Khinast JG. Characterization of the localized hydrodynamic shear forces and dissolved oxygen distribution in sparged bioreactors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007; 97:317-31. [PMID: 17154313 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Detailed, high-resolution numerical simulations of the bubbly flows, used for oxygen delivery and mixing in mammalian cell suspensions, have been performed. The hydrodynamics, shear and normal forces, mass transfer and mass transport from and around individual bubbles and bubble clusters were resolved for different operating conditions, that is, Weber, Morton, and Schmidt numbers. Suspended animal (e.g., mammalian, insect) cells are known to be susceptible to damage potentially leading to cell death, caused by hydrodynamic stresses and oxygen deprivation. Better knowledge of the magnitude of the shear forces and the extent of mixing of the dissolved oxygen in sparged bioreactors can have a significant impact on their future design and optimization. Therefore, the computed liquid-phase velocity fields were used to calculate and compare the local shear in different types of single bubble wakes and in bubble clusters. Oxygen mass transfer and dissolved oxygen transport were resolved to examine oxygen supply to the cells in the different types of flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanas Koynov
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08845-8058, USA
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Mihailova M, Trenev V, Genova P, Konstantinov S. Process simulation in a mechatronic bioreactor device with speed-regulated motors for growing of three-dimensional cell cultures. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1091:470-89. [PMID: 17341637 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1378.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a new scientific research field that allows the establishment of tissue equivalents rising from isolated cells in combination with biocompatible materials and cultivation in more or less sophisticated bioreactor systems. Such systems gave the unique opportunity to perform in vitro investigations of transcription and translation, cell growth, biochemistry and mechanics of healthy normal organs as well as those affected by malignant tumors, infections, and immune deficiency under controlled conditions. In rotating vessel bioreactors under microgravity and defined medium content, cells proliferate, stay abundant to each other, and form three-dimensional structures, assigned as spheroids. Such spheroids might be grown on microcarriers. A wide spectrum of different cell culture experiments involving normal and transformed human cells indicates that: in the rotating bioreactor system miniPERM no complete lack of gravity could be reached; a great part of the seeded cell material does not proliferate at the beginning; and the appearance of bigger spheroids is rather random. We describe the acquisition of spheroids from HD-MY-Z and Neuro-2A tumor cells. Spheroids of 100 and more cells were obtained from HD-MY-Z and Neuro-2A cells. Interestingly, chronic myeloid leukemia LAMA-84 cells did not form any cell clumps and they kept a completely undifferentiated phenotype despite their semiadherent manner of growth under conventional conditions. A detailed theoretical and virtual simulation study of the influence of every component of gravitation, inertia, and hydrodynamic force fields was performed. Therefore, a new concept for mechatronic bioreactor device with active electronic control was developed and virtually tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mihailova
- CLMI, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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