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Rosenthal JS, Yuan Q. Constructing and Tuning Excitatory Cholinergic Synapses: The Multifaceted Functions of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Drosophila Neural Development and Physiology. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:720560. [PMID: 34650404 PMCID: PMC8505678 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.720560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs) are widely distributed within the nervous system across most animal species. Besides their well-established roles in mammalian neuromuscular junctions, studies using invertebrate models have also proven fruitful in revealing the function of nAchRs in the central nervous system. During the earlier years, both in vitro and animal studies had helped clarify the basic molecular features of the members of the Drosophila nAchR gene family and illustrated their utility as targets for insecticides. Later, increasingly sophisticated techniques have illuminated how nAchRs mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the Drosophila brain and play an integral part in neural development and synaptic plasticity, as well as cognitive processes such as learning and memory. This review is intended to provide an updated survey of Drosophila nAchR subunits, focusing on their molecular diversity and unique contributions to physiology and plasticity of the fly neural circuitry. We will also highlight promising new avenues for nAchR research that will likely contribute to better understanding of central cholinergic neurotransmission in both Drosophila and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Rosenthal
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Quan Yuan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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2
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Widmann A, Artinger M, Biesinger L, Boepple K, Peters C, Schlechter J, Selcho M, Thum AS. Genetic Dissection of Aversive Associative Olfactory Learning and Memory in Drosophila Larvae. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006378. [PMID: 27768692 PMCID: PMC5074598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory formation is a highly complex and dynamic process. It consists of different phases, which depend on various neuronal and molecular mechanisms. In adult Drosophila it was shown that memory formation after aversive Pavlovian conditioning includes—besides other forms—a labile short-term component that consolidates within hours to a longer-lasting memory. Accordingly, memory formation requires the timely controlled action of different neuronal circuits, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and molecules that were initially identified by classical forward genetic approaches. Compared to adult Drosophila, memory formation was only sporadically analyzed at its larval stage. Here we deconstruct the larval mnemonic organization after aversive olfactory conditioning. We show that after odor-high salt conditioning larvae form two parallel memory phases; a short lasting component that depends on cyclic adenosine 3’5’-monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and synapsin gene function. In addition, we show for the first time for Drosophila larvae an anesthesia resistant component, which relies on radish and bruchpilot gene function, protein kinase C activity, requires presynaptic output of mushroom body Kenyon cells and dopamine function. Given the numerical simplicity of the larval nervous system this work offers a unique prospect for studying memory formation of defined specifications, at full-brain scope with single-cell, and single-synapse resolution. Learning and memory helps organisms to predict and adapt to events in their environment. Gained experience leaves traces of memory in the nervous system. Yet, memory formation in vertebrates and invertebrates is a highly complex and dynamic process that consists of different phases, which depend on various neuronal and molecular mechanisms. To understand which changes occur in a brain when it learns, we applied a reductionist approach. Instead of studying complex cases, we analyzed learning and memory in Drosophila larvae that have a simple brain that is genetically and behaviorally accessible and consists of only about 10,000 neurons. Drosophila larvae are able to learn to associate an odor with punishing high salt concentrations. It is therefore possible to correlate changes in larval behavior with molecular events in identifiable neurons after classical olfactory conditioning. We show that under these circumstances larvae form two parallel memory phases; a short lasting component (lSTM) that is molecularly conserved throughout the animal kingdom as it depends on the classical cAMP pathway. In parallel they establish a larval anesthesia resistant memory (lARM) that relies on a different molecular signal. lARM has not been described in larvae before.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Artinger
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Mareike Selcho
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas S. Thum
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
- Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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3
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Pizzo AB, Karam CS, Zhang Y, Ma CL, McCabe BD, Javitch JA. Amphetamine-induced behavior requires CaMKII-dependent dopamine transporter phosphorylation. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:279-81. [PMID: 23508128 PMCID: PMC5536334 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- AB Pizzo
- Center for Molecular Recognition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - CS Karam
- Center for Molecular Recognition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Center for Molecular Recognition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - CL Ma
- Center for Molecular Recognition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - BD McCabe
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - JA Javitch
- Center for Molecular Recognition, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA,Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Sha K, Choi SH, Im J, Lee GG, Loeffler F, Park JH. Regulation of ethanol-related behavior and ethanol metabolism by the Corazonin neurons and Corazonin receptor in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87062. [PMID: 24489834 PMCID: PMC3904974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired ethanol metabolism can lead to various alcohol-related health problems. Key enzymes in ethanol metabolism are alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH); however, neuroendocrine pathways that regulate the activities of these enzymes are largely unexplored. Here we identified a neuroendocrine system involving Corazonin (Crz) neuropeptide and its receptor (CrzR) as important physiological regulators of ethanol metabolism in Drosophila. Crz-cell deficient (Crz-CD) flies displayed significantly delayed recovery from ethanol-induced sedation that we refer to as hangover-like phenotype. Newly generated mutant lacking Crz Receptor (CrzR(01) ) and CrzR-knockdown flies showed even more severe hangover-like phenotype, which is causally associated with fast accumulation of acetaldehyde in the CrzR(01) mutant following ethanol exposure. Higher levels of acetaldehyde are likely due to 30% reduced ALDH activity in the mutants. Moreover, increased ADH activity was found in the CrzR(01) mutant, but not in the Crz-CD flies. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed transcriptional upregulation of Adh gene in the CrzR(01) . Transgenic inhibition of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) also results in significantly increased ADH activity and Adh mRNA levels, indicating PKA-dependent transcriptional regulation of Adh by CrzR. Furthermore, inhibition of PKA or cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in CrzR cells leads to comparable hangover-like phenotype to the CrzR(01) mutant. These findings suggest that CrzR-associated signaling pathway is critical for ethanol detoxification via Crz-dependent regulation of ALDH activity and Crz-independent transcriptional regulation of ADH. Our study provides new insights into the neuroendocrine-associated ethanol-related behavior and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sha
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Seung-Hoon Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeongdae Im
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gyunghee G. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Frank Loeffler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jae H. Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Genome Science Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Wang S, Wang J, Sun Y, Song Q, Li S. PKC-mediated USP phosphorylation at Ser35 modulates 20-hydroxyecdysone signaling in Drosophila. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:6187-96. [PMID: 23136906 DOI: 10.1021/pr3008804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor complex of the steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), is a heterodimer composed of EcR and USP. Our previous studies in Drosophila suggest that PKC modulates 20E signaling by phosphorylating EcR-USP. However, the exact phosphorylation sites in EcR and USP have not been identified. Using LC-MS/MS analysis, we first identified Ser35 of USP as a PKC phosphorylation site. Mutation of USP Ser35 to Ala35 in S2 cells not only eliminated USP phosphorylation, but also attenuated the 20E-induced luciferase activity, mimicking the treatment with a PKC-specific inhibitor chelerythrine chloride in Kc cells. In the larval salivary glands (SG), inhibition of PKC activity with the binary GAL4/UAS system reduced USP phosphorylation and down-regulated the 20E primary-response genes, E75B and Br-C, and RNAi knockdown of Rack1 had stronger inhibitory effects than overexpression of PKCi. Moreover, RNAi knockdown of four PKC isozyme genes expressed in the SG exhibited a variety of inhibitory effects on USP phosphorylation and expression of E75B and Br-C, with the strongest inhibitory effects occurring when aPKC was knocked down by RNAi. Taken together, we conclude that PKC-mediated USP phosphorylation at Ser35 modulates 20E signaling in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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6
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Tauc HM, Mann T, Werner K, Pandur P. A role for Drosophila Wnt-4 in heart development. Genesis 2012; 50:466-81. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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McGurk L, Bonini NM. Protein interacting with C kinase (PICK1) is a suppressor of spinocerebellar ataxia 3-associated neurodegeneration in Drosophila. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:76-84. [PMID: 21949352 PMCID: PMC3235011 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3) is the most common autosomal dominant ataxia. The disease is caused by an expansion of a CAG-trinucelotide repeat region within the coding sequence of the ATXN3 gene, and this results in an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tract within the Ataxin-3 protein. The polyQ expansion leads to neuronal dysfunction and cell death. Here, we tested the ability of a number of proteins that interact with Ataxin-3 to modulate SCA3 pathogenicity using Drosophila. Of 10 candidates, we found four novel enhancers and one suppressor. The suppressor, PICK1 (Protein interacting with C kinase 1), is a transport protein that regulates the trafficking of ion channel subunits involved in calcium homeostasis to and from the plasma membrane. In line with calcium homeostasis being a potential pathway mis-regulated in SCA3, we also found that down-regulation of Nach, an acid sensing ion channel, mitigates SCA3 pathogenesis in flies. Modulation of PICK1 could be targeted in other neurodegenerative diseases, as the toxicity of SCA1 and tau was also suppressed when PICK1 was down-regulated. These findings indicate that interaction proteins may define a rich source of modifier pathways to target in disease situations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy M. Bonini
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania,
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Filone CM, Hanna SL, Caino MC, Bambina S, Doms RW, Cherry S. Rift valley fever virus infection of human cells and insect hosts is promoted by protein kinase C epsilon. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15483. [PMID: 21124804 PMCID: PMC2991366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As an arthropod-borne human pathogen, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) cycles between an insect vector and mammalian hosts. Little is known about the cellular requirements for infection in either host. Here we developed a tissue culture model for RVFV infection of human and insect cells that is amenable to high-throughput screening. Using this approach we screened a library of 1280 small molecules with pharmacologically defined activities and identified 59 drugs that inhibited RVFV infection with 15 inhibiting RVFV replication in both human and insect cells. Amongst the 15 inhibitors that blocked infection in both hosts was a subset that inhibits protein kinase C. Further studies found that infection is dependent upon the novel protein kinase C isozyme epsilon (PKCε) in both human and insect cells as well as in adult flies. Altogether, these data show that inhibition of cellular factors required for early steps in the infection cycle including PKCε can block RVFV infection, and may represent a starting point for the development of anti-RVFV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Marie Filone
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sheri L. Hanna
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Cecilia Caino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shelly Bambina
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Doms
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Penn Genome Frontiers Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Shen P. Protein kinase C deficiency-induced alcohol insensitivity and underlying cellular targets in Drosophila. Neuroscience 2009; 166:34-9. [PMID: 20006676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple subtypes of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes are implicated in various neurological disorders including alcohol insensitivity, a trait strongly associated with alcoholism in humans, but molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the PKC activities remain poorly understood. Here we show that functional knockdown of conventional, novel or atypical PKC in the fly nervous system each resulted in alcohol insensitivity. Neuroanatomical mapping of conventional Ca(2+)-sensitive PKC53E activity uncovers a previously uncharacterized role of Drosophila serotonin neurons in alcohol sensitivity. The deficiency of PKC53E but not novel Ca(2+)-independent PKC98E appears to reduce synaptic serotonin levels, since acute inhibition of serotonin reuptake by citalopram and Prozac reversed alcohol insensitivity in flies expressing PKC53E double-stranded RNA in serotonin neurons. Together, findings from this and our previous studies indicate that PKC53E and PKC98E differentially regulate fly alcohol sensitivity through independent modulation of conserved serotonin and neuropeptide Y-like systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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10
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Meunier N, Marion-Poll F, Lucas P. Water taste transduction pathway is calcium dependent in Drosophila. Chem Senses 2009; 34:441-9. [PMID: 19386695 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjp019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, detection of osmolarity by the gustatory system was overlooked until recently. In insects, specific taste receptor neurons detect hypoosmotic stimuli and are commonly called "W" (water) cells. W cells are easy to access in vivo and represent a good model to study the transduction of hypoosmotic stimuli. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches in Drosophila, we show that tarsal W cell firing activity depends on the concentration of external calcium bathing the dendrite. This dependence was confirmed by the strong inhibition of W cell responses to hypoosmotic stimuli by lanthanum (IC(50) = 8 nM), an ion known to inhibit calcium-permeable channels. Downstream, the transduction pathway likely involves calmodulin because calmodulin antagonists such as W-7 (IC(50) = 2 microM) and fluphenazine (IC(50) = 30 microM) prevented the activation of the W cell by hypoosmotic stimuli. A protein kinase C (PKC) may also be involved as W cell responses were blocked by PKC inhibitors, chelerythrine (IC(50) = 20 microM) and staurosporine (IC(50) = 30 microM). It was also reduced when expressing an inhibitory pseudosubstrate of PKC in gustatory receptor neurons. In the rat, the transduction pathway underlying low osmolarity detection involves aquaporin and swelling-activated ion channels. Our study suggests that the transduction pathway of hypoosmotic stimuli in insects differs from mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Meunier
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, 1272 Physiologie de l'Insecte-Signalisation et Communication, Versailles, France.
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Shen P. A protein kinase C activity localized to neuropeptide Y–like neurons mediates ethanol intoxication in Drosophila melanogaster. Neuroscience 2008; 156:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Cohen ED, Mariol MC, Wallace RMH, Weyers J, Kamberov YG, Pradel J, Wilder EL. DWnt4 regulates cell movement and focal adhesion kinase during Drosophila ovarian morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2002; 2:437-48. [PMID: 11970894 DOI: 10.1016/s1534-5807(02)00142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell motility is regulated by extracellular cues and by intracellular factors that accumulate at sites of contact between cells and the extracellular matrix. One of these factors, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), regulates the cycle of focal adhesion formation and disassembly that is required for cell movement to occur. Recently, Wnt signaling has also been implicated in the control of cell movement in vertebrates, but the mechanism through which Wnt proteins influence motility is unclear. We demonstrate that Drosphila Wnt4 is required for cell movement and FAK regulation during ovarian morphogenesis. Dfrizzled2, Disheveled, and protein kinase C are also required. The DWnt4 cell motility pathway is distinct from both the canonical Wnt pathway and the planar polarity pathway. Our data suggest that DWnt4 facilitates motility through regulation of focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E David Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Genetic approaches have been used to investigate increasingly complex biological systems. Here we review the current state of genetic analysis of learning and memory in the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster. Emerging findings support two main themes. First, discovery and manipulation of genes involved with behavioral plasticity in genetically accessible systems such as D. melanogaster enables dissection of the biochemical, cellular, anatomical, and behavioral pathways of learning and memory. Second, because core cellular mechanisms of simple forms of learning are evolutionarily conserved, biological pathways discovered in invertebrates are likely to be conserved in vertebrate systems as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dubnau
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 11724, USA
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Pierce A, Heyworth CM, Nicholls SE, Spooncer E, Dexter TM, Lord JM, Owen-Lynch PJ, Wark G, Whetton AD. An activated protein kinase C alpha gives a differentiation signal for hematopoietic progenitor cells and mimicks macrophage colony-stimulating factor-stimulated signaling events. J Cell Biol 1998; 140:1511-8. [PMID: 9508782 PMCID: PMC2132662 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.140.6.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/1997] [Revised: 12/23/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly enriched, bipotent, hematopoietic granulocyte macrophage colony-forming cells (GM-CFC) require cytokines for their survival, proliferation, and development. GM-CFC will form neutrophils in the presence of the cytokines stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, whereas macrophage colony-stimulating factor leads to macrophage formation. Previously, we have shown that the commitment to the macrophage lineage is associated with lipid hydrolysis and translocation of protein kinase C alpha (PKCalpha) to the nucleus. Here we have transfected freshly prepared GM-CFC with a constitutively activated form of PKCalpha, namely PKAC, in which the regulatory domain has been truncated. Greater than 95% of the transfected cells showed over a twofold increase in PKCalpha expression with the protein being located primarily within the nucleus. The expression of PKAC caused macrophage development even in the presence of stimuli that normally promote only neutrophilic development. Thus, M-CSF-stimulated translocation of PKCalpha to the nucleus is a signal associated with macrophage development in primary mammalian hematopoietic progenitor cells, and this signal can be mimicked by ectopic PKAC, which is also expressed in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pierce
- Leukaemia Research Fund Cellular Development Unit, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, M60 1QD, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The performance of a task is often assumed to be a prerequisite for the learning of many tasks, including the associative conditioning of courtship in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Transgenic flies specifically inhibited for the enzyme protein kinase C dissociate the acquisition of learning and memory from performance of the task. They fail to show immediate suppression of courtship but nonetheless develop normal memory of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Kane
- Department of Biology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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