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Chikamoto N, Fujimoto K, Nakai J, Totani Y, Hatakeyama D, Ito E. Expression Level Changes in Serotonin Transporter are Associated with Food Deprivation in the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Zoolog Sci 2023; 40:382-389. [PMID: 37818887 DOI: 10.2108/zs230027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in feeding behavior and its associated learning (e.g., conditioned taste aversion: CTA). The 5-HT content in the central nervous system (CNS) fluctuates with changes in the nutritional status, but it is also expected to be influenced by changes in the serotonin transporter (SERT) expression level. In the present study, we identified SERT in Lymnaea and observed its localization in 5-HTergic neurons, including the cerebral giant cells (CGCs) in the cerebral ganglia and the pedal A cluster neurons and right and left pedal dorsal 1 neurons in the pedal ganglia by in situ hybridization. Real-time PCR revealed that the SERT mRNA expression level was lower under severe food deprivation than under mild food deprivation in the whole CNS as well as in a single CGC. These results inversely correlated with previous data that the 5-HT content in the CNS was higher in the severely food-deprived state than in the mildly food-deprived state. Furthermore, in single CGCs, we observed that the 5-HT level was significantly increased in the severely food-deprived state compared with the mildly food-deprived state. Our present findings suggest that changes in the SERT expression level associated with food deprivation may affect 5-HT signaling, probably contributing to learning and memory mechanisms in Lymnaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Chikamoto
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Kanta Fujimoto
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Junko Nakai
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yuki Totani
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Dai Hatakeyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan,
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Zhu YT, Liang LL, Liu TT, Liang X, Yang JL. Effects of L-arginine on Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Larval Metamorphosis of Mytilus coruscus. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:450. [PMID: 36833378 PMCID: PMC9957169 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the regulatory functions of L-arginine and nitric oxide (NO) on Mytilus coruscus metamorphosis, M. coruscus larvae were exposed to an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), aminoguanidine hemisulfate (AGH), and a substrate for NO synthesis, L-arginine. We observed that NO levels showed a significant increase, and this trend continued with L-arginine treatment. When NOS activity was inhibited, the larvae could not synthesize NO, and metamorphosis was not inhibited even in the presence of L-arginine. On transfecting pediveliger larvae with NOS siRNA followed by L-arginine exposure, we found that the larvae did not produce NO and that the larval metamorphosis rate was significantly increased, suggesting that L-arginine regulates M. coruscus larval metamorphosis by promoting NO synthesis. Our findings improve our understanding of the effects of marine environmental factors on larval metamorphosis of mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ting Zhu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lin-Li Liang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jin-Long Yang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Komatsuzaki Y, Lukowiak K. Epicatechin Alters the Activity of a Neuron Necessary for Long-Term Memory of Aerial Respiratory Behavior in Lymnaea stagnalis. Zoolog Sci 2022; 39. [DOI: 10.2108/zs220008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Komatsuzaki
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Korneev S, Garaliene J, Taylor G, Kemenes I, Kemenes G. Time dependent differential regulation of a novel long non-coding natural antisense RNA during long-term memory formation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3594. [PMID: 33574420 PMCID: PMC7878882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long natural antisense transcripts (NATs) have been demonstrated in significant numbers in a variety of eukaryotic organisms. They are particularly prevalent in the nervous system suggesting their importance in neural functions. However, the precise physiological roles of the overwhelming majority of long NATs remain unclear. Here we report on the characterization of a novel molluscan nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-related long non-coding NAT (Lym-NOS1AS). This NAT is spliced and polyadenylated and is transcribed from the non-template strand of the Lym-NOS1 gene. We demonstrate that the Lym-NOS1AS is co-expressed with the sense Lym-NOS1 mRNA in a key neuron of memory network. Also, we report that the Lym-NOS1AS is temporally and spatially regulated by one-trial conditioning leading to long term memory (LTM) formation. Specifically, in the cerebral, but not in the buccal ganglia, the temporal pattern of changes in Lym-NOS1AS expression after training correlates with the alteration of memory lapse and non-lapse periods. Our data suggest that the Lym-NOS1AS plays a role in the consolidation of nitric oxide-dependent LTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Korneev
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Jekaterina Garaliene
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Gabriella Taylor
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Ildikó Kemenes
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - György Kemenes
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
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5
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Ueda N, Richards GS, Degnan BM, Kranz A, Adamska M, Croll RP, Degnan SM. An ancient role for nitric oxide in regulating the animal pelagobenthic life cycle: evidence from a marine sponge. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37546. [PMID: 27874071 PMCID: PMC5118744 DOI: 10.1038/srep37546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In many marine invertebrates, larval metamorphosis is induced by environmental cues that activate sensory receptors and signalling pathways. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signalling molecule that regulates metamorphosis in diverse bilaterians. In most cases NO inhibits or represses this process, although it functions as an activator in some species. Here we demonstrate that NO positively regulates metamorphosis in the poriferan Amphimedon queenslandica. High rates of A. queenslandica metamorphosis normally induced by a coralline alga are inhibited by an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and by a NO scavenger. Consistent with this, an artificial donor of NO induces metamorphosis even in the absence of the alga. Inhibition of the ERK signalling pathway prevents metamorphosis in concert with, or downstream of, NO signalling; a NO donor cannot override the ERK inhibitor. NOS gene expression is activated late in embryogenesis and in larvae, and is enriched in specific epithelial and subepithelial cell types, including a putative sensory cell, the globular cell; DAF-FM staining supports these cells being primary sources of NO. Together, these results are consistent with NO playing an activating role in induction of A. queenslandica metamorphosis, evidence of its highly conserved regulatory role in metamorphosis throughout the Metazoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Ueda
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gemma S. Richards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bernard M. Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexandrea Kranz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Maja Adamska
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Roger P. Croll
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sandie M. Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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Jiang Q, Liu Z, Zhou Z, Wang L, Wang L, Yue F, Wang J, Wang H, Song L. Transcriptional activation and translocation of ancient NOS during immune response. FASEB J 2016; 30:3527-3540. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500193rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiufen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine BiologyInstitute of OceanologyChinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine BiologyInstitute of OceanologyChinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine BiologyInstitute of OceanologyChinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine BiologyInstitute of OceanologyChinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's SeaMinistry of AgricultureDalian Ocean University Dalian China
| | - Leilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine BiologyInstitute of OceanologyChinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Feng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine BiologyInstitute of OceanologyChinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine BiologyInstitute of OceanologyChinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine BiologyInstitute of OceanologyChinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China's SeaMinistry of AgricultureDalian Ocean University Dalian China
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Nacsa K, Elekes K, Serfőző Z. Ultrastructural localization of NADPH diaphorase and nitric oxide synthase in the neuropils of the snail CNS. Micron 2015; 75:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Dzik JM. Evolutionary roots of arginase expression and regulation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:544. [PMID: 25426114 PMCID: PMC4224125 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two main types of macrophage functions are known: classical (M1), producing nitric oxide, NO, and M2, in which arginase activity is primarily expressed. Ornithine, the product of arginase, is a substrate for synthesis of polyamines and collagen, important for growth and ontogeny of animals. M2 macrophages, expressing high level of mitochondrial arginase, have been implicated in promoting cell division and deposition of collagen during ontogeny and wound repair. Arginase expression is the default mode of tissue macrophages, but can also be amplified by signals, such as IL-4/13 or transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) that accelerates wound healing and tissue repair. In worms, the induction of collagen gene is coupled with induction of immune response genes, both depending on the same TGF-β-like pathway. This suggests that the main function of M2 “heal” type macrophages is originally connected with the TGF-β superfamily of proteins, which are involved in regulation of tissue and organ differentiation in embryogenesis. Excretory–secretory products of metazoan parasites are able to induce M2-type of macrophage responses promoting wound healing without participation of Th2 cytokines IL-4/IL-13. The expression of arginase in lower animals can be induced by the presence of parasite antigens and TGF-β signals leading to collagen synthesis. This also means that the main proteins, which, in primitive metazoans, are involved in regulation of tissue and organ differentiation in embryogenesis are produced by innate immunity. The signaling function of NO is known already from the sponge stage of animal evolution. The cytotoxic role of NO molecule appeared later, as documented in immunity of marine mollusks and some insects. This implies that the M2-wound healing promoting function predates the defensive role of NO, a characteristic of M1 macrophages. Understanding when and how the M1 and M2 activities came to be in animals is useful for understanding how macrophage immunity, and immune responses operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Maria Dzik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW , Warszawa , Poland
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9
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Wu CH, Siva VS, Song YL. An evolutionarily ancient NO synthase (NOS) in shrimp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1483-1500. [PMID: 23994281 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a well known essential molecule that is involved in multiple functions such as neuron transduction, cardiac disease, immune responses, etc.; nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of it. A very few crustacean NOS molecules were biochemically characterized so far. In the present study, we cloned and characterized a NOS cDNA from haemocytes of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) (PmNOS). The full-length of PmNOS cDNA contained 3997 bp, including a 5'UTR of 249 bp, ORF of 3582 bp and a 3'UTR of 166 bp. The putative peptide was 1193 amino acid residues in length, with an estimated molecular weight of 134.7 kDa and pI 6.7. Structurally, PmNOS contained oxygenase and reductase domains at N-terminal and C-terminal, respectively, and connected with a calmodulin binding motif. The deduced amino acid sequence of PmNOS shared 98% identical to the Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) NOS. Phylogenetically, PmNOS clustered with invertebrate NOS, but not clustered with iNOS, eNOS or nNOS found in vertebrates. PmNOS mRNA was expressed in many tissues or organs including thoracic and ventral nerves, midgut, gill, eyestalk, haemocytes, subcuticular epithelium and heart, but not found in hepatopancreas, muscle and lymphoid organ. But there was no significant difference in PmNOS mRNA expression after stimulation with LPS either by different concentration or time course or against CpG-ODN 2006. The enzyme activities of rPmNOS or crude homogenates from different tissues were detected, and were shown its highest activity in thoracic and ventral nerves, moderate in midgut and haemocytes but the lowest activity were seen in muscle. The addition of NOS antibody against NADPH binding domain leads to less activity which suggested that NADPH was an essential cofactor for PmNOS catalytic activity. The calcium dependency of PmNOS was ascertained using calmodulin inhibitor, Trifluroperazine. To confirm the population of haemocyte which produce NOS, the florescence test was assayed, and it implicated that the production of NO was catalyzed by subset of granulocytic NOS. Since the MW range, inducible/noninducible transcript, calcium-dependent activity and tissue distribution, we suggest that PmNOS may recognize as an ancient NOS evolutionarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Wu
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
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10
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Cioni C, Di Patti MCB, Venturini G, Modica MV, Scarpa F, Oliverio M, Toni M. Cellular, biochemical, and molecular characterization of nitric oxide synthase expressed in the nervous system of the prosobranch Stramonita haemastoma (Gastropoda, Neogastropoda). J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:364-83. [PMID: 21800313 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been characterized in several opistobranchs and pulmonates but it was much less investigated in prosobranchs, which include more than 20,000 species and account for most of the gastropod diversity. Therefore, new data from this large group are needed for a better knowledge of the molecular evolution of NOS enzymes in molluscs. This study focused on NOS expressed in the nervous system of the prosobranch neogastropod Stramonita haemastoma. In this study we report compelling evidence on the expression of a constitutive Ca(2+) /CaM-dependent neuronal NOS in the central and peripheral nervous system. The prevailing neuronal localization of NADPHd activity was demonstrated by NADPHd histochemistry in both central and peripheral nervous system structures. L-arginine/citrulline assays suggested that Stramonita NOS is a constitutive enzyme which is both cytosolic and membrane-bound. Molecular cloning of the full-length Stramonita NOS (Sh-NOS) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by 5' and 3' RACE showed that Sh-NOS is a protein of 1,517 amino acids, containing a PDZ domain at the N-terminus and sharing similar regulatory domains to the mammalian neuronal NOS (nNOS). Regional expression of the Sh-NOS gene was evaluated by RT-PCR. This analysis showed different expression levels in the nerve ring, the osphradium, the cephalic tentacles, the buccal tissues, and the foot, whereas NOS expression was not found in the salivary glands and the gland of Leiblein. The present data provide a solid background for further studies addressing the specific functions of NO in neogastropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cioni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
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11
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Wright B, Lacchini AH, Davies AJ, Walker AJ. Regulation of nitric oxide production in snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) defence cells: a role for PKC and ERK signalling pathways. Biol Cell 2012; 98:265-78. [PMID: 16293103 DOI: 10.1042/bc20050066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Nitric oxide (NO) is an important molecule in innate immune responses. In molluscs NO is produced by mobile defence cells called haemocytes; however, the molecular mechanisms that regulate NO production in these cells is poorly understood. The present study focused on the role of cell signalling pathways in NO production by primary haemocytes from the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. RESULTS When haemocytes were challenged with PMA (10 microM) or the beta-1,3-glucan laminarin (10 mg/ml), an 8-fold and 4-fold increase in NO production were observed after 60 min respectively. Moreover, the NOS (NO synthase) inhibitors L-NAME (N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) and L-NMMA (N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine) were found to block laminarin- and PMA-induced NO synthesis. Treatment of haemocytes with PMA or laminarin also increased the phosphorylation (activation) status of PKC (protein kinase C). When haemocytes were preincubated with PKC inhibitors (calphostin C or GF109203X) or inhibitors of the ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) pathway (PD98059 or U0126) prior to challenge, significant reductions in PKC and ERK phosphorylation and NO production were observed following exposure to laminarin or PMA. The greatest effect on NO production was seen with GF109203X and U0126, with PMA-induced NO production inhibited by 94% and 87% and laminarin-induced NO production by 50% and 91% respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ERK and PKC comprise part of the signalling machinery that regulates NOS activation and subsequent production of NO in molluscan haemocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows a role for these signalling proteins in the generation of NO in invertebrate defence cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Wright
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, UK
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12
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McDonald AA, Chang ES, Mykles DL. Cloning of a nitric oxide synthase from green shore crab, Carcinus maenas: A comparative study of the effects of eyestalk ablation on expression in the molting glands (Y-organs) of C. maenas, and blackback land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 158:150-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rószer T, Kiss-Tóth E, Rózsa D, Józsa T, Szentmiklósi AJ, Bánfalvi G. Hypothermia translocates nitric oxide synthase from cytosol to membrane in snail neurons. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342:191-203. [PMID: 20953631 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide (NO) levels are modulated through the control of catalytic activity of NO synthase (NOS). Although signals limiting excess NO synthesis are being extensively studied in the vertebrate nervous system, our knowledge is rather limited on the control of NOS in neurons of invertebrates. We have previously reported a transient inactivation of NOS in hibernating snails. In the present study, we aimed to understand the mechanism leading to blocked NO production during hypothermic periods of Helix pomatia. We have found that hypothermic challenge translocated NOS from the cytosol to the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum, and that this cytosol to membrane trafficking was essential for inhibition of NO synthesis. Cold stress also downregulated NOS mRNA levels in snail neurons, although the amount of NOS protein remained unaffected in response to hypothermia. Our studies with cultured neurons and glia cells revealed that glia-neuron signaling may inhibit membrane binding and inactivation of NOS. We provide evidence that hypothermia keeps NO synthesis "hibernated" through subcellular redistribution of NOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Rószer
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology (formerly Animal Anatomy and Physiology), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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14
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Patel BA, Arundell M, Parker KH, Yeoman MS, O'Hare D. Microelectrode investigation of neuroneal ageing from a single identified neurone. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:10065-72. [PMID: 20625576 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00310g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microelectrode amperometry is uniquely suited for characterising the dynamics of neurotransmitter release, as it offers unparalleled spatial and temporal resolution. We have used carbon fibre microelectrodes to study release of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) and the gaseous transmitter nitric oxide (NO) in intact central nervous system of the water snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Analysis of spontaneous vesicular release of 5-HT and depolarisation-induced release of NO reveals significant differences with ageing that may be associated with changes in protein structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavik Anil Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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15
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Dyakonova VE, Dyakonova TL. Coordination of rhythm-generating units via NO and extrasynaptic neurotransmitter release. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2010; 196:529-41. [PMID: 20559642 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-010-0541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The buccal ganglia of the mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis, contain two distinct but interacting rhythm-generating units: the central pattern generator for the buccal rhythm and nitrergic B2 neurons controlling gut motility. Nitric oxide (NO) has previously been demonstrated to be involved in the activation of the buccal rhythm. Here, we found that NO-generating substances (SNP and SNAP) activated the buccal rhythm while slowing the endogenous rhythm of B2 bursters. The inhibitor of NO-synthase, L-NNA, the NO scavenger PTIO, or the inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase, ODQ, each produced opposite, depolarising effects on the B2 neuron. In isolated B2 cells, only depolarising effects of substances interfering with NO production or function (PTIO, L-NNA and ODQ) were detected, whereas the NO donors had no hyperpolarising effects. However, when an isolated B2 cell was placed close to its initial position in the ganglion, hyperpolarising effects could be obtained with NO donors. This indicates that extrasynaptic release of some unidentified factor(s) mediates the hyperpolarising effects of NO donors on the B2 bursters. The results suggest that NO is involved in coordination between the radula and foregut movements and that the effects of NO are partially mediated by the volume chemical neurotransmission of as yet unknown origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara E Dyakonova
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 26, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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16
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Inada M, Mekata T, Sudhakaran R, Okugawa S, Kono T, El Asely AM, Linh NTH, Yoshida T, Sakai M, Yui T, Itami T. Molecular cloning and characterization of the nitric oxide synthase gene from kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 28:701-711. [PMID: 20109558 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) signaling is involved in many physiological processes in vertebrates and invertebrates. In crustaceans, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) plays a significant role in the regulation of the nervous system and in innate immunity. Here, we describe the entire cDNA sequence (4616 bp) of the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus NOS (Mj NOS) generated using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and 5'- and 3'- rapid amplification PCRs of cDNA ends from brain and gill mRNAs. The open reading frame of Mj NOS encoded a protein of 1187 amino acids with an estimated mass of 134 kDa, and had an 82.3% sequence homology with the NOS gene of the land crab Gecarcinus lateralis. Highly conserved amino acid sequences in heme and tetrahydrobiopterin were observed in the oxygenase domain. FMN, FAD and NADPH were found in the reductase domain. Mj NOS mRNA was constitutively expressed in the brain, gill, intestine, thoracic ganglion and testis of the kuruma shrimp. When Vibrio penaeicida was injected into the kuruma shrimp, Mj NOS was expressed in the brain, gill, heart, lymphoid organ, intestine and thoracic ganglion. Mj NOS expression in the gill reached its peak 12 h and decreased to its normal level 24 h after V. penaeicida injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Inada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1, Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, 889-2192 Miyazaki, Japan
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17
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Ye X, Xie F, Romanova EV, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. PRODUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDE WITHIN THE APLYSIA CALIFORNICA NERVOUS SYSTEM. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:182-193. [PMID: 20532188 DOI: 10.1021/cn900016z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), an intercellular signaling molecule, helps coordinate neuronal network activity. Here we examine NO generation in the Aplysia central nervous system using 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2 DA), a fluorescent reagent that forms 4,5-diaminofluorescein triazole (DAF-2T) upon reaction with NO. Recognizing that other fluorescence products are formed within the biochemically complex intracellular environment, we validate the observed fluorescence as being from DAF-2T; using both capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry we confirm that DAF-2T is formed from tissues and cells exposed to DAF-2 DA. We observe three distinct subcellular distributions of fluorescence in neurons exposed to DAF-2 DA. The first shows uniform fluorescence inside the cell, with these cells being among previously confirmed NOS-positive regions in the Aplysia cerebral ganglion. The second, seen inside buccal neurons, exhibits point sources of fluorescence, 1.5 ± 0.7 µm in diameter. Interestingly, the number of fluorescence puncta increases when the tissue is preincubated with the NOS substrate L-arginine, and they disappear when cells are preexposed to the NOS inhibitor L-NAME, demonstrating that the fluorescence is connected to NOS-dependent NO production. The third distribution type, seen in the R2 neuron, also exhibits fluorescent puncta, but only on the cell surface. Fluorescence is also observed in the terminals of cultured bag cell neurons loaded with DAF-2 DA. Surprisingly, fluorescence at the R2 surface and bag cell neuron terminals is not modulated by L-arginine or L-NAME, suggesting it has a source distinct from the buccal and cerebral ganglion DAF 2T-positive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Ye
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Elena V. Romanova
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Stanislav S. Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute. University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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18
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Ivanina AV, Eilers S, Kurochkin IO, Chung JS, Techa S, Piontkivska H, Sokolov EP, Sokolova IM. Effects of cadmium exposure and intermittent anoxia on nitric oxide metabolism in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:433-44. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.038059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Nitric oxide (NO) is an intracellular signaling molecule synthesized by a group of enzymes called nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and involved in regulation of many cellular functions including mitochondrial metabolism and bioenergetics. In invertebrates, the involvement of NO in bioenergetics and metabolic responses to environmental stress is poorly understood. We determined sensitivity of mitochondrial and cellular respiration to NO and the effects of cadmium (Cd) and intermittent anoxia on NO metabolism in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica. NOS activity was strongly suppressed by exposure to 50 μg l–1 Cd for 30 days (4.76 vs 1.19 pmol NO min–1 mg–1 protein in control and Cd-exposed oysters, respectively) and further decreased during anoxic exposure in Cd-exposed oysters but not in their control counterparts. Nitrate/nitrite content (indicative of NO levels) decreased during anoxic exposure to less than 10% of the normoxic values and recovered within 1 h of re-oxygenation in control oysters. In Cd-exposed oysters, the recovery of the normoxic NO levels lagged behind, reflecting their lower NOS activity. Oyster mitochondrial respiration was inhibited by exogenous NO, with sensitivity on a par with that of mammalian mitochondria, and ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration was significantly more sensitive to NO than resting respiration. In isolated gill cells, manipulations of endogenous NOS activity either with a specific NOS inhibitor (aminoguanidine) or a NOS substrate (l-arginine) had no effect on respiration, likely due to the fact that mitochondria in the resting state are relatively NO insensitive. Likewise, Cd-induced stimulation of cellular respiration did not correlate with decreased NOS activity in isolated gill cells. High sensitivity of phosphorylating (ADP-stimulated) oyster mitochondria to NO suggests that regulation of bioenergetics is an evolutionarily conserved function of NO and that NO-dependent regulation of metabolism may be most prominent under the conditions of high metabolic flux when the ADP-to-ATP ratio is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Ivanina
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - S. Eilers
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - I. O. Kurochkin
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - J. S. Chung
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - S. Techa
- Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - H. Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA
| | - E. P. Sokolov
- Department of General Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, 1000 Blythe Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28203-5871, USA
| | - I. M. Sokolova
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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Banks G, Kemenes I, Schofield M, O'Shea M, Korneev SA. Acetylcholine binding protein of mollusks is unlikely to act as a regulator of cholinergic neurotransmission at neurite-neurite synaptic sites in vivo. FASEB J 2009; 23:3030-6. [PMID: 19395478 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-117135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A population of glial cells in the central nervous system of the gastropod mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis produces a soluble protein that specifically binds acetylcholine. This protein is named the acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP). Experiments performed in vitro indicated that AChBP inactivates released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. On the basis of these observations, a similar in vivo role for AChBP was hypothesized. To fulfill this function, AChBP-expressing glia ought to be located in close proximity to cholinergic synapses in vivo. To examine this, we have analyzed the cellular and subcellular expression of AChBP in the intact CNS. Using a variety of molecular techniques, we demonstrate here that AChBP expression is confined to a subpopulation of glial cells located within the peripheral zone of each of the ganglia constituting the CNS. This zone contains the cell bodies of neurons, but few synapses. Conversely, glial cells that do not express the AChBP are predominantly located in the synapse-rich central neuropile zone but are rare in the cell body zone. Thus, our findings are not compatible with the previous conclusions drawn from in vitro studies and suggest that AChBP functions in vivo as a regulator of nonsynaptic cholinergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Banks
- Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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20
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Zahoor Z, Davies AJ, Kirk RS, Rollinson D, Walker AJ. Nitric oxide production by Biomphalaria glabrata haemocytes: effects of Schistosoma mansoni ESPs and regulation through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Parasit Vectors 2009; 2:18. [PMID: 19386102 PMCID: PMC2680853 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-2-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma mansoni uses Biomphalaria glabrata as an intermediate host during its complex life cycle. In the snail, the parasite initially transforms from a miracidium into a mother sporocyst and during this process excretory-secretory products (ESPs) are released. Nitric oxide (NO) and its reactive intermediates play an important role in host defence responses against pathogens. This study therefore aimed to determine the effects of S. mansoni ESPs on NO production in defence cells (haemocytes) from schistosome-susceptible and schistosome-resistant B. glabrata strains. As S. mansoni ESPs have previously been shown to inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation (activation) in haemocytes from susceptible, but not resistant, B. glabrata the regulation of NO output by ERK in these cells was also investigated. RESULTS Haemocytes from resistant snails challenged with S. mansoni ESPs (20 mug/ml) over 5 h displayed an increase in NO production that was 3.3 times greater than that observed for unchallenged haemocytes; lower concentrations of ESPs (0.1-10 mug/ml) did not significantly increase NO output. In contrast, haemocytes from susceptible snails showed no significant change in NO output following challenge with ESPs at any concentration used (0.1-20 mug/ml). Western blotting revealed that U0126 (1 muM or 10 muM) blocked the phosphorylation (activation) status of ERK in haemocytes from both snail strains. Inhibition of ERK signalling by U0126 attenuated considerably intracellular NO production in haemocytes from both susceptible and resistant B. glabrata strains, identifying ERK as a key regulator of NO output in these cells. CONCLUSION S. mansoni ESPs differentially influence intracellular NO levels in susceptible and resistant B. glabrata haemocytes, possibly through modulation of the ERK signalling pathway. Such effects might facilitate survival of S. mansoni in its intermediate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahida Zahoor
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK.
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21
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Rőszer T, Józsa T, Szentmiklósi AJ, Bánfalvi G. Acetylcholine inhibits nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in the gastropod nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 336:325-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Ohtsuki H, Yokoyama J, Ohba N, Ohmiya Y, Kawata M. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the Japanese fireflies Luciola lateralis and Luciola cruciata. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 69:176-188. [PMID: 18980232 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Species-specific flash patterns in firefly species are important for the investigation of the evolution of Lampyridae. Since nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is one of the key enzymes controlling flash patterns, we determined the cDNA sequences of NOS in the Japanese fireflies Luciola lateralis and L. cruciata. The identity of the NOS sequences was very high between these 2 species. Firefly NOS also exhibited a high identity with those of other insect species, and the cofactor-binding domains were particularly well conserved. Many negatively selected sites were detected throughout the NOS sequences; however, no positive selection was detected. The phylogenetic relationship of insect NOS was different from that of the general classification system, although the lineages corresponded to the major recognized taxonomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ohtsuki
- Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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23
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Ribeiro M, Straub VA, Schofield M, Picot J, Benjamin PR, O'Shea M, Korneev SA. Characterization of NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase: expression in an identified interneuron involved in NO-cGMP-dependent memory formation. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28:1157-65. [PMID: 18783373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a number of neuronal models of learning signalling by endogenous nitric oxide (NO), produced by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS), is essential for the formation of long-term memory (LTM). For example, in the molluscan model system Lymnaea, NO is required for LTM formation in the first few hours after one-trial reward conditioning. Furthermore, conditioning leads to transient up-regulation of the NOS gene in identified modulatory neurons, the cerebral giant cells (CGCs), which are known to be involved in LTM formation. In Lymnaea nothing is known however about the structure and localization of the major receptor for NO, the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). Here we report on the cloning and characterization of both alpha and beta subunits of NO-sensitive sGC and show that they are coexpressed in the CGCs. Furthermore, our electrophysiological experiments on isolated CGCs show that these neurons respond to NO by generating a prolonged depolarization of the membrane potential. Moreover, we demonstrate that this depolarization is blocked by ODQ, supporting our hypothesis that it is mediated by sGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ribeiro
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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24
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Modification of the effects of glutamate by nitric oxide (NO) in a pattern-generating network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 38:407-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-008-0058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Matsuo R, Misawa K, Ito E. Genomic structure of nitric oxide synthase in the terrestrial slug is highly conserved. Gene 2008; 415:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Huynh P, Boyd SK. Nitric Oxide Synthase and NADPH Diaphorase Distribution in the Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) CNS: Pathways and Functional Implications. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2007; 70:145-63. [PMID: 17595535 DOI: 10.1159/000104306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gas nitric oxide (NO) is emerging as an important regulator of normal physiology and pathophysiology in the central nervous system (CNS). The distribution of cells releasing NO is poorly understood in non-mammalian vertebrates. Nitric oxide synthase immunocytochemistry (NOS ICC) was thus used to identify neuronal cells that contain the enzyme required for NO production in the amphibian brain and spinal cord. NADPH-diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry was also used because the presence of NADPHd serves as a reliable indicator of nitrergic cells. Both techniques revealed stained cells in all major structures and pathways in the bullfrog brain. Staining was identified in the olfactory glomeruli, pallium and subpallium of the telencephalon; epithalamus, thalamus, preoptic area, and hypothalamus of the diencephalon; pretectal area, optic tectum, torus semicircularis, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon; all layers of the cerebellum; reticular formation; nucleus of the solitary tract, octaval nuclei, and dorsal column nuclei of the medulla; and dorsal and motor fields of the spinal cord. In general, NADPHd histochemistry provided better staining quality, especially in subpallial regions, although NOS ICC tended to detect more cells in the olfactory bulb, pallium, ventromedial thalamus, and cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. NOS ICC was also more sensitive for motor neurons and consistently labeled them in the vagus nucleus and along the length of the rostral spinal cord. Thus, nitrergic cells were ubiquitously distributed throughout the bullfrog brain and likely serve an essential regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Huynh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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27
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Derakhshan B, Hao G, Gross SS. Balancing reactivity against selectivity: the evolution of protein S-nitrosylation as an effector of cell signaling by nitric oxide. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 75:210-9. [PMID: 17524376 PMCID: PMC1994943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Produced by the action of lightning in the atmosphere of the pre-biotic earth, nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical molecule that provided the major nitrogen source for development of life. Remarkably, when atmospheric sources of NO became restrictive, organisms evolved the capacity for NO biosynthesis and NO took on bioregulatory roles. We now recognize NO as an ancestral regulator of diverse and important biological functions, acting throughout the phylogenetic tree. In mammals, NO has been implicated as a pivotal regulator of virtually every major physiological system. The bioactivities of NO, and reactive species derived from NO, arise predominantly from their covalent addition to proteins. Importantly, S-nitrosylation of protein cysteine (Cys) residues has emerged as a preeminent effector of NO bioactivity. How and why NO selectively adds to particular Cys residues in proteins is poorly understood, yet fundamental to how NO communicates its bioactivities. Also, evolutionary pressures that have shaped S-nitrosylation as a biosignaling modality are obscure. Considering recently recognized NO signaling paradigms, we speculate on the origin of NO signaling in biological systems and the molecular adaptations that have endowed NO with the ability to selectively target a subset of protein Cys residues that mediate biosignaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrad Derakhshan
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Department of Pharmacology, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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28
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Kim WS, Ye X, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Measuring nitric oxide in single neurons by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence: use of ascorbate oxidase in diaminofluorescein measurements. Anal Chem 2007; 78:1859-65. [PMID: 16536421 DOI: 10.1021/ac051877p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a family of novel fluorescent indicators for nitric oxide (NO), the diaminofluoresceins (DAFs) have allowed real-time measurement of neuronal NO, an important gaseous neurotransmitter. However, the measurement of NO by the most commonly used NO sensor, 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2), is altered by two processes: the interaction of DAF-2 with intracellular dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and the impact of ascorbic acid (AA) on the levels of N2O3, the intermediate product of the oxidation of NO that reacts with DAF-2. Similar AA/DHA effects are observed with other DAF probes, including DAF-FM and DAR-4M. To overcome these limitations, we use a specific enzymatic reaction to eliminate the confounding effect of AA on DAF quantitation of NO and then use capillary electrophoresis (CE) with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection to distinguish the various reaction products. First, the enzyme ascorbate oxidase (AO) is used to catalyze the oxidation of AA to DHA. Next, CE-LIF separates the fluorescent products of the reaction of DAF-2 with NO and DHA. Control experiments, including standard mixtures and single neurons with added NO donor, successfully demonstrate the utility of this approach. This protocol is further tested with homogenates of the mouth area from the sea slug Aplysia californica, previously shown to be NO-positive, and individual nitric oxide synthase-containing buccal neurons from the freshwater snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. In each case, significant amounts of NO are detected. This AO DAF methodology is specific, effective, simple, and allows NO to be measured in single cells without detectable interference from other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Suk Kim
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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29
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Patel BA, Arundell M, Parker KH, Yeoman MS, O'Hare D. Detection of nitric oxide release from single neurons in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Anal Chem 2007; 78:7643-8. [PMID: 17105154 DOI: 10.1021/ac060863w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple film-coated nitric oxide sensors have been fabricated using Nafion and electropolymerized polyeugenol or o-phenylenediamine on 30-microm carbon fiber disk electrodes. This is a rare study that utilizes disk electrodes rather than the widely used protruding tip microelectrodes in order to measure from a biological environment. These electrodes have been used to evaluate the differences in nitric oxide release between two different identified neurons in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. These results show the first direct measurements of nitric oxide release from individual neurons. The electrodes are very sensitive to nitric oxide with a detection limit of 2.8 nM and a sensitivity of 9.46 nA microM-1. The sensor was very selective against a variety of neurochemical interferences such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, and catecholamines and secondary oxidation products such as nitrite. Nitric oxide release was measured from the cell bodies of two neurons, the cerebral giant cell (CGC) and the B2 buccal motor neuron, in the intact but isolated CNS. A high-Ca2+/high-K+ stimulus was capable of evoking reproducible release. For a given stimulus, the B2 neuron released more nitric oxide than the CGC neuron; however, both cells were equally suppressed by the NOS inhibitor l-NAME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavik Anil Patel
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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30
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Nitric oxide biogenesis, signalling and roles in molluscs: The Sepia officinalis paradigm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2423(07)01002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Moroz LL, Kohn AB. On the comparative biology of Nitric Oxide (NO) synthetic pathways: Parallel evolution of NO-mediated signaling. Nitric Oxide 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2423(07)01001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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32
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Serfözö Z, Szentmiklósi AJ, Elekes K. Characterization of nitric oxidergic neurons in the alimentary tract of the snailHelix pomatia L.: Histochemical and physiological study. J Comp Neurol 2007; 506:801-21. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hens MD, Fowler KA, Leise EM. Induction of metamorphosis decreases nitric oxide synthase gene expression in larvae of the marine mollusc Ilyanassa obsoleta (say). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2006; 211:208-11. [PMID: 17179380 DOI: 10.2307/4134543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many marine organisms spend the early part of their lives as larvae suspended in the water column before metamorphosing into benthic reproductive adults. Metamorphosis does not occur until a larva has become competent to respond to appropriate stimuli and after a suitable habitat for the young juvenile has been encountered. The gaseous neurotransmitter nitric oxide is thought to be important in the regulation of metamorphosis by holding the organism in the larval state. We have investigated expression of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene in larval and metamorphosing individuals of the marine mud snail Ilyanassa obsoleta. Our results indicate that nNOS is expressed at constant levels throughout larval development. In contrast, expression of nNOS decreases markedly during the first 24 h of metamorphosis. Our observations support previous findings that demonstrate that nitric oxide is present in larvae though competence. The decrease in nNOS gene expression that occurs during metamorphosis corresponds with a previously described reduction in nNOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Hens
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
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34
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Straub VA, Grant J, O'Shea M, Benjamin PR. Modulation of serotonergic neurotransmission by nitric oxide. J Neurophysiol 2006; 97:1088-99. [PMID: 17135468 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01048.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and serotonin (5-HT) are two neurotransmitters with important roles in neuromodulation and synaptic plasticity. There is substantial evidence for a morphological and functional overlap between these two neurotransmitter systems, in particular the modulation of 5-HT function by NO. Here we demonstrate for the first time the modulation of an identified serotonergic synapse by NO using the synapse between the cerebral giant cell (CGC) and the B4 neuron within the feeding network of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis as a model system. Simultaneous electrophysiological recordings from the pre- and postsynaptic neurons show that blocking endogenous NO production in the intact nervous system significantly reduces the B4 response to CGC activity. The blocking effect is frequency dependent and is strongest at low CGC frequencies. Conversely, bath application of the NO donor DEA/NONOate significantly enhances the CGC-B4 synapse. The modulation of the CGC-B4 synapse is mediated by the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/cGMP pathway as demonstrated by the effects of the sGC antagonist 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). NO modulation of the CGC-B4 synapse can be mimicked in cell culture, where application of 5-HT puffs to isolated B4 neurons simulates synaptic 5-HT release. Bath application of diethylamine NONOate (DEA/NONOate) enhances the 5-HT induced response in the isolated B4 neuron. However, the cell culture experiment provided no evidence for endogenous NO production in either the CGC or B4 neuron suggesting that NO is produced by an alternative source. Thus we conclude that NO modulates the serotonergic CGC-B4 synapse by enhancing the postsynaptic 5-HT response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volko A Straub
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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35
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Jiang G, Yu R, Zhou M. Studies on nitric oxide synthase activity in haemocytes of shrimps Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Marsupenaeus japonicus after white spot syndrome virus infection. Nitric Oxide 2006; 14:219-27. [PMID: 16403661 PMCID: PMC7110546 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 10/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in the haemocytes of shrimps Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck) and Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate) was studied after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection to determine its characteristics in response to virus infection. First, the NOS activity in haemocytes of shrimps was determined by the means of NBT reduction and changes in cell conformation. And the variations of NOS activity in shrimps after challenge with WSSV intramuscularly were evaluated through the analysis of l-citrulline and total nitrite/nitrate (both as NO derivates) concentrations. The result showed that NOS activity in the haemocytes of F. chinensis increased slightly from 0 to 12 h postchallenge, indicated by the variations of l-citrulline (from 11.15 ± 0.10 to 12.08 ± 0.64 μM) and total nitrite/nitrate concentrations (from 10.45 ± 0.65 to 12.67 ± 0.52 μM). Then it decreased sharply till the end of the experiment (84 h postchallenge), the concentrations of l-citrulline and total nitrite/nitrate at 84 h were 1.58 ± 0.24 and 2.69 ± 0.70 μM, respectively. The LPS-stimulated NOS activity kept constant during the experiment. However, in M. japonicus, the NOS activity kept increasing during the first 72 h postchallenge, the concentrations of l-citrulline and total nitrite/nitrate increased from 7.82 ± 0.77 at 0 h to 10.79 ± 0.50 μM at 72 h, and from 8.98 ± 0.43 at 0 h to 11.20 ± 0.37 μM at 72 h, respectively. Then it decreased till the end of the experiment (216 h postchallenge), and the concentrations of l-citrulline and total nitrite/nitrate at 216 h were 5.66 ± 0.27 and 4.68 ± 0.16 μM, respectively. More importantly, an apparent increase of LPS-stimulated NOS activity was observed in M. japonicus at 48 h postchallenge, which was about 4 times higher than that in the control group of health shrimps. In correspondence with the difference of NOS activity between the two species of shrimps, the cumulative mortalities of the shrimps were also different. All shrimps of F. chinensis in the mortality experiment died in 66 h, much more quickly than M. japonicus, whose accumulative mortality reached 100% after 240 h. Data here reported let us hypothesize that NOS activity in the haemocytes of shrimps F. chinensis and M. japonicus responses to WSSV infection differently, and this might be one of the reasons for the different susceptibility of F. chinensis and M. japonicus to WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojian Jiang
- Marine Development Academy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Rencheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
- Corresponding author. Fax: +86 532 82898590.
| | - Mingjiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Hatakeyama D, Sadamoto H, Watanabe T, Wagatsuma A, Kobayashi S, Fujito Y, Yamashita M, Sakakibara M, Kemenes G, Ito E. Requirement of new protein synthesis of a transcription factor for memory consolidation: paradoxical changes in mRNA and protein levels of C/EBP. J Mol Biol 2005; 356:569-77. [PMID: 16403525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 11/20/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Some specific transcription factors are essential for memory consolidation across species. However, it is still unclear whether only the activation of constitutively expressed forms of these conserved transcription factors is involved in memory consolidation or their de novo synthesis also occurs after learning. This question has remained unanswered partly because of the lack of an efficient method for the determination of copy numbers of particular mRNAs in single neurons, which allows the detection of new transcription at the cellular level. Here we applied a newly developed protocol of single-cell quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to single neurons playing an important role in associative learning. Specifically, we examined the changes in the mRNA and protein expression levels of a highly conserved transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), in the paired B2 motoneurons of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. These buccal neurons are involved in the motor control of feeding behavior, with a potentially important role in conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Single-cell qRT-PCR revealed a significant decrease in LymC/EBP mRNA copy numbers in the B2 motoneurons during memory consolidation after CTA training. By contrast, isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting of extracts of the buccal ganglia showed that translation and phosphorylation levels of LymC/EBP significantly increased during memory consolidation. The C/EBP-like immunoreactivity in the B2 motoneurons, which are the major immunopositive component in the buccal ganglia, also significantly increased during memory consolidation, suggesting that the main source of increase in the level of protein in the buccal ganglia are the B2 motoneurons. Thus, early memory consolidation after CTA learning in L.stagnalis involves both the rapid synthesis and phosphorylation of LymC/EBP as well as the rapid breakdown of LymC/EBP mRNA in the neural network controlling feeding, suggesting that all of these processes play a role in the function of C/EBP in memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Hatakeyama
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Scheinker V, Fiore G, Di Cristo C, Di Cosmo A, d'Ischia M, Enikolopov G, Palumbo A. Nitric oxide synthase in the nervous system and ink gland of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis: molecular cloning and expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:1204-15. [PMID: 16259953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) signaling is involved in numerous physiological processes in mollusks, e.g., learning and memory, feeding behavior, neural development, and defence response. We report the first molecular cloning of NOS mRNA from a cephalopod, the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (SoNOS). SoNOS was cloned using a strategy that involves hybridization of degenerate PCR primers to highly conserved NOS regions, combined with RACE procedure. Two splicing variants of SoNOS, differing by 18 nucleotides, were found in the nervous system and the ink gland of Sepia. In situ hybridization shows that SoNOS is expressed in the immature and mature cells of the ink gland and in the regions of the nervous system that are related to the ink defence system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Scheinker
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, P.O. Box 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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38
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Douglas SJ, Dawson-Scully K, Sokolowski MB. The neurogenetics and evolution of food-related behaviour. Trends Neurosci 2005; 28:644-52. [PMID: 16203044 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
All organisms must acquire nutrients from the ambient environment to survive. In animals, the need to eat has driven the evolution of a rich array of complex food-related behaviours that ensure appropriate nutrient intake in diverse niches. Here, we review some of the neural and genetic components that contribute to the regulation of food-related behaviour in invertebrates, with emphasis on mechanisms that are conserved throughout various taxa and activities. We focus on synthesizing neurobiological and genetic approaches into a neurogenetic framework that explains food-related behaviour as the product of interactions between neural substrates, genes and internal and external environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Douglas
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6
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Korneev SA, Straub V, Kemenes I, Korneeva EI, Ott SR, Benjamin PR, O'Shea M. Timed and targeted differential regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and anti-NOS genes by reward conditioning leading to long-term memory formation. J Neurosci 2005; 25:1188-92. [PMID: 15689555 PMCID: PMC6725956 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4671-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In a number of neuronal models of learning, signaling by the neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO), synthesized by the enzyme neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), is essential for the formation of long-term memory (LTM). Using the molluscan model system Lymnaea, we investigate here whether LTM formation is associated with specific changes in the activity of members of the NOS gene family: Lym-nNOS1, Lym-nNOS2, and the antisense RNA-producing pseudogene (anti-NOS). We show that expression of the Lym-nNOS1 gene is transiently upregulated in cerebral ganglia after conditioning. The activation of the gene is precisely timed and occurs at the end of a critical period during which NO is required for memory consolidation. Moreover, we demonstrate that this induction of the Lym-nNOS1 gene is targeted to an identified modulatory neuron called the cerebral giant cell (CGC). This neuron gates the conditioned feeding response and is an essential part of the neural network involved in LTM formation. We also show that the expression of the anti-NOS gene, which functions as a negative regulator of nNOS expression, is downregulated in the CGC by training at 4 h after conditioning, during the critical period of NO requirement. This appears to be the first report of the timed and targeted differential regulation of the activity of a group of related genes involved in the production of a neurotransmitter that is necessary for learning, measured in an identified neuron of known function. We also provide the first example of the behavioral regulation of a pseudogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Korneev
- Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom.
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40
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Moroz LL, Dahlgren RL, Boudko D, Sweedler JV, Lovell P. Direct single cell determination of nitric oxide synthase related metabolites in identified nitrergic neurons. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 99:929-39. [PMID: 15811510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 01/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical characterization of individual nitrergic (NO releasing) neurons is a non-trivial task both in vertebrate and invertebrate preparations. In spite of numerous efforts, there are limited data related to intracellular concentrations of essential metabolites involved in NO synthesis and degradation. This situation creates controversies in both identification of nitrergic neurons and the selection of reliable reporters of NOS activity in heterogeneous cell populations. We take advantage of identified neurons from the pulmonate mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis to perform direct single cell microanalysis of intracellular concentrations of the major nitric oxide synthase (NOS) related metabolites such as arginine, citrulline, argininosuccinate, NO(2)(-),and NO(3)(-). Capillary electrophoresis protocols have been developed to quantitate levels of these metabolites in single identified neurons from the buccal, cerebral, and pedal ganglia using laser-induced fluorescence and conductivity detection. The limits of detection (LODs) for arginine (Arg) and citrulline (Cit) are 84 amol (11nM) and 110 amol (15 nM), respectively, and LODs for NO(2)(-)and NO(3)(-) are <200 amol (<10nM) each. We report that intracellular concentrations of NOS related metabolites are in the millimolar range and less than 1% of a single cell is required for microchemical analysis. From four cell types tested, only the esophageal motoneuron B2 contains active NOS, and they also contain surprisingly high nitrite levels (up to 5mM) compared to other neurons tested (peptidergic B4, dopaminergic RPeD1, and serotonergic CGC). These B2 neurons also exhibit an Arg/Cit ratio susceptible to the selective NOS inhibitor l-iminoethyl-N-ornithine whereas others neurons do not even though they all may contain NOS transcripts. On the contrary, we found that absolute concentrations of other NOS related metabolites including nitrates are not reliable markers of NOS activity and demonstrate the need for multiple assays for NOS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience, Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd., St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA.
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41
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Sheeley SA, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. The detection of nitrated tyrosine in neuropeptides: a MALDI matrix-dependent response. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:22-7. [PMID: 15900447 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Revised: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are a diverse class of signaling molecules that typically have one or more posttranslational modifications. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is an effective tool for identification and characterization of neuropeptides from samples as small as individual neurons. However, the detection of one particular posttranslational modification-nitrotyrosine-has been problematic because of the lability of the nitro group of nitrotyrosine under MALDI-MS conditions. The detection of nitrated tyrosine in peptide standards was dependent on the MALDI matrix used for the analysis. Specifically, sinapinic acid was the optimum matrix tested to observe this modification while it was not consistently detected with matrices such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Using the optimized procedures, several identified nitric-oxide-synthase positive neurons from Lymnaea stagnalis were tested to determine if the neuropeptides present were nitrated. In all cases, the nitrated form of the neuropeptide was not observed. The dependence on the sample-preparation procedures of observing this particular chemical modification demonstrates the need for careful selection of sample-preparation methods with MALDI or the use of other ionization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Sheeley
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave 63-5, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Kim HW, Batista LA, Hoppes JL, Lee KJ, Mykles DL. A crustacean nitric oxide synthase expressed in nerve ganglia, Y-organ,gill and gonad of the tropical land crab,Gecarcinus lateralis. J Exp Biol 2004; 207:2845-57. [PMID: 15235013 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYNO signaling is involved in many physiological processes in invertebrates. In crustaceans, it plays a role in the regulation of the nervous system and muscle contraction. Nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR generated a full-length cDNA sequence (3982 bp) of land crab NO synthase(Gl-NOS) from molting gland (Y-organ) and thoracic ganglion mRNA. The open reading frame encoded a protein of 1199 amino acids with an estimated mass of 135 624 Da. Gl-NOS had the highest sequence identity with insect NOS. The amino acid sequences for binding heme and tetrahydrobiopterin in the oxygenase domain, binding calmodulin and binding FMN, FAD and NADPH in the reductase domain were highly conserved. Gl-NOS had single amino acid differences in all three highly conserved FAD-binding sequences, which distinguished it from other NOS sequences. RT-PCR showed that the Gl-NOS mRNA was present in testis,ovary, gill, eyestalk neural ganglia, thoracic ganglion and Y-organ. NOS mRNA varied between preparations of Y-organ, thoracic ganglion and gill, while NOS mRNA was at consistently high levels in the ovary, testis and eyestalk ganglia. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the Gl-NOS protein was expressed in Y-organ, ovary and gill. These results suggest that NOS has functions in addition to neuromodulation in adults, such as regulating or modulating ecdysteroid synthesis in the Y-organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Schrofner S, Zsombok A, Hermann A, Kerschbaum HH. Nitric oxide decreases a calcium-activated potassium current via activation of phosphodiesterase 2 in Helix U-cells. Brain Res 2004; 999:98-105. [PMID: 14746926 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the underlaying mechanism of nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP on the decline of a Ca2+-activated potassium (KCa) current in U-cells of the right parietal ganglion of the pulmonate snail, Helix pomatia. Using a two-electrode voltage-clamp technique, we activated a KCa-current either by opening of endogenous voltage-gated Ca2+-channels during depolarizing voltage steps or by ionophoretic injection of Ca2+ via a third electrode containing 100 mM Ca2+. KCa-current amplitude in U-cells was sensitive to Ba2+, TEA, iberiotoxin, kaliotoxin and charybdotoxin (ChTX), but not to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) (up to 30 mM) and apamin (up to 300 nM). Thus, the biophysical and pharmacological profile of the KCa-current in U-cells shares similarities with the large-conductance KCa channel (BKCa). The NO-donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) as well as NO-gas decreased the KCa-current amplitude and decreased the rate of KCa-current activation elicited by Ca2+-injection. Decline of the current amplitude and decrease of activation of KCa-current were qualitatively mimicked by the membrane-permeable cGMP analogue dibutyryl-cGMP (db-cGMP). NO-induced decrease of KCa-current was blocked by methylene blue (50 microM), an inhibitor of the guanylyl-cyclase, and by erytho-9-(2-hydroxyl-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA) (100 microM), an inhibitor of the cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2). These experiments suggest that the NO-mediated decrease of KCa-current in U-cells results from synthesis of cGMP by activation of a guanylyl-cyclase and subsequent activation of PDE2.
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MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/drug effects
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/metabolism
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium/pharmacology
- Calcium Channels/drug effects
- Calcium Channels/physiology
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Calcium Signaling/physiology
- Cyclic GMP/biosynthesis
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 2
- Ganglia, Invertebrate/cytology
- Ganglia, Invertebrate/drug effects
- Ganglia, Invertebrate/enzymology
- Guanylate Cyclase/drug effects
- Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism
- Helix, Snails/cytology
- Helix, Snails/drug effects
- Helix, Snails/enzymology
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Membrane Potentials/physiology
- Nervous System/cytology
- Nervous System/drug effects
- Nervous System/enzymology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/enzymology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Potassium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated/drug effects
- Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Schrofner
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Zoology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Moroz LL, Meech RW, Sweedler JV, Mackie GO. Nitric oxide regulates swimming in the jellyfish Aglantha digitale. J Comp Neurol 2004; 471:26-36. [PMID: 14983473 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cnidarian nervous system is considered by many to represent neuronal organization in its earliest and simplest form. Here we demonstrate, for the first time in the Cnidaria, the neuronal localization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the hydromedusa Aglantha digitale (Trachylina). Expression of specific, fixative-resistant NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity, characteristic of NOS, was observed in neurites running in the outer nerve ring at the base of the animal and in putative sensory cells in the ectoderm covering its tentacles. At both sites, diphenyleneiodonium (10(-4) M) abolished staining. Capillary electrophoresis confirmed that the NO breakdown products NO2- and NO3- were present at high levels in the tentacles, but were not detectable in NADPH-d-negative areas. The NADPH-d-reactive neurons in the tentacles send processes to regions adjacent to the inner nerve ring where swimming pacemaker cells are located. Free-moving animals and semi-intact preparations were used to test whether NO is involved in regulating the swimming program. NO (30-50 nM) and its precursor L-arginine (1 mM) stimulated swimming, and the effect was mimicked by 8-Br-cGMP (50-100 microM). The NO scavenger PTIO (10-100 microM) and a competitive inhibitor of NOS, L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 200 microM), significantly decreased the swimming frequency in free-moving animals, while its less-active stereoisomer D-nitroarginine methyl ester (D-NAME, 200 microM) had no such effect. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ, 5-20 microM), a selective inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase, suppressed spontaneous swimming and prevented NO-induced activation of the swimming program. We suggest that an NO/cGMP signaling pathway modulates the rhythmic swimming associated with feeding in Aglantha, possibly by means of putative nitrergic sensory neurons in its tentacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- The Whitney Laboratory and Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida 32080, USA.
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Fujie S, Yamamoto T, Murakami J, Hatakeyama D, Shiga H, Suzuki N, Ito E. Nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase underlying the modulation of electrical oscillations in a central olfactory organ. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 62:14-30. [PMID: 15316917 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized the cDNAs for nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) from the terrestrial slug Limax marginatus, and examined the presence and distribution of their mRNAs in the central nervous system using histological techniques and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method. Our results showed that both bursting and nonbursting neurons in the procerebral lobes contain the mRNAs for both NOS and sGC. We further found that the oscillation frequency of electrical activity in the procerebral lobes increases with increasing intracellular concentrations of cyclic GMP (cGMP). Taken together with previous data on the NO-induced cGMP-like immunoreactivity and on the anatomical distribution of neurites and the localization of synapses of bursting and nonbursting neurons, our present results suggest that NO-induced changes in cGMP concentration modulate the oscillation frequency in the procerebral lobes by acting on the olfactory input pathways, but possibly not on the output pathways, in slugs. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayoko Fujie
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, North 10, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Röszer T, Jenei Z, Gáll T, Nagy O, Czimmerer Z, Serfözö Z, Elekes K, Bánfalvi G. A Possible Stimulatory Effect of FMRFamide on Neural Nitric Oxide Production in the Central Nervous System of Helix lucorum L. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2003; 63:23-33. [PMID: 14673196 DOI: 10.1159/000073757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2003] [Accepted: 08/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The anatomical and functional relationship between neurons expressing nitric oxide (NO) synthase and molluscan cardioexcitatory (FMRFamide)-like neuropeptides was studied in the central ganglia of Helix lucorum (Pulmonata, Gastropoda), applying NADPHdiaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry to visualize NO synthase and immunocytochemistry to demonstrate FMRFamide (FMRFa) at the light microscopic level. The NO production of the ganglia was detected by the colorimetric Griess determination of nitrite, a breakdown product of NO. Effects of the NO synthase substrate amino acid L-arginine, the NO synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine (NOARG), synthetic FMRFa and the FMRFa sensitive ion channel blocker amiloride hydrochloride on nitrite production were also tested. NADPHd reaction labeled nerve cells and fibers in the procerebra, mesocerebra and metacerebra within the cerebral ganglia, and cell clusters in the postcerebral ganglia. FMRFa immunolabeling could be observed within subpopulations of NADPHd positive cells and in pericellular varicose fibers surrounding NADPHd stained neurons. Nitrite production of the ganglia was stimulated by L-arginine (10- 20 mM) but was decreased by NOARG (1-2 mM). Synthetic FMRFa (0.830-3.340 mM) increased the nitrite production in a dose dependent manner, but was ineffective in the presence of NOARG. Amiloride hydrochloride (7.890 mM) reduced the FMRFa evoked nitrite production in all ganglia. This is the first description of an anatomical relationship between putative NO producing and FMRFa containing cells, suggesting a possible regulatory role of FMRFa in the NO mediated signaling in an invertebrate nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Röszer
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Debrecen University, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Duan Y, Haugabook SJ, Sahley CL, Muller KJ. Methylene blue blocks cGMP production and disrupts directed migration of microglia to nerve lesions in the leech CNS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 57:183-92. [PMID: 14556284 DOI: 10.1002/neu.10262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Migration and accumulation of microglial cells at sites of injury are important for nerve repair. Recent studies on the leech central nervous system (CNS), in which synapse regeneration is successful, have shown that nitric oxide (NO) generated immediately after injury by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) stops migrating microglia at the lesion. The present study obtained results indicating that NO may act earlier, on microglia migration, and aimed to determine mechanisms underlying NO's effects. Injury induced cGMP immunoreactivity at the lesion in a pattern similar to that of eNOS activity, immunoreactivity, and microglial cell accumulation, which were all focused there. The soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor methylene blue (MB) at 60 microM abolished cGMP immunoreactivity at lesions and blocked microglial cell migration and accumulation without interfering with axon conduction. Time-lapse video microscopy of microglia in living nerve cords showed MB did not reduce cell movement but reduced directed movement, with significantly more cells moving away from the lesion or reversing direction and fewer cells moving toward the lesion. The results indicate a new role for NO, directing the microglial cell migration as well as stopping it, and show that NO's action may be mediated by cGMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Duan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics (R-430), University of Miami School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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Sengupta R, Sahoo R, Mukherjee S, Regulski M, Tully T, Stuehr DJ, Ghosh S. Characterization of Drosophila nitric oxide synthase: a biochemical study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 306:590-7. [PMID: 12804606 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heme and flavin-binding domains of Drosophila nitric oxide synthase (DNOS) were expressed in Escherichia coli using the expression vector pCW. The denatured molecular mass of the expressed protein was 152kDa along with a proteolytically cleaved product of 121kDa. The DNOS heme protein exhibited very low Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent NO synthase activity. The trypsin digestion patterns were different from nNOS. The full-length DNOS protein had high degree of stability against trypsin. The activity assay of trypsin-digested protein confirmed the same result. Urea dissociation profile of DNOS full-length protein showed that the reductase domain activity was much more susceptible towards urea than the oxygenase domain activity. Urea gradient gel of DNOS full-length protein established distinct transition of dissociation and unfolding in the range 3-4M urea. Reductase domain activity of full-length DNOS protein against external electron acceptors like cytochrome c indicated slow electron transfer from FMN. The bacterial expression of DNOS full-length protein represents an important development in structure-function studies of this enzyme and comparison with other mammalian NOS enzymes which is evolutionary significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Sciences, Calcutta University, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 019, India
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Halm MP, Chichery MP, Chichery R. Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on the manipulative behaviour of Sepia officinalis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 134:139-46. [PMID: 12524026 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(02)00223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in brain tissue, is essential for a variety of kinds of learning in vertebrates. In invertebrates, there are clear examples of an association between NO signalling and olfaction, feeding behaviour and learning. The role of NO as a neurotransmitter in the manipulative behaviour of Sepia officinalis was tested. Manipulative behaviour requires extensive chemotactile sensory processing, fine motor control and probably motor learning processes. NADPH-diaphorase activity (a reliable histochemical marker for nitric oxide synthase) was found in sensory epithelia and in the axial nerve cord of the arms. NOS inhibitor injections (L-NAME) produced an increase in the latency of prey paralysis. By placing mechanical constraints on the base of the fifth periopods of the crab, we prevented the cuttlefish from injecting cephalotoxin and, thus, forced it to change injection sites. We showed that L-NAME pretreatment did not affect the flexibility of the manipulative behaviour. The implications of the involvement of NO in the acquisition of chemo-tactile information and in the programming of the motor skills of the manipulative behaviour is discussed.
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Abstract
DNA inversions are mutations involving major rearrangements of the genome and are often regarded as either deleterious or catastrophic to gene function and can be associated with genomic disorders, such as Hunter syndrome and some forms of hemophilia. Here, we propose that DNA inversions are also an essential and hitherto unrecognized component of gene evolution in eukaryotic cells. Specifically, we provide evidence that an ancestral neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene was duplicated and that one copy retained its original function, whereas an internal DNA inversion occurred in the other. Crucially, the inversion resulted in the creation of new regulatory elements required for the termination and activation of transcription. In consequence, the duplicated gene was split, and two new and independently expressed genes were created. Through its dependence on DNA inversion, this is a fundamentally new scheme for gene evolution, which we show as being of particular relevance to the generation of endogenous antisense-containing RNA molecules. Functionally, such transcripts can operate as natural negative regulators of the expression of the genes to which they are related through a common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Korneev
- Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK.
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