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Cogut V, McNeely TL, Bussian TJ, Graves SI, Baker DJ. Caloric Restriction Improves Spatial Learning Deficits in Tau Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:925-940. [PMID: 38517786 PMCID: PMC11068089 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Background Caloric restriction (CR) has been recognized for its benefits in delaying age-related diseases and extending lifespan. While its effects on amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models are well-documented, its effects on tauopathy, another hallmark of AD, are less explored. Objective To assess the impact of a short-term 30% CR regimen on age-dependent spatial learning deficits and pathological features in a tauopathy mouse model. Methods We subjected male PS19 tau P301S (hereafter PS19) and age-matched wildtype mice from two age cohorts (4.5 and 7.5 months old) to a 6-week 30% CR regimen. Spatial learning performance was assessed using the Barnes Maze test. Tau pathology, neuroinflammation, hippocampal cell proliferation, and neurogenesis were evaluated in the older cohort by immunohistochemical staining and RT-qPCR. Results CR mitigated age-dependent spatial learning deficits in PS19 mice but exhibited limited effects on tau pathology and the associated neuroinflammation. Additionally, we found a decrease in hippocampal cell proliferation, predominantly of Iba1+ cells. Conclusions Our findings reinforce the cognitive benefits conferred by CR despite its limited modulation of disease pathology. Given the pivotal role of microglia in tau-driven pathology, the observed reduction in Iba1+ cells under CR suggests potential therapeutic implications, particularly if CR would be introduced early in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cogut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Taylor L. McNeely
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tyler J. Bussian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sara I. Graves
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Darren J. Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research at Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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2
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Borzello M, Ramirez S, Treves A, Lee I, Scharfman H, Stark C, Knierim JJ, Rangel LM. Assessments of dentate gyrus function: discoveries and debates. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:502-517. [PMID: 37316588 PMCID: PMC10529488 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There has been considerable speculation regarding the function of the dentate gyrus (DG) - a subregion of the mammalian hippocampus - in learning and memory. In this Perspective article, we compare leading theories of DG function. We note that these theories all critically rely on the generation of distinct patterns of activity in the region to signal differences between experiences and to reduce interference between memories. However, these theories are divided by the roles they attribute to the DG during learning and recall and by the contributions they ascribe to specific inputs or cell types within the DG. These differences influence the information that the DG is thought to impart to downstream structures. We work towards a holistic view of the role of DG in learning and memory by first developing three critical questions to foster a dialogue between the leading theories. We then evaluate the extent to which previous studies address our questions, highlight remaining areas of conflict, and suggest future experiments to bridge these theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Borzello
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steve Ramirez
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Helen Scharfman
- Departments of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Physiology and Psychiatry and the Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Craig Stark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behaviour, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James J Knierim
- Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lara M Rangel
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Wilmerding LK, Kondratyev I, Ramirez S, Hasselmo ME. Route-dependent spatial engram tagging in mouse dentate gyrus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 200:107738. [PMID: 36822466 PMCID: PMC10106405 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus is hypothesized to act as a pattern separator that distinguishes between similar input patterns during memory formation and retrieval. Sparse ensembles of DG cells associated with learning and memory, i.e. engrams, have been labeled and manipulated to recall novel context memories. Functional studies of DG cell activity have demonstrated the spatial specificity and stability of DG cells during navigation. To reconcile how the DG contributes to separating global context as well as individual navigational routes, we trained mice to perform a delayed-non-match-to-position (DNMP) T-maze task and labeled DG neurons during performance of this task on a novel T-maze. The following day, mice navigated a second environment: the same T-maze, the same T-maze with one route permanently blocked but still visible, or a novel open field. We found that the degree of engram reactivation across days differed based on the traversal of maze routes, such that mice traversing only one arm had higher ensemble overlap than chance but less overlap than mice running the full two-route task. Mice experiencing the open field had similar ensemble sizes to the other groups but only chance-level ensemble reactivation. Ensemble overlap differences could not be explained by behavioral variability across groups, nor did behavioral metrics correlate to degree of ensemble reactivation. Together, these results support the hypothesis that DG contributes to spatial navigation memory and that partially non-overlapping ensembles encode different routes within the context of an environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucius K Wilmerding
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States; Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, United States.
| | - Ivan Kondratyev
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States
| | - Steve Ramirez
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States; Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, United States
| | - Michael E Hasselmo
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States; Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, United States; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, United States
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4
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Neurobehavioral basis of Maier 3-table and other matching-to-place tasks. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE, & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 23:237-247. [PMID: 36451026 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The Maier 3-table task comprises three phases conducted each day. During the exploration phase, rats explore the entire apparatus. During the information phase, the rats are placed on one of the three tables where food is found. During the test phase, the animals are placed at the starting point on one of the two remaining tables and must enter the goal table where they previously ate. The acquisition of the Maier 3-table task was slowed down after lesions of the septum, fornix, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, or posterior parietal cortex. Because of its time-consuming nature, the Maier 3-table task has more recently been superseded by appetitive matching-to-place in Y- or T-mazes or the circular water maze, because experimenters skip over the exploration phase. Nevertheless, like the Maier 3-table task, the acquisition of the Y- or T-maze matching-to-place task was retarded after lesions of the medial septum or medial prefrontal cortex, more particularly its prelimbic-infralimbic part. Like the previous task, the water-maze version is sensitive to lesions of the medial septum or retrosplenial cortex. Despite methodological differences between the three procedures, these results indicate common neurobiological bases of matching-to-place learning.
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5
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Park SB, Lim HY, Lee EY, Yoo SW, Jung HS, Lee E, Sun W, Lee I. The fasciola cinereum subregion of the hippocampus is important for the acquisition of visual contextual memory. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 210:102217. [PMID: 34999186 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The fasciola cinereum (FC) is a subregion of the hippocampus that has received relatively little attention compared with other hippocampal subregions with respect to anatomical characteristics and functional significance. Here, we show that the FC exhibits clear anatomical borders with the distalmost region of the CA1. Principal neurons in the FC resemble the granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG). However, adult neurogenesis was not found unlike in the DG. The FC receives inputs mostly from the lateral entorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex while projecting exclusively to the crest of the DG within the hippocampus. Neurotoxic lesions in the FC using colchicine impaired the acquisition, but not retrieval, of visual contextual memory in rats. FC lesions also impaired place recognition and object-in-place memory. As the rat performed the contextual memory task on the T-maze, place cells in the FC exhibited robust place fields and were indiscriminable from those in CA1 with respect to the basic firing properties. However, place cells in the FC fired only transiently in their place fields on the maze compared with those in CA1. Our findings suggest that the episodic firing pattern of the place cells in the FC may play critical roles in learning a novel contextual environment by facilitating temoporally structured contextual pattern separation in the DG of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Beom Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Yeol Lim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Yoo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Jung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Anam-dong 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Anam-dong 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Shamsi M, Soodi M, Shahbazi S, Omidi A. Effect of Acetamiprid on spatial memory and hippocampal glutamatergic system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:27933-27941. [PMID: 33523378 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acetamiprid (ACE) is one of the widely used neonicotinoid insecticides. In mammals, in spite of the low-affinity nAChRs, neurotoxic effects following the Acetamiprid exposure have recently been reported, which suggests some concerns regarding the impacts on the nervous system of mammals. This study aims to investigate the effect of Acetamiprid on spatial memory and possible vulnerability of hippocampal glutamatergic system following the Acetamiprid exposure. 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses of Acetamiprid were administered to male rats by gavage once per day for 28 days. The spatial memory was examined with the Morris water maze apparatus. The amount of Acetamiprid in the serum and hippocampus was measured. In addition, glutamate level and changes in the expression of NR1, NR2, and NR2B genes were measured in the hippocampus; also, the hippocampus tissue was histologically evaluated. A significant increase in training parameters which consist of escape latency and traveled distance was observed on the first and second day of training in Acetamiprid-treated groups (20 and 40 mg/kg) compared to the control group (p < 0.001). In the probe test, rats in all Acetamiprid-treated groups significantly spent less time in the target quadrant compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Acetamiprid concentration dose dependently increased in the serum and in the hippocampus followed by Acetamiprid exposure. In all Acetamiprid-treated groups, a significant reduction of glutamate level in the hippocampus was observed (p < 0.05). The reduction of NR1, NR2A, and NR2B gene expression in the hippocampus was observed at a dose of 20 mg/kg. The histological evaluation showed neural degeneration in the dentate gyrus area of the hippocampus at a dose of 40 mg/kg in the Acetamiprid-treated group. The results of the present study indicate that Acetamiprid impairs memory consolidation through the reduction of glutamate and the expression of NMDA receptor subunits in the hippocampus at low doses, along with the loss of neural cells in dentate gyrus at high dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Shamsi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Soodi
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shirin Shahbazi
- Department of Genetic, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Omidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Missaire M, Fraize N, Comte JC, Truchet B, Parmentier R, Salin PA, Malleret G. Working and Reference Memory Tasks Trigger Opposed Long-Term Synaptic Changes in the Rat Dentate Gyrus. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2980-2992. [PMID: 33506269 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term storage of information into memory is supposed to rely on long-term synaptic plasticity processes. The detection of such synaptic changes after training in long-term/reference memory (RM) tasks has yet been scarce, variable and only studied on a short time scale. Short-term or working memory (WM) is largely known to depend on persistent neuronal activity or short-term plasticity. However, processing information into WM could also involve long-term synaptic changes that could be responsible for the erasure/forgetting of items previously stored in WM and acting as proactive interference. In order to study long-term synaptic changes associated with RM or WM, we trained chronically implanted rats in 3 different radial maze tasks: a classical RM task and 2 WM tasks involving different levels of proactive interference. Synaptic responses in the dentate gyrus were recorded during 2 × 24 h in freely moving rats after training. We found that consolidation of long-term information leads first to a delayed synaptic potentiation, occurring 9 h after RM training that is replaced by a synaptic depression once the RM rule is fully acquired. In contrast, optimal information processing into WM triggers a synaptic depression immediately after training and lasting 3 h that could act as a mechanism for interference erasure/forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mégane Missaire
- FORGETTING 'Forgetting Processes and Cortical Dynamics' Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), University Lyon 1, Lyon F-69008, France
| | - Nicolas Fraize
- FORGETTING 'Forgetting Processes and Cortical Dynamics' Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), University Lyon 1, Lyon F-69008, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Comte
- FORGETTING 'Forgetting Processes and Cortical Dynamics' Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), University Lyon 1, Lyon F-69008, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Bruno Truchet
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille F-13331, France
| | - Régis Parmentier
- FORGETTING 'Forgetting Processes and Cortical Dynamics' Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), University Lyon 1, Lyon F-69008, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Paul-Antoine Salin
- FORGETTING 'Forgetting Processes and Cortical Dynamics' Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), University Lyon 1, Lyon F-69008, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Gaël Malleret
- FORGETTING 'Forgetting Processes and Cortical Dynamics' Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), University Lyon 1, Lyon F-69008, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyon F-69000, France
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8
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Matsuda VDV, Tejada MB, Motta-Teixeira LC, Ikebara JM, Cardoso DS, Machado-Nils AV, Lee VY, Diccini I, Arruda BP, Martins PP, Dias NMM, Tessarotto RP, Raeisossadati R, Bruno M, Takase LF, Kihara AH, Nogueira MI, Xavier GF, Takada SH. Impact of neonatal anoxia and hypothermic treatment on development and memory of rats. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113691. [PMID: 33713657 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is well established as a standard treatment for term and near-term infants. However, therapeutic effects of hypothermia following neonatal anoxia in very premature babies remains inconclusive. The present rodent model of preterm neonatal anoxia has been shown to alter developmental milestones and hippocampal neurogenesis, and to disrupt spatial learning and memory in adulthood. These effects seem to be reduced by post-insult hypothermia. Epigenetic-related mechanisms have been postulated as valuable tools for developing new therapies. Dentate gyrus neurogenesis is regulated by epigenetic factors. This study evaluated whether TH effects in a rodent model of preterm oxygen deprivation are based on epigenetic alterations. The effects of TH on both developmental features (somatic growth, maturation of physical characteristics and early neurological reflexes) and performance of behavioral tasks at adulthood (spatial reference and working memory, and fear conditioning) were investigated in association with the possible involvement of the epigenetic operator Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2), possibly related to long-lasting effects on hippocampal neurogenesis. Results showed that TH reduced both anoxia-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration and anoxia-induced impairments on risk assessment behavior, acquisition of spatial memory, and extinction of auditory and contextual fear conditioning. In contrast, TH did not prevent developmental alterations caused by neonatal anoxia and did not restore hippocampal neurogenesis or cause changes in EZH2 levels. In conclusion, despite the beneficial effects of TH in hippocampal neurodegeneration and in reversing disruption of performance of behavioral tasks following oxygen deprivation in prematurity, these effects seem not related to developmental alterations and hippocampal neurogenesis and, apparently, is not caused by Ezh2-mediated epigenetic alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Daniel Vasquez Matsuda
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martin Bustelo Tejada
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands; Experimental Neuropathology Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia Clemente Motta-Teixeira
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliane Midori Ikebara
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Vilar Machado-Nils
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Yonamine Lee
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Diccini
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Petrucelli Arruda
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Reza Raeisossadati
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martin Bruno
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina; National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Luiz Fernando Takase
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Biological Sciences and Health Center, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Inês Nogueira
- Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernando Xavier
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Honda Takada
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Korgaonkar AA, Nguyen S, Li Y, Sekhar D, Subramanian D, Guevarra J, Pang KCH, Santhakumar V. Distinct cellular mediators drive the Janus faces of toll-like receptor 4 regulation of network excitability which impacts working memory performance after brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:381-395. [PMID: 32259563 PMCID: PMC7415537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the neurophysiological and inflammatory responses to brain injury contribute to memory impairments are not fully understood. Recently, we reported that the innate immune receptor, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) enhances AMPA receptor (AMPAR) currents and excitability in the dentate gyrus after fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) while limiting excitability in controls. Here, we examine the cellular mediators underlying TLR4 regulation of dentate excitability and its impact on memory performance. In ex vivo slices, astrocytic and microglial metabolic inhibitors selectively abolished TLR4 antagonist modulation of excitability in controls, but not in rats after FPI, demonstrating that glial signaling contributes to TLR4 regulation of excitability in controls. In glia-depleted neuronal cultures from naïve mice, TLR4 ligands bidirectionally modulated AMPAR charge transfer consistent with neuronal TLR4 regulation of excitability, as observed after brain injury. In vivo TLR4 antagonism reduced early post-injury increases in mediators of MyD88-dependent and independent TLR4 signaling without altering expression in controls. Blocking TNFα, a downstream effector of TLR4, mimicked effects of TLR4 antagonist and occluded TLR4 agonist modulation of excitability in slices from both control and FPI rats. Functionally, transiently blocking TLR4 in vivo improved impairments in working memory observed one week and one month after FPI, while the same treatment impaired memory function in uninjured controls. Together these data identify that distinct cellular signaling mechanisms converge on TNFα to mediate TLR4 modulation of network excitability in the uninjured and injured brain and demonstrate a role for TLR4 in regulation of working memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshata A. Korgaonkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103,,Correspondence: Akshata Korgaonkar, PhD, Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, Campus box 8111, St Louis, MO 63110, Phone (Off): 314.362.2999,
| | - Susan Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Dipika Sekhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103,,Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Deepak Subramanian
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103,,Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Jenieve Guevarra
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Kevin C H Pang
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103,,Neurobehavioral Research Lab, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center–New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey
| | - Vijayalakshmi Santhakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103,,Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
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10
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Hippocampal Subregion Transcriptomic Profiles Reflect Strategy Selection during Cognitive Aging. J Neurosci 2020; 40:4888-4899. [PMID: 32376783 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2944-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related cognitive impairments are associated with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) linked to defined neural systems; however, studies examining multiple regions of the hippocampus fail to find links between behavior and transcription in the dentate gyrus (DG). We hypothesized that use of a task requiring intact DG function would emphasize molecular signals in the DG associated with a decline in performance. We used a water maze beacon discrimination task to characterize young and middle-age male F344 rats, followed by a spatial reference memory probe trial test. Middle-age rats showed increased variability in discriminating two identical beacons. Use of an allocentric strategy and formation of a spatial reference memory were not different between age groups; however, older animals compensated for impaired beacon discrimination through greater reliance on spatial reference memory. mRNA sequencing of hippocampal subregions indicated DEGs in the DG of middle-age rats, linked to synaptic function and neurogenesis, correlated with beacon discrimination performance, suggesting that senescence of the DG underlies the impairment. Few genes correlated with spatial memory across age groups, with a greater number in region CA1. Age-related CA1 DEGs, correlated with spatial memory, were linked to regulation of neural activity. These results indicate that the beacon task is sensitive to impairment in middle age, and distinct gene profiles are observed in neural circuits that underlie beacon discrimination performance and allocentric memory. The use of different strategies in older animals and associated transcriptional profiles could provide an animal model for examining cognitive reserve and neural compensation of aging.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hippocampal subregions are thought to differentially contribute to memory. We took advantage of age-related variability in performance on a water maze beacon task and next-generation sequencing to test the hypothesis that aging of the dentate gyrus is linked to impaired beacon discrimination and compensatory use of allocentric memory. The dentate gyrus expressed synaptic function and neurogenesis genes correlated with beacon discrimination in middle-age animals. Spatial reference memory was associated with CA1 transcriptional correlates linked to regulation of neural activity and use of an allocentric strategy. This is the first study examining transcriptomes of multiple hippocampal subregions to link age-related impairments associated with discrimination of feature overlap and alternate response strategies to gene expression in specific hippocampal subregions.
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11
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Impairment of Pattern Separation of Ambiguous Scenes by Single Units in the CA3 in the Absence of the Dentate Gyrus. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3576-3590. [PMID: 32234778 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2596-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models and experimental evidence have suggested that connections from the dentate gyrus (DG) to CA3 play important roles in representing orthogonal information (i.e., pattern separation) in the hippocampus. However, the effects of eliminating the DG on neural firing patterns in the CA3 have rarely been tested in a goal-directed memory task that requires both the DG and CA3. In this study, selective lesions in the DG were made using colchicine in male Long-Evans rats, and single units from the CA3 were recorded as the rats performed visual scene memory tasks. The original scenes used in training were altered during testing by blurring to varying degrees or by using visual masks, resulting in maximal recruitment of the DG-CA3 circuits. Compared with controls, the performance of rats with DG lesions was particularly impaired when blurred scenes were used in the task. In addition, the firing rate modulation associated with visual scenes in these rats was significantly reduced in the single units recorded from the CA3 when ambiguous scenes were presented, largely because DG-deprived CA3 cells did not show stepwise, categorical rate changes across varying degrees of scene ambiguity compared with controls. These findings suggest that the DG plays key roles not only during the acquisition of scene memories but also during retrieval when modified visual scenes are processed in conjunction with the CA3 by making the CA3 network respond orthogonally to ambiguous scenes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite the behavioral evidence supporting the role of the dentate gyrus in pattern separation in the hippocampus, the underlying neural mechanisms are largely unknown. By recording single units from the CA3 in DG-lesioned rats performing a visual scene memory task, we report that the scene-related modulation of neural firing was significantly reduced in the DG-lesion rats compared with controls, especially when the original scene stimuli were ambiguously altered. Our findings suggest that the dentate gyrus plays an essential role during memory retrieval and performs a critical computation to make categorical rate modulation occur in the CA3 between different scenes, especially when ambiguity is present in the environment.
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Kong X, Chen T, Huang Y. Analysis of neurite length of hippocampal neurons cultured into 3D artificial network patterned microfluidic chips. Int J Neurosci 2020; 131:40-43. [PMID: 32107947 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1733553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The study aims to lay a foundational probe for the thorough application microfluidic chips in brain function research with microfluidic chips. Neuron slide culture is a common culture method in vitro, and the microfluidic chip with the artificial network pattern not only can realize neuron cells 3 D culture in vitro, but also limit the extension space of neurite outgrow.Materials and Methods: In order to analyze the differences of hippocampal cells neurite growth length between the 3 D chips and the common 2 D culture, the experiments utilized statistical analysis method analyzing the length of the hippocampus neuron neurite of 3 days, 5 days and 7 days, respectively, with the common glass slide 2 D culture method and the microfluidic chip 3 D culture in vitro.Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference in the neurite length after 3 days. However, there was a significant difference after 5 days and 7 days. It can be seen that the microfluidic chip with artificial network pattern has limitations to the growth of neurite after 5 days.Conclusions: We concluded that the growth state of hippocampal cells in the restricted 3 D space is different from that of conventional 2 D culture.It showed that the artificial network pattern design has limited the growth space of the dendrites but also affected its growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmin Kong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Laser Institute, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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13
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Guardia de Souza e Silva T, do Val de Paulo MEF, da Silva JRM, da Silva Alves A, Britto LRG, Xavier GF, Lopes Sandoval MR. Oral treatment with royal jelly improves memory and presents neuroprotective effects on icv-STZ rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03281. [PMID: 32055729 PMCID: PMC7005440 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive decline in cognitive function. Intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (icv-STZ) has been used as an experimental model of Sporadic AD (SAD) in rodents and represents a promising tool for etiopathogenic analysis and evaluation of new therapeutic proposals for AD. The icv-STZ model shows many aspects of SAD abnormalities, resulting in decreased brain glucose and energy metabolism, cognitive impairment, oxidative stress, neuronal loss, and amyloid angiopathy. Royal jelly (RJ), a substance produced by worker honeybees of the Apis mellifera species, has been popularly used for more than 30 years in areas related to health eating and natural medicine. Researches indicate that RJ has a several pharmacological activities, including neuroprotective and improvement of cognitive function. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of oral treatment with royal jelly during 2 weeks in Wistar rats submitted to icv-STZ on a working memory and neuroprotection, as evaluated by neurogenesis, neurodegeneration and oxidative stress. In this study, icv-STZ injection induced deleterious effects in the hippocampus, associated with cognitive impairments, and developed marked neurodegeneration, besides the reduction of neurogenesis and increased oxidative stress. On the other hand, RJ long-term oral administration induced beneficial effects in animals injured by icv-STZ injection, increasing retention time for working spatial memory, reducing neurodegeneration and oxidative stress level and increasing the proliferation of new neurons in the hippocampus. Thus, RJ promotes beneficial effects on cognitive functions and exhibits a neuroprotective action in the STZ experimental model of SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adilson da Silva Alves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto G. Britto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernando Xavier
- Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 101, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Lopes Sandoval
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, cep 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bye CM, McDonald RJ. A Specific Role of Hippocampal NMDA Receptors and Arc Protein in Rapid Encoding of Novel Environmental Representations and a More General Long-Term Consolidation Function. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:8. [PMID: 30863289 PMCID: PMC6399163 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) has been proposed to be a key event responsible for the structural changes that occur in neurons during learning and memory formation. It has been extensively studied yet no consensus has been reached on its mnemonic role as both NMDAR dependent and independent forms of learning have been observed. We investigated the role that hippocampal NMDAR have in rapid spatial learning and memory across training environments. Hippocampal NMDAR was blocked via intra-hippocampal injection of the competitive antagonist CPP. Groups of rats were pre-trained on a spatial version of the Morris water task, and then mass reversal training under NMDAR blockade occurred in the same or different training environments as pre-training. We measured expression of Arc protein throughout the main hippocampal subfields, CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus, after mass-training. We observed that NMDAR blockade allowed for rapid spatial learning, but not consolidation, when the SUBJECTS used previously acquired environmental information. Interestingly, NMDAR blockade impaired rapid spatial learning when rats were mass-trained in a novel context. Arc protein expression in the dentate gyrus followed this pattern of NMDAR dependent spatial behavior, with high levels of expression observed after being trained in the new environment, and low levels when trained in the same environment. CPP significantly reduced Arc expression in the dentate gyrus. These results implicate dentate NMDAR in the acquisition of novel environmental information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron M Bye
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Robert J McDonald
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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15
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Cho WH, Park JC, Jeon WK, Cho J, Han JS. Superior Place Learning of C57BL/6 vs. DBA/2 Mice Following Prior Cued Learning in the Water Maze Depends on Prefrontal Cortical Subregions. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:11. [PMID: 30760989 PMCID: PMC6361835 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The participation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and dorsal striatum in switching the learning task from cued to place learning were examined in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice, by assessing changed levels of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB). Mice of both strains first received cued training in a water maze for 4 days (4 trials per day), and were then assigned to one of four groups, one with no place training, and three with different durations of place training (2, 4, or 8 days). Both strains showed equal performance in cued training. After the switch to place training, C57BL/6 mice with 2 or 4 days of training performed significantly better than DBA/2 mice, but their superiority disappeared during the second half of an 8 days-place training period. The pCREB levels of these mice were measured 30 min after place training and compared with those of mice that received only cued training. Changes in pCREB levels of C57BL/6 mice were greater in the hippocampal CA3, hippocampal dentate gyrus, orbitofrontal and medial PFC than those of DBA/2 mice, when mice of both received the switched place training for 2 days. We further investigated the roles of orbitofrontal and medial PFC among these brain regions showing strain differences, by destroying each region using selective neurotoxins. C57BL/6 mice with orbitofrontal lesions were slower to acquire the place learning and continued to use the cued search acquired during the cued training phase. These findings indicate that mouse orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) pCREB is associated with behavioral flexibility such as the ability to switch a learning task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hyun Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Cheol Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won Kyung Jeon
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, South Korea.,Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeiwon Cho
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, South Korea.,Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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16
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Seib DR, Chahley E, Princz-Lebel O, Snyder JS. Intact memory for local and distal cues in male and female rats that lack adult neurogenesis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197869. [PMID: 29787617 PMCID: PMC5963786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus is essential for remembering the fine details of experiences that comprise episodic memory. Dentate gyrus granule cells receive highly-processed sensory information and are hypothesized to perform a pattern separation function, whereby similar sensory inputs are transformed into orthogonal neural representations. Behaviorally, this is believed to enable distinct memory for highly interfering stimuli. Since the dentate gyrus is comprised of a large number of adult-born neurons, which have unique synaptic wiring and neurophysiological firing patterns, it has been proposed that neurogenesis may contribute to this process in unique ways. Some behavioral evidence exists to support this role, whereby neurogenesis-deficient rodents are impaired at discriminating the fine visuospatial details of experiences. However, the extent to which newborn neurons contribute to dentate gyrus-dependent learning tasks is unclear. Furthermore, since most studies of dentate gyrus function are conducted in male rats, little is known about how females perform in similar situations, and whether there might be sex differences in the function of adult neurogenesis. To address these issues, we examined spatial discrimination memory in transgenic male and female rats that lacked adult neurogenesis. The first task probed memory for the position of local objects in an open field, assessed by behavioral responses to novel object locations. The second task examined memory for distal environmental cues. All rats were able to successfully discriminate local and distal cue changes. Males and females also performed comparably, although females displayed higher levels of rearing and locomotion. Collectively, our results indicate that rats are capable of learning about local and distal cues in the absence of adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree R. Seib
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin Chahley
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Oren Princz-Lebel
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jason Scott Snyder
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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A behavioral task with more opportunities for memory acquisition promotes the survival of new neurons in the adult dentate gyrus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7369. [PMID: 29743494 PMCID: PMC5943398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25331-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that the dentate gyrus, particularly its new neurons generated via adult neurogenesis, is involved in memory acquisition and recall. Here, we trained rats in two types of Morris water maze tasks that are differentially associated with these two memory processes, and examined whether new neurons are differently affected by the two tasks performed during the second week of neuronal birth. Our results indicate that the task involving more opportunities to acquire new information better supports the survival of new neurons. Further, we assessed whether the two tasks differentially induce the expression of an immediate early gene, Zif268, which is known to be induced by neuronal activation. While the two tasks differentially induce Zif268 expression in the dentate gyrus, the proportions of new neurons activated were similar between the two tasks. Thus, we conclude that while the two tasks differentially activate the dentate gyrus, the task involving more opportunities for memory acquisition during the second week of the birth of new neurons better promotes the survival of the new neurons.
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18
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da Silva WAM, Guimarães ATB, Montalvão MF, Mendes BDO, Rodrigues ASDL, Malafaia G. The chronic exposure to abamectin causes spatial memory deficit and depressive behavior in mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:523-533. [PMID: 29241126 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is known that abamectin (ABA), which is a component belonging to the group of avermectins, has been broadly used as biopesticide. Although its effect on non-target aquatic organisms is known, knowledge about its impacts on terrestrial animals such as mammals remains incipient. Thus, we aim at investigating the effects (phycical and neural-behavioral) from the chronic exposure (90 days) to ABA (1/10 of LD50) on Swiss and C57Bl/6J mice from both sexes. Accordingly, at the end of the experimental period the animals were subjected to the following tests: Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT), Morris Water Maze (MWM), Tail Suspension Test (TST), and Forced Swimming Test (FST). We showed that the new-object recognition indexes in the NORT test sessions did not differ between experimental groups; however, animals exposed to ABA, regardless of sex or strain, recorded longer latency time to find the quadrant holding the platform in the MWM training sessions, as well as stayed shorter in this quadrant. Such results highlight the negative effect of the pesticide on the animals' spatial memory evocation, without evident influence from their genetic status and sex. With regard to TST, we also did not observe differences in immobility time between groups; however, Swiss mice (males and females) presented depressive behavior in the FST, and apparent influence from their genetic status in their responses during the test. Therefore, our study confirms the neurotoxic potential of ABA and is pioneer in reporting memory deficit and depressive behavior in mammal experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Alves Mizael da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado and Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado and Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Mateus Flores Montalvão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado and Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Bruna de Oliveira Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado and Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado and Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado and Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação de Recursos Naturais do Cerrado, Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
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Unfolding the cognitive map: The role of hippocampal and extra-hippocampal substrates based on a systems analysis of spatial processing. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 147:90-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Specific disruption of contextual memory recall by sparse additional activity in the dentate gyrus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 145:190-198. [PMID: 29031808 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus is essential for contextual and spatial memory processing. While lesion or silencing of the DG impairs contextual memory encoding and recall, overly activated DG also prevents proper memory retrieval. Abnormally elevated activity in the DG is repeatedly reported in amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients or aged adults. Although the correlation between memory failure and abnormally active hippocampus is clear, their causal relationship or the underlying nature of such interfering activity is not well understood. Using optogenetics aided by a carefully controlled adeno-associated virus infection system, we were able to examine the differential effects of abnormally activated hippocampus on mice motor behavior and memory function, depending on the extent of the stimulation. Optogenetic stimulation of massive proportion of dorsal DG cells resulted in memory retrieval impairment, but also induced increase in general locomotion. Random additional activity in a sparse population of dorsal DG neurons, however, interfered with contextual memory recall without inducing hyperactivity. Our findings thus establish the causal role of elevated DG activity on memory recall failure, suggesting such aberrant DG activity may contribute to amnesic symptoms in aMCI patients and aged adults.
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Trim9 Deletion Alters the Morphogenesis of Developing and Adult-Born Hippocampal Neurons and Impairs Spatial Learning and Memory. J Neurosci 2017; 36:4940-58. [PMID: 27147649 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3876-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED During hippocampal development, newly born neurons migrate to appropriate destinations, extend axons, and ramify dendritic arbors to establish functional circuitry. These developmental stages are recapitulated in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus, where neurons are continuously generated and subsequently incorporate into existing, local circuitry. Here we demonstrate that the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM9 regulates these developmental stages in embryonic and adult-born mouse hippocampal neurons in vitro and in vivo Embryonic hippocampal and adult-born dentate granule neurons lacking Trim9 exhibit several morphological defects, including excessive dendritic arborization. Although gross anatomy of the hippocampus was not detectably altered by Trim9 deletion, a significant number of Trim9(-/-) adult-born dentate neurons localized inappropriately. These morphological and localization defects of hippocampal neurons in Trim9(-/-) mice were associated with extreme deficits in spatial learning and memory, suggesting that TRIM9-directed neuronal morphogenesis may be involved in hippocampal-dependent behaviors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Appropriate generation and incorporation of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus are critical for spatial learning and memory and other hippocampal functions. Here we identify the brain-enriched E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM9 as a novel regulator of embryonic and adult hippocampal neuron shape acquisition and hippocampal-dependent behaviors. Genetic deletion of Trim9 elevated dendritic arborization of hippocampal neurons in vitro and in vivo Adult-born dentate granule cells lacking Trim9 similarly exhibited excessive dendritic arborization and mislocalization of cell bodies in vivo These cellular defects were associated with severe deficits in spatial learning and memory.
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An analysis of dentate gyrus function (an update). Behav Brain Res 2017; 354:84-91. [PMID: 28756212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review there will be a description of the dentate gyrus (DG) neural circuitry that mediates the operation of a variety of mnemonic processes associated with dorsal and ventral DG function in rats. Dysfunction of the dorsal DG can be shown to mediate mnemonic processing of spatially based information including a) the operation of conjunctive encoding of multiple sensory inputs to determine spatial representations, b) pattern separation based on reducing interference between similar spatial locations and spatial contexts for horizontal distance between objects, vertical distance for height of objects, slope or angle of motor movements, c) importance of spatial context in object recognition and processing of shades of grey associated with the walls of the box d) temporal integration in the creation of remote memory based in part on DG neurogenesis and function of the CA3 subregion of the hippocampus. Dysfunction of the ventral DG can be shown to mediate mnemonic processing of odor and reward value based information including a) pattern separation for odors and reward value, and b) social recognition.
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Yin P, Xu H, Wang Q, Wang J, Yin L, Xu M, Xie Z, Liu W, Cao X. Overexpression of βCaMKII impairs behavioral flexibility and NMDAR-dependent long-term depression in the dentate gyrus. Neuropharmacology 2017; 116:270-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
The brain is highly susceptible to adverse effects of drugs of abuse during early phases of life. Prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE), a preventable cause of gestational and infant mortality, can alter neuron wiring and induce sustained deficits in attention and learning. Here, a rat model of PNE (embryonic days 7-21) was used to examine the maturing hippocampus, which encodes new memories and processes emotional memory. Components of synaptic signaling were evaluated at postnatal day 14 (P14), a period of prolific synaptogenesis in rats, to determine if glutamatergic transmission-associated molecules are regulated in subregions of hippocampus as early as P14. PNE resulted in reduced expression of GluN2B, GluA2 and CaMKIIα, but elevated SNAP25 proteins specifically in the CA3 but not CA1. Only CaMKIIα was regulated in dentate gyrus at this age. These results suggest that glutamatergic and synaptic dysregulation of learning and memory may occur in hippocampus in a temporally and subregionally specific manner.
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Cabrera-Pastor A, Hernandez-Rabaza V, Taoro-Gonzalez L, Balzano T, Llansola M, Felipo V. In vivo administration of extracellular cGMP normalizes TNF-α and membrane expression of AMPA receptors in hippocampus and spatial reference memory but not IL-1β, NMDA receptors in membrane and working memory in hyperammonemic rats. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 57:360-370. [PMID: 27189036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) show working memory and visuo-spatial orientation deficits. Hyperammonemia is a main contributor to cognitive impairment in HE. Hyperammonemic rats show impaired spatial learning and learning ability in the Y maze. Intracerebral administration of extracellular cGMP restores learning in the Y-maze. The underlying mechanisms remain unknown. It also remains unknown whether extracellular cGMP improves neuroinflammation or restores spatial learning in hyperammonemic rats and if it affects differently reference and working memory. The aims of this work were: Spatial working and reference memory were assessed using the radial and Morris water mazes and neuroinflammation by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Membrane expression of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits was analyzed using the BS3 crosslinker. Extracellular cGMP was administered intracerebrally using osmotic minipumps. Chronic hyperammonemia induces neuroinflammation in hippocampus, with astrocytes activation and increased IL-1β, which are associated with increased NMDA receptors membrane expression and impaired working memory. This process is not affected by extracellular cGMP. Hyperammonemia also activates microglia and increases TNF-α, alters membrane expression of AMPA receptor subunits (increased GluA1 and reduced GluA2) and impairs reference memory. All these changes are reversed by extracellular cGMP. These results show that extracellular cGMP modulates spatial reference memory but not working memory. This would be mediated by modulation of TNF-α levels and of membrane expression of GluA1 and GluA2 subunits of AMPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cabrera-Pastor
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe de Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Lucas Taoro-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe de Valencia, Spain
| | - Tiziano Balzano
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe de Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Llansola
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe de Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Centro Investigación Príncipe Felipe de Valencia, Spain.
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Majkutewicz I, Kurowska E, Podlacha M, Myślińska D, Grembecka B, Ruciński J, Plucińska K, Jerzemowska G, Wrona D. Dimethyl fumarate attenuates intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced spatial memory impairment and hippocampal neurodegeneration in rats. Behav Brain Res 2016; 308:24-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Valentinuzzi VS, Menna-Barreto L, Xavier GF. Effect of Circadian Phase on Performance of Rats in the Morris Water Maze Task. J Biol Rhythms 2016; 19:312-24. [PMID: 15245650 DOI: 10.1177/0748730404265688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined spatial working memory in the Morris water maze during the activity and rest periods ofWistar rats. Wheel-running activity was measured continuously as a marker of circadian phase. To minimize possible masking effects on performance, animals were placed in constant dim light the day before testing and tested in similar light conditions. Three experiments were run, each of them using animals varying in their previous experience in the water maze. Half of the animals of each experiment were tested 2 to 3 h after activity onset (active group), and the other half were tested 14 to 15 h after activity onset (inactive group). In the three experiments, a significant phase effect was observed in the animals’ performance in the water maze; animals tested in the active phase showed steeper acquisition curves. These phase effects on performance are due to the animals’ search pattern and not to a better acquisition and maintenance of spatial information; rats tested in the inactive phase found the platform faster on the first trial of the test, when the information on the location of the platform had not been presented to the animals. This effect vanished as the amount of training in the pool increased. Finally, swimming speed also showed a temporal effect, suggesting the existence of a phase effect for motivation to escape from the water; rats tested during their inactive phase tended to swim faster. All together, the data suggest a modulating effect of the biological clock on performance in the water maze, particularly when the animals are less experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica S Valentinuzzi
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Discrimination performance in aging is vulnerable to interference and dissociable from spatial memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:339-48. [PMID: 27317194 PMCID: PMC4918781 DOI: 10.1101/lm.042069.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal-dependent episodic memory and stimulus discrimination abilities are both compromised in the elderly. The reduced capacity to discriminate between similar stimuli likely contributes to multiple aspects of age-related cognitive impairment; however, the association of these behaviors within individuals has never been examined in an animal model. In the present study, young and aged F344×BN F1 hybrid rats were cross-characterized on the Morris water maze test of spatial memory and a dentate gyrus-dependent match-to-position test of spatial discrimination ability. Aged rats showed overall impairments relative to young in spatial learning and memory on the water maze task. Although young and aged learned to apply a match-to-position response strategy in performing easy spatial discriminations within a similar number of trials, a majority of aged rats were impaired relative to young in performing difficult spatial discriminations on subsequent tests. Moreover, all aged rats were susceptible to cumulative interference during spatial discrimination tests, such that error rate increased on later trials of test sessions. These data suggest that when faced with difficult discriminations, the aged rats were less able to distinguish current goal locations from those of previous trials. Increasing acetylcholine levels with donepezil did not improve aged rats' abilities to accurately perform difficult spatial discriminations or reduce their susceptibility to interference. Interestingly, better spatial memory abilities were not significantly associated with higher performance on difficult spatial discriminations. This observation, along with the finding that aged rats made more errors under conditions in which interference was high, suggests that match-to-position spatial discrimination performance may rely on extra-hippocampal structures such as the prefrontal cortex, in addition to the dentate gyrus.
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Motta-Teixeira LC, Takada SH, Machado-Nils AV, Nogueira MI, Xavier GF. Spatial learning and neurogenesis: Effects of cessation of wheel running and survival of novel neurons by engagement in cognitive tasks. Hippocampus 2016; 26:794-803. [PMID: 26669934 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise stimulates cell proliferation in the adult dentate gyrus and facilitates acquisition and/or retention of hippocampal-dependent tasks. It is established that regular physical exercise improves cognitive performance. However, it is unclear for how long these benefits last after its interruption. Independent groups of rats received both free access to either unlocked (EXE Treatment) or locked (No-EXE Treatment) running wheels for 7 days, and daily injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in the last 3 days. After a time delay period of either 1, 3, or 6 weeks without training, the animals were tested in the Morris water maze (MWM) either in a working memory task dependent on hippocampal function (MWM-HD) or in a visible platform searching task, independent on hippocampal function (MWM-NH). Data confirmed that exposure of rats to 7 days of spontaneous wheel running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis. In contrast, neurogenesis was not accompanied by significant improvements of performance in the working memory version of the MWM. Longer time delays between the end of exercise and the beginning of cognitive training in the MWM resulted in lower cell survival; that is, the number of novel surviving mature neurons was decreased when this delay was 6 weeks as compared with when it was 1 week. In addition, data showed that while exposure to the MWM-HD working memory task substantially increased survival of novel neurons, exposure to the MWM-NH task did not, thus indicating that survival of novel dentate gyrus neurons depends on the engagement of this brain region in performance of cognitive tasks. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Clemente Motta-Teixeira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, Travessa 14, N. 101, São Paulo, 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Honda Takada
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Vilar Machado-Nils
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, Travessa 14, N. 101, São Paulo, 05508-090, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês Nogueira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo, 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernando Xavier
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua Do Matão, Travessa 14, N. 101, São Paulo, 05508-090, SP, Brazil
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30
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Impact of neonatal anoxia on adult rat hippocampal volume, neurogenesis and behavior. Behav Brain Res 2016; 296:331-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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31
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Salkovic-Petrisic M, Knezovic A, Osmanovic-Barilar J, Smailovic U, Trkulja V, Riederer P, Amit T, Mandel S, Youdim MB. Multi-target iron-chelators improve memory loss in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2015; 136:108-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Torres LH, Garcia RCT, Blois AMM, Dati LMM, Durão AC, Alves AS, Pacheco-Neto M, Mauad T, Britto LRG, Xavier GF, Camarini R, Marcourakis T. Exposure of Neonatal Mice to Tobacco Smoke Disturbs Synaptic Proteins and Spatial Learning and Memory from Late Infancy to Early Adulthood. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136399. [PMID: 26305213 PMCID: PMC4549279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the early postnatal period has been associated with several diseases; however, little is known about the brain effects of ETS exposure during this critical developmental period or the long-term consequences of this exposure. This study investigated the effects of the early postnatal ETS exposure on both reference and working memory, synaptic proteins and BDNF from late infancy to early adulthood (P3-P73). BALB/c mice were exposed to ETS generated from 3R4F reference research cigarettes (0.73 mg of nicotine/cigarette) from P3 to P14. Spatial reference and working memory were evaluated in the Morris water maze during infancy (P20-P29), adolescence (P37-P42) and adulthood (P67-P72). Synapsin, synaptophysin, PSD95 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed at P15, P35 and P65 by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Mice that were exposed to ETS during the early postnatal period showed poorer performance in the spatial reference memory task. Specifically, the ETS-exposed mice exhibited a significantly reduced time and distance traveled in the target quadrant and in the platform location area than the controls at all ages evaluated. In the spatial working memory task, ETS disrupted the maintenance but not the acquisition of the critical spatial information in both infancy and adolescence. ETS also induced changes in synaptic components, including decreases in synapsin, synaptophysin, PSD95 and BDNF levels in the hippocampus. Exposure to ETS in the early postnatal period disrupts both spatial reference and working memory; these results may be related to changes in synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. Importantly, most of these effects were not reversed even after a long exposure-free period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Helena Torres
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Raphael C. T. Garcia
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Anne M. M. Blois
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Lívia M. M. Dati
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Durão
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Adilson Silva Alves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Maurílio Pacheco-Neto
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05403–010, Brazil
| | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 01246–903, Brazil
| | - Luiz R. G. Britto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Fernando Xavier
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–900, Brazil
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–900, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, CEP: 05508–000, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Josey M, Brigman JL. Loss of hippocampal function impairs pattern separation on a mouse touch-screen operant paradigm. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 125:85-92. [PMID: 26265370 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is heavily involved in the learning and memory processes necessary to successfully encode environmental stimuli and representations over time. Impairment of hippocampal function is associated with numerous neuropsychiatric diseases and can lead to detriments in the quality of life. In order to take full advantage of preclinical models of these disorders, there is a need for the development of more refined measures of clinically relevant hippocampal behaviors. While arena-based navigation tasks have provided fundamental information regarding the role of the hippocampus in spatial memory, the development of automated operant variants have had mixed results. Recently, an automated touch-screen paradigm has been shown to be highly sensitive to hippocampal function in the rat and eliminated mediating strategies that arose in previous tasks. Here we show that mice with lesions encompassing the entire ventral portion of the dorsal hippocampus are impaired on pattern separation behavior using a delayed nonmatching-to-location (TUNL) adapted for mice. Lesioned mice readily acquired the task at control rates when separations were maximal and delay periods were short while decreasing separations significantly impaired lesion mice. However, in contrast to previously reported results in the rat, consistently increasing delays did not significantly impair performance in the lesion group. Presentation of a variable delay within a session significantly impaired performance in lesion mice across delay periods. The current results demonstrate the utility of a touch-screen paradigm for measuring hippocampal-dependent pattern separation in the mouse and establish the paradigm as an important platform for future studies in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Josey
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jonathan L Brigman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA; New Mexico Alcohol Research Center, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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Abrous DN, Wojtowicz JM. Interaction between Neurogenesis and Hippocampal Memory System: New Vistas. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:7/6/a018952. [PMID: 26032718 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, the questions on the functionality of adult neurogenesis have changed their emphasis from if to how the adult-born neurons participate in a variety of memory processes. The emerging answers are complex because we are overwhelmed by a variety of behavioral tasks that apparently require new neurons to be performed optimally. With few exceptions, the hippocampal memory system seems to use the newly generated neurons for multiple roles. Adult neurogenesis has given the dentate gyrus new capabilities not previously thought possible within the scope of traditional synaptic plasticity. Looking at these new developments from the perspective of past discoveries, the science of adult neurogenesis has emerged from its initial phase of being, first, a surprising oddity and, later, exciting possibility, to the present state of being an integral part of mainstream neuroscience. The answers to many remaining questions regarding adult neurogenesis will come along only with our growing understanding of the functionality of the brain as a whole. This, in turn, will require integration of multiple levels of organization from molecules and cells to circuits and systems, ultimately resulting in comprehension of behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djoher Nora Abrous
- Inserm U862, Bordeaux-F33077, France Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux-F33077, France
| | - Jan Martin Wojtowicz
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Méndez-Couz M, Conejo NM, González-Pardo H, Arias JL. Functional interactions between dentate gyrus, striatum and anterior thalamic nuclei on spatial memory retrieval. Brain Res 2015; 1605:59-69. [PMID: 25680583 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The standard model of memory system consolidation supports the temporal reorganization of brain circuits underlying long-term memory storage, including interactions between the dorsal hippocampus and extra-hippocampal structures. In addition, several brain regions have been suggested to be involved in the retrieval of spatial memory. In particular, several authors reported a possible role of the ventral portion of the hippocampus together with the thalamus or the striatum in the persistence of this type of memory. Accordingly, the present study aimed to evaluate the contribution of different cortical and subcortical brain regions, and neural networks involved in spatial memory retrieval. For this purpose, we used cytochrome c oxidase quantitative histochemistry as a reliable method to measure brain oxidative metabolism. Animals were trained in a hidden platform task and tested for memory retention immediately after the last training session; one week after completing the task, they were also tested in a memory retrieval probe. Results showed that retrieval of the previously learned task was associated with increased levels of oxidative metabolism in the prefrontal cortex, the dorsal and ventral striatum, the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus and the dentate gyrus of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus. The analysis of functional interactions between brain regions suggest that the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus could be involved in spatial memory retrieval. In addition, the results highlight the key role of the extended hippocampal system, thalamus and striatum in this process. Our study agrees with previous ones reporting interactions between the dorsal hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex during spatial memory retrieval. Furthermore, novel activation patterns of brain networks involving the aforementioned regions were found. These functional brain networks could underlie spatial memory retrieval evaluated in the Morris water maze task.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Méndez-Couz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - N M Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - H González-Pardo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
| | - J L Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Psychology. Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijóo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain.
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A computational theory of hippocampal function, and tests of the theory: New developments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 48:92-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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37
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Sobin C, Flores-Montoya MG, Gutierrez M, Parisi N, Schaub T. δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase single nucleotide polymorphism 2 (ALAD2) and peptide transporter 2*2 haplotype (hPEPT2*2) differently influence neurobehavior in low-level lead exposed children. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 47:137-45. [PMID: 25514583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase single nucleotide polymorphism 2 (ALAD2) and peptide transporter haplotype 2*2 (hPEPT2*2) through different pathways can increase brain levels of delta-aminolevulinic acid and are associated with higher blood lead burden in young children. Past child and adult findings regarding ALAD2 and neurobehavior have been inconsistent, and the possible association of hPEPT2*2 and neurobehavior has not yet been examined. Mean blood lead level (BLL), genotype, and neurobehavioral function (fine motor dexterity, working memory, visual attention and short-term memory) were assessed in 206 males and 215 females ages 5.1-11.8years. Ninety-six percent of children had BLLs<5.0μg/dl. After adjusting for covariates (sex, age and mother's level of education) and sibling exclusion (N=252), generalized linear mixed model analyses showed opposite effects for the ALAD2 and hPEPT2*2 genetic variants. Significant effects for ALAD2 were observed only as interactions with BLL and the results suggested that ALAD2 was neuroprotective. As BLL increased, ALAD2 was associated with enhanced visual attention and enhanced working memory (fewer commission errors). Independent of BLL, hPEPT2*2 predicted poorer motor dexterity and poorer working memory (more commission errors). BLL alone predicted poorer working memory from increased omission errors. The findings provided further substantiation that (independent of the genetic variants examined) lowest-level lead exposure disrupted early neurobehavioral function, and suggested that common genetic variants alter the neurotoxic potential of low-level lead. ALAD2 and hPEPT2*2 may be valuable markers of risk, and indicate novel mechanisms of lead-induced neurotoxicity. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine long-term influences of these genetic variants on neurobehavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sobin
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, United States; Border Biomedical Research Center, Toxicology Core, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, United States; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Mayra Gisel Flores-Montoya
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Toxicology Core, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Marisela Gutierrez
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Natali Parisi
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Tanner Schaub
- New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
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The effects of black garlic ethanol extract on the spatial memory and estimated total number of pyramidal cells of the hippocampus of monosodium glutamate-exposed adolescent male Wistar rats. Anat Sci Int 2014; 90:275-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-014-0262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Neonatal anoxia in rats: hippocampal cellular and subcellular changes related to cell death and spatial memory. Neuroscience 2014; 284:247-259. [PMID: 25305666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal anoxia in rodents has been used to understand brain changes and cognitive dysfunction following asphyxia. This study investigated the time-course of cellular and subcellular changes and hippocampal cell death in a non-invasive model of anoxia in neonatal rats, using Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) to reveal DNA fragmentation, Fluoro-Jade® B (FJB) to show degenerating neurons, cleaved caspase-3 immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect cells undergoing apoptosis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to reveal fine ultrastructural changes related to cell death. Anoxia was induced by exposing postnatal day 1 (P1) pups to a flow of 100% gaseous nitrogen for 25 min in a chamber maintained at 37 °C. Control rats were similarly exposed to this chamber but with air flow instead of nitrogen. Brain changes following anoxia were evaluated at postnatal days 2, 14, 21 and 60 (P2, P14, P21 and P60). In addition, spatial reference memory following anoxia and control treatments was evaluated in the Morris water maze, starting at P60. Compared to their respective controls, P2 anoxic rats exhibited (1) higher TUNEL labeling in cornus ammonis (CA) 1 and the dentate gyrus (DG), (2) higher FJB-positive cells in the CA2-3, and (3) somato-dendritic swelling, mitochondrial injury and chromatin condensation in irregular bodies, as well as other subcellular features indicating apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and excitotoxicity in the CA1, CA2-3 and DG, as revealed by TEM. At P14, P21 and P60, both groups showed small numbers of TUNEL-positive and FJB-positive cells. Stereological analysis at P2, P14, P21 and P60 revealed a lack of significant differences in cleaved caspase-3 IHC between anoxic and control subjects. These results suggest that the type of hippocampal cell death following neonatal anoxia is likely independent of caspase-3 activation. Neonatal anoxia induced deficits in acquisition and performance of spatial reference memory in the Morris water maze task. Compared to control subjects, anoxic animals exhibited increased latencies and path lengths to reach the platform, as well as decreased searching specifically for the platform location. In contrast, no significant differences were observed for swimming speeds and frequency within the target quadrant. Together, these behavioral results indicate that the poorer performance by anoxic subjects is related to spatial memory deficits and not to sensory or motor deficits. Therefore, this model of neonatal anoxia in rats induces hippocampal changes that result in cell losses and impaired hippocampal function, and these changes are likely related to spatial memory deficits in adulthood.
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Ahn JR, Lee I. Intact CA3 in the hippocampus is only sufficient for contextual behavior based on well-learned and unaltered visual background. Hippocampus 2014; 24:1081-93. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Rong Ahn
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Inah Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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41
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Abstract
Hippocampus-dependent learning and memory relies on synaptic plasticity as well as network adaptations provided by the addition of adult-born neurons. We have previously shown that activity-induced intracellular signaling through the Rho family small GTPase Rac1 is necessary in forebrain projection neurons for normal synaptic plasticity in vivo, and here we show that selective loss of neuronal Rac1 also impairs the learning-evoked increase in neurogenesis in the adult mouse hippocampus. Earlier work has indicated that experience elevates the abundance of adult-born neurons in the hippocampus primarily by enhancing the survival of neurons produced just before the learning event. Loss of Rac1 in mature projection neurons did reduce learning-evoked neurogenesis but, contrary to our expectations, these effects were not mediated by altering the survival of young neurons in the hippocampus. Instead, loss of neuronal Rac1 activation selectively impaired a learning-evoked increase in the proliferation and accumulation of neural precursors generated during the learning event itself. This indicates that experience-induced alterations in neurogenesis can be mechanistically resolved into two effects: (1) the well documented but Rac1-independent signaling cascade that enhances the survival of young postmitotic neurons; and (2) a previously unrecognized Rac1-dependent signaling cascade that stimulates the proliferative production and retention of new neurons generated during learning itself.
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Pan Y, Li M, Yi X, Zhao Q, Lieberwirth C, Wang Z, Zhang Z. Scatter hoarding and hippocampal cell proliferation in Siberian chipmunks. Neuroscience 2013; 255:76-85. [PMID: 24121131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Food hoarding, especially scatter hoarding and retrieving food caches, requires spatial learning and memory and is an adaptive behavior important for an animal's survival and reproductive success. In the present study, we examined the effects of hoarding behavior on cell proliferation and survival in the hippocampus of male and female Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus). We found that chipmunks in a semi-natural enclosure displayed hoarding behavior with large individual variations. Males ate more scatter-hoarded seeds than females. In addition, the display of hoarding behavior was associated with increased cell proliferation in the hippocampus and this increase occurred in a brain region-specific manner. These data provide further evidence to support the notion that new cells in the adult hippocampus are affected by learning and memory tasks and may play an important role in adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China
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43
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An analysis of the dentate gyrus function. Behav Brain Res 2013; 254:1-7. [PMID: 23348108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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44
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Soares JCK, Oliveira MGM, Ferreira TL. Inactivation of muscarinic receptors impairs place and response learning: Implications for multiple memory systems. Neuropharmacology 2013; 73:320-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Savanthrapadian S, Wolff AR, Logan BJ, Eckert MJ, Bilkey DK, Abraham WC. Enhanced hippocampal neuronal excitability and LTP persistence associated with reduced behavioral flexibility in the maternal immune activation model of schizophrenia. Hippocampus 2013; 23:1395-409. [PMID: 23966340 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia display a number of structural and cytoarchitectural alterations in the hippocampus, suggesting that other functions such as synaptic plasticity may also be modified. Altered hippocampal plasticity is likely to affect memory processing, and therefore any such pathology may contribute to the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, which includes prominent memory impairment. The current study tested whether prenatal exposure to infection, an environmental risk factor that has previously been associated with schizophrenia produced changes in hippocampal synaptic transmission or plasticity, using the maternal immune activation (MIA) animal model. We also assessed performance in hippocampus-dependent memory tasks to determine whether altered plasticity is associated with memory dysfunction. MIA did not alter basal synaptic transmission in either the dentate gyrus or CA1 of freely moving adult rats. It did, however, result in increased paired-pulse facilitation of the dentate gyrus population spike and an enhanced persistence of dentate long-term potentiation. MIA animals displayed slower learning of a reversed platform location in the water maze, and a similarly slowed learning during reversal in a spatial plus maze task. Together these findings are indicative of reduced behavioral flexibility in response to changes in task requirements. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that hippocampal plasticity is altered in schizophrenia, and that this change in plasticity mechanisms may underlie some aspects of cognitive dysfunction in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakuntala Savanthrapadian
- Department of Psychology and the Brain Health Research Center, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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46
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Valadares CT, de Sousa Almeida S. Early protein malnutrition changes learning and memory in spaced but not in condensed trials in the Morris water-maze. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 8:39-47. [PMID: 15909766 DOI: 10.1080/10284150500047302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Early protein malnutrition induces structural, neurochemical and functional changes in the central nervous system leading to alterations in cognitive and behavioral development of rats. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of protein malnutrition during lactation on acquisition and retention of spatial information using different training procedures (spaced x condensed trials). Rats treated with 16% (well-nourished) or 6% (malnourished) protein diets during the lactation phase and nutritionally recovered until 70 days of age were tested in the Morris water-maze in procedures of 1 trial/day (spaced trials), 4, 8, 12 trials/day (intermediate density) and 24 trials/day (condensed trials), completing 24 trials at the end of training. Seven and 28 days after the training the animals were tested again in just one trial to assess long-term memory. The results showed that protein malnutrition caused deficits on the spatial learning and memory in spaced but not in intermediate and condensed trials procedure. Seven and 28 days after the training there was an increase in the latency to find the platform but only malnourished animals submitted to 1 trial/day had significantly higher latency as compared with well-nourished controls. One of the possible hypotheses is that the effect protein malnutrition only in the procedure of spaced trials could be due to deficits in memory consolidation. It is suggested that these deficits can be the result of alterations produced by protein malnutrition in the hippocampal formation or in long-lasting emotional and/or motivational aspects of the rat's behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Tavares Valadares
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Behavior, FFCLRP, University of São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
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47
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Gould TJ, Leach PT. Cellular, molecular, and genetic substrates underlying the impact of nicotine on learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 107:108-32. [PMID: 23973448 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic disorder marked by long-lasting maladaptive changes in behavior and in reward system function. However, the factors that contribute to the behavioral and biological changes that occur with addiction are complex and go beyond reward. Addiction involves changes in cognitive control and the development of disruptive drug-stimuli associations that can drive behavior. A reason for the strong influence drugs of abuse can exert on cognition may be the striking overlap between the neurobiological substrates of addiction and of learning and memory, especially areas involved in declarative memory. Declarative memories are critically involved in the formation of autobiographical memories, and the ability of drugs of abuse to alter these memories could be particularly detrimental. A key structure in this memory system is the hippocampus, which is critically involved in binding multimodal stimuli together to form complex long-term memories. While all drugs of abuse can alter hippocampal function, this review focuses on nicotine. Addiction to tobacco products is insidious, with the majority of smokers wanting to quit; yet the majority of those that attempt to quit fail. Nicotine addiction is associated with the presence of drug-context and drug-cue associations that trigger drug seeking behavior and altered cognition during periods of abstinence, which contributes to relapse. This suggests that understanding the effects of nicotine on learning and memory will advance understanding and potentially facilitate treating nicotine addiction. The following sections examine: (1) how the effects of nicotine on hippocampus-dependent learning change as nicotine administration transitions from acute to chronic and then to withdrawal from chronic treatment and the potential impact of these changes on addiction, (2) how nicotine usurps the cellular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, (3) the physiological changes in the hippocampus that may contribute to nicotine withdrawal deficits in learning, and (4) the role of genetics and developmental stage (i.e., adolescence) in these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Gould
- Temple University Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
| | - Prescott T Leach
- Temple University Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
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48
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Functional implications of hippocampal adult neurogenesis in intellectual disabilities. Amino Acids 2013; 45:113-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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49
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Santos TDO, Mazucanti CHY, Xavier GF, Torrão ADS. Early and late neurodegeneration and memory disruption after intracerebroventricular streptozotocin. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:401-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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50
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Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) occupies a key position in information flow through the hippocampus. Its principal cell, the granule cell, has spatially selective place fields. However, the behavioral correlates of cells located in the hilus of the rat dentate gyrus are unknown. We report here that cells below the granule layer show spatially selective firing that consists of multiple subfields. Other cells recorded from the DG had single place fields. Compared with cells with multiple fields, cells with single fields fired at lower rates during sleep were less bursty, and were more likely to be recorded simultaneously with large populations of neurons that were active during sleep and silent during behavior. We propose that cells with single fields are likely to be mature granule cells that use sparse encoding to potentially disambiguate input patterns. Furthermore, we hypothesize that cells with multiple fields might be cells of the hilus or newborn granule cells. These data are the first demonstration, based on physiological criteria, that single- and multiple-field cells constitute at least two distinct cell classes in the DG. Because of the heterogeneity of firing correlates and cell types in the DG, understanding which cell types correspond to which firing patterns, and how these correlates change with behavioral state and between different environments, are critical questions for testing long-standing computational theories that the DG performs a pattern separation function using a very sparse coding strategy.
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