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Maternal Over- and Malnutrition and Increased Risk for Addictive and Eating Disorders in the Offspring. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051095. [PMID: 36904093 PMCID: PMC10004806 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from human and animal studies has shown that maternal overnutrition and/or obesity are linked with neurobehavioral changes in the offspring. This fetal programming is characterized by adaptive responses to changes in the nutritional state during early life. In the past decade, an association has been made between overconsumption of highly-palatable food by the mother during fetal development and abnormal behaviors resembling addiction in the offspring. Maternal overnutrition can lead to alterations in the offspring's brain reward circuitry leading to hyperresponsiveness of this circuit following exposure to calorie-dense foods later in life. Given the accumulating evidence indicating that the central nervous system plays a pivotal role in regulating food intake, energy balance, and the motivation to seek food, a dysfunction in the reward circuitry may contribute to the addiction-like behaviors observed in the offspring. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to these alterations in the reward circuitry during fetal development and their relevance to the increased risk for the offspring to later develop addictive-like behaviors is still unclear. Here, we review the most relevant scientific reports about the impact of food overconsumption during fetal development and its effect on addictive-like behaviors of the offspring in the context of eating disorders and obesity.
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Baker JH, Temes E, Bohon C, Derenne J, Duvall A, Steinberg D. Enhanced Family-Based Treatment for an Adolescent With Binge-Eating Disorder: A Case Report. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Beaulieu DA, Best LA. Eat, pray, love: disordered eating in religious and non-religious men and women. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:198. [PMID: 36539900 PMCID: PMC9764304 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the lack of research examining the relation between religiosity and disordered eating, at various points during the year, religious practices requiring changes in eating habits are typical. Few studies have identified how aspects of religiosity are associated with disordered eating attitudes and behaviours. Thus, we explored the interconnectedness of religiosity and gender on disordered eating attitudes and behaviours. METHODS In total, 749 religious and non-religious participants completed online questionnaires assessing components of disordered eating and associated appearance-related pressures and internalizations (pressure from family, peers, and media, and internalization of the thin and muscular ideals). RESULTS Among the 317 participants who identified as religious, 12.30% reported that their religious practice required a change in their eating habits, and 10.68% reported that they changed their eating habits for both religious purposes and as a method of weight loss/control. Overall, religious participants who indicated changing their eating habits for religious purposes experienced greater disordered eating and appearance-related pressures than theists who reported no change in their diet and non-religious respondents. Further, there was a significant interaction between gender and religiosity across the disordered eating variables. Results indicated that, compared to males who were not religious, those who were religious had higher scores on scales measuring disordered eating. Religious and non-religious women scored similarly on scales measuring other aspects of disordered eating (including Purging, Restricting, and Binge Eating). Further, compared to non-religious men, religious men, reported greater pressure from their family and peers; there was no difference in women. CONCLUSIONS Future research should further explore gender differences across types and specific aspects of religiosity such as motivation to practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danie A Beaulieu
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Lisa A Best
- Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5, Canada.
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Cheah WL, Shin ECV, Hazmi H. Examining gender difference in disordered eating behaviour and its associated factors among college and university students in Sarawak. Nutr Health 2022:2601060221132597. [PMID: 36285456 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221132597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Disordered eating is common among late adolescents and young adults who pursue an idealised body image. Aims: This study aims to determine the prevalence of disordered eating between males and females and its associated factors among college and university students in Sarawak. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 20 public and private colleges and universities in Sarawak, from September 2017 to March 2020. Respondents completed self-administered questionnaires both in the English and Malay language. Data about sociodemographic characteristics, body mass index, eating attitude, body dissatisfaction, perceived sociocultural pressure, self-esteem, drive for muscularity and perfectionism were collected. Results: A total of 776 respondents (male: 30.9%; female: 69.1%) aged 19 to 25 years old took part in the study. The overall prevalence of disordered eating was 25.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 21.9; 28.7) with females (28.6%, 95% CI 24.6; 32.9) higher than males (15.6%, 95% CI 10.5; 21.9). Multivariate analysis showed for both male and female models, perceived sociocultural pressure (male: β = 1.125, p < 0.01; female: β = 1.052, p = 0.003), drive for muscularity (male: β = 1.033, p = 0.017; female: β = 1.032, p < 0.01) and perfectionism (male: β = 1.098, p = 0.02; female:β = 1.119, p < 0.01) were predictors for disordered eating. Conclusion: The prevalence of disordered eating among college and university students in Sarawak was high. The findings suggest that although there were gender differences in the prevalence of disordered eating, its associated factors were the same. The findings of this study will be useful for designing and implementing disordered eating prevention and intervention programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whye Lian Cheah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Edmund Chin Vui Shin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Helmy Hazmi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Grzęda E, Matuszewska J, Ziarniak K, Gertig-Kolasa A, Krzyśko- Pieczka I, Skowrońska B, Sliwowska JH. Animal Foetal Models of Obesity and Diabetes - From Laboratory to Clinical Settings. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:785674. [PMID: 35197931 PMCID: PMC8858803 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.785674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prenatal period, during which a fully formed newborn capable of surviving outside its mother's body is built from a single cell, is critical for human development. It is also the time when the foetus is particularly vulnerable to environmental factors, which may modulate the course of its development. Both epidemiological and animal studies have shown that foetal programming of physiological systems may alter the growth and function of organs and lead to pathology in adulthood. Nutrition is a particularly important environmental factor for the pregnant mother as it affects the condition of offspring. Numerous studies have shown that an unbalanced maternal metabolic status (under- or overnutrition) may cause long-lasting physiological and behavioural alterations, resulting in metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Various diets are used in laboratory settings in order to induce maternal obesity and metabolic disorders, and to alter the offspring development. The most popular models are: high-fat, high-sugar, high-fat-high-sugar, and cafeteria diets. Maternal undernutrition models are also used, which results in metabolic problems in offspring. Similarly to animal data, human studies have shown the influence of mothers' diets on the development of children. There is a strong link between the maternal diet and the birth weight, metabolic state, changes in the cardiovascular and central nervous system of the offspring. The mechanisms linking impaired foetal development and adult diseases remain under discussion. Epigenetic mechanisms are believed to play a major role in prenatal programming. Additionally, sexually dimorphic effects on offspring are observed. Therefore, further research on both sexes is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Grzęda
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Julia Matuszewska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Kamil Ziarniak
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Gertig-Kolasa
- Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Obesity, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Izabela Krzyśko- Pieczka
- Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Obesity, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogda Skowrońska
- Department of Paediatric Diabetes and Obesity, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna H. Sliwowska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Joanna H. Sliwowska,
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Hockey A, Barlow FK, Shiels AL, Donovan CL. Body dissatisfaction in midlife women: The applicability of the tripartite influence model. Body Image 2021; 39:202-212. [PMID: 34481295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Body image issues and disordered eating are relatively under-researched areas within midlife populations. Accordingly, this study investigated the applicability of the Tripartite Influence Model (TIM) to midlife women. In an online survey, predominately Australian female participants (N = 206) aged 40-55 years (M = 46.75, SD = 4.54) completed measures related to sociocultural pressures, thin-ideal internalisation, appearance comparison, body dissatisfaction, bulimic symptoms, restrained eating, and psychological distress. Path analysis was used to evaluate the model. Greater peer and media pressure were associated with greater appearance comparison, which in turn was associated with greater thin-ideal internalisation, and through this greater body dissatisfaction. Similarly, greater body dissatisfaction was associated with greater restrained eating and bulimic symptoms, which in turn were associated with greater psychological distress. Unexpectedly, family pressure also emerged as an important direct predictor of outcomes, while sociocultural influences were not associated with thin-ideal internalisation, nor was family pressure associated with appearance comparison. Furthermore, appearance comparison was not associated with body dissatisfaction. Overall, the findings provide partial support for applicability of the TIM for midlife women and suggest practical implications such as targeted interventions that may assist body image disturbance and associated outcomes for midlife women.
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Dow ML, Szymanski LM. Effects of Overweight and Obesity in Pregnancy on Health of the Offspring. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2020; 49:251-263. [PMID: 32418588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity in pregnancy confer a wide range of risks on mother, fetus, and offspring throughout their lives. In addition to compounding many common pregnancy complications, including both iatrogenic preterm delivery and cesarean delivery, obesity is associated with multiple fetal anomalies, metabolic sequelae including diabetes and obesity, allergy and asthma, attention-deficit disorder, and likely many other challenges for the offspring. As targeted interventions are being developed, encouraging solid nutrition and exercise in women of childbearing age may stave off risks and mitigate obesity in the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Dow
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 59505, USA.
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Shook LL, Kislal S, Edlow AG. Fetal brain and placental programming in maternal obesity: A review of human and animal model studies. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:1126-1137. [PMID: 32362000 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Both human epidemiologic and animal model studies demonstrate that prenatal and lactational exposure to maternal obesity and high-fat diet are associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. Neurodevelopmental outcomes described in offspring of obese women include cognitive impairment, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and depression, disordered eating, and propensity for reward-driven behavior, among others. This review synthesizes human and animal data linking maternal obesity and high-fat diet consumption to abnormal fetal brain development, and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric morbidity in offspring. It highlights key mechanisms by which maternal obesity and maternal diet impact fetal and offspring development, and sex differences in offspring programming. In addition, we review placental effects of maternal obesity, and the role the placenta might play as an indicator vs mediator of fetal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia L Shook
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sezen Kislal
- Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea G Edlow
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Binge eating disorder onset often occurs during adolescence, yet the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder in this age group has been inadequately studied. Criteria and challenges in making the diagnosis in children and adolescents are reviewed, as well as prevalence rates, current treatment options, and complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Bohon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5719, USA.
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10
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Schvey NA, Marwitz SE, Mi SJ, Galescu OA, Broadney MM, Young-Hyman D, Brady SM, Reynolds JC, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Weight-based teasing is associated with gain in BMI and fat mass among children and adolescents at-risk for obesity: A longitudinal study. Pediatr Obes 2019; 14:e12538. [PMID: 31144471 PMCID: PMC6728169 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youths with overweight and obesity report frequent instances of weight-based teasing. However, little is known about the prospective associations between weight-based teasing and changes in body composition among youth. OBJECTIVE To assess associations between weight-based teasing and changes in body mass index (BMI) and fat mass in a longitudinal study of youths with, or at-risk for, overweight and obesity. METHODS One hundred ten youths with, or at-risk for, overweight participated in a longitudinal observational study. The Perception of Teasing Scale was administered at baseline. Height, weight, and body composition were obtained at baseline and at follow-ups (range: 1-15 years). RESULTS Mean age at baseline was 11.8 years; 53% had overweight/obesity; 36% were non-Hispanic Black; 55% were female; mean follow-up from baseline: 8.5 years. Adjusting for covariates and repeated measures of BMI or fat mass, linear mixed models revealed that weight-based teasing was associated with greater gain of BMI and fat mass across the follow-up period (ps ≤ .007). Adjusting for covariates, youths reporting high weight-based teasing (two standard deviations above the mean) experienced a 33% greater gain in BMI (an additional 0.20 kg/m2 ) and a 91% greater gain in fat mass (an additional 0.65 kg) per year compared with peers who reported no weight-based teasing. CONCLUSIONS Among youths with, and at-risk for, overweight and obesity, weight-based teasing was associated with greater weight and fat gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A. Schvey
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), 4301 Jones Bridge Road Bethesda, MD 20814, USA,Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Shannon E. Marwitz
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Sarah J. Mi
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Ovidiu A. Galescu
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Miranda M. Broadney
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Deborah Young-Hyman
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Sheila M. Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - James C. Reynolds
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Marian Tanofsky-Kraff
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), 4301 Jones Bridge Road Bethesda, MD 20814, USA,Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Susan Z. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
| | - Jack A. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Program in Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 1-3330, MSC 1103, Bethesda, MD 20892-1103, USA
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Associations of Weekday and Weekend Sleep with Children's Reported Eating in the Absence of Hunger. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071658. [PMID: 31330788 PMCID: PMC6682878 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient average sleep duration has been inconsistently associated with poor diet and obesity risks in youth. Inconsistencies in findings across studies may be due to a general failure to examine associations in weekday versus weekend sleep. We hypothesized that greater variations in weekday and weekend sleep duration would be associated with more disinhibited eating behaviors, which, in turn, might be involved in the relationship between sleep and weight. We, therefore, examined, among healthy, non-treatment seeking youth, the associations of average weekly, weekend, and weekday sleep duration with eating in the absence of hunger (EAH), a disinhibited eating behavior associated with disordered eating and obesity. Sleep was assessed via actigraphy for 14 days. Participants completed a self-report measure of EAH. Adiposity was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Linear regressions were used to test the associations of sleep duration with EAH and the associations of sleep duration and EAH, with fat mass. Among 123 participants (8–17 years, 52.0% female, and 30.9% with overweight), there was no significant association between average weekly sleep and EAH. Further, there was no significant association among average weekly sleep duration or EAH and fat mass. However, average weekday sleep was negatively associated, and average weekend sleep was positively associated, with EAH (ps < 0.02). Weekend “catch-up” sleep (the difference between weekend and weekday sleep) was positively associated with EAH (p < 0.01). Findings indicate that shorter weekday sleep and greater weekend “catch-up” sleep are associated with EAH, which may place youth at risk for the development of excess weight gain over time.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To explore the relationship that parental dieting behavior (e.g., dieting, encouragement to diet, weight-teasing) has on child dieting behavior and weight status. RECENT FINDINGS Encouragement to diet and weight-teasing are both strong predictors of child dieting behavior in both childhood and adolescence. The impact of parent modeling of dieting behavior on child dieting behavior is mixed, but there is enough evidence to suggest that modeling is more impactful on daughters than sons and when parents are modeling unhealthy and extreme weight control behaviors (e.g., skipping meals). Parental dieting, both via modeling and increased use of encouragement to diet and weight-teasing, is associated with negative child eating and weight outcomes. Parental use of direct communication surrounding weight appears to be a more salient risk factor than parental modeling of dieting behavior. Future work is needed to develop strategies for parents to lower their child's risk of dieting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Balantekin
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
- Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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Bellver J, Mariani G. Impact of parental over- and underweight on the health of offspring. Fertil Steril 2019; 111:1054-1064. [PMID: 31036339 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.02.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parental excess weight and especially pregestational maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy have been related to an increased risk of metabolic (obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome) and nonmetabolic (cancer, osteoporosis, asthma, neurologic alterations) diseases in the offspring, probably mediated by epigenetic mechanisms of fetal programming. Maternal underweight is less common in developed societies, but the discrepancy between a poor nutritional environment in utero and a normal or excessive postnatal food supply with rapid growth catch-up appears to be the main candidate mechanism of the development of chronic diseases during the offspring's adulthood. The role of the postnatal environment in both scenarios (parental overweight or underweight) also seems to influence the offspring's health. Lifestyle interventions before and during pregnancy in both parents, but especially in the mother, as well as in children after birth, are advisable to counteract the many undesirable chronic conditions described.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Bellver
- Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Giulia Mariani
- Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Martini J, Petzoldt J, Knappe S, Garthus-Niegel S, Asselmann E, Wittchen HU. Infant, maternal, and familial predictors and correlates of regulatory problems in early infancy: The differential role of infant temperament and maternal anxiety and depression. Early Hum Dev 2017; 115:23-31. [PMID: 28869923 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive infant crying, feeding and sleeping problems are likely to emerge from the complex interplay of various factors. AIMS To investigate the role of infant (e.g., temperament), maternal (e.g., anxiety and depressive disorders), and familial (e.g., social support) factors as potential precursors of infant regulatory problems. STUDY DESIGN Prospective-longitudinal study. SUBJECTS 286 mother-infant dyads were investigated from early pregnancy until 16 months postpartum via questionnaires and interviews. OUTCOME MEASURES Regulatory problems at 2, 4 and 16 months postpartum assessed by standardized diagnostic interviews. RESULTS Fussy infant temperament and maternal anxiety disorders were associated with excessive infant crying (OR=1.16, 95%CI:1.05-1.29, OR=3.28, 95%CI:1.16-9.26) and feeding problems (OR=1.05, 95%CI:1.01-1.11, OR=2.27, 95%CI:1.36-3.80) whereas maternal depressive disorders were associated with infant sleeping problems (OR=2.55, 95%CI:1.06-6.11). Moreover, high maternal age (OR=0.86, 95%CI:0.75-0.98) was associated with a lower risk for excessive crying and being a single mother (OR=0.16, 95%CI:0.03-0.73) and cognitive reappraisal to regulate emotions (OR: 0.59, 95%CI:0.36-0.96) was associated with a lower risk for sleeping problems. CONCLUSION Excessive infant crying and feeding problems may be related to interactional deficits of anxious mothers who perceive their infants as "difficult" during soothing or feeding situations. Sleeping problems may be transmitted already during pregnancy by an altered sleep-wake-rhythm of mothers with a history of depression or by a genetic predisposition. Therapeutic interventions should focus on maternal anxiety and depression, behavior management techniques to cope with difficult situations with "fussy" infants and potential protective factors (e.g. favorable maternal emotion regulation) to address crying, feeding and sleeping problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Martini
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Schubertstr. 42, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Johanna Petzoldt
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Susanne Knappe
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Susan Garthus-Niegel
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Department of Child Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Eva Asselmann
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany; Behavioral Epidemiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany; Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilans Universitaet Munich, Germany.
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15
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Treasure J, Cardi V. Anorexia Nervosa, Theory and Treatment: Where Are We 35 Years on from Hilde Bruch's Foundation Lecture? EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2017; 25:139-147. [PMID: 28402069 DOI: 10.1002/erv.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hilde Bruch's foundation lecture in 1982 is a milestone from which to survey current theory and treatment for anorexia nervosa. Bruch described problems in body perception, emotion processing and interpersonal relationships as core theoretical aspects of the illness and built her theory of psychopathology on these aspects, as well as on animal studies on attachment. She also noted that many psychological problems result as consequence of starvation. In the first part of this paper, we parse Bruch's clinical descriptions into elements of psychopathology (disturbances in body perception, attachment, emotion expression, perception and regulation, social comparison, interpersonal, and family and therapeutic relationships), in order to assemble and update the theoretical evidence for a model of the illness. In the second part, we describe and extend her description of three core targets of treatment: family relationships, patient's inner confusion and nutritional restoration. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Treasure
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, UK
| | - Valentina Cardi
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, UK
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16
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Abstract
Understanding factors that contribute to eating disorders, which affect 13% of females, is critical to developing effective prevention and treatment programs. In this paper, we summarize results from prospective studies that identified factors predicting onset and persistence of eating disorders and core symptom dimensions. Next, implications for intervention targets for prevention, and treatment interventions from the risk- and maintenance-factor findings are discussed. Third, given that evidence suggests eating disorders are highly heritable, implying biological risk and maintenance factors for eating disorders, we offer working hypotheses about biological factors that might contribute to eating disorders, based on extant risk factor findings, theory, and cross-sectional studies. Finally, potentially fruitful directions for future research are presented. We suggest that it would be useful for experimental therapeutics trials to evaluate the effects of reducing the risk factors on future onset of eating pathology and on reducing maintenance factors on the risk for persistence of eating pathology, and encourage researchers to utilize prospective high-risk studies so that knowledge regarding potential intervention targets for prevention and treatment interventions for eating disorders can be advanced. Using the most rigorous research designs should help improve the efficacy of prevention and treatment interventions for eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Stice
- Heather Shaw Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, USA
| | - Heather Shaw
- Heather Shaw Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, USA
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17
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Pratt KJ, Van Fossen C, Cotto-Maisonet J, Palmer EN, Eneli I. Mothers' Perspectives on the Development of Their Preschoolers' Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors and Parent-Child Relationship: Implications for Pediatric Primary Care Physicians. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2017; 56:766-775. [PMID: 28056539 DOI: 10.1177/0009922816684598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study explores female caregivers' reflections on their relationship with their child (2-5 years old) and the development of their child's dietary and physical activity behaviors. Five, 90-minute semistructured focus groups were conducted to inquire about children's growth, eating behaviors and routines, physical activity, personality, and the parent-child relationship. Nineteen female caregivers diverse in race/ethnicity, age, and educational attainment participated. Participants reported that they maintained a schedule, but needed to be flexible to accommodate daily responsibilities. Family, social factors, and day care routines were influences on their children's behaviors. The main physical activity barriers were safety and time constraints. Guidance from pediatric primary care providers aimed at supporting female caregivers to build a positive foundation in their parent-child relationship, and to adopt and model healthy diet and physical activity behaviors that are respectful of schedules and barriers should be a priority for childhood obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keeley J Pratt
- 1 Department of Human Sciences, Human Development and Family Science Program, The Ohio State University
| | - Catherine Van Fossen
- 1 Department of Human Sciences, Human Development and Family Science Program, The Ohio State University
| | - Jennifer Cotto-Maisonet
- 1 Department of Human Sciences, Human Development and Family Science Program, The Ohio State University
| | - Elizabeth N Palmer
- 1 Department of Human Sciences, Human Development and Family Science Program, The Ohio State University
| | - Ihuoma Eneli
- 2 Director, Center for Healthy Weight and NutritionNationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Oh 43205
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18
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Kass AE, Wilfley DE, Eddy KT, Boutelle KN, Zucker N, Peterson CB, Le Grange D, Celio-Doyle A, Goldschmidt AB. Secretive eating among youth with overweight or obesity. Appetite 2017; 114:275-281. [PMID: 28365476 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Secretive eating, characterized by eating privately to conceal being seen, may reflect eating- and/or body-related shame, be associated with depression, and correlate with binge eating, which predicts weight gain and eating disorder onset. Increasing understanding of secretive eating in youth may improve weight status and reduce eating disorder risk. This study evaluated the prevalence and correlates of secretive eating in youth with overweight or obesity. METHODS Youth (N = 577) presented to five research/clinical institutions. Using a cross-sectional design, secretive eating was evaluated in relation to eating-related and general psychopathology via linear and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Secretive eating was endorsed by 111 youth, who were, on average, older than youth who denied secretive eating (mean age = 12.07 ± 2.83 versus 10.97 ± 2.31). Controlling for study site and age, youth who endorsed secretive eating had higher eating-related psychopathology and were more likely to endorse loss of control eating and purging than their counterparts who did not endorse secretive eating. Groups did not differ in excessive exercise or behavioral problems. Dietary restraint and purging were elevated among adolescents (≥13y) but not children (<13y) who endorsed secretive eating; depression was elevated among children, but not adolescents, who endorsed secretive eating. CONCLUSIONS Secretive eating may portend heightened risk for eating disorders, and correlates of secretive eating may differ across pediatric development. Screening for secretive eating may inform identification of problematic eating behaviors, and understanding factors motivating secretive eating may improve intervention tailoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Kass
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 1000, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Denise E Wilfley
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kamryn T Eddy
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Kerri N Boutelle
- Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0874, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nancy Zucker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3842, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Carol B Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, F282/2A West, 2450 Riverside Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
| | - Daniel Le Grange
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Suite 245, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Angela Celio-Doyle
- Eating Disorders Center at the Evidence Based Treatment Centers of Seattle, 1200 5th Avenue, Suite 800, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Guthrie Hall (GTH), 119A 98195-1525, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Andrea B Goldschmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center/The Miriam Hospital, 196 Richmond Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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19
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Lindberg SM, Hyde JS, McKinley NM. A Measure of Objectified Body Consciousness for Preadolescent and Adolescent Youth. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectified body consciousness (OBC)—the tendency to view oneself as an object to be looked at and evaluated by others—has received recent attention as a possible vulnerability factor for depression and disordered eating. Although OBC generally is discussed in developmental terms, extant research has examined primarily the experiences of undergraduates and adults. Our goal in this study was to develop an age-appropriate measure to allow study of OBC development during preadolescence and adolescence. We modeled the OBC-Youth after McKinley and Hyde's (1996 ) OBC-Classic to measure three components of OBC: body surveillance, body shame, and appearance control beliefs. The 14-item scale contains modified vocabulary and syntax to make it appropriate for use with preadolescent and adolescent youth. Results indicate that the OBC-Youth scale is a reliable, valid measure of OBC. Initial findings about the correlates of OBC in preadolescence are discussed.
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20
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Edlow AG. Maternal obesity and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in offspring. Prenat Diagn 2016; 37:95-110. [PMID: 27684946 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence from both human epidemiologic and animal studies that prenatal and lactational exposure to maternal obesity and high-fat diet are associated with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in offspring. These disorders include cognitive impairment, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cerebral palsy, anxiety and depression, schizophrenia, and eating disorders. This review synthesizes human and animal data linking maternal obesity and high-fat diet consumption to abnormal fetal brain development and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric morbidity in offspring. In addition, it highlights key mechanisms by which maternal obesity and maternal diet might impact fetal and offspring neurodevelopment, including neuroinflammation; increased oxidative stress, dysregulated insulin, glucose, and leptin signaling; dysregulated serotonergic and dopaminergic signaling; and perturbations in synaptic plasticity. Finally, the review summarizes available evidence regarding investigational therapeutic approaches to mitigate the harmful effects of maternal obesity on fetal and offspring neurodevelopment. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Edlow
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Ob/Gyn, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Schulte SJ. Predictors of binge eating in male and female youths in the United Arab Emirates. Appetite 2016; 105:312-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Weigel A, Hofmeister D, Pröbster K, Brähler E, Gumz A. Eating pathology in medical students in Eastern Germany: comparison with general population and a sample at the time of the German reunification. Eat Weight Disord 2016; 21:445-451. [PMID: 26573987 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-015-0237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Medical students have been found to be vulnerable to mental health problems due to the high pressures of medical school. Countries developing into industrial nations tend to adopt Western beauty ideals which might increase eating disorder risk. METHODS This cross-sectional study compared eating (Eating Disorder Inventory 2 EDI-2) and general psychopathology (General Health Questionnaire-28) in medical students from the newly formed German states with a historical sample of East German medical students examined at the time of the German reunification. Current medical students were also compared to population-based samples assessed before the German Reunification as well as recently to consider time trends in EDI scores. RESULTS The current sample comprised 316 medical students (232 female) from the newly formed German states (mean age = 21.7 years, SD = 2.6). Significantly higher levels of drive for thinness as well as body dissatisfaction and higher levels of general psychopathology were displayed in female medical students 20 years after the German reunification. In male medical students, no significant changes of eating pathology were observable. However, male medical students expressed significantly more anxiety and insomnia and a higher GHQ-28 total score than their counterparts examined in 1989. CONCLUSIONS Twenty years after the Reunification, an acculturation to Western beauty ideals seems to be more pronounced in female than in male medical students. Still, as a group, medical students from the newly formed German states did not appear to display a particular risk to develop eating disorders. However, due to the low response rate, results of this study should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Weigel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and Schön Klinik Hamburg Eilbek, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hofmeister
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Pröbster
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Helios Hanseklinikum Stralsund, Große Parower Straße 47-53, 18435, Stralsund, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 12, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antje Gumz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf and Schön Klinik Hamburg Eilbek, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. .,Berlin Psychological University, Am Köllnischen Park 2, 10179, Berlin, Germany.
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23
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Jellinek RD, Myers TA, Keller KL. The impact of doll style of dress and familiarity on body dissatisfaction in 6- to 8-year-old girls. Body Image 2016; 18:78-85. [PMID: 27344610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We tested the impact of exposure to dolls of different body types and wardrobes on girls' body dissatisfaction. In Study 1, 112 girls (6 to 8 years old) were randomized to one of four conditions: thin (Barbie™) or full-figured (Tracy™) dolls dressed in a swimsuit or modest clothing. In Study 2, a different cohort of girls (n=112) was exposed to one of four conditions containing unfamiliar dolls of different body size (thin vs. full-figured) and dress (modest vs. swimsuit). In both studies, girls who played with thin dolls experienced higher body size discrepancies than girls who played with full-figured dolls. Girls who played with full-figured dolls showed less body dissatisfaction after doll exposure compared to girls who played with thin dolls. Playing with unrealistically thin dolls may encourage motivation for a thinner shape in young girls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taryn A Myers
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Wesleyan College, 1584 Wesleyan Drive, Norfolk, VA 23502, United States
| | - Kathleen L Keller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 110 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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24
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Saltzman JA, Liechty JM. Family correlates of childhood binge eating: A systematic review. Eat Behav 2016; 22:62-71. [PMID: 27089384 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Binge Eating Disorder is the most prevalent eating disorder in the US, and binge eating has been identified in children as young as five. As part of a larger registered systematic review, we identified family correlates of binge eating in children (C-BE) aged 12 and under. METHOD Using established guidelines, we searched PubMed and PsycInfo for peer-reviewed studies published in English between 1980 and April 2015 that examined family correlates and predictors of C-BE. This yielded 736 records for review; after exclusions fifteen studies were reviewed. Risk of bias was assessed. A risk factor typology was used to classify correlates. RESULTS Nine of the included studies were cross-sectional and six longitudinal. Family weight teasing and parent emotional unresponsiveness were correlates of C-BE. Parent weight, education/socio-economic situation, and parent race/ethnicity were not associated with C-BE in any study reviewed. There was insufficient or unclear evidence regarding associations between C-BE and parent disordered eating, weight or thinness concern, harsh discipline, maternal dieting, attachment security, and mealtimes and feeding practices. Limitations included too few studies on many of the correlates to summarize, inconsistency of findings, homogenous samples, and predominately cross-sectional designs. DISCUSSION Weight-related teasing in families and parental emotional unresponsiveness are correlates of C-BE and important areas to address in parent education and eating disorder prevention programs with families. Further longitudinal studies on putative risk factors for binge eating in childhood are needed to address current limitations, enable synthesis across studies, and inform public health efforts to prevent binge eating problems in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Saltzman
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois, Doris Kelly Christopher Hall, 904 W. Nevada Street, MC-081, Urbana, IL, USA; Illinois Transdiscplinary Obesity Prevention Program (I-TOPP), University of Illinois, USA.
| | - Janet M Liechty
- Illinois Transdiscplinary Obesity Prevention Program (I-TOPP), University of Illinois, USA; School of Social Work and College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 1010 W. Nevada Street, Urbana, IL, USA; College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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25
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Sadeh-Sharvit S, Zubery E, Mankovski E, Steiner E, Lock JD. Parent-based prevention program for the children of mothers with eating disorders: Feasibility and preliminary outcomes. Eat Disord 2016; 24:312-25. [PMID: 26940552 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2016.1153400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The children of mothers with eating disorders are at high risk of feeding and eating problems and broader developmental difficulties. The Parent-Based Prevention (PBP) of eating disorders targets risk factors and facilitates behavioral change in parents to mitigate potentially negative outcomes of their children. This pre/post uncontrolled study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of PBP. PBP was found to be a feasible intervention for mothers with eating disorders and their spouses, with satisfactory retention rates. A total of 16 intact families were assessed at three measurement points for parents' feeding practices, child outcomes, and maternal functioning. Both parents reported improved feeding practices as well as more positive perceptions of their children in comparison to baseline. These pilot findings suggest that PBP is linked with decreased risk of eating and mental problems among the offspring of mothers with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Sadeh-Sharvit
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , School of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford , California , USA.,b Eating Disorders Treatment and Research Center, Hanotrim (Davidson) Clinic, Raanana , Shalvata Mental Health Center , Hod Hasharon , Israel
| | - Eynat Zubery
- b Eating Disorders Treatment and Research Center, Hanotrim (Davidson) Clinic, Raanana , Shalvata Mental Health Center , Hod Hasharon , Israel
| | - Esty Mankovski
- b Eating Disorders Treatment and Research Center, Hanotrim (Davidson) Clinic, Raanana , Shalvata Mental Health Center , Hod Hasharon , Israel
| | - Evelyne Steiner
- b Eating Disorders Treatment and Research Center, Hanotrim (Davidson) Clinic, Raanana , Shalvata Mental Health Center , Hod Hasharon , Israel
| | - James D Lock
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , School of Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford , California , USA
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26
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Abstract
Eating disorders have been studied extensively over the past several decades, yet research of their etiology has lagged behind treatment outcome research. This article reviews the challenges inherent in this research. It illustrates the epidemiologic designs that have been used to test risk factor hypotheses and describes the major studies designed to answer the question of what causes eating disorders. It points to significant gaps in knowledge, chief among them the absence of representative data on prevalence and correlates of eating disorders, and the lack of data regarding eating disorders in ethnic minority populations.
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27
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Vandeweghe L, Vervoort L, Verbeken S, Moens E, Braet C. Food Approach and Food Avoidance in Young Children: Relation with Reward Sensitivity and Punishment Sensitivity. Front Psychol 2016; 7:928. [PMID: 27445898 PMCID: PMC4919346 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has recently been suggested that individual differences in Reward Sensitivity and Punishment Sensitivity may determine how children respond to food. These temperamental traits reflect activity in two basic brain systems that respond to rewarding and punishing stimuli, respectively, with approach and avoidance. Via parent-report questionnaires, we investigate the associations of the general motivational temperamental traits Reward Sensitivity and Punishment Sensitivity with Food Approach and Food Avoidance in 98 preschool children. Consistent with the conceptualization of Reward Sensitivity in terms of approach behavior and Punishment Sensitivity in terms of avoidance behavior, Reward Sensitivity was positively related to Food Approach, while Punishment Sensitivity was positively related to Food Avoidance. Future research should integrate these perspectives (i.e., general temperamental traits Reward Sensitivity and Punishment Sensitivity, and Food Approach and Avoidance) to get a better understanding of eating behavior and related body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vandeweghe
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leentje Vervoort
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Verbeken
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen Moens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Petzoldt J, Wittchen HU, Einsle F, Martini J. Maternal anxiety versus depressive disorders: specific relations to infants' crying, feeding and sleeping problems. Child Care Health Dev 2016; 42:231-45. [PMID: 26490836 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal depression has been associated with excessive infant crying, feeding and sleeping problems, but the specificity of maternal depression, as compared with maternal anxiety remains unclear and manifest disorders prior to pregnancy have been widely neglected. In this prospective longitudinal study, the specific associations of maternal anxiety and depressive disorders prior to, during and after pregnancy and infants' crying, feeding and sleeping problems were investigated in the context of maternal parity. METHODS In the Maternal Anxiety in Relation to Infant Development (MARI) Study, n = 306 primiparous and multiparous women were repeatedly interviewed from early pregnancy until 16 months post partum with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for Women (CIDI-V) to assess DSM-IV anxiety and depressive disorders. Information on excessive infant crying, feeding and sleeping problems was obtained from n = 286 mothers during postpartum period via questionnaire and interview (Baby-DIPS). RESULTS Findings from this study revealed syndrome-specific risk constellations for maternal anxiety and depressive disorders as early as prior to pregnancy: Excessive infant crying (10.1%) was specifically associated with maternal anxiety disorders, especially in infants of younger and lower educated first-time mothers. Feeding problems (36.4%) were predicted by maternal anxiety (and comorbid depressive) disorders in primiparous mothers and infants with lower birth weight. Infant sleeping problems (12.2%) were related to maternal depressive (and comorbid anxiety) disorders irrespective of maternal parity. CONCLUSIONS Primiparous mothers with anxiety disorders may be more prone to anxious misinterpretations of crying and feeding situations leading to an escalation of mother-infant interactions. The relation between maternal depressive and infant sleeping problems may be better explained by a transmission of unsettled maternal sleep to the fetus during pregnancy or a lack of daily structure and bedtime routine with the infant. Maternal disorders prior to pregnancy require more attention in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Petzoldt
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - H-U Wittchen
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - F Einsle
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Professorship Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera, Gera, Germany
| | - J Martini
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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29
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Rivera HM, Christiansen KJ, Sullivan EL. The role of maternal obesity in the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:194. [PMID: 26150767 PMCID: PMC4471351 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that perinatal exposure to maternal obesity, metabolic disease, including diabetes and hypertension, and unhealthy maternal diet has a long-term impact on offspring behavior and physiology. During the past three decades, the prevalence of both obesity and neuropsychiatric disorders has rapidly increased. Epidemiologic studies provide evidence that maternal obesity and metabolic complications increase the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, eating disorders (food addiction, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa), and impairments in cognition in offspring. Animal models of maternal high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity also document persistent changes in offspring behavior and impairments in critical neural circuitry. Animals exposed to maternal obesity and HFD consumption display hyperactivity, impairments in social behavior, increased anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, substance addiction, food addiction, and diminished cognition. During development, these offspring are exposed to elevated levels of nutrients (fatty acids, glucose), hormones (leptin, insulin), and inflammatory factors (C-reactive protein, interleukin, and tumor necrosis factor). Such factors appear to permanently change neuroendocrine regulation and brain development in offspring. In addition, inflammation of the offspring brain during gestation impairs the development of neural pathways critical in the regulation of behavior, such as serotoninergic, dopaminergic, and melanocortinergic systems. Dysregulation of these circuits increases the risk of mental health disorders. Given the high rates of obesity in most developed nations, it is critical that the mechanisms by which maternal obesity programs offspring behavior are thoroughly characterized. Such knowledge will be critical in the development of preventative strategies and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Rivera
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | - Elinor L Sullivan
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center Beaverton, OR, USA ; Department of Biology, University of Portland Portland, OR, USA
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30
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Macpherson-Sánchez AE. Integrating fundamental concepts of obesity and eating disorders: implications for the obesity epidemic. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:e71-85. [PMID: 25713933 PMCID: PMC4358173 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physiological mechanisms promote weight gain after famine. Because eating disorders, obesity, and dieting limit food intake, they are famine-like experiences. The development of the concept of meeting an ideal weight was the beginning of increasing obesity. Weight stigma, the perception of being fat, lack of understanding of normal growth and development, and increased concern about obesity on the part of health providers, parents, and caregivers have reinforced each other to promote dieting. Because weight suppression and disinhibition provoke long-term weight increase, dieting is a major factor producing the obesity epidemic. The integrated eating disorder-obesity theory included in this article emphasizes that, contrary to dieters, lifetime weight maintainers depend on physiological processes to control weight and experience minimal weight change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Macpherson-Sánchez
- Ann E. Macpherson-Sánchez is with the Department of Agricultural Education, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
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Stein A, Pearson RM, Goodman SH, Rapa E, Rahman A, McCallum M, Howard LM, Pariante CM. Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child. Lancet 2014; 384:1800-19. [PMID: 25455250 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1251] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal mental disorders are associated with increased risk of psychological and developmental disturbances in children. However, these disturbances are not inevitable. In this Series paper, we summarise evidence for associations between parental disorders and offspring outcomes from fetal development to adolescence in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries. We assess evidence for mechanisms underlying transmission of disturbance, the role of mediating variables (underlying links between parent psychopathology and offspring outcomes) and possible moderators (which change the strength of any association), and focus on factors that are potentially modifiable, including parenting quality, social (including partner) and material support, and duration of the parental disorder. We review research of interventions, which are mostly about maternal depression, and emphasise the need to both treat the parent's disorder and help with associated caregiving difficulties. We conclude with policy implications and underline the need for early identification of those parents at high risk and for more early interventions and prevention research, especially in socioeconomically disadvantaged populations and low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Stein
- Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Rebecca M Pearson
- Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Rapa
- Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Atif Rahman
- Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Louise M Howard
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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Pathways of family influence: alcohol use and disordered eating in daughters. Addict Behav 2014; 39:1404-7. [PMID: 24926908 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Models of addiction etiology and treatment emphasize the influence of family-of-origin experiences. Using two addiction-related coping behaviors (ARCBs) common among college women (i.e., problematic alcohol use, disordered eating), we examined whether ARCBs in parents related to matching ARCBs in college women offspring. We expected that matching parental ARCBs would relate more strongly to the ARCBs in offspring than more distal/general family factors. A total of 197 college women completed measures of family dynamics, parental difficulties with alcohol, family focus on appearance and weight, personal difficulties with alcohol use, and disordered eating. A significant indirect effect for family dysfunction on disordered eating and alcohol-related problems was found. That is, family relationship difficulties predicted parents' ARCBs, which predicted matching ARCBs in participants (e.g., parental alcohol problems predicted participant alcohol problems). Matched parental ARCBs were better predictors of participants' ARCBs than more general/distal family factors and non-matched ARCBs. Specifically, path analysis and testing of beta weights supported specificity of parental ARCBs for predicting matching offspring ARCBs. Implications of study findings for tailoring prevention efforts are discussed.
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Houldcroft L, Farrow C, Haycraft E. Perceptions of parental pressure to eat and eating behaviours in preadolescents: The mediating role of anxiety. Appetite 2014; 80:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Associations between child emotional eating and general parenting style, feeding practices, and parent psychopathology. Appetite 2014; 80:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Allen KL, Gibson LY, McLean NJ, Davis EA, Byrne SM. Maternal and family factors and child eating pathology: risk and protective relationships. J Eat Disord 2014; 2:11. [PMID: 24808944 PMCID: PMC4012547 DOI: 10.1186/2050-2974-2-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have found associations between maternal and family factors and child eating disorder symptoms. However, it is not clear whether family factors predict eating disorder symptoms specifically, or relate to more general child psychopathology, of which eating disorder symptoms may be one component. This study aimed to identify maternal and family factors that may predict increases or decreases in child eating disorder symptoms over time, accounting for children's body mass index z-scores and levels of general psychological distress. METHODS Participants were 221 mother-child dyads from the Childhood Growth and Development Study, a prospective cohort study in Western Australia. Participants were assessed at baseline, 1-year follow-up and 2-year follow-up using interview and self-report measures. Children had a mean age of 10 years at baseline and 46% were male. Linear mixed models and generalised estimating equations were used to identify predictors of children's eating disorder symptoms, with outcome variables including a global index of eating disorder psychopathology, levels of dietary restraint, levels of emotional eating, and the presence of loss of control ('binge') eating. RESULTS Children of mothers with a current or past eating disorder reported significantly higher levels of global eating disorder symptoms and emotional eating than other children, and mothers with a current or past eating disorder reported significantly more concern about their children's weight than other mothers. Maternal concern about child weight, rather than maternal eating disorder symptoms, was significant in predicting child eating disorder symptoms over time. Family exposure to stress and low maternal education were additional risk factors for eating disorder symptoms, whilst child-reported family satisfaction was a protective factor. CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for relevant confounding variables, maternal concern about child weight, children's level of family satisfaction, family exposure to stress, and maternal education are unique predictors of child eating disorder symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L Allen
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Lisa Y Gibson
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Neil J McLean
- School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Davis
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Susan M Byrne
- School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Sonneville KR, Rifas-Shiman SL, Haines J, Gortmaker S, Mitchell KF, Gillman MW, Taveras EM. Associations of parental control of feeding with eating in the absence of hunger and food sneaking, hiding, and hoarding. Child Obes 2013; 9:346-9. [PMID: 23806073 PMCID: PMC3728724 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2012.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight children as young as 5 years old exhibit disturbances in eating behaviors. METHODS Using follow-up data from 419 participants in High Five for Kids, a randomized controlled trial of overweight children, the prevalence of (1) eating in the absence of hunger and (2) food sneaking, hiding, and hoarding was estimated and cross-sectional associations of parental control of feeding and these behaviors were examined using covariate-adjusted logistic regression models. RESULTS At follow-up, mean [standard deviation (SD)] age of the children was 7.1 (1.2) years; 49% were female; 16% were healthy weight, 35% were overweight, and 49% were obese. On the basis of parental report, 16.5% of children were eating in the absence of hunger and 27.2% were sneaking, hiding, or hoarding food; 57.5% of parents endorsed parental control of feeding. In adjusted models, children exposed to parental control of feeding were more likely to eat in the absence of hunger [odds ratio (OR) 3.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.66, 6.86], but not to sneak, hide, or hoard food (OR 1.43, 95% CI 0.87, 2.36). CONCLUSIONS Disturbances in eating behaviors are common among overweight children. Future research should be dedicated to identifying strategies that normalize eating behaviors and prevent excess weight gain among overweight children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendrin R. Sonneville
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Jess Haines
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Gortmaker
- Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Kathleen F. Mitchell
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew W. Gillman
- Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Elsie M. Taveras
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA.,Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Hoffman ER, Hodges EA, Propper C, Postage PL, Zipkin EC, Bentley ME, Ward DS, Hamer RM, Bulik CM. Behavioral and Psychophysiological Responsiveness During Child Feeding in Mothers with Histories of Eating Disorders: A Pilot Study. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2013; 35:578-591. [PMID: 24511180 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-013-9357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this pilot project was to describe maternal responsiveness during child feeding in mothers with eating disorder histories through the combined use of observational, self-report, and physiologic methods. For this non-randomized cohort pilot study, 25 mothers with histories of eating disorders and 25 mothers with no history of an eating disorder with children ages 6-36 months were selected such that the groups were similar based on child age group (within 6 months) and child sex. Maternal behavioral responsiveness to child cues was assessed by video-recording and behavioral coding of both a free-play and feeding episode. Physiologic engagement was assessed through measurement of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity during free-play and feeding episodes. No differences were detected in observed behavioral responsiveness during feeding or free-play in mothers with eating disorder histories compared with controls. Mothers with eating disorder histories did report more parenting stress, increased anxiety, and exhibited a blunted physiologic stress response (less RSA reactivity) during both feeding and free-play interactions with their children. These results support future larger-scale investigations of RSA reactivity in mothers with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Hoffman
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 2200 McGavran-Greenberg Hall CB#7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eric A Hodges
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Nursing, Carrington Hall CB#7460, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cathi Propper
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Center for Developmental Science, 100 East Franklin Street, Suite 200 CB# 8115, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pamela L Postage
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Manning Drive CB#7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elana C Zipkin
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Manning Drive CB#7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Margaret E Bentley
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 2200 McGavran-Greenberg Hall CB#7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dianne S Ward
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 2200 McGavran-Greenberg Hall CB#7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, 1700 Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. CB#7426, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert M Hamer
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Manning Drive CB#7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, 3101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall CB#7420, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 2200 McGavran-Greenberg Hall CB#7461, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA ; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychiatry, 101 Manning Drive CB#7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Wasylkiw L, Butler NA. Body talk among undergraduate women: Why conversations about exercise and weight loss differentially predict body appreciation. J Health Psychol 2013; 19:1013-24. [DOI: 10.1177/1359105313483155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Undergraduate women ( N = 143) completed self-reports on exercise behavior, body orientation, body appreciation, and body-related talk. Results showed that conversations about weight loss/dieting and conversations about exercise differentially predicted body appreciation. Importantly, multiple regression analyses showed that the relationship between talk type and body appreciation was explained by the object–process dichotomy: Conversations about exercise oriented women to consider what their bodies can do which, in turn, predicted appreciation of one’s body. In contrast, the relationship between conversations about weight loss/dieting and body appreciation was mediated by negative attitudes about one’s body but not by an object orientation.
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Gale CJ, Cluett ER, Laver-Bradbury C. A review of the father-child relationship in the development and maintenance of adolescent anorexia and bulimia nervosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 36:48-69. [PMID: 23597275 DOI: 10.3109/01460862.2013.779764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There are disproportionately fewer studies examining the role of the father in the development of child and adolescent psychopathology. This is pertinent in the field of eating disorders, where there is a wealth of research related to family influences and the value of family-based interventions. This article reviews the key themes within the literature around the potential impact of the father-child relationship on the development and maintenance of Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa in young people. The critical review searched relevant health and social care databases, as well as manually searching key journals in the eating disorder field. In these results, 13 studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and were critiqued, with 8 being taken forward for discussion. The 8 studies identified key themes within the relationship of the father and child (particularly daughters) around conflict and communication, parental protection and psychological control, emotional regulation and self-esteem, and self-perfectionism. All of these factors appear to influence the child's level of self-determining autonomy, which in turn can impact maladaptive eating attitudes and psychopathology. Tentative recommendations are made around working with fathers to encourage free expression of ideas and foster a sense of autonomy through compromise and collaboration with their adolescent child. Further research around these themes in relation to other family members is also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gale
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, UK.
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Associated Factors of Unhealthy Eating Patterns among Spanish University Students by Gender. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 13:364-75. [DOI: 10.1017/s1138741600003929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study has examined bio-socio-demographic and psychopathological factors probably associated with unhealthy eating patterns among university students and to estimate a multifactorial model following the associated factors by gender. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated to describe associations on basis of Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) stratified by gender in a representative sample of Spanish university students (n = 2551). The high EDI scorers for both sexes presented higher prevalence of dieting, body dissatisfaction, levels of psychopathology and lower self-esteem than the low EDI scorers. The results suggest that older students and higher self-esteem scores present lower scores in the EDI. In the female population, depression, paranoid dimension, dieting and body dissatisfaction were associated with population with unhealthy eating patterns. In the male sample, dieting, body dissatisfaction and interpersonal sensibility were also associated with unhealthy eating patterns. The results corroborate that abnormal eating patterns tend to affect specific vulnerable groups. We do not know the precise mechanisms through which these risk behaviors and attitudes, such as dieting or body dissatisfaction, may facilitate the later development of an eating disorder.
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Forrester-Knauss C, Perren S, Alsaker FD. Does body mass index in childhood predict restraint eating in early adolescence? Appetite 2012; 59:921-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Quiles Marcos Y, Quiles Sebastián MJ, Pamies Aubalat L, Botella Ausina J, Treasure J. Peer and family influence in eating disorders: a meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry 2012; 28:199-206. [PMID: 22944338 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to undertake a systematic review using meta-analysis procedures to assess the relationships between eating disorders and peer and family influence and to evaluate whether gender plays a moderator role in that relationship. METHOD PsycINFO, Medline, Web of Science, EPSCO and Embase databases from 1980 to 2010 were searched in June and October 2010. Hand searching of relevant reference sections was also undertaken. RESULTS It was possible to obtain 83 effect sizes from the 25 studies selected. Results showed that both peers and family influence dieting behavior, body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms in adolescent girls and boys. Furthermore, the analyses of the moderator variables showed that the variability of the effect sizes found was, in some cases, explained by gender, influence type and the country of the sample. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results highlight how daily social interactions can influence unhealthy eating practices in adolescent girls and boys, and suggest that weight-related issues of parents and peers can be transmitted to adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Quiles Marcos
- Health Psychology Department. Miguel Hernández University, Av. De la Universidad, s/n, CP 03202, Elche, Spain.
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43
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Hartmann AS, Czaja J, Rief W, Hilbert A. Psychosocial risk factors of loss of control eating in primary school children: a retrospective case-control study. Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:751-8. [PMID: 22431297 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive investigation of the retrospective correlates of loss of control (LOC) over eating in children close to the onset of their first LOC eating episodes. METHOD A community-based, case-control design was used to compare matched groups of 60 children with and without LOC eating. Retrospective correlates were assessed using a child-adapted version of the Oxford Risk Factor Interview. RESULTS Children with LOC eating revealed greater levels of exposure to parental problems, (e.g., underinvolvement, arguments, and depression of family members) and dieting-related risk factors than children without LOC eating. Predictors of LOC eating were risk correlates parental underinvolvement, and critical comments by the family and the critical life event change of school. DISCUSSION Results underline the influence of parental behavior and the impact of dieting behavior on the development of non-normative eating in middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sabrina Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, OCD and Related Disorders Program, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Cobelo AW, Gonzaga AP. The mother-daughter relationship in eating disorders: the psychotherapy group of mothers. REVISTA LATINOAMERICANA DE PSICOPATOLOGIA FUNDAMENTAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47142012000500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychotherapeutic interventions that bring about differentiation, separation, individuation and autonomy in the mother-daughter relationship are recommended as treatment for eating disorders. With this goal in mind, a psychotherapy group for mothers was organized in an outpatient program for adolescents with eating disorders at a public institution, as one of the psychotherapeutic approaches in the multidisciplinary treatment of adolescent patients. Evidence suggests that this approach can be relevant and effective in the treatment of eating disorders.
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Reslan S, Saules KK, Greenwald MK. Validation of an online questionnaire measure of the relative reinforcing value of food. Eat Behav 2012; 13:278-80. [PMID: 22664412 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory methods and questionnaires to assess the relative reinforcing value of food (RRV-F) have been developed, but this is the first study to validate an online questionnaire measure of the RRV-F. Participants (281 college students) completed an online survey assessing demographic variables, food preferences, and the RRV-F. A subsample (n=21) also completed a laboratory food choice session. The online RRV-F instrument showed strong predictive validity for laboratory food choice behavior, convergent validity with overweight status, and discriminant validity with unrelated constructs (age, gender, height). Results suggest that online methodology is appropriate for assessing the RRV-F in a manner that is cost-effective, time-efficient, affords greater anonymity, and enables recruitment from larger samples over a broader geographic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summar Reslan
- Eastern Michigan University, Psychology Department, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA.
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Harriger JA, Thompson JK. Psychological consequences of obesity: weight bias and body image in overweight and obese youth. Int Rev Psychiatry 2012; 24:247-53. [PMID: 22724646 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2012.678817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children has increased considerably. While it has been widely documented that childhood obesity is related to a variety of negative health consequences, and numerous campaigns have focused on increasing physical activity and healthy food choices in children, less research has focused on the negative psychological consequences of childhood obesity, namely body image disturbance. This article examines research on body image disturbance in overweight/obese children, comorbidity of psychological disorders and childhood overweight/obesity, and factors that contribute to body image disturbance in overweight and obese youths. Additionally, the authors present research pertaining to treatment and prevention of body image disturbance in overweight/obese youths and discuss potential future directions for research, prevention and advocacy.
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Ammaniti M, Lucarelli L, Cimino S, D'Olimpio F, Chatoor I. Feeding disorders of infancy: a longitudinal study to middle childhood. Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:272-80. [PMID: 21495054 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate over time feeding behavior and emotional-behavioral functioning in a sample of children diagnosed with Infantile Anorexia (IA) and a group of typically developing children; and to investigate the relationship between maternal psychological functioning and the children's feeding patterns and emotional-behavioral functioning. METHOD Seventy-two children diagnosed with IA and 70 children in the control group were prospectively evaluated through several measures at two, five, and eight years of age. RESULTS Our findings revealed partial improvement in the nutritional status of the children with IA. However, they continued to show ongoing eating problems and, in addition, anxiety/depression and withdrawal, as well as rule-breaking behaviors and social problems. There were significant correlations between the children's eating problems and their emotional difficulties and their mothers' increased emotional distress and disturbed eating attitudes. DISCUSSION Our longitudinal study points out that the natural course of untreated IA is characterized by the persistence of difficulties in eating behavior and emotional-behavioral adjustment in both, the children and their mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ammaniti
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Roma, Italy.
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Stein A, Craske MG, Lehtonen A, Harvey A, Savage-McGlynn E, Davies B, Goodwin J, Murray L, Cortina-Borja M, Counsell N. Maternal cognitions and mother-infant interaction in postnatal depression and generalized anxiety disorder. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 121:795-809. [PMID: 22288906 PMCID: PMC3506203 DOI: 10.1037/a0026847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal depression and anxiety have been shown to increase the risk of disturbances in mother–child interaction and child development. Research into mechanisms has focused on genetics and maternal behavior; maternal cognitions have received little attention. Our aim was to experimentally determine if worry and rumination in mothers with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), diagnosed in the postnatal 6 months, interfered with maternal responsiveness to their 10-month old infants. Mothers (N = 253: GAD n = 90; MDD n = 57; control n = 106) and their infants were randomized to either a worry/rumination prime (WRP) or a neutral prime (NP); mother–infant interactions were assessed before and after priming. Type of priming was a significant predictor of maternal cognitions, with WRP resulting in more negative thoughts, higher thought recurrence and more self-focus relative to NP across the entire sample. Interaction effects between group and priming were significant for two parenting variables: Compared with controls, WRP had a more negative impact on maternal responsiveness to infant vocalization for GAD, and to a lesser extent for MDD; WRP led to decreased maternal vocalization for GAD. Also, mothers with GAD used stronger control after the NP than WRP, as well as compared with other groups, and overall post-priming, their children exhibited lower emotional tone and more withdrawal. Across the entire sample, WRP was associated with increased child vocalization relative to NP. This study demonstrated that disturbances in maternal cognitions, in the context of postnatal anxiety and to a lesser degree depression, play a significant role in mother–child interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Treading the tightrope between motherhood and an eating disorder: A qualitative study. Int J Nurs Stud 2011; 48:1223-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sonneville KR, Rifas-Shiman SL, Oken E, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL, Gillman MW, Taveras EM. Longitudinal association of maternal attempt to lose weight during the postpartum period and child obesity at age 3 years. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:2046-52. [PMID: 21350436 PMCID: PMC3219435 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The effect of maternal attempt to lose weight during the postpartum period on later child weight has not been explored. Among 1,044 mother-infant pairs in Project Viva, we estimated longitudinal associations of maternal attempt to lose weight during the postpartum period with child weight and adiposity at age 3 years and examined differences in associations by type of weight loss strategy used. Using covariate-adjusted linear and logistic regression models, we estimated associations before and after adjusting for maternal weight-related variables including prepregnancy BMI. At 6 months postpartum, 53% mothers were trying to lose weight. At age 3 years, mean (s.d.) child BMI z-score was 0.44 (1.01) and 8.9% of children were obese. Children whose mothers were trying to lose weight at 6 months postpartum had higher BMI z-scores (0.30 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18, 0.42)) and were more likely to be obese (3.0 (95% CI 1.6, 5.8)) at 3 years of age. Addition of maternal prepregnancy BMI to the models attenuated but did not eliminate the associations seen for BMI z-score (0.24 (95% CI 0.12, 0.36) and obesity (2.4 (95% CI 1.2, 4.7)). Attempting to lose weight by exercising alone was the only weight loss strategy that consistently predicted higher child BMI z-score (0.36 (95% CI 0.14, 0.58)) and odds of obesity (6.0 (95% CI 2.2, 16.5)) at age 3 years. In conclusion, we observed an association between maternal attempt to lose weight at 6 months postpartum, particularly through exercise alone, measured using a single item and child adiposity at age 3 years. This association should be thoroughly examined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendrin R Sonneville
- Department of Medicine, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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