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Lamy PJ, Nanni I, Fina F, Bibeau F, Romain S, Dussert C, Penault Llorca F, Grenier J, Ouafik LH, Martin PM. Reliability and Discriminant Validity of HER2 Gene Quantification and Chromosome 17 Aneusomy Analysis by Real-Time PCR in Primary Breast Cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 21:20-9. [PMID: 16711510 DOI: 10.1177/172460080602100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for the evaluation of HER2 status in breast cancer. In this study, sections from fixed tissues and triton extracts of tissue homogenates were obtained from 163 malignant breast tumors and analyzed in parallel using immunohistochemistry combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization, as gold standard tests, and an ELISA test (c-erbB2/c-neu Rapid Format ELISA, Oncogene Research Products, USA). Tumor DNA was employed to evaluate two quantitative PCR methods: the HER2/neu DNA Quantification Kit (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany), which uses the gastrin chromosome 17 reference gene, and our recently developed Oncolab qPCR assay, where both a chromosome 17 gene (somatostatin receptor type II (SSTR2)) and a non-chromosome 17 reference gene (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate deshydrogenase (GAPDH)) were used to detect an increase in HER2 gene copy number and to evaluate the aneusomy of chromosome 17, respectively. By IHC/FISH and ELISA, HER2 was overexpressed in 27 (16.6%) and 24 (14.7%) samples, respectively. With the Roche and Oncolab qPCR assays, 29 (17.8%) samples showed a ratio of HER2/gastrin ≥2.0 and 26 (16.0%) showed a ratio of HER2/SSTR2 ≥ 2.0, respectively. In samples presenting HER2/SSTR2 <2.0 and HER2/GAPDH ≥2.0, which was indicative of a chromosome 17 polysomy, we observed a modest increase in HER2 protein expression. Complete agreement between the four methods for HER2 status determination was obtained for 154 (94.5%) samples. Overall, these results demonstrate that quantitative PCR is a reliable method for analyzing HER2 status and chromosome 17 polysomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Lamy
- Laboratoire de Biologie Spécilaisée-Transfert en Cancérologie Clinique, Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Montpellier.
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Association analysis of ERBB2 amplicon genetic polymorphisms and STARD3 expression with risk of gastric cancer in the Chinese population. Gene 2013; 535:225-32. [PMID: 24291029 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether risk of gastric cancer (GC) was associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a gene cluster on the chromosome 17q12-q21 (ERBB2 amplicon) in the Chinese Han population. We detected twenty-six SNPs in this gene cluster containing steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer domain containing 3 (STARD3), protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B (PPP1R1B/DARPP32), titin-cap (TCAP), per1-like domain containing 1(PERLD1/CAB2), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (ERBB2/HER2), zinc-finger protein subfamily 1A 3 (ZNFN1A3/IKZF3) and DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha (TOP2A) genes in 311 patients with GC and in 425 controls by Sequenom. We found no associations between genetic variations and GC risk. However, haplotype analysis implied that the haplotype CCCT of STARD3 (rs9972882, rs881844, rs11869286 and rs1877031) conferred a protective effect on the susceptibility to GC (P=0.043, odds ratio [OR]=0.805, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI]=0.643-0.992). The STARD3 rs1877031 TC genotype endued histogenesis of gastric mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet-ring cell carcinoma (P=0.021, OR=2.882, 95% CI=1.173-7.084). We examined the expression of STARD3 in 243 tumor tissues out of the 311 GC patients and 20 adjacent normal gastric tissues using immumohistochemical (IHC) analysis and tissue microarrays (TMA). The expression of STARD3 was observed in the gastric parietal cells and in gastric tumor tissues and significantly correlated with gender (P=0.004), alcohol drinking (P<0.001), tumor location (P=0.007), histological type (P=0.005) and differentiation (P=0.023) in GC. We concluded that the combined effect of haplotype CCCT of STARD3 might affect GC susceptibility. STARD3 expression might be related to the tumorigenesis of GC in the Chinese population.
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The HER2 amplicon in breast cancer: Topoisomerase IIA and beyond. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:146-57. [PMID: 23628726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HER2 gene amplification is observed in about 15% of breast cancers. The subgroup of HER2-positive breast cancers appears to be heterogeneous and presents complex patterns of gene amplification at the locus on chromosome 17q12-21. The molecular variations within the chromosome 17q amplicon and their clinical implications remain largely unknown. Besides the well-known TOP2A gene encoding Topoisomerase IIA, other genes might also be amplified and could play functional roles in breast cancer development and progression. This review will focus on the current knowledge concerning the HER2 amplicon heterogeneity, its clinical and biological impact and the pitfalls associated with the evaluation of gene amplifications at this locus, with particular attention to TOP2A and the link between TOP2A and anthracycline benefit. In addition it will discuss the clinical and biological implications of the amplification of ten other genes at this locus (MED1, STARD3, GRB7, THRA, RARA, IGFPB4, CCR7, KRT20, KRT19 and GAST) in breast cancer.
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Abstract
Prohibitin-1 (PHB, also known as PHB1), a member of the Band-7 family of proteins, is highly conserved evolutionarily, widely expressed, and present in different cellular compartments. Genetic studies with different organism models have provided strong evidence for an important biological role of PHB in mitochondrial function, cell proliferation, and development. Recent discoveries regarding the involvement of PHB in phophatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathways, and earlier reports on the interaction of PHB with Raf and its critical role in Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling opened up the possibility that PHB has functions outside of the mitochondria (extramitochondrial) and may be a multifunctional protein. The PI3K/Akt and Ras/MAPK/ERK signaling cascades are versatile signaling processes that diverge from the same receptor tyrosine kinase root, and are involved in cell metabolism, proliferation, and development. Here, we review the emerging role of PHB and its post-translational modifications in signal transduction pathways, especially in PI3K/Akt and Ras/MAPK/ERK signaling. A recent discovery of opposing effects of PHB on longevity under different metabolic states and its potential connection with insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I signaling is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Mishra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Comparison of chromosomal aberrations between primary tumors and their synchronous lymph-node metastases in intestinal-type gastric carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2008; 205:105-11. [PMID: 19041191 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lymph-node metastasis is a main factor causing poor prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (GC). In order to determine the genes involved in lymph-node metastasis, we compared primary tumors with their synchronous lymph-node metastases for DNA sequence copy number aberrations (DSCNAs) in 20 patients diagnosed as having intestinal-type GC using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The results showed that some DSCNAs (gains at 8q, 13q, 5p, 7 and X, and losses at 1p, 17p, 19, 21q and 22q) were frequently found in both primary tumors and their metastases. However, metastases often contained DSCNAs that were not found in corresponding primary tumors, and gain at 20q12-13 and losses at 21qcen-21, 4q and 14q22-ter were significantly more frequently observed in metastatic lesions than in their primary tumors (10:2, 9:0, 6:0, and 7:0 between metastases and corresponding primary tumors, respectively). Our data indicate that gain at 20q12-13 and losses at 21qcen-21, 4q, and 14q22-ter are involved in lymph-node metastases, and that these chromosomal regions may contain the genes related to lymph-node metastases in intestinal-type GC.
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Hou Q, Wu YH, Grabsch H, Zhu Y, Leong SH, Ganesan K, Cross D, Tan LK, Tao J, Gopalakrishnan V, Tang BL, Kon OL, Tan P. Integrative genomics identifies RAB23 as an invasion mediator gene in diffuse-type gastric cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4623-30. [PMID: 18559507 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent genomic amplifications and deletions are frequently observed in primary gastric cancers (GC). However, identifying specific oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes within these regions can be challenging, as they often cover tens to hundreds of genes. Here, we combined high-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) with gene expression profiling to target genes within focal high-level amplifications in GC cell lines, and identified RAB23 as an amplified and overexpressed Chr 6p11p12 gene in Hs746T cells. High RAB23 protein expression was also observed in some lines lacking RAB23 amplification, suggesting additional mechanisms for up-regulating RAB23 besides gene amplification. siRNA silencing of RAB23 significantly reduced cellular invasion and migration in Hs746T cells, whereas overexpression of RAB23 enhanced cellular invasion in AGS cells. RAB23 amplifications in primary gastric tumors were confirmed by both fluorescence in situ hybridization and genomic qPCR, and in two independent patient cohorts from Hong Kong and the United Kingdom RAB23 expression was significantly associated with diffuse-type GC (dGC) compared with intestinal-type GC (iGC). These results provide further evidence that dGC and iGC likely represent two molecularly distinct tumor types, and show that investigating focal chromosomal amplifications by combining high-resolution aCGH with expression profiling is a powerful strategy for identifying novel cancer genes in regions of recurrent chromosomal aberration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Hou
- National Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, and Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Yang S, Jeung HC, Jeong HJ, Choi YH, Kim JE, Jung JJ, Rha SY, Yang WI, Chung HC. Identification of genes with correlated patterns of variations in DNA copy number and gene expression level in gastric cancer. Genomics 2007; 89:451-9. [PMID: 17229543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To identify DNA copy number changes that had a direct influence on mRNA expression in gastric cancer, cDNA microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and gene expression profiling were performed using 17 K cDNA microarrays. A set of 158 genes showing Pearson correlation coefficients over 0.6 between DNA copy number changes and mRNA expression level variations was selected. In an independent gene expression profiling of 60 tissue samples, the 158 genes were able to distinguish most of the normal and tumor tissues in an unsupervised hierarchical clustering, suggesting that the differential expression patterns displayed by this specific group of genes are most likely based on the gene copy number changes. Furthermore, 43 statistically significant (P<0.01) genes were selected that correctly distinguished all of the tissue samples. The copy number changes detected by aCGH can be verified by fluorescence in situ hybridization and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The selected genes include those that were previously identified as being tumor suppressors or deleted in various tumors, including GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4), monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), cyclin C (CCNC), and oncogenes including malignant fibrous histiocytoma amplified sequence 1 (MFHAS1/MASL1), high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2), PPAR binding protein (PPARBP), growth factor receptor-bound protein 7 (GRB7), and TBC1 (tre-2, BUB2, cdc16) domain family, member 1 (TBC1D1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghwa Yang
- Cancer Metastasis Research Center (CMRC), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
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Zhao L, Shen ZX, Luo HS, Shen L. Possible involvement of leptin and leptin receptor in developing gastric adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 11:7666-70. [PMID: 16437696 PMCID: PMC4727216 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i48.7666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of leptin and leptin receptor (ob-R) in intestinal-type gastric cancer and precancerous lesions, and to explore the possible mechanism and role of the leptin system in developing intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine the expression of leptin and leptin receptor in archival samples of gastric adenocarcinoma and preneoplastic lesions, including intestinal metaplasia and mild to severe gastric epithelial dysplasia. Positive staining was identified and percentage of positive staining was graded. RESULTS Dual expression of leptin and leptin receptor were detected in 80% (16/20) intestinal metaplasia, 86.3% (25/30) mild gastric epithelial dysplasia, 86.7% (26/30) moderate gastric epithelial dysplasia, 93.3% (28/30) severe gastric epithelial dysplasia, 91.3% (55/60) intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma and 30.0% (9/30) diffuse-type gastric carcinoma. The percentage of dual expression of leptin and leptin receptor in intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than that in diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma (c2 = 37.022, P<0.01). CONCLUSION Our results indicate the presence of an autocrine loop of leptin system in the development of intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China.
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Morohara K, Tajima Y, Nakao K, Nishino N, Aoki S, Kato M, Sakamoto M, Yamazaki K, Kaetsu T, Suzuki S, Tsunoda A, Tachikawa T, Kusano M. Gastric and intestinal phenotypic cell marker expressions in gastric differentiated-type carcinomas: association with E-cadherin expression and chromosomal changes. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2006; 132:363-75. [PMID: 16447040 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-005-0062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastric and intestinal phenotypic cell markers are widely expressed in gastric carcinomas, irrespective of their histological type. In the present study, the relations between the phenotypic marker expression of the tumour, histological findings, expression of cell adhesion molecules, and the chromosomal changes in gastric differentiated-type carcinomas were examined. The phenotypic marker expression of the tumour was determined by the combination of the expression of the human gastric mucin (HGM), MUC6, MUC2 and CD10, and was evaluated in comparison with the expression of cell adhesion molecules, such as E-cadherin and beta-catenin, and chromosomal changes by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in 34 gastric differentiated-type carcinomas. Tumours were classified into the gastric- (G-), gastric and intestinal mixed- (GI-), intestinal- (I-), or unclassified- (UC-) phenotype according to the immunopositivity of staining for HGM, MUC6, MUC2, and CD10. G-phenotype tumours were significantly associated with a higher incidence of differentiated-type tumours mixed with undifferentiated-type component, compared with GI- and I-phenotype tumours (88.9 vs 33.3%, P=0.0498 and 88.9 vs 42.9%, P=0.0397; respectively). HGM-positive tumours were significantly associated with a higher incidence of tumours with abnormal expression of E-cadherin, compared with HGM-negative tumours (66.7 vs 21.1%, P=0.0135). GI-phenotype tumours were significantly associated with a higher incidence of tumours with abnormal expression of E-cadherin, compared with I-phenotype tumours (77.8 vs 21.4%, P=0.0131). HGM-negative tumours were significantly associated with higher frequencies of the gains of 19q13.2 and 19q13.3, compared with HGM-positive tumours (57.9 vs 20.0%, P=0.0382 and 63.2 vs 13.3%, P=0.0051; respectively). MUC6-positive tumours were significantly associated with higher frequencies of the gains of 20q13.2, compared with MUC6-negative tumours (71.4 vs 30.0%, P=0.0349). MUC2-positive tumours were significantly associated with the gain of 19p13.3, compared with MUC2-negative tumours (41.2 vs 5.9%, P=0.0391). I-phenotype tumours were significantly associated with higher frequencies of gains of 5p15.2 and 13q33-34, compared with G-phenotype tumours (66.7 vs 0%, P=0.0481, each) and also associated with higher frequencies of gain of 7p21, compared with GI-phenotype tumours (66.7 vs 0%, P=0.0481). Our present results show that gastric differentiated-type carcinomas have different characteristics according to the phenotypic marker expression of the tumour in terms of histological findings, E-cadherin expression and pattern of chromosomal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Morohara
- Department of Surgery, Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Showa University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Willmore C, Holden JA, Layfield LJ. Correlation of HER2 Gene Amplification with Immunohistochemistry in Breast Cancer as Determined by a Novel Monoplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2005; 13:333-41. [PMID: 16280662 DOI: 10.1097/01.pai.0000158400.58030.c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amplification of the HER2 oncogene in breast cancer identifies patients who are likely to respond to anti-HER2 mAb therapy. Current clinical practice dictates that all breast cancers first undergo HER2 screening by IHC. Strongly positive (3+ on a 0-to-3+ scale) IHC cases are considered as HER2-amplified tumors and are not evaluated further because of the strong correlation between HER2 gene amplification as measured by FISH and 3+ IHC. This strong correlation has recently been questioned, and some data suggest that over 50% of 3+ IHC HER2 immunostains may not be due to HER2 gene amplification. To help resolve this discrepancy, the authors developed a quantitative PCR assay for HER2. Quantitative PCR was used to determine the amount of HER2 DNA relative to a control gene, IF2 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor, 2p11.1-q11.1). The PCR assay is performed on genomic DNA isolated from paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissue. The PCR assay developed is a monoplex assay in which the HER2 and IF2 PCRs are performed in separate cuvettes. Cases of HER2 FISH amplified breast cancer and HER2 FISH nonamplified breast cancer were chosen for study by monoplex HER2 PCR. HER2 overexpression was evaluated by IHC. Twenty-two cases of HER2-positive and 22 cases of HER2-negative breast cancer, as determined by FISH, were assayed for HER2 by PCR and IHC. Sixteen of the 44 cases were interpreted as 3+ IHC. All 16 showed HER2 amplification by PCR and 15 showed HER2 amplification by FISH. One FISH negative case was found to be HER2 amplified by PCR and showed 3+ IHC stain, suggesting the FISH result in this case was underinterpreted. Two FISH positive cases were found to be negative by PCR and negative in IHC as well, suggesting the FISH result in these cases was overinterpreted. The authors conclude that 3+ IHC membrane staining correctly identifies neoplasms showing HER2 gene amplification. Monoplex HER2 PCR may offer significant advantages over both IHC and FISH for HER2 testing in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlynn Willmore
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA
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12
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Gorringe KL, Boussioutas A, Bowtell DDL. Novel regions of chromosomal amplification at 6p21, 5p13, and 12q14 in gastric cancer identified by array comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2005; 42:247-59. [PMID: 15611932 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) frequently displays changes in DNA copy number, but few studies have precisely correlated specific genetic alterations with changes in gene expression. We undertook both array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and expression analyses of 20 primary GCs using a cDNA microarray with more than 9,300 genes. Diverse clinical and histopathologic tumor subtypes, including signet-ring tumors and tumors at the gastroesophageal junction, were analyzed. All tumors showed changes in gene copy number, with the majority showing multiple changes. Regions of gain and loss were generally consistent with previous cytogenetic reports; however, the use of aCGH greatly increased the resolution of measured genomic change. By comparing gene expression and high-resolution measurement of gene copy number directly, we were able to identify several regions of high-level gain associated with substantially increased gene expression that have not been defined previously in GC. Novel candidate oncogenes included dual-specificity tyrosine-(Y)-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 2 (DYRK2) and protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7).
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/genetics
- Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology
- Female
- Gene Amplification
- Gene Dosage
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie L Gorringe
- Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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Kimura Y, Noguchi T, Kawahara K, Kashima K, Daa T, Yokoyama S. Genetic alterations in 102 primary gastric cancers by comparative genomic hybridization: gain of 20q and loss of 18q are associated with tumor progression. Mod Pathol 2004; 17:1328-37. [PMID: 15154013 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers. Molecular events in the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer remain, however, largely undefined. We investigated changes in DNA copy number in 102 gastric cancers by CGH. We found changes in DNA copy number in all cases, with frequent (> or =30% of patients) gains at 20q, 8q, 20p, 7q, 17q, 5p, and 13q. Frequent (> or =20%) losses were found at 19p, 18q, 5q, 21q, 4p, 4q, 15q, and 17p. The mean number of total alterations was significantly lower in grade 3 and scirrhous-type carcinomas (10.81 in grade 3 vs 13.98 in grade 1 and grade 2, 9.31 in scirrhous-type vs 13.18 in medullary- and intermediate-type). The mean number of losses and total alterations were higher in tumors at pT2, pT3 and pT4 (4.68 and 12.77 in pT2, pT3, and pT4 vs 2.55 and 9.22 in pT1). The mean number of losses was higher in carcinomas with lymph node metastasis (4.83). The mean number of gains and total alterations were higher in carcinomas with venous invasion (8.44 and 13.28). Several chromosomal alterations were linked in a statistically significant manner to specific clinicopathological parameters. Gain of 17q, 20p, and 20q and loss of 4p were associated with the pattern of the cancer-stroma relationship; loss of 18q was associated with pT category; gain of 5p was associated with pN category; loss of 4q and loss of 21q were associated with lymphatic invasion; gain of 7p and loss of 4q and 18q were associated with venous invasion; and loss of 18q was associated with pathological stage. These data suggest that gain of 20q and loss of 18q might play an important role in the development and progression of gastric cancer. Moreover, some genes on 20q and 18q might be target genes of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Kimura
- Department of Oncological Science (Pathology), Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita 879-5593 , Japan.
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Myllykangas S, Monni O, Nagy B, Rautelin H, Knuutila S. Helicobacter pylori infection activates FOS and stress-response genes and alters expression of genes in gastric cancer-specific loci. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 40:334-41. [PMID: 15188457 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied human gene expression changes caused by Helicobacter pylori infection by using an in vitro model and 13k cDNA microarrays. A gastric cancer cell line was infected with H. pylori strain NCTC 11637. H. pylori infection was found to induce differential expression of genes in chromosomal locations known to contain frequent chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations specific to gastric cancer. Based on the results of time series experiments, the primary transcription target of the infection seemed to be FOS, the expression of which significantly increased after H. pylori infection. H. pylori infection also activated transcription of several stress-response genes. H. pylori infection may predispose the host cell to DNA damage in the chromosomal locations specific to gastric cancer by activating transcription and promoting histone removal from these sites, thus exposing its target DNA to mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Myllykangas
- Departments of Pathology and Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
In breast cancer, the predominant genetic mechanism for oncogene activation is through an amplification of a gene. The HER-2 (also known as ErbB2/c-erbB2/HER-2/neu) oncogene is the most frequently amplified oncogene in breast cancer, and its overexpression is associated with poor clinical outcome. In addition to its important role in breast cancer growth and progression, HER-2 is also a target for a new form of chemotherapy. Breast cancer patients have been treated with considerable success since 1998 with trastuzumab, a recombinant antibody designed to block signaling through HER-2 receptor. HER-2 has also been implicated in altering the chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to different forms of conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, particularly of topoII-inhibitors (e.g., anthracyclines). Topoisomerase IIalpha gene is located just by the HER-2 oncogene at the chromosome 17q12-q21 and is amplified or deleted in almost 90% of the HER-2 amplified primary breast tumors. Recent data suggests that amplification and deletion of topoisomerase IIalpha may account for both relative chemosensitivity and resistance to anthracycline therapy, depending on the specific genetic defect at the topoIIalpha locus. Expanding our understanding of HER-2 amplification also changes its role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. HER-2 is an oncogene that clearly can drive tumor induction and growth and is also a target for a new kind of chemotherapy, but its function as a marker for chemoselection may be due to associated genetic changes, of which topoisomerase IIalpha is a good example. Moreover, despite potential evidence that genes other than HER-2, such as topoisomerase IIalpha, may be more important predictors of therapeutic response in breast cancer, HER-2 status still has a very significant role in therapeutic selection, mainly as the major criterion for administering trastuzumab in treating breast cancer. Thus, the clinical and therapeutic importance of the HER-2 and topoisomerase IIalpha status to breast cancer management should only increase in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero A H Järvinen
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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Meireles SI, Carvalho AF, Hirata R, Montagnini AL, Martins WK, Runza FB, Stolf BS, Termini L, Neto CEM, Silva RLA, Soares FA, Neves EJ, Reis LFL. Differentially expressed genes in gastric tumors identified by cDNA array. Cancer Lett 2003; 190:199-211. [PMID: 12565175 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using cDNA fragments from the FAPESP/lICR Cancer Genome Project, we constructed a cDNA array having 4512 elements and determined gene expression in six normal and six tumor gastric tissues. Using t-statistics, we identified 80 cDNAs whose expression in normal and tumor samples differed more than 3.5 sample standard deviations. Using Self-Organizing Map, the expression profile of these cDNAs allowed perfect separation of malignant and non-malignant samples. Using the supervised learning procedure Support Vector Machine, we identified trios of cDNAs that could be used to classify samples as normal or tumor, based on single-array analysis. Finally, we identified genes with altered linear correlation when their expression in normal and tumor samples were compared. Further investigation concerning the function of these genes could contribute to the understanding of gastric carcinogenesis and may prove useful in molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibele I Meireles
- Hospital do Câncer A.C. Camargo, Rua Professor Antonio Prudente 109, 01509-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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17
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Wu CW, Chen GD, Fann CSJ, Lee AFY, Chi CW, Liu JM, Weier U, Chen JY. Clinical implications of chromosomal abnormalities in gastric adenocarcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002; 35:219-31. [PMID: 12353264 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and has a very poor prognosis. Genetic imbalances in 62 primary gastric adenocarcinomas of various histopathologic types and pathologic stages and six gastric cancer-derived cell lines were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization, and the relationship of genomic abnormalities to clinical features in primary GC was evaluated at a genome-wide level. Eighty-four percent of the tumors and all six cell lines showed DNA copy number changes. The recurrent chromosomal abnormalities including gains at 15 regions and losses at 8 regions were identified. Statistical analyses revealed that gains at 17q24-qter (53%), 20q13-qter (48%), 1p32-p36 (42%), 22q12-qter (27%), 17p13-pter (24%), 16p13-pter (21%), 6p21-pter (19%), 20p12-pter (19%), 7p21-pter (18%), 3q28-qter (8%), and 13q13-q14 (8%), and losses at 18q12-qter (11%), 3p12 (8%), 3p25-pter (8%), 5q14-q23 (8%), and 9p21-p23 (5%), are associated with unique patient or tumor-related features. GCs of differing histopathologic features were shown to be associated with distinct patterns of genetic alterations, supporting the notion that they evolve through distinct genetic pathways. Metastatic tumors were also associated with specific genetic changes. These regions may harbor candidate genes involved in the pathogenesis of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew-Wun Wu
- Department of Surgery, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Knösel T, Yu Y, Stein U, Schwabe H, Schlüns K, Schlag PM, Dietel M, Petersen I. Overexpression of c-erbB-2 protein correlates with chromosomal gain at the c-erbB-2 locus and patient survival in advanced colorectal carcinomas. Clin Exp Metastasis 2002; 19:401-7. [PMID: 12198768 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016368708107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the c-erbB-2 protein (also called HER-2/neu) is observed in a variety of malignancies including colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study we aimed to evaluate the rate of c-erbB-2 overexpression in our tumor collection and to clarify its correlation with the chromosomal status at the c-erbB-2 locus in CRC. Additionally we correlated the c-erbB-2 overexpression and the chromosomal gain of 17q with patient survival. Seventy-four specimens were analyzed immunohistochemically using a polyclonal c-erbB-2 antibody (DAKO) and the staining was scored according to the Clinical Trial Assay recommendations (0-3+). Of these, 45 cases were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Overexpression was observed in 51% of the cases (score > or = 2). Chromosomal gains at the c-erbB-2 locus were clearly correlated with overexpression of the gene (P = 0.0009). Furthermore Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that overexpression of c-erbB-2 was significantly associated with poor survival and thus could serve as a prognostic marker. We conclude that c-erbB-2 is related with tumor progression in CRC which can be observed on protein level and reflects chromosomal gain at the locus at 17q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Knösel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Kurihara Y, Ghazizadeh M, Bo H, Shimizu H, Kawanami O, Moriyama Y, Onda M. Genome-wide screening of laser capture microdissected gastric signet-ring cell carcinomas. J NIPPON MED SCH 2002; 69:235-42. [PMID: 12068314 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.69.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastric signet-ring cell carcinoma comprises a distinct category of gastric cancers and has been reported to have poor prognosis. In an attempt to define genetic changes involved in the pathogenesis of this lesion in an in vivo state, we isolated signet-ring cell carcinoma cells from freshly fixed smears of tumor tissues of 7 primary gastric signet-ring cell carcinomas by laser capture microdissection and applied comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to screen for DNA sequence copy number changes. Frequent chromosomal gains were detected on 2q, 5p, 7q, 14q and 20q, each in 6/7 cases, on 9q, 12q, 17q, and 19q, each in 5/7 cases, and on 18p in 4/7 cases. Frequent losses were observed on 6p and 17p, each in 5/7 cases, on 6q, and 21p, each in 4/7 cases, and on 3p, 8p and 8q, each in 3/7 cases. Losses on 6p have rarely been observed in conventional types of gastric carcinomas reported in the literature. These data provide the first evidence for the occurrence of specific genomic aberrations in gastric signet-ring cell carcinomas. Our observation of frequent losses on 6p chromosomal arm may provide novel abnormalities of potential significance in gastric signet-ring cell carcinomas, suggesting the involvement of genes residing in this region in the genesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kurihara
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Gerontology, Nippon Medical School, Japan
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20
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El-Rifai W, Frierson HF, Moskaluk CA, Harper JC, Petroni GR, Bissonette EA, Jones DR, Knuutila S, Powell SM. Genetic differences between adenocarcinomas arising in Barrett's esophagus and gastric mucosa. Gastroenterology 2001; 121:592-8. [PMID: 11522743 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.27215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Barrett adenocarcinoma (BA+) and gastric adenocarcinoma comprise a related group of neoplasms that nevertheless have some distinct clinicopathologic characteristics. This study aimed at defining critical molecular abnormalities that may underlie differences between BA+ and gastric adenocarcinomas. METHODS We used comparative genomic hybridization for the analyses of 34 xenografts of adenocarcinomas that arose from esophageal or gastric origin. RESULTS All tumors, except one, exhibited DNA copy number alterations. Losses in 4q and 14q and gains at 2p and 17q were more frequent in proximal (esophageal, gastroesophageal junction [GEJ], and cardia) tumors than in distal (body and antrum) tumors (P <or= 0.050). These changes were significantly higher in BA+ compared with distal tumors (P <or= 0.040). In addition, losses in 5q and gains at 20q were significantly higher in BA+ than in distal cancers (P <or= 0.040). Losses in 5q and 8p and gains at 2q, 6p, 12p, and 20q were significantly more frequent in BA+ tumors (P <or= 0.050) than in GEJ and cardiac tumors without associated Barrett's esophagus. Additionally, losses in 14q, which were common in proximal tumors, were more often seen in BA+ (P = 0.100) than in other proximal tumors. CONCLUSIONS Although these adenocarcinomas share some common genetic alterations, the differences in the DNA copy numbers in BA+ cases suggest that unique genetic alterations may be involved in these cancers' development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W El-Rifai
- Digestive Health Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0708, USA.
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21
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Liu AY, Chan WY, Ng EK, Zhang X, Li BC, Chow JH, Chung SC. Gastric choriocarcinoma shows characteristics of adenocarcinoma and gestational choriocarcinoma: a comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization study. DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY : THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY, PART B 2001; 10:161-5. [PMID: 11552718 DOI: 10.1097/00019606-200109000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The authors report two cases of the rare primary gastric choriocarcinoma. These tumors showed an overwhelming predominance of cytotrophoblast- and syncytiotrophoblast-like tumor cells that were positive for beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin, with small foci of glandular differentiation. Beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin was also detected serologically in one patient. Comparative genomic hybridization study was performed on one specimen. Copy number gains of chromosomes 12, 17, 20, 22, and X, together with losses on 18q, were the major findings. Except for the gain of chromosome 12, which is known to be uncommon in primary gastric adenocarcinoma but frequently associated with choriocarcinoma, the remaining genomic imbalances were among the most common comparative genomic hybridization findings reported in primary gastric adenocarcinoma. Fluorescence in situ hybridization on paraffin sections of both specimens confirmed the presence of polysomy 17 and trisomy 12. These results suggest that primary gastric choriocarcinoma genetically possesses characteristics of both adenocarcinoma and gestational choriocarcinoma. The authors believe this is the first interphase cytogenetics study on this rare tumor, and that the results support the theory that gastric choriocarcinoma arises from alternate differentiation pathways of adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Liu
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT
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22
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Noguchi T, Wirtz HC, Michaelis S, Gabbert HE, Mueller W. Chromosomal imbalances in gastric cancer. Correlation with histologic subtypes and tumor progression. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 115:828-34. [PMID: 11392878 DOI: 10.1309/2q9e-3ep5-kypk-vfgq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA copy number changes were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in 38 gastric carcinomas and correlated with tumor histologic type and progression. Gains of copy numbers were observed in all tumors, affecting all chromosomes except chromosome 16. The average number of copy number gains was 7 (range, 1-13), most frequently located on chromosomes 11, 12, 15, 17, and 20 in 45% to 97% of tumors. High-level amplifications were found on chromosomes 12, 15, 17, and 20; the latter was affected most frequently (66%). Loss of DNA copy numbers was detected in 14 tumors affecting 7 chromosomes. No statistically significant differences in the frequency and pattern of chromosomal imbalances were observed in tumor histologic type (Lauren classification) and grade of differentiation, as well as the prognostic parameters depth of invasion (pT) and lymph node involvement (pN). Our results indicate that in gastric cancer there is no specific recurrent pattern of DNA aberrations to be correlated with tumor histologic type or stage. However, CGH analysis could reveal new, recurrent genetic changes in gastric cancer affecting chromosomes sites that harbor genes known to participate in tumorigenesis and progression of several human malignant neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Noguchi
- Department of Surgery II, Oita Medical University, Oita, Japan
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23
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Varis A, Puolakkainen P, Savolainen H, Kokkola A, Salo J, Nieminen O, Nordling S, Knuutila S. DNA copy number profiling in esophageal Barrett adenocarcinoma: comparison with gastric adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2001; 127:53-8. [PMID: 11408066 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(00)00423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We screened 18 specimens of Barrett adenocarcinoma for genetic alterations using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to analyze DNA copy number changes. The most common gains were at 20q (56%) and 17q (39%). High-level amplifications were observed in the same chromosomes. The most common losses were in chromosomes 4 (22%) and 5 (22%). Other recurrent changes were gains of chromosomes 8, 10q, and 13. We compared the copy number changes in Barrett adenocarcinoma and those previously reported in the intestinal type of stomach carcinoma. The similarities we found suggest a common molecular pathogenesis, whereas dissimilarities seen between Barrett adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma are in keeping with a well-known different etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Varis
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute and Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A stepwise progression through premalignant stages has been identified for the intestinal type of gastric carcinoma. As gastrin has been identified as a growth factor for the intestinal type of gastric adenocarcinoma, the aim of this study was to investigate whether gastrin is expressed in premalignant gastric conditions. METHODS Ninety archival samples of atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, mild gastric epithelial dysplasia, moderate gastric epithelial dysplasia, severe gastric epithelial dysplasia and intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma were obtained. Immunocytochemistry was performed using antibodies directed against gastrin and its post-translational precursors, and the gastrin/cholecystokinin B receptor. Positive staining was identified using the avidin--biotin immunoperoxidase method and quantified using an image analysis system. RESULTS Gastrin and its receptor were shown to be expressed in specimens of atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, epithelial dysplasia and the intestinal type of gastric carcinoma. CONCLUSION Gastrin seems to be an important growth factor in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Henwood
- Academic Unit of Cancer Studies, Section of Surgery, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK
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25
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Watson SA, Gilliam AD. G17DT--a new weapon in the therapeutic armoury for gastrointestinal malignancy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2001; 1:309-17. [PMID: 11727538 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.1.2.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
G17DT or Gastrimmune, as it was formally known, is an antigastrin 17 immunogen producing neutralising high affinity antibodies directed against gastrin-17 (G17). Preclinical studies, initiated to identify biological functionality of G17DT-induced antibodies, confirmed that the antibodies both reduced G17 stimulated gastric acid secretion and inhibited gastrin from interacting with the CCK-2 receptor. Therapeutic efficacy of both passive and active immunisation with G17DT has been established in a number of tumour systems including both primary and metastatic disease. Furthermore, additive effects with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/leucovorin have been confirmed in both colon and gastric tumour models. Phase I/II studies in advanced gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies have shown no systemic or autoimmune reactions to active immunisation with G17DT. Use of an optimised dose has yielded a high proportion of responders (> 80%), with minimal side effects and antibody titres measurable within 2-4 weeks. Taken together these results suggest that the G17DT immunogen is a promising agent for the treatment of GI cancer and Phase III trials, currently underway, will definitively evaluate this early promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Watson
- Academic Unit of Cancer Studies, Division of GI Surgery, University of Nottingham, QMC, University Hospital, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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26
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Kim YH, Kim NG, Lim JG, Park C, Kim H. Chromosomal alterations in paired gastric adenomas and carcinomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:655-62. [PMID: 11159202 PMCID: PMC1850314 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gastric adenoma is a precancerous lesion of the stomach and its malignant transformation is thought to result from accumulative series of gene alterations. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of chromosomal changes during gastric carcinogenesis. Pairs of adenoma and carcinoma tissues from 15 gastrectomy cases containing both adenomas and carcinomas in the same (adjacent pairs, 6 cases) and different (non-adjacent pairs, 9 cases) lesions, were analyzed for chromosomal alterations of 39 non-acrocentric chromosomal arms by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). CGH analysis identified frequent chromosomal alterations in most of the gastric adenomas (14/15, 93%) and all of the carcinomas. The mean number of chromosomal alterations was higher in carcinoma (5.5 for adenoma and 11.7 for carcinoma; P = 0.006, by nonparametric Wilcoxon's test). Losses on the short arm of chromosome 17 were most common in both adenomas (43%) and carcinomas (67%). The pattern of chromosomal alterations in paired gastric adenomas and carcinomas showed greater similarity compared to the non-case pairs and this similarity was increased in the adjacent pairs. Deletion mapping analysis on chromosome 17p also demonstrated that the conserved deletion area was more frequent in the adjacent pairs. Among these 6 adjacent pairs, all had common deletion areas. In contrast, among the 9 non-adjacent pairs, 2 (22%) had common area of deletion, 5 (56%) showed deletion only in the carcinoma, and the remaining 2 (22%) had no deletion on 17p, suggesting diverse genetic changes might be involved in the multiple tumor formation. Our results that common clonal genetic changes between adjacent pairs of gastric adenomas and carcinomas and accumulated genetic changes in the carcinomas provide evidences for the stepwise mode of gastric carcinogenesis through the accumulation of a series of genetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Kim
- Department of Pathology, the Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Wu MS, Chang MC, Huang SP, Tseng CC, Sheu JC, Lin YW, Shun CT, Lin MT, Lin JT. Correlation of histologic subtypes and replication error phenotype with comparative genomic hybridization in gastric cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2001; 30:80-6. [PMID: 11107179 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2264(2000)9999:9999<::aid-gcc1062>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize phenotypic and genotypic changes in gastric cancer (GC), DNA copy number aberrations (CNAs) were assessed in 53 tumors using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics and status of TP53 and replication error (RER). The number of CNAs per tumor was 6.8 (gain 5.3, loss 1.5), and the number of changes was significantly higher in tumors with advanced stage, TP53 mutation, and without RER than in those with early stage (7.7 vs. 3.0), no TP53 mutations (12.4 vs. 4.8) or RER phenotype (8.2 vs. 2.6). Frequent abnormalities included gains on chromosomal arms 8q (43%), 6q (26%), 11q (26%), 13q (24%), 7p (23%), 17q (23%), and 20q (23%), and losses on chromosomal arms 16q (26%), 19p (23%), 5q (19%), 3p (15%), 4q(15%), and 1p (15%). Advanced GC demonstrated a higher prevalence of gains of 8q (51% vs. 10%, P < 0.05) and loss of 16q (33% vs. 0%, P < 0.05) than early GC. Gains on 8q (64% vs. 20%, P < 0.05), 17q (39% vs. 4%, P < 0.05) and losses on 3p (25% vs. 4%, P = 0.05) and 5q (32% vs. 4%, P < 0.05) were higher in intestinal GC than in diffuse GC. On the other hand, gains on 13q were more common in the diffuse type (40% vs. 11%, P < 0.05). As compared with noncardia cancer, cardia cancer showed more gains on 7p (58% vs. 12%, P < 0.05) and 20q (58% vs. 12%, P < 0.05) and more losses on 4q (50% vs. 5%, P < 0.05). The finding of histology-related aberrations and the combination of CGH and molecular data thus provide additional evidence suggesting genetic heterogeneity of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Abstract
In solid tumors, such as breast and ovarian cancer, the predominant genetic mechanism for oncogene activation is through gene amplification. The HER-2 (also known as ErbB2/c-erbB2/HER-2 / neu) oncogene is the most frequently amplified oncogene in breast cancer and its overexpression is associated with poor clinical outcome. In addition to its role in tumor progression, HER-2 has been implicated in altering tumor cell chemosensitivity to cytotoxic chemotherapy, particularly to anthracyclines. However, sophisticated in vitro studies have recently indicated that HER-2 may not have anything to do with the sensitivity of the cancer cells to cytotoxic drugs. Topoisomerase IIalpha gene is a target gene for many cytotoxic drugs and is located just by the HER-2 at the 17q12-q21. TopoIIalpha amplification and deletion may account for both relative chemosensitivity and resistance to anthracycline-therapy depending on the specific genetic defect at the topoIIalpha locus. Whereas HER-2 is an oncogene that clearly can drive tumor induction and growth, its function as a marker for chemoselection may be due to associated genetic changes in the topoIIalpha gene. Copyright 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero A. H. Järvinen
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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29
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Abstract
Carcinoma of the stomach is one of the most prevalent cancer types in the world today. Two major forms of gastric cancer are distinguished according to their morphological and clinicopathological classifications (well differentiated/intestinal type and poorly differentiated/diffuse type), characteristics that could also be attributed to the altered expression of different types of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Significant differences exist for gastric cancer incidence comparing people of different ethnic origins, implicating various genetic and epigenetic factors for gastric oncogenesis. There are only a limited number of molecular markers available for gastric cancer detection and prognostic evaluation, among which are tyrosine kinases. There is convincing evidence that tyrosine kinases are involved in oncogenesis and disease progression for many human cancers. Amplifications of certain tyrosine kinases (c-met, k-sam and erbB2/neu) have been associated with human gastric cancer progression. Alternatively spliced transcripts and enhanced protein-expression levels for some of these tyrosine kinases are correlated with clinical outcomes for gastric cancer patients. With advent of high throughput techniques, it is now possible to detect nearly all expressed tyrosine kinases in a single screen. This increases the chance to identify additional tyrosine kinases as predictive markers for gastric cancers. In this article, we will first review the literature data concerning certain tyrosine kinases implicated in gastric carcinogenesis and then summarize more recent work which provide comprehensive tyrosine kinase profiles for gastric cancer specimens and cell lines. Two new gastric cancer molecular markers (tie-1 and mkk4) have been identified through the use of these profiles and demonstrated effective as clinical prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
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30
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Chun YH, Kil JI, Suh YS, Kim SH, Kim H, Park SH. Characterization of chromosomal aberrations in human gastric carcinoma cell lines using chromosome painting. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2000; 119:18-25. [PMID: 10812166 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(99)00217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Using chromosome painting, a study of chromosomal abnormalities was performed in six gastric carcinoma cell lines (SNU-484, 601, 620, 638, 668, 719) from Korean patients. Each carcinoma cell line had unique modal karyotypic characteristics and showed a variable number of numerical and structural clonal cytogenetic aberrations. SNU-484, SNU-620, and SNU-668 had near-triploidy; SNU-601, SNU-638, and SNU-719 had near-diploidy. The origins of the marker chromosomes of these cell lines were identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization with constructed painting probes. In all of six cell lines, rearrangement of chromosome 17 resulting in partial deletion of 17p (and/or partial duplication of 17q) was found. The most frequent marker was a partial gain of chromosome 7 with the breakpoints on 7q22 and 7q31. The nonrandom rearrangements of chromosomes were also determined on 1q32, 5q11-q22, 8q, 14q22, 14q34, and 15q15; suggesting that they may be the candidate regions for the isolation of the genes related to gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Chun
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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31
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J�rvinen TA, Tanner M, B�rlund M, Borg �, Isola J. Characterization of topoisomerase II? gene amplification and deletion in breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199910)26:2<142::aid-gcc6>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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