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Castle ME, Flanigan ME. The role of brain serotonin signaling in excessive alcohol consumption and withdrawal: A call for more research in females. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 30:100618. [PMID: 38433994 PMCID: PMC10907856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, but current treatments are insufficient in fully addressing the symptoms that often lead to relapses in alcohol consumption. The brain's serotonin system has been implicated in AUD for decades and is a major regulator of stress-related behaviors associated with increased alcohol consumption. This review will discuss the current literature on the association between neurobiological adaptations in serotonin systems and AUD in humans as well as the effectiveness of serotonin receptor manipulations on alcohol-related behaviors like consumption and withdrawal. We will further discuss how these findings in humans relate to findings in animal models, including a comparison of systemic pharmacological manipulations modulating alcohol consumption. We next provide a detailed overview of brain region-specific roles for serotonin and serotonin receptor signaling in alcohol-related behaviors in preclinical animal models, highlighting the complexity of forming a cohesive model of serotonin function in AUD and providing possible avenues for more effective therapeutic intervention. Throughout the review, we discuss what is known about sex differences in the sequelae of AUD and the role of serotonin in these sequelae. We stress a critical need for additional studies in women and female animals so that we may build a clearer path to elucidating sex-specific serotonergic mechanisms and develop better treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Castle
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Meghan E. Flanigan
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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2
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Castilla-Ortega E, Ladrón de Guevara-Miranda D, Serrano A, Pavón FJ, Suárez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Santín LJ. The impact of cocaine on adult hippocampal neurogenesis: Potential neurobiological mechanisms and contributions to maladaptive cognition in cocaine addiction disorder. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:100-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Goitia B, Rivero-Echeto MC, Weisstaub NV, Gingrich JA, Garcia-Rill E, Bisagno V, Urbano FJ. Modulation of GABA release from the thalamic reticular nucleus by cocaine and caffeine: role of serotonin receptors. J Neurochem 2015; 136:526-35. [PMID: 26484945 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin receptors are targets of drug therapies for a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Cocaine inhibits the re-uptake of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine, and noradrenaline, whereas caffeine blocks adenosine receptors and opens ryanodine receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum. We studied how 5-HT and adenosine affected spontaneous GABAergic transmission from thalamic reticular nucleus. We combined whole-cell patch clamp recordings of miniature inhibitory post-synaptic currents (mIPSCs) in ventrobasal thalamic neurons during local (puff) application of 5-HT in wild type (WT) or knockout mice lacking 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2A -/-). Inhibition of mIPSCs frequency by low (10 μM) and high (100 μM) 5-HT concentrations was observed in ventrobasal neurons from 5-HT2A -/- mice. In WT mice, only 100 μM 5-HT significantly reduced mIPSCs frequency. In 5-HT2A -/- mice, NAN-190, a specific 5-HT1A antagonist, prevented the 100 μM 5-HT inhibition while blocking H-currents that prolonged inhibition during post-puff periods. The inhibitory effects of 100 μM 5-HT were enhanced in cocaine binge-treated 5-HT2A -/- mice. Caffeine binge treatment did not affect 5-HT-mediated inhibition. Our findings suggest that both 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors are present in pre-synaptic thalamic reticular nucleus terminals. Serotonergic-mediated inhibition of GABA release could underlie aberrant thalamocortical physiology described after repetitive consumption of cocaine. Our findings suggest that both 5-HT1A , 5-HT2A and A1 receptors are present in pre-synaptic TRN terminals. 5-HT1A and A1 receptors would down-regulate adenylate cyclase, whereas 5-HT1A would also increase the probability of the opening of G-protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) channels (GIRK). Sustained opening of GIRK channels would hyperpolarize pre-synaptic terminals activating H-currents, resulting in less GABA release. 5-HT2A -would activate PLC and IP3 , increasing intracellular [Ca(2+) ] and thus facilitating GABA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Goitia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Héctor Maldonado" (DFBMC) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-CONICET-UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Celeste Rivero-Echeto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Héctor Maldonado" (DFBMC) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-CONICET-UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noelia V Weisstaub
- Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO), UBA, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jay A Gingrich
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Columbia University and the NYSPI, Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Verónica Bisagno
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J Urbano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular "Dr. Héctor Maldonado" (DFBMC) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-CONICET-UBA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Matuskey D, Bhagwagar Z, Planeta B, Pittman B, Gallezot JD, Chen J, Wanyiri J, Najafzadeh S, Ropchan J, Geha P, Huang Y, Potenza MN, Neumeister A, Carson RE, Malison RT. Reductions in brain 5-HT1B receptor availability in primarily cocaine-dependent humans. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:816-22. [PMID: 24433854 PMCID: PMC4037398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical evidence implicates the serotonin receptor 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B (5-HT1B) in the effects of cocaine. This study explores 5-HT1B in humans by examining receptor availability in vivo in subjects whose primary addiction is cocaine dependence (CD) using positron emission tomography. METHODS Study participants included 14 medically healthy subjects with CD (mean age = 41 ± 6 years) who were compared with 14 age-matched healthy control subjects (mean age = 41 ± 8 years) with no past or current history of cocaine or other illicit substance abuse. Participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging followed by positron emission tomography with the highly selective 5-HT1B tracer, [(11)C]P943, for purposes of quantifying regional binding potential. Voxel-based morphometry and gray matter masking also were employed to control for potential partial volume effects. RESULTS The [(11)C]P943 positron emission tomography imaging data in nine candidate regions (amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, caudate, frontal cortex, hypothalamus, pallidum, putamen, thalamus, and ventral striatum) showed significant or nearly significant reductions of regional binding potential in subjects with CD in three regions: anterior cingulate (-16%, p < .01), hypothalamus (-16%, p = .03), and frontal cortex (-7%, p = .08). Voxel-based morphometry showed significant gray matter reductions in the frontal cortex of subjects with CD. After gray matter masking, statistically significant reductions in the [(11)C]P943 regional binding potential were either retained (anterior cingulate, -14%, p = .01; hypothalamus, -20%, p < .01) or achieved (frontal cortex, -14%, p < .01). Whole-brain voxel-wise parameter estimation confirmed these results. Secondary analyses were also significant in some regions for years of cocaine and daily tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS The reductions found in this study suggest that 5-HT1B receptors may contribute to the etiology or expression of CD and potentially represent a target for medication development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Matuskey
- Departments of Psychiatry (DM, ZB, BPi, JC, JW, PG, MNP, RTM); Diagnostic Radiology (DM, BPl, J-DG, SN, JR, YH, REC), Yale University, New Haven.
| | - Zubin Bhagwagar
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University,Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jason Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University
| | | | | | - Jim Ropchan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University
| | - Paul Geha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University
| | | | - Alexander Neumeister
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Franklin JM, Carrasco GA. Cocaine potentiates multiple 5-HT2A receptor signaling pathways and is associated with decreased phosphorylation of 5-HT2A receptors in vivo. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:770-7. [PMID: 25213649 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder in which the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we used Sprague-Dawley rats injected with either saline (1 ml/kg) or cocaine (15 mg/kg) for 7 days (b.i.d, i.p) to study the effect of cocaine on several components of 5-HT2A receptor signaling in prefrontal cortex (PFCx). We detected enhanced activation of 5-HT2A receptor-mediated phospholipase C beta (PLCβ) and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 activity in PFCx of cocaine-treated rats. Although we were unable to detect changes in the protein levels of several proteins associated with 5-HT2A receptor signaling such as caveolin-1, postsynaptic density protein 95, β-arrestin 2, etc., we found a significant reduction in the phosphorylation status of cortical 5-HT2A receptors. This phenomenon was associated with reduced levels of G-protein receptor kinase 5 (GRK5), but not GRK2 or RSK2, proteins. Our results suggest that decreased phosphorylation of 5-HT2A receptors could mediate, at least in part, the cocaine-induced potentiation of multiple 5-HT2A receptor signaling pathways in rat PFCx. As discussed in this manuscript, we hypothesize that preventing these neuroadaptations in 5-HT2A receptor signaling may alleviate some of the aversive withdrawal-associated symptoms that contribute to relapse to cocaine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade M Franklin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 3048B Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
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The role of serotonin in drug use and addiction. Behav Brain Res 2014; 277:146-92. [PMID: 24769172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated behaviours which need to be learned and controlled. However, controlled drug use may develop into compulsive drug use and addiction, a major psychiatric disorder with severe consequences for the individual and society. Here we review the role of the serotonergic (5-HT) system in the establishment of drug use-associated behaviours on the one hand and the transition and maintenance of addiction on the other hand for the drugs: cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), morphine/heroin, cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine. Results show a crucial, but distinct involvement of the 5-HT system in both processes with considerable overlap between psychostimulant and opioidergic drugs and alcohol. A new functional model suggests specific adaptations in the 5-HT system, which coincide with the establishment of controlled drug use-associated behaviours. These serotonergic adaptations render the nervous system susceptible to the transition to compulsive drug use behaviours and often overlap with genetic risk factors for addiction. Altogether we suggest a new trajectory by which serotonergic neuroadaptations induced by first drug exposure pave the way for the establishment of addiction.
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Capilla-Gonzalez V, Hernandez-Rabaza V. Cocaine and MDMA Induce Cellular and Molecular Changes in Adult Neurogenic Systems: Functional Implications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2011. [PMCID: PMC4055961 DOI: 10.3390/ph4060915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the brain to generate new adult neurons is a recent discovery that challenges the old theory of an immutable adult brain. A new and fascinating field of research now focuses on this regenerative process. The two brain systems that constantly produce new adult neurons, known as the adult neurogenic systems, are the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and the lateral ventricules/olfactory bulb system. Both systems are involved in memory and learning processes. Different drugs of abuse, such as cocaine and MDMA, have been shown to produce cellular and molecular changes that affect adult neurogenesis. This review summarizes the effects that these drugs have on the adult neurogenic systems. The functional relevance of adult neurogenesis is obscured by the functions of the systems that integrate adult neurons. Therefore, we explore the effects that cocaine and MDMA produce not only on adult neurogenesis, but also on the DG and olfactory bulbs. Finally, we discuss the possible role of new adult neurons in cocaine- and MDMA-induced impairments. We conclude that, although harmful drug effects are produced at multiple physiological and anatomical levels, the specific consequences of reduced hippocampus neurogenesis are unclear and require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Capilla-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, Catedratico Jose Beltran 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
- Brain Tumor Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Vicente Hernandez-Rabaza
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigacion Principe Felipe, Avda Autopista del Saler 16, 46012, Valencia, Spain
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel: +34-96-328-9680; Fax: +34-96-328-9701
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Blagrove M, Seddon J, George S, Parrott AC, Stickgold R, Walker MP, Jones KA, Morgan MJ. Procedural and declarative memory task performance, and the memory consolidation function of sleep, in recent and abstinent ecstasy/MDMA users. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:465-77. [PMID: 20615932 PMCID: PMC3604193 DOI: 10.1177/0269881110372545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ecstasy/MDMA use has been associated with various memory deficits. This study assessed declarative and procedural memory in ecstasy/MDMA users. Participants were tested in two sessions, 24 h apart, so that the memory consolidation function of sleep on both types of memory could also be assessed. Groups were: drug-naive controls (n = 24); recent ecstasy/MDMA users, who had taken ecstasy/MDMA 2-3 days before the first testing session (n = 25), and abstinent users, who had not taken ecstasy/MDMA for at least 8 days before testing (n = 17). Procedural memory did not differ between groups, but greater lifetime consumption of ecstasy was associated with poorer procedural memory. Recent ecstasy/MDMA users who had taken other drugs (mainly cannabis) 48-24 h before testing exhibited poorer declarative memory than controls, but recent users who had not taken other drugs in this 48-24-h period did not differ from controls. Greater lifetime consumption of ecstasy, and of cocaine, were associated with greater deficits in declarative memory. These results suggest that procedural, as well as declarative, memory deficits are associated with the extent of past ecstasy use. However, ecstasy/MDMA did not affect the memory consolidation function of sleep for either the declarative or the procedural memory task.
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Filip M, Alenina N, Bader M, Przegaliński E. Behavioral evidence for the significance of serotoninergic (5-HT) receptors in cocaine addiction. Addict Biol 2010; 15:227-49. [PMID: 20456287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction has somatic, psychological, psychiatric, socio-economic and legal implications in the developed world. Presently, there is no medication approved for the treatment of cocaine addiction. In recent years, data from the literature (pre-clinical studies and clinical trials) have provided several lines of evidence that serotonin (5-HT) and 5-HT receptors play a modulatory role in the mechanisms of action of cocaine. Here we review the contribution of 5-HT receptor subtypes to cocaine sensitization, discrimination, conditioned place preference, self-administration, reinstatement of seeking behavior and withdrawal symptoms in laboratory animals. Additionally, the consequences of chronic cocaine exposure on particular 5-HT receptor-assigned functions in pre-clinical studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Filip
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, 12 Smetna, Poland.
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Santucci AC, Madeira E. Anxiogenesis in adult rats treated chronically with cocaine during adolescence: effects of extended abstinence and 8-OH-DPAT treatment. Brain Res Bull 2008; 76:402-11. [PMID: 18502317 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory has recently observed the development of an anxiogenic response after a short abstinence period ( approximately 10 days) in young adult rats treated repeatedly with cocaine during adolescence. The present study was conducted to determine if this effect persists into adulthood following extended durations of abstinence and whether it could be modulated with the 5-HT(1A) agonist (+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)tetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT). Accordingly, 30-day-old rats were injected with either 10mg/kg cocaine or saline for 8 consecutive days. Approximately 8 weeks after the final injection, anxiety levels in subjects were assessed with an elevated zero maze with a second assessment performed 4 weeks thereafter. Shortly prior to each test session, half the subjects in each of the two adolescent drug conditions received injections of 300 microg/kg 8-OH-DPAT while the other half received injections of the vehicle. Based on total time spent in the open areas of the maze, the results obtained at the first abstinent duration indicated that adolescent cocaine treatment did not induce an anxiogenic response. Assessment of maze behavior at the second abstinent duration was aided with a digital tracking and computerized scoring system (LimeLight, Actimetrics). Similar to the results obtained at the first abstinent duration, the amount of time spent in the open areas of the maze was unrelated to prior cocaine treatment. However, cocaine-treated rats did show evidence of an anxiogenic response at this abstinent duration based on more frequent entries into and out of the open and enclosed areas of the maze, more frequent and longer durations of exploratory bouts beyond the perimeter of the maze, excessive number of cautious protrusions into the open areas, and faster running velocities through the open areas. These results were not artifacts of generalized motor activation in that comparable total distance traveled scores were noted for all subjects. Treatment with 8-OH-DPAT shortly prior to elevated zero maze testing normalized these behaviors induced by adolescent cocaine. It is concluded that the anxiogenic response produced by cocaine exposure during adolescence persists 12 weeks beyond cessation of drug treatment and that this effect is reversible with 8-OH-DPAT. In addition, the results underscore the importance of taking multiple measures when assessing anxiety in experimental animals. Implications for the neurobiology of drug abuse and the role of serotonin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Santucci
- Department of Psychology, Manhattanville College, 2900 Purchase Street, Purchase, NY 10577, United States.
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Müller CP, Carey RJ, Huston JP, De Souza Silva MA. Serotonin and psychostimulant addiction: Focus on 5-HT1A-receptors. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 81:133-78. [PMID: 17316955 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin(1A)-receptors (5-HT(1A)-Rs) are important components of the 5-HT system in the brain. As somatodendritic autoreceptors they control the activity of 5-HT neurons, and, as postsynaptic receptors, the activity in terminal areas. Cocaine (COC), amphetamine (AMPH), methamphetamine (METH) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("Ecstasy", MDMA) are psychostimulant drugs that can lead to addiction-related behavior in humans and in animals. At the neurochemical level, these psychostimulant drugs interact with monoamine transporters and increase extracellular 5-HT, dopamine and noradrenalin activity in the brain. The increase in 5-HT, which, in addition to dopamine, is a core mechanism of action for drug addiction, hyperactivates 5-HT(1A)-Rs. Here, we first review the role of the various 5-HT(1A)-R populations in spontaneous behavior to provide a background to elucidate the contribution of the 5-HT(1A)-Rs to the organization of psychostimulant-induced addiction behavior. The progress achieved in this field shows the fundamental contribution of brain 5-HT(1A)-Rs to virtually all behaviors associated with psychostimulant addiction. Importantly, the contribution of pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT(1A)-Rs can be dissociated and frequently act in opposite directions. We conclude that 5-HT(1A)-autoreceptors mainly facilitate psychostimulant addiction-related behaviors by a limitation of the 5-HT response in terminal areas. Postsynaptic 5-HT(1A)-Rs, in contrast, predominantly inhibit the expression of various addiction-related behaviors directly. In addition, they may also influence the local 5-HT response by feedback mechanisms. The reviewed findings do not only show a crucial role of 5-HT(1A)-Rs in the control of brain 5-HT activity and spontaneous behavior, but also their complex role in the regulation of the psychostimulant-induced 5-HT response and subsequent addiction-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Müller
- Institute of Physiological Psychology I, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Patkar AA, Mannelli P, Hill KP, Peindl K, Pae CU, Lee TH. Relationship of prolactin response to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine with severity of drug use in cocaine dependence. Hum Psychopharmacol 2006; 21:367-75. [PMID: 16915581 DOI: 10.1002/hup.780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Serotonergic (5-HT) mechanisms appear to mediate central effects of cocaine. Therefore 5-HT disturbances could be associated with drug severity. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether prolactin (PRL) response to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP), a mixed 5-HT agonist/antagonist were associated with severity of cocaine use. METHODS Thirty-six cocaine-dependent subjects and 33 controls underwent a challenge with 0.5 mg/kg of oral m-CPP. Severity of drug use was assessed using the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). RESULTS The PRL response to m-CPP was significantly blunted in cocaine patients compared to controls (F = 21.86, p < 0.001). DeltaPRL (peak PRL-baseline PRL) was negatively correlated with ASI-drug (r = -0.45, p < 0.01), ASI-alcohol (r = -0.32, p < 0.05), and ASI-psychological (r = -0.41, p < 0.01) composite scores, and with the quantity, frequency and duration of drug use (r ranged from - 0.41 to - 0.32, p ranged from < 0.01 to 0.05). Hierarchical regressions showed that ASI-drug composite scores significantly predicted the variance in DeltaPRL after controlling for behavioral and demographic variables (F = 4.27, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that disturbances in 5-HT function as reflected by a blunted response to m-CPP seem to be primarily associated with severity of drug use and to a lesser, although significant extent with behavioral traits in cocaine-dependent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin A Patkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Harris DS, Reus VI, Wolkowitz OM, Mendelson JE, Jones RT. Repeated psychological stress testing in stimulant-dependent patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:669-77. [PMID: 15913869 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Decreasing response to stress has been one goal of interventions aimed at reducing relapse to substances of abuse. A laboratory stress test that can be repeated would be helpful in testing the efficacy of interventions in decreasing the response to stress before more extensive trials are begun. The effects of two types of psychological stress tests, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and a stress imagery test, on psychological, physiological, and hormonal responses (salivary cortisol and DHEA) were examined when each test was given twice to cocaine- or methamphetamine-dependent human subjects, 24 of whom completed at least one session. The stress imagery test produced significant changes in several of the subjective response measures in both first and second sessions, including several measures of negative affect and a craving measure. The TSST produced significant changes only in the second session. The stress imagery protocol showed better replicability across two sessions. Cocaine users and methamphetamine users did not respond similarly in their craving responses. Reported craving for methamphetamine after stress testing showed decreases or much smaller increases compared to that for cocaine. Neither stress test significantly increased salivary cortisol or DHEA, and changes in hormone concentrations were not related to subjective responses. These results suggest that stress imagery testing procedures may be useful as provocative tests of stress-induced affect and stimulant drug craving. Although less convincing because of the heterogeneity of the subjects, they also suggest that HPA axis responsivity is not clearly linked to acute stress-induced stimulant craving or affective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra S Harris
- Drug Dependence Research Center, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Carrasco GA, Barker SA, Zhang Y, Damjanoska KJ, Sullivan NR, Garcia F, D'souza DN, Muma NA, van De Kar LD. Estrogen treatment increases the levels of regulator of G protein signaling-Z1 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: possible role in desensitization of 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptors. Neuroscience 2004; 127:261-7. [PMID: 15262317 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Revised: 05/16/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Desensitization of post-synaptic serotonin1A (5-HT1A) receptors may underlie the clinical improvement of neuropsychiatric disorders. In the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, Galphaz proteins mediate the 5-HT1A receptor-stimulated increases in hormone release. Regulator of G protein signaling-Z1 (RGSZ1) is a GTPase-activating protein selective for Galphaz proteins. RGSZ1 regulates the duration of interaction between Galphaz proteins and effector systems. The present investigation determined the levels of RGSZ1 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of rats subjected to four different treatment protocols that produce desensitization of 5-HT1A receptors. These protocols include: daily administration of beta estradiol 3-benzoate (estradiol) for 2 days; daily administration of fluoxetine for 3 and 14 days; daily administration of cocaine for 7 or 14 days; and acute administration of (+/-)-1-(2,5 dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-amino-propane HCl (DOI; a 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist). Estradiol treatment was the only protocol that increased the levels of RGSZ1 protein in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in a dose-dependent manner (46%-132% over control). Interestingly, previous experiments indicate that only estradiol produces a decreased Emax of 5-HT1A receptor-stimulation of hormone release, whereas fluoxetine, cocaine and DOI produce a shift to the right (increased ED50). Thus, the desensitization of 5-HT1A receptors by estradiol might be attributable to increased levels of RGSZ1 protein. These findings may provide insight into the adaptation of 5-HT1A receptor signaling during pharmacotherapies of mood disorders in women and the well-established gender differences in the vulnerability to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Carrasco
- Center for Serotonin Disorder Research and Department of Pharmacology Loyola University of Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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15
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Szumlinski KK, Frys KA, Kalivas PW. Dissociable roles for the dorsal and median raphé in the facilitatory effect of 5-HT1A receptor stimulation upon cocaine-induced locomotion and sensitization. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29:1675-87. [PMID: 15127081 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A distinct role for serotonin transmission from the dorsal and median raphé nuclei (DRN and MRN, respectively) was identified in regulating the behavioral and neurochemical effects of acute and repeated cocaine administration. Serotonin 1A (5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT)1A) receptors were stimulated by intraraphé microinjection of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (DPAT; 5 or 10 microg) and behavior, as well as extracellular neurotransmitter content in the nucleus accumbens was measured. Pretreatment of the DRN with DPAT caused a sensitization-like potentiation of acute cocaine-induced motor activity and an elevation in extracellular dopamine and glutamate. In contrast, DPAT microinjection into the MRN did not alter acute cocaine-induced motor activity or extracellular levels of dopamine or glutamate. Acutely, DPAT microinjection into either raphé nucleus reduced the basal and acute cocaine-stimulated levels of extracellular serotonin. Pretreatment with DPAT before systemic cocaine administration was continued for 5 days, and 3 weeks after the last injection, all rats were administered a cocaine challenge injection. The sensitized behavioral and neurochemical response produced by repeated cocaine in control subjects was unaffected by the intra-DRN administration of DPAT. However, in animals administered DPAT into the MRN, both the sensitized motor response and the increase in glutamate were augmented, while the sensitized serotonin response was blocked, without altering dopamine sensitization. These data show a differential role for 5-HT1A receptors in the DRN and MRN in the acute and sensitized effects of cocaine. While the DRN is involved in the acute effects of cocaine, neuroadaptations in the MRN may regulate the long-term consequences of repeated cocaine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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16
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Carrasco GA, Damjanoska KJ, D'Souza DN, Zhang Y, Garcia F, Battaglia G, Muma NA, Van de Kar LD. Short-Term Cocaine Treatment Causes Neuroadaptive Changes in Gαq and Gα11 Proteins in Rats Undergoing Withdrawal. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 311:349-55. [PMID: 15175423 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.069807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the characteristics of drug dependence is that a drug has to be administered repeatedly before withdrawal effects can be observed. We have previously shown that withdrawal after 14 days of cocaine treatment produces a supersensitivity of hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 2A (5-HT(2A)) receptors, which is accompanied by increases in the levels of Galpha(q) and Galpha(11) proteins. Unfortunately, the exact duration of cocaine treatment necessary to induce alterations in G protein levels during cocaine withdrawal is unknown. The present study investigated the minimum cocaine treatment period required to produce changes in protein levels of membrane- and cytosol-associated Galpha(q) and Galpha(11) proteins in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, amygdala, and frontal cortex. Rats were injected with cocaine (15 mg/kg i.p., b.i.d.) for 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days and tested after 2 days of withdrawal. The levels of Galpha(q) and Galpha(11) proteins were increased in the paraventricular nucleus and the amygdala but not in the frontal cortex. Although 1 and 3 days of cocaine treatment were sufficient to maximally elevate the protein levels of Galpha(11) and Galpha(q) proteins in the amygdala, 5 days of treatment were required to maximally increase the levels of Galpha(11) and Galpha(q) proteins in the paraventricular nucleus. The data suggest that the amygdala shows a faster neuroadaptation to the effects of cocaine than the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. These findings provide insight into the relative importance of individual components of 5-HT(2A) receptor signal transduction system in regulating the overall sensitivity of this signaling in cocaine-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo A Carrasco
- Center for Serotonin Disorders and Department of Pharmacology, Loyola University of Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 South First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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17
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Carrasco GA, Zhang Y, Damjanoska KJ, D'Souza DN, Garcia F, Battaglia G, Muma NA, Van de Kar LD. A Region-Specific Increase in Gαq And Gα11 Proteins in Brains of Rats during Cocaine Withdrawal. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 307:1012-9. [PMID: 14534355 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.056978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor-mediated increases in plasma hormone levels become supersensitive after 42 h of withdrawal from cocaine treatment. The present study investigated which components of the 5-HT2A receptor signaling system are associated with this supersensitivity. Rats were injected daily for 14 days with either saline or cocaine (15 mg/kg i.p.) twice a day or were injected using a "binge" protocol (three injections per day, 1 h apart). Rats were sacrificed 2 or 7 days after the last cocaine injection, and the levels of membrane and cytosol-associated 5-HT2A receptors, Galphaq, Galpha11, regulators of G protein signaling (RGS)4, and RGS7 proteins were assayed in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, amygdala, and frontal cortex using Western blot analysis. Two days of withdrawal from cocaine, administered twice a day or using a binge protocol, produced an increase in membrane-associated Galphaq and Galpha11 proteins in the paraventricular nucleus and the amygdala (but not in the frontal cortex). This effect was reversible after 7 days of withdrawal. The protein levels of the 5-HT2A receptor, Galphaz protein, and RGS4 or RGS7 proteins were not altered by cocaine withdrawal in any of the above-mentioned brain regions. These findings suggest that the supersensitivity of the 5-HT2A receptors, during withdrawal from chronic cocaine, is associated with an increase in membrane-associated Galphaq and Galpha11 proteins and not with changes in the expression of 5-HT2A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo A Carrasco
- Department of Pharmacology, Loyola University of Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 South First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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18
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Ahmed SH, Lin D, Koob GF, Parsons LH. Escalation of cocaine self-administration does not depend on altered cocaine-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine levels. J Neurochem 2003; 86:102-13. [PMID: 12807430 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that prolonged access to cocaine or heroin self-administration (long access, or LgA) produces an escalation in drug intake not observed with limited access to the drug (short access, or ShA). The present experiment employed in vivo microdialysis to test the role of alterations in drug pharmacokinetics and/or efficacy in increasing dopamine (DA) levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) during cocaine intake escalation. In experiment 1, both ShA and LgA rats were challenged with passive intravenous administration of cocaine (0.125-1 mg/injection). Regardless of the doses tested, there was no difference between groups in the ability of cocaine to increase NAcc DA levels and no group differences in the temporal profile of dialysate cocaine levels. In experiment 2, cocaine and DA concentrations were measured during cocaine self-administration. Self-administration produced sustained increases of DA in the NAcc with LgA rats maintaining greater steady levels of DA (750% of baseline) than ShA rats (400% of baseline). The difference in the LgA versus ShA rats was not due to differences in the efficacy of cocaine to elevate DA levels, or in the rate of cocaine metabolism, but was directly related to the amount of self-administered cocaine. These findings show that changes in cocaine efficacy or pharmacokinetics do not play a critical role in cocaine intake escalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge H Ahmed
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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19
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Schlussman SD, Zhang Y, Yuferov V, LaForge KS, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Acute 'binge' cocaine administration elevates dynorphin mRNA in the caudate putamen of C57BL/6J but not 129/J mice. Brain Res 2003; 974:249-53. [PMID: 12742644 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Preprodynorphin mRNA was measured in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudate putamen (CPu) after 3-day 'binge' pattern cocaine administration in C57BL/6J and 129/J mice, strains which differ in behavior and in dopamine increases in the CPu after 'binge' cocaine. In the CPu, there was increased preprodynorphin mRNA in C57BL/6J (P<0.05), but not in 129/J mice, with no differences in the NAc. Thus, 129/J mice are hyporesponsive to the preprodynorphin activating effects of acute 'binge' cocaine in the CPu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan D Schlussman
- The Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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20
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Schroeder JA, Niculescu M, Unterwald EM. Cocaine alters mu but not delta or kappa opioid receptor-stimulated in situ [35S]GTPgammaS binding in rat brain. Synapse 2003; 47:26-32. [PMID: 12422370 DOI: 10.1002/syn.10148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cocaine administration produces alterations in mu and kappa opioid receptor density as well as striatal and accumbens opioid-regulated adenylyl cyclase activity, suggesting a psychostimulant responsive interaction between opioidergic and dopaminergic systems. Stimulation of G-protein-coupled opioid receptors inhibits adenylyl cyclase production of cyclic AMP. The present study employed in situ [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding to measure opioid receptor-stimulated activation of G-proteins in response to acute and chronic cocaine exposure. Male Fischer rats received acute (1 or 3 days) or chronic (14 days) binge pattern cocaine administration. Three and 14 days of cocaine injections resulted in greater increases in the ability of the mu receptor agonist DAMGO to stimulate [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding in both the core and the shell of the nucleus accumbens, all regions of the caudate putamen and the cingulate cortex compared with saline-matched controls. The greatest increases in DAMGO-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding were observed in the dorsal areas of the caudate putamen in animals that received 14 days of cocaine. No significant changes in delta (DPDPE), or kappa (dynorphin A(1-17)) receptor-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding were found in any brain region in response to cocaine administration. These results demonstrate that binge pattern cocaine administration induce changes in mu but not delta or kappa opioid receptor-mediated G-protein activity. This study provides support for the hypothesis that the addictive properties of both psychostimulants and opiates may share common neurochemical signaling substrates.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Autoradiography
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Caudate Nucleus/drug effects
- Caudate Nucleus/metabolism
- Cocaine/administration & dosage
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- Gyrus Cinguli/drug effects
- Gyrus Cinguli/metabolism
- Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- Putamen/drug effects
- Putamen/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Sulfur Radioisotopes
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Schroeder
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
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21
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Frechilla D, Cobreros A, Saldise L, Moratalla R, Insausti R, Luquin M, Del Río J. Serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor expression is selectively enhanced in the striosomal compartment of chronic parkinsonian monkeys. Synapse 2001; 39:288-96. [PMID: 11169778 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2396(20010315)39:4<288::aid-syn1011>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were chronically treated with the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) until stable parkinsonism was reached. Two months later, monkeys were sacrificed and monoamine content was measured in different brain regions of the lesioned monkeys and of age-matched controls. 5-HT(1A) serotonin receptor density was measured in coronal sections labeled with [(3)H]8-OH-DPAT. As expected, dopamine was virtually nonexistent in the caudate nucleus and putamen of MPTP-treated monkeys. Serotonin levels were significantly reduced in different brain regions, particularly in the raphe nuclei. 5-HT(1A) receptor density of control animals was high in the hippocampus, notably in the CA1 field and also in the raphe nuclei, and much lower in the striatum, where 5-HT(1A) receptors showed a patchy distribution which corresponded to striosomes with poor calbindin immunostaining. 5-HT(1A) receptor density was reduced in hippocampal fields and in the raphe nuclei of parkinsonian monkeys. Conversely, in the severely lesioned striatal nuclei 5-HT(1A) receptor density was increased at caudal levels of the striatum, particularly in the putamen. The results tend to support the possibility of an increased synthesis of 5-HT(1A) receptors in brain regions with higher neuronal cell death. Upregulation of this 5-HT receptor subtype in the limbic compartment of the striatum may represent a compensatory event for the serotonergic dysfunction and associated mental disorders in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Frechilla
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Navarra Medical School, 31080-Pamplona, Spain
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22
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Suzuki T, Abe S, Yamaguchi M, Baba A, Hori T, Shiraishi H, Ito T. Effects of cocaine administration on receptor binding and subunits mRNA of GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor complexes. Synapse 2000; 38:198-215. [PMID: 11018794 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2396(200011)38:2<198::aid-syn11>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effects of intermittent intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of cocaine (20 mg/kg) on GABA(A)-benzodiazepine (BZD) receptors labeled by t-[(35)S]butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS), and on several types of mRNA subunits were investigated in rat brain by in vitro quantitative receptor autoradiography and in situ hybridization. Phosphor screen imaging with high sensitivity and a wide linear range of response was utilized for imaging analysis. There was a significant decrease in the level of alpha 1, alpha 6, beta 2, beta 3, and gamma 2 subunits mRNA, with no alteration of [(35)S]TBPS binding in any regions in the brain of rats at 1 h following a single injection of cocaine. In chronically treated animals, the mean scores of stereotyped behavior were increased with the number of injections. The level of beta 3 subunit mRNA was decreased in the cortices and caudate putamen, at 24 h after a final injection of chronic administrations for 14 days. In the withdrawal from cocaine, the frontal cortex and hippocampal complexes showed a significant increase in [(35)S]TBPS binding and alpha1 and beta 3 subunit mRNA in the rats 1 week after a cessation of chronic administration of cocaine. These findings suggest that the disruption of GABA(A)-BZD receptor formation is closely involved in the development of cocaine-related behavioral disturbances. Further studies on the physiological functions on GABA(A)-BZD receptor complex will be necessary for an explanation of the precise mechanisms underlying the acute effects, development of hypersensitization, and withdrawal state of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Japan.
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23
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Vicentic A, Cabrera-Vera TM, Pinto W, Battaglia G. 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) serotonin receptor turnover in adult rat offspring prenatally exposed to cocaine. Brain Res 2000; 877:141-8. [PMID: 10986326 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine on the intracellular kinetics (i.e. rate constant of receptor production and degradation) that govern the maintenance and regulation of cortical 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptor densities in offspring. Adult male rat offspring, prenatally exposed to saline or (-) cocaine (15 mg/kg, s.c., b.i.d, from gestational day 13 through 20), were injected with either vehicle or the irreversible receptor antagonist, EEDQ (10 mg/kg, s.c.), and sacrificed at various post-injection times to monitor the recovery of receptor densities in cerebral cortex. In both saline and cocaine exposed offspring, initial EEDQ-induced reductions (>80%) in 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptor densities were followed by a time-dependent repopulation that reached steady state ([B(max)](ss)) densities comparable to non-EEDQ treated controls by day 10 post-treatment. Calculation of 5-HT(1A) receptor kinetic parameters indicated that prenatal exposure to cocaine did not significantly alter: (1) the receptor production rate (saline: 0.809 fmol/mg protein/h; cocaine: 0.724 fmol/mg protein/h), (2) the receptor degradation rate constant (saline: 0.0063 h(-1); cocaine: 0.0062 h(-1)) or (3) the half-life (t(1/2)) of receptor repopulation (saline: 109.2 h; cocaine: 111.5 h). Similarly, 5-HT(2A) receptor rate constants for production (1. 550 fmol/mg protein/h) and degradation (0.0061 h(-1)) and consequently, t(1/2) (113.2 h), were not significantly altered by prenatal exposure to cocaine. These data suggest that within homogenates of cerebral cortex, prenatal exposure to cocaine did not alter the overall intracellular processes that underlie receptor production or degradation and determine steady state densities of 5-HT(1A) or 5-HT(2A) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vicentic
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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24
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Addictive/etiology
- Behavior, Addictive/physiopathology
- Behavior, Addictive/psychology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Dopamine/physiology
- Ethanol/adverse effects
- Humans
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology
- Illicit Drugs/adverse effects
- Limbic System/drug effects
- Models, Neurological
- Models, Psychological
- Motivation
- Narcotics/adverse effects
- Neural Pathways/drug effects
- Opioid Peptides/physiology
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/drug effects
- Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/drug effects
- Recurrence
- Reinforcement, Psychology
- Self Medication/adverse effects
- Self Medication/psychology
- Stress, Psychological/etiology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Stress, Psychological/psychology
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/complications
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/physiopathology
- Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/psychology
- Substance-Related Disorders/etiology
- Substance-Related Disorders/physiopathology
- Substance-Related Disorders/psychology
- Temperance
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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