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Zheng G, Baandrup L, Wang J, Hertzum-Larsen R, Hannibal CG, Mørch LS, Faber MT, Sundström K, Kjær SK. Antidepressant use and ovarian cancer risk: Evidence from nationwide studies with >14,000 cases from Denmark and Sweden. Maturitas 2024; 185:108009. [PMID: 38688107 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Given that the evidence regarding the link between antidepressant use and ovarian cancer risk is equivocal, we investigated this research question by conducting two nationwide nested case-control studies among the Danish and Swedish populations. METHODS Altogether, 14,121 women with epithelial ovarian cancer (30-84 years old) (Denmark: 8976 diagnosed 2000-2019, Sweden: 5145 diagnosed 2010-2018) were randomly age-matched with 564,840 female controls (359,040 from Denmark, and 205,800 from Sweden) using risk set sampling. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI) and combined the estimates based on the fixed-effect assumption. We also investigated potential effect modification by well-established risk factors for ovarian cancer. RESULTS Antidepressant use was associated with an overall reduced risk of ovarian cancer (OR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.88-0.96), and that reduction was more pronounced in postmenopausal women and long-term users. The effect was most pronounced for serous ovarian tumors (OR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.86-0.95) but was also observed in other subtypes, although not statistically significant. Among different types of antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in general and citalopram in particular exhibited a noteworthy reduction in ovarian cancer risk (OR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.82-0.96). Additionally, use of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy individually modified the association between antidepressant use and ovarian cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS Use of an antidepressant was associated with a slight, but statistically significant, decrease in ovarian cancer risk. Given the morbidity and mortality associated with ovarian cancer, and increasing use of antidepressants, these findings may be of significance to cancer prevention and should be studied in more detail mechanistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiao Zheng
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Louise Baandrup
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jiangrong Wang
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Lina S Mørch
- Cancer and Medicine, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Tuxen Faber
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Sundström
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Medical Diagnostics Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne K Kjær
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Salama M, Ali A, Ibrahim FAR, Elabd S. Citalopram, an antipsychotic agent, induces G1/G0 phase cell cycle arrest and promotes apoptosis in human laryngeal carcinoma HEP-2 cells. Med Oncol 2024; 41:105. [PMID: 38573558 PMCID: PMC10994997 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Human laryngeal squamous carcinoma (LSCC) is a common malignant tumor in the head and neck. Despite the recently developed therapies for the treatment of LSCC, patients' overall survival rate still did not enhance remarkably; this highlights the need to formulate alternative strategies to develop novel treatments. The antitumor effects of antidepressant drugs such as citalopram have been reported on several cancer cells; however, they have yet to be investigated against LSCC. The current study was directed to explore the possible antitumor effects of citalopram on human laryngeal carcinoma cell lines (HEP-2). HEP-2 cells were cultured and treated with different doses of citalopram (50-400 µM) for 24, 48, and 72 h. The effects of citalopram on the viability of cancer cells were determined by the MTT assay. In addition, apoptosis and cell cycle analysis were performed by flow cytometry. Moreover, evaluation of the expression of proapoptotic and apoptotic proteins, such as cytochrome c, cleaved caspases 3 and 9, Bcl-2, and BAX, was performed by western blotting analysis. Our results revealed that citalopram significantly suppressed the proliferation of HEP-2 cells through the upregulation of p21 expression, resulting in the subsequent arrest of the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, citalopram treatment-induced HEP-2 cell apoptosis; this was indicated by the significant increase of cytochrome c, cleaved caspases 3 and 9, and BAX protein expression. On the contrary, Bcl-2 protein expression was significantly downregulated following treatment with citalopram. The ultrastructure studies were in accordance with the protein expression findings and showed clear signs of apoptosis with ring chromatin condensation upon treatment with citalopram. These findings suggest that citalopram's anti-tumor activities on HEP-2 cells entailed stimulation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, which was mediated via Bcl-2 suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Salama
- Department of Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Avenue, Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Abeer Ali
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 Horreya Avenue, Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fawziya A R Ibrahim
- Department of Applied Medical Chemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 Horreya Avenue, Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Seham Elabd
- Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 Horreya Avenue, Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
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3
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Rahman N, Zafar H, Atia-Tul-Wahab, Sheikh S, Jabeen A, Choudhary MI. Drug repurposing for the identification of new Bcl-2 inhibitors: In vitro, STD-NMR, molecular docking, and dynamic simulation studies. Life Sci 2023; 334:122181. [PMID: 37858717 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-apoptotic protein B-Cell Lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) is a key target for the development of anti-cancer agents, as its overexpression can render cancer cells resistant to chemotherapeutic treatments. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The current study has systematically evaluated a library of FDA-approved drugs for Bcl-2 inhibition using a drug repurposing strategy via in vitro, biophysical, and in-silico techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro anticancer activity was performed, followed by apoptosis assay. The selected compounds were subjected to Saturation Transfer Difference Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (STD-NMR) spectroscopy, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation for ligand-protein interactions. KEY FINDINGS In the initial screening, seventy-five (75) drugs were evaluated against the HL-60 (human blood promyelocytic leukemia) cancer cell line. Among them, paroxetine HCl, carvedilol, clomipramine HCl, and clomifene citrate showed significant anti-proliferative activity (IC50 = 9.733 ± 0.524, 11.940 ± 0.079, 12.376 ± 1.242, and 6.155 ± 0.363 μM, respectively), in comparison to the reference drug venetoclax (IC50 = 7.086 ± 0.041 μM). This indicated that the test drugs have comparable IC50 values to the standard drug. Furthermore, the drugs were able to induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells. These drugs showed interactions with Bcl-2 protein in STD-NMR analysis. Docking and MD simulation studies further supported the interaction of these drugs with Bcl-2 protein, mainly via hydrophobic contacts leading to stable drug-Bcl-2 complexes. SIGNIFICANCE This study, identifies paroxetine HCl, carvedilol, clomipramine HCl, and clomifene citrate as significant Bcl-2 inhibitors and needs further pre-clinical and clinical studies for potential anti-cancer agents' evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Rahman
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Zafar
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Atia-Tul-Wahab
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sumbla Sheikh
- Institut für Virologie und Epidemiologie der Viruskrankheiten, University of Tubingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Almas Jabeen
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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4
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Bizerra PFV, Itou da Silva FS, Gilglioni EH, Nanami LF, Klosowski EM, de Souza BTL, Raimundo AFG, Paulino Dos Santos KB, Mewes JM, Constantin RP, Mito MS, Ishii-Iwamoto EL, Constantin J, Mingatto FE, Esquissato GNM, Marchiosi R, Dos Santos WD, Ferrarese-Filho O, Constantin RP. The harmful acute effects of clomipramine in the rat liver: impairments in mitochondrial bioenergetics. Toxicol Lett 2023:S0378-4274(23)00184-4. [PMID: 37217012 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clomipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant used to treat depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder, has been linked to a few cases of acute hepatotoxicity. It is also recognized as a compound that hinders the functioning of mitochondria. Hence, the effects of clomipramine on mitochondria should endanger processes that are somewhat connected to energy metabolism in the liver. For this reason, the primary aim of this study was to examine how the effects of clomipramine on mitochondrial functions manifest in the intact liver. For this purpose, we used the isolated perfused rat liver, but also isolated hepatocytes and isolated mitochondria as experimental systems. According to the findings, clomipramine harmed metabolic processes and the cellular structure of the liver, especially the membrane structure. The considerable decrease in oxygen consumption in perfused livers strongly suggested that the mechanism of clomipramine toxicity involves the disruption of mitochondrial functions. Coherently, it could be observed that clomipramine inhibited both gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis, two processes that rely on ATP production within the mitochondria. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations for gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis ranged from 36.87μM to 59.64μM. The levels of ATP as well as the ATP/ADP and ATP/AMP ratios were reduced, but distinctly, between the livers of fasted and fed rats. The results obtained from experiments conducted on isolated hepatocytes and isolated mitochondria unambiguously confirmed previous propositions about the effects of clomipramine on mitochondrial functions. These findings revealed at least three distinct mechanisms of action, including uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibition of the FoF1-ATP synthase complex, and inhibition of mitochondrial electron flow. The elevation in activity of cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes detected in the effluent perfusate from perfused livers, coupled with the increase in aminotransferase release and trypan blue uptake observed in isolated hepatocytes, provided further evidence of the hepatotoxicity of clomipramine. It can be concluded that impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics and cellular damage are important factors underlying the hepatotoxicity of clomipramine and that taking excessive amounts of clomipramine can lead to several risks including decreased ATP production, severe hypoglycemia, and potentially fatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Francisco Veiga Bizerra
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Sayuri Itou da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Hideo Gilglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Fernanda Nanami
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Makiyama Klosowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Byanca Thais Lima de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Ana Flávia Gatto Raimundo
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Karina Borba Paulino Dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Moraes Mewes
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Renato Polimeni Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Márcio Shigueaki Mito
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Emy Luiza Ishii-Iwamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Jorgete Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Ermínio Mingatto
- Laboratory of Metabolic and Toxicological Biochemistry, São Paulo State University, Dracena 17900-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Wanderley Dantas Dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Osvaldo Ferrarese-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Polimeni Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biological Oxidations, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Paraná, Brazil.
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5
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Zheng Y, Chang X, Huang Y, He D. The application of antidepressant drugs in cancer treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:113985. [PMID: 36402031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antidepressants refer to psychotropic drugs which are used to treat mental illness with prominent emotional depression symptoms. It was reported that antidepressants had associated with anti-carcinogenic function which was associated with various signaling pathways and changing of microenvironment. Its mechanism includes cell apoptosis, antiproliferative effects, mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress, DNA damaging, changing of immune response and inflammatory conditions, and acting by inhibiting multidrug resistance of cancer cells. Accumulated studies showed that antidepressants influenced the metabolic pathway of tumor cells. This review summarized recent developments with the impacts and mechanisms of 10 kinds of antidepressants in carcinostasis. Antidepressants are also used in combination therapy with typical anti-tumor drugs which shows a synergic effect in anti-tumor. By contrast, the promotion roles of antidepressants in increasing cancer recurrence risk, mortality, and morbidity are also included. Further clinical experiments and mechanism analyses needed to be achieved. A full understanding of the underlying mechanisms of antidepressants-mediated anticarcinogenic effects may provide new clues for cancer prevention and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxi Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China; Medical Collage of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Xu Chang
- Medical Collage of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Yuyang Huang
- Medical Collage of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Dingwen He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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6
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Song Y, Yang X, Yu B. Repurposing antidepressants for anticancer drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:1924-1935. [PMID: 34728374 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is an attractive strategy for identifying new indications for existing drugs. Three approved antidepressants have advanced into clinical trials for cancer therapy. In particular, further medicinal chemistry efforts with tranylcypromine (TCP) have led to the discovery of several TCP-based histone lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitors that display therapeutic promise for treating cancer in the clinic. Thus repurposing antidepressants could be a promising strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, we illustrate the anticancer mechanisms of action of antidepressants and also discuss the challenges and future directions of repurposing antidepressants for anticancer drug discovery, to provide an overview of approved antidepressant cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Xiaoke Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China.
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7
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Galkina SI, Golenkina EA, Fedorova NV, Ksenofontov AL, Serebryakova MV, Arifulin EA, Stadnichuk VI, Baratova LA, Sud'ina GF. Inhibition of Neutrophil Secretion Upon Adhesion as a Basis for the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of the Tricyclic Antidepressant Imipramine. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:709719. [PMID: 34421605 PMCID: PMC8375473 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.709719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate the involvement of inflammatory processes in the development of depression and the anti-inflammatory effects of antidepressants. Infiltration and adhesion of neutrophils to nerve tissues and their aggressive secretion are considered as possible causes of inflammatory processes in depression. We studied the effect of the antidepressant imipramine on the adhesion and accompanied secretion of neutrophils under control conditions and in the presence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). As a model of integrin-dependent neutrophil infiltration into tissues, we used integrin-dependent adhesion of neutrophils to the fibronectin-coated substrate. Imipramine inhibited neutrophil adhesion and concomitant secretion of proteins, including matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), which modify the extracellular matrix and basement membranes required for cell migration. Imipramine also significantly and selectively blocked the release of the free amino acid hydroxylysine, a product of lysyl hydroxylase, an enzyme that affects the organization of the extracellular matrix by modifying collagen lysine residues. In contrast, imipramine enhanced the release of ROS by neutrophils during adhesion to fibronectin and stimulated apoptosis. The anti-inflammatory effect of imipramine may be associated with the suppression of neutrophil infiltration and their adhesion to nerve tissues by inhibiting the secretion of neutrophils, which provides these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana I Galkina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Golenkina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Fedorova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L Ksenofontov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Serebryakova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenii A Arifulin
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ludmila A Baratova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina F Sud'ina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Abadi B, Shahsavani Y, Faramarzpour M, Rezaei N, Rahimi HR. Antidepressants with anti-tumor potential in treating glioblastoma: A narrative review. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 36:35-48. [PMID: 34212424 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is known as the deadliest form of brain tumor. In addition, its high treatment resistance, heterogeneity, and invasiveness make it one of the most challenging tumors. Depression is a common psychological disorder among patients with cancer, especially GBM. Due to the high occurrence rates of depression in GBM patients and the overlap of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases, finding antidepressants with antitumor effects could be considered as an affordable strategy for the treatment of GBM. Antidepressants exert their antitumor properties through different mechanisms. According to available evidence in this regard, some of them can eliminate the adverse effects resulting from chemo-radiotherapy in several cancers along with their synergistic effects caused by chemotherapy. Therefore, providing comprehensive insight into this issue would guide scientists and physicians in developing further preclinical studies and clinical trials, in order to evaluate antidepressants' antitumor potential. Considering that no narrative review has been recently published on this issue, specifically on these classes of drugs, we present this article with the purpose of describing the antitumor cellular mechanisms of three classes of antidepressants as follows: tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafshe Abadi
- Brain Cancer Research Core (BCRC), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Yasamin Shahsavani
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahsa Faramarzpour
- Brain Cancer Research Core (BCRC), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Medical Faculty, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid-Reza Rahimi
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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9
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Liu F, Dong YY, Lei G, Zhou Y, Liu P, Dang YH. HINT1 Is Involved in the Chronic Mild Stress Elicited Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Through the PKC ε/ALDH-2/4HNE Pathway in Prefrontal Cortex of Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:690344. [PMID: 34177485 PMCID: PMC8219906 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.690344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe, highly heterogeneous, and life-threatening psychiatric disease which affects up to 21% of the population worldwide. A new hypothesis suggests that the mitochondrial dysfunction causing oxidative stress (OS) and dysregulation of apoptosis in brain might be one of the key pathophysiological factors in MDD. Histidine triad nucleotide binding protein 1 (HINT1), which was first supposed to be protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, has been gradually demonstrated to be involved in diverse neuropsychiatric diseases. It still remains elusive that how HINT1 involves in depression. The present study utilized a rat model exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS) to explore the involvement of HINT1 in depression. Face validity, construct validity and predictive validity of CMS model were comprehensive evaluated in this study. Behavioral tests including sucrose preference test, open field test, and elevated plus maze and forced swimming test revealed that stressed rats displayed elevated level of anxiety and depression compared with the controls. CMS rats showed a significant decrease of superoxide dismutase, and a marked increase malondialdehyde levels in prefrontal cortex (PFC). We also found the CMS rats had elevated expression of HINT1, decreased levels of phosphorylated-PKC ε and aldehyde dehydrogenase-two (ALDH-2), and accumulated 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE) in PFC. Moreover, CMS increased the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, and decreased the level of Bcl-2 in PFC. The alterations in behavior and molecule were prevented by antidepressant venlafaxine. These results demonstrated that HINT1 was involved in the CMS elicited OS and apoptosis in PFC, probably through the PKC ε/ALDH-2/4HNE pathway. The results suggest that the suppression of HINT1 might have potential as a novel therapeutic strategy for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying-Ying Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Lei
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong-Hui Dang
- College of Medicine & Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
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10
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Lee MJ, Huang CW, Chen YL, Yang YH, Chen VCH. Association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and kidney cancer risk: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Int J Cancer 2020; 148:1331-1337. [PMID: 32965039 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) exposure and cancer incidence has been investigated; however, no epidemiological study has investigated the association between exposure to individual SSRIs and kidney cancer incidence. The aim of this study is to examine whether SSRI use affected the risk of kidney cancer. We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. After adjusting for sex, age, urbanization level, comorbidity and medication use through propensity score matching, we identified 222 024 SSRI users and 221 361 SSRI nonusers. A robust Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the associations between use of individual SSRIs and the risk of kidney cancer with 1- and 2-year induction periods. The result showed that SSRI users tended to be associated with a lower risk of kidney cancer with a 2-year induction period than nonusers; however, the association was not statistically significant (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR] = 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77-1.01). We further examined the effects of individual SSRIs and observed a significantly lower risk of kidney cancer associated with the use of citalopram (aHR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.47-0.96) and paroxetine (aHR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.58-0.97) with the 2-year induction period. These findings support that SSRIs are associated with decreased kidney cancer risk and indicate that citalopram and paroxetine have protective effects in depressed patients with kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jing Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lung Chen
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Chin-Hung Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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11
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Capatina AL, Lagos D, Brackenbury WJ. Targeting Ion Channels for Cancer Treatment: Current Progress and Future Challenges. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:1-43. [PMID: 32865696 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels are key regulators of cancer cell pathophysiology. They contribute to a variety of processes such as maintenance of cellular osmolarity and membrane potential, motility (via interactions with the cytoskeleton), invasion, signal transduction, transcriptional activity and cell cycle progression, leading to tumour progression and metastasis. Ion channels thus represent promising targets for cancer therapy. Ion channels are attractive targets because many of them are expressed at the plasma membrane and a broad range of existing inhibitors are already in clinical use for other indications. However, many of the ion channels identified in cancer cells are also active in healthy normal cells, so there is a risk that certain blockers may have off-target effects on normal physiological function. This review describes recent research advances into ion channel inhibitors as anticancer therapeutics. A growing body of evidence suggests that a range of existing and novel Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl- channel inhibitors may be effective for suppressing cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as enhancing apoptosis, leading to suppression of tumour growth and metastasis, either alone or in combination with standard-of-care therapies. The majority of evidence to date is based on preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, although there are several examples of ion channel-targeting strategies now reaching early phase clinical trials. Given the strong links between ion channel function and regulation of tumour growth, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance, it is likely that further work in this area will facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches which will reach the clinic in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitris Lagos
- Hull York Medical School, York, UK
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
| | - William J Brackenbury
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK.
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12
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Solek P, Koszla O, Mytych J, Badura J, Chelminiak Z, Cuprys M, Fraczek J, Tabecka-Lonczynska A, Koziorowski M. Neuronal life or death linked to depression treatment: the interplay between drugs and their stress-related outcomes relate to single or combined drug therapies. Apoptosis 2020; 24:773-784. [PMID: 31278507 PMCID: PMC6711955 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01557-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a serious medical condition, typically treated by antidepressants. Conventional monotherapy can be effective only in 60–80% of patients, thus modern psychiatry deals with the challenge of new methods development. At the same moment, interactions between antidepressants and the occurrence of potential side effects raise serious concerns, which are even more exacerbated by the lack of relevant data on exact molecular mechanisms. Therefore, the aims of the study were to provide up-to-date information on the relative mechanisms of action of single antidepressants and their combinations. In this study, we evaluated the effect of single and combined antidepressants administration on mouse hippocampal neurons after 48 and 96 h in terms of cellular and biochemical features in vitro. We show for the first time that co-treatment with amitriptyline/imipramine + fluoxetine initiates in cells adaptation mechanisms which allow cells to adjust to stress and finally exerts less toxic events than in cells treated with single antidepressants. Antidepressants treatment induces in neuronal cells oxidative and nitrosative stress, which leads to micronuclei and double-strand DNA brakes formation. At this point, two different mechanistic events are initiated in cells treated with single and combined antidepressants. Single antidepressants (amitriptyline, imipramine or fluoxetine) activate cell cycle arrest resulting in proliferation inhibition. On the other hand, treatment with combined antidepressants (amitriptyline/imipramine + fluoxetine) initiates p16-dependent cell cycle arrest, overexpression of telomere maintenance proteins and finally restoration of proliferation. In conclusion, our findings may pave the way to better understanding of the stress-related effects on neurons associated with mono- and combined therapy with antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Solek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland.
| | - Oliwia Koszla
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland.,Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jennifer Mytych
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Joanna Badura
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Zaneta Chelminiak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Magdalena Cuprys
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Anna Tabecka-Lonczynska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
| | - Marek Koziorowski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland
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13
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Armando RG, Gómez DLM, Gomez DE. New drugs are not enough‑drug repositioning in oncology: An update. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:651-684. [PMID: 32124955 PMCID: PMC7010222 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.4966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning refers to the concept of discovering novel clinical benefits of drugs that are already known for use treating other diseases. The advantages of this are that several important drug characteristics are already established (including efficacy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity), making the process of research for a putative drug quicker and less costly. Drug repositioning in oncology has received extensive focus. The present review summarizes the most prominent examples of drug repositioning for the treatment of cancer, taking into consideration their primary use, proposed anticancer mechanisms and current development status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Gabriela Armando
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Bernal B1876, Argentina
| | - Diego Luis Mengual Gómez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Bernal B1876, Argentina
| | - Daniel Eduardo Gomez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Science and Technology Department, National University of Quilmes, Bernal B1876, Argentina
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14
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Byrne AJ, Bright SA, McKeown JP, O’Brien JE, Twamley B, Fayne D, Williams DC, Meegan MJ. Design, Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation of Novel Ethanoanthracenes and Related Compounds to Target Burkitt's Lymphoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13010016. [PMID: 31963567 PMCID: PMC7168933 DOI: 10.3390/ph13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas (cancers of the lymphatic system) account for 12% of malignant diseases worldwide. Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) is a rare form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in which the cancer starts in the immune B-cells. We report the synthesis and preliminary studies on the antiproliferative activity of a library of 9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene based compounds structurally related to the antidepressant drug maprotiline against BL cell lines MUTU-1 and DG-75. Structural modifications were achieved by Diels-Alder reaction of the core 9-(2-nitrovinyl)anthracene with number of dienophiles including maleic anhydride, maleimides, acrylonitrile and benzyne. The antiproliferative activity of these compounds was evaluated in BL cell lines EBV− MUTU-1 and EBV+ DG-75 (chemoresistant). The most potent compounds 13j, 15, 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d and 19a displayed IC50 values in the range 0.17–0.38 μM against the BL cell line EBV− MUTU-1 and IC50 values in the range 0.45–0.78 μM against the chemoresistant BL cell line EBV+ DG-75. Compounds 15, 16b and 16c demonstrated potent ROS dependent apoptotic effects on the BL cell lines which were superior to the control drug taxol and showed minimal cytotoxicity to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The results suggest that this class of compounds merits further investigation as antiproliferative agents for BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Byrne
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (A.J.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Sandra A. Bright
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (S.A.B.); (D.F.); (D.C.W.)
| | - James P. McKeown
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (A.J.B.); (J.P.M.)
| | - John E. O’Brien
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (J.E.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (J.E.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Darren Fayne
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (S.A.B.); (D.F.); (D.C.W.)
| | - D. Clive Williams
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (S.A.B.); (D.F.); (D.C.W.)
| | - Mary J. Meegan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse St, Dublin 2, D02 R590, Ireland; (A.J.B.); (J.P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-896-2798; Fax: +353-1-8962793
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15
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Repurposing old drugs as new inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway for cancer treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 68:105-122. [PMID: 31883910 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a central role in the degradation of cellular proteins. Targeting protein degradation has been validated as an effective strategy for cancer therapy since 2003. Several components of the UPS have been validated as potential anticancer targets, including 20S proteasomes, 19S proteasome-associated deubiquitinases (DUBs) and ubiquitin ligases (E3s). 20S proteasome inhibitors (such as bortezomib/BTZ and carfilzomib/CFZ) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and some other liquid tumors. Although survival of MM patients has been improved by the introduction of BTZ-based therapies, these clinical 20S proteasome inhibitors have several limitations, including emergence of resistance in MM patients, neuro-toxicities, and little efficacy in solid tumors. One of strategies to improve the current status of cancer treatment is to repurpose old drugs with UPS-inhibitory properties as new anticancer agents. Old drug reposition represents an attractive drug discovery approach compared to the traditional de novo drug discovery process which is time-consuming and costly. In this review, we summarize status of repurposed inhibitors of various UPS components, including 20S proteasomes, 19S-associated DUBs, and ubiquitin ligase E3s. The original and new mechanisms of action, molecular targets, and potential anticancer activities of these repurposed UPS inhibitors are reviewed, and their new uses including combinational therapies for cancer treatment are discussed.
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16
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Barlaz Us S, Sogut F, Yildirim M, Yetkin D, Yalin S, Yilmaz SN, Comelekoglu U. Effect of Imipramine on radiosensitivity of Prostate Cancer: An In Vitro Study. Cancer Invest 2019; 37:489-500. [PMID: 31496302 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2019.1662434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer and leading cause of cancer death for males. Imipramine (IMI), which is a tricyclic antidepressant, has also been shown to has antineoplastic effect. This study was performed to investigate the radiosensitizing effect of IMI on DU145 prostate cancer cell. Cells were divided into 4 groups. Cell index, apoptotic activity, cell cycle arrest, oxidative stress and EAG1 channel currents were determined in all groups. Our findings showed that combined treatment with IMI and radiotherapy (RAD) did not enhance radiosensitivity of DU145 cells but as unexpected finding, treatment of IMI alone was more effective in DU145 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songul Barlaz Us
- Department of Radiation Oncology Mersin-Turkey, School of Medicine, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Fatma Sogut
- Department of Perfusion Technology, Vocational School of Medical Services, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Metin Yildirim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Derya Yetkin
- Institute of Advanced Technology Research and Application, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Serap Yalin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Sakir Necat Yilmaz
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Ulku Comelekoglu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
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17
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Emerging therapeutic potential of anti-psychotic drugs in the management of human glioma: A comprehensive review. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3952-3977. [PMID: 31231472 PMCID: PMC6570463 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous advancements in the last decade, human gliomas such as astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme have the worst prognoses among all cancers. Anti-psychotic drugs are commonly prescribed to treat mental disorders among cancer patients, and growing empirical evidence has revealed their antitumor, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferative, chemo-preventive, and neo-adjuvant efficacies in various in vitro, in vivo, and clinical glioma models. Anti-psychotic drugs have drawn the attention of physicians and researchers owing to their beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of gliomas. This review highlights data on the therapeutic potential of various anti-psychotic drugs as anti-proliferative, chemopreventive, and anti-angiogenic agents in various glioma models via the modulation of upstream and downstream molecular targets involved in apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, inflammation, and the cell cycle in in vitro and in vivo preclinical and clinical stages among glioma patients. The ability of anti-psychotic drugs to modulate various signaling pathways and multidrug resistance-conferring proteins that enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs with low side-effects exemplifies their great potential as neo-adjuvants and potential chemotherapeutics in single or multimodal treatment approach. Moreover, anti-psychotic drugs confer the ability to induce glioma into oligodendrocyte-like cells and neuronal-like phenotype cells with reversal of epigenetic alterations through inhibition of histone deacetylase further rationalize their use in glioma treatment. The improved understanding of anti-psychotic drugs as potential chemotherapeutic drugs or as neo-adjuvants will provide better information for their use globally as affordable, well-tolerated, and effective anticancer agents for human glioma.
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18
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Rein T. Is Autophagy Involved in the Diverse Effects of Antidepressants? Cells 2019; 8:E44. [PMID: 30642024 PMCID: PMC6356221 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has received increased attention as a conserved process governing cellular energy and protein homeostasis that is thus relevant in a range of physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Recently, autophagy has also been linked to depression, mainly through its involvement in the action of antidepressants. Some antidepressant drugs and psychotropic medication have been reported to exert beneficial effects in other diseases, for example, in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. This review collates the evidence for the hypothesis that autophagy contributes to the effects of antidepressants beyond depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Rein
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany.
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19
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Shen W, Chang SC. Antidepressant therapy in patients with cancer: A clinical review. TAIWANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/tpsy.tpsy_3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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20
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D’Arcy M, Stürmer T, Lund JL. The importance and implications of comparator selection in pharmacoepidemiologic research. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2018; 5:272-283. [PMID: 30666285 PMCID: PMC6338470 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-018-0155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pharmacoepidemiologic studies employing large databases are critical to evaluating the effectiveness and safety of drug exposures in large and diverse populations. Because treatment is not randomized, researchers must select a relevant comparison group for the treatment of interest. The comparator group can consist of individuals initiating: (1) a similarly indicated treatment (active comparator), (2) a treatment used for a different indication (inactive comparator) or (3) no particular treatment (non-initiators). Herein we review recent literature and describe considerations and implications of comparator selection in pharmacoepidemiologic studies. RECENT FINDINGS Comparator selection depends on the scientific question and feasibility constraints. Because pharmacoepidemiologic studies rely on the choice to initiate or not initiate a specific treatment, rather than randomization, they are at-risk for confounding related to the comparator choice including: by indication, disease severity and frailty. We describe forms of confounding specific to pharmacoepidemiologic studies and discuss each comparator along with informative examples and a case study. We provide commentary on potential issues relevant to comparator selection in each study, highlighting the importance of understanding the population in whom the treatment is given and how patient characteristics are associated with the outcome. SUMMARY Advanced statistical techniques may be insufficient for reducing confounding in observational studies. Evaluating the extent to which comparator selection may mitigate or induce systematic bias is a critical component of pharmacoepidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D’Arcy
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Til Stürmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jennifer L. Lund
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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21
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Huo YL, Qiao JM, Gao S. Association between antidepressant medication use and epithelial ovarian cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:649-658. [PMID: 29292523 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this paper is to clarify the inconsistent findings in the association between antidepressant use and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). METHODS This study is a meta-analysis of observational studies retrieved from the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases prior to August 15, 2017. Two researchers independently screened studies and extracted study characteristics and risk estimates. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of EOC risk were summarized using an inverse variance weighted random-effects model. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed with the I2 statistic. RESULTS Eight case-control studies involving 7878 EOC cases and 73 913 controls were identified. Compared with non-use, use of antidepressants was not significantly associated with EOC risk (summarized OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.91-1.32, I2 = 74.4%). Similar null results were also observed in the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.80-1.35), tricyclic antidepressants (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.79-1.30), and other antidepressant drugs (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.74-1.12). Subgroup analyses of study characteristics, stratified by the type of control subjects, geographic location, exposure assessment, number of cases, and adjustment for potential confounders, showed that the ORs were broadly consistent across strata. The OR per 1 year-increment of duration was 0.99 (95% CI = 0.94-1.05, I2 = 40.0%, P = 0.154). Additionally, the OR for the greatest intensity of antidepressant use compared with never use was 0.82 (95% CI = 0.70-0.98, I2 = 0%, P = 0.489). Furthermore, no evidence of publication bias was detected through Funnel plots as well as Egger's and Begg's tests. CONCLUSIONS There is no association between antidepressant use and EOC risk. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Long Huo
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Ming Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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22
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Sawai H. Desipramine-induced lysosomal vacuolization is independent of autophagy. Cell Biol Int 2017; 42:248-253. [PMID: 29068103 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Desipramine, a commonly used antidepressant drug, induced cytosolic vacuolization in L929 cells. The level of LC3-II was elevated and that of p62 was reduced in desipramine-treated L929 cells, indicating the induction of autophagy by desipramine. Surprisingly, massive vacuolization was observed in desipramine-treated L929 cells in the presence of LY294002, an inhibitor of autophagy. On the other hand, bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of vacuolar type H+ ATPase, almost completely inhibited vacuolization in desipramine- or desipramine/LY294002-treated L929 cells. Furthermore, desipramine-induced vacuolization was observed in autophagy-deficient Atg7-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as well as wild-type Atg7+/+ MEFs. These results demonstrate that desipramine-induced lysosomal vacuolization is independent of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Sawai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1121, Japan
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23
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Mørch LS, Dehlendorff C, Baandrup L, Friis S, Kjaer SK. Use of antidepressants and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:2197-2203. [PMID: 28791695 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants are widely prescribed among women to treat depression and anxiety disorders, but studies of their effects on gynecological cancer risk are sparse. We assessed associations between various antidepressants and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. By using Danish nationwide registers, we identified all women (cases) aged 30-84 years with incident epithelial (serous, endometrioid, clear cell or mucinous) ovarian cancer during 2000-2011 (n = 4,103) and matched each case to 20 population controls (n = 58,706) by risk-set matching. Data on drug use (including tricyclic and related antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, other antidepressants, and potential confounder drugs), medical and reproductive history and socioeconomic parameters, were obtained from nationwide registries. We used conditional logistic regression models to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and two-sided 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for epithelial ovarian cancer associated with antidepressive drug use. Compared with non-use, use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors was associated with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74-0.96), whereas the associations for other antidepressants were close to unity [tricyclic and related antidepressants: OR, 0.99 (95% CI, 0.78-1.26); other antidepressants: OR, 1.05 (95% CI, 0.76-1.46)]. For individual types of SSRI, reduced ORs were observed for citalopram OR, 0.78 (95% CI, 0.66-0.93), paroxetine 0.79 (95% CI, 0.56-1.12) and sertraline 0.80 (95% CI, 0.60-1.08). Among postmenopausal women, the inverse association was restricted to users of menopausal hormone therapy. In conclusion, use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors was associated with a decreased risk of epithelial ovarian cancer; thereby implying potential chemopreventive properties of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina S Mørch
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Dehlendorff
- Unit of Statistics and Pharmacoepidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise Baandrup
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Friis
- Unit of Statistics and Pharmacoepidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne K Kjaer
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Cancer is a major health issue worldwide, and the global burden of cancer is expected to increase in the coming years. Whereas the limited success with current therapies has driven huge investments into drug development, the average number of FDA approvals per year has declined since the 1990s. This unmet need for more effective anti-cancer drugs has sparked a growing interest for drug repurposing, i.e. using drugs already approved for other indications to treat cancer. As such, data both from pre-clinical experiments, clinical trials and observational studies have demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy for compounds within a wide range of drug classes other than cancer. Whereas some of them induce cancer cell death or suppress various aspects of cancer cell behavior in established tumors, others may prevent cancer development. Here, we provide an overview of promising candidates for drug repurposing in cancer, as well as studies describing the biological mechanisms underlying their anti-neoplastic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sleire
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hilde Elise Førde
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Inger Anne Netland
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lina Leiss
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bente Sandvei Skeie
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei, 71, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Øyvind Enger
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei, 71, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Tran NQV, Nguyen AN, Takabe K, Yamagata Z, Miyake K. Pre-treatment with amitriptyline causes epigenetic up-regulation of neuroprotection-associated genes and has anti-apoptotic effects in mouse neuronal cells. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 62:1-12. [PMID: 28511916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants, such as imipramine and fluoxetine, are known to alter gene expression patterns by inducing changes in the epigenetic status of neuronal cells. There is also some evidence for the anti-apoptotic effect of various groups of antidepressants; however, this effect is complicated and cell-type dependent. Antidepressants of the tricyclic group, in particular amitriptyline, have been suggested to be beneficial in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. We examined whether amitriptyline exerts an anti-apoptotic effect via epigenetic mechanisms. Using DNA microarray, we analyzed global gene expression in mouse primary cultured neocortical neurons after treatment with amitriptyline and imipramine. The neuroprotection-associated genes, activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3) and heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1), were up-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels by treatment with amitriptyline. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that amitriptyline increased enrichments of trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 in the promoter regions of Atf3 and Hmox1 and acetylation of histone H3 lysine 9 in the promoter regions of Atf3, which indicate an active epigenetic status. Amitriptyline pre-treatment attenuated 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)- or amyloid β peptide 1-42 (Aβ1-42)-induced neuronal cell death and inhibited the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). We found that Atf3 and Hmox1 were also up-regulated after Aβ1-42 treatment, and were further increased when pre-treated with amitriptyline. Interestingly, the highest up-regulation of Atf3 and Hmox1, at least at mRNA level, was observed after co-treatment with Aβ1-42 and amitriptyline, together with the loss of the neuroprotective effect. These findings suggest preconditioning and neuroprotective effects of amitriptyline; however, further investigations are needed for clarifying the contribution of epigenetic up-regulation of Atf3 and Hmox1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quoc Vuong Tran
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - An Nghia Nguyen
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takabe
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Zentaro Yamagata
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kunio Miyake
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 1110, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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Yuan SY, Cheng CL, Wang SS, Ho HC, Chiu KY, Chen CS, Chen CC, Shiau MY, Ou YC. Escin induces apoptosis in human renal cancer cells through G2/M arrest and reactive oxygen species-modulated mitochondrial pathways. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1002-1010. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ahmadian E, Eftekhari A, Fard JK, Babaei H, Nayebi AM, Mohammadnejad D, Eghbal MA. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the mechanisms of citalopram-induced hepatotoxicity. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 40:1296-1313. [PMID: 27271269 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Even though citalopram is commonly used in psychiatry, there are several reports on its toxic effects. So, the current study was designed to elucidate the mechanisms of cytotoxic effects of in vitro and in vivo citalopram treatment on liver and the following cytolethal events. For in vitro experiments, freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were exposed to citalopram along with/without various agents. To do in vivo studies liver function enzyme assays and histological examination were performed. In the in vitro experiments, citalopram (500 µM) exposure demonstrated cell death, a marked elevation in ROS formation, mitochondrial potential collapse, lysosomal membrane leakiness, glutathione (GSH) depletion and lipid peroxidation. In vivo biochemistry panel assays for liver enzymes function (AST, ALT and GGTP) and histological examination confirmed citalopram (20 mg/kg)-induced damage. citalopram-induced oxidative stress cytotoxicity markers were significantly prevented by antioxidants, ROS scavengers, MPT pore sealing agents, endocytosis inhibitors, ATP generators and CYP inhibitors. Either enzyme induction or GSH depletion were concomitant with augmented citalopram-induced damage both in vivo and in vitro which were considerably ameliorated with antioxidants and CYP inhibitors. In conclusion, it is suggested that citalopram hepatotoxicity might be a result of oxidative hazard leading to mitochondrial/lysosomal toxic connection and disorders in biochemical markers which were supported by histomorphological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ahmadian
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Postal Code 51664-14766, Tabriz, Iran.,Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Postal Code 51664-14766, Tabriz, Iran.,Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Khalili Fard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Postal Code 51664-14766, Tabriz, Iran.,Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Babaei
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Postal Code 51664-14766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohajjel Nayebi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Postal Code 51664-14766, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Ali Eghbal
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Postal Code 51664-14766, Tabriz, Iran.
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Repositioning of drugs for intervention in tumor progression and metastasis: Old drugs for new targets. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 26:10-27. [PMID: 27180307 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing unraveling of the molecular basis of cancer offers manifold novel options for intervention strategies. However, the discovery and development of new drugs for potential clinical applications is a tremendously time-consuming and costly process. Translating a novel lead candidate compound into an approved clinical drug takes often more than a decade, and the success rate is very low due to versatile efforts including defining its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, side effects as well as lack of sufficient efficacy. Thus, strategies are needed to minimize time and costs, while maximizing success rates. A very attractive strategy for novel cancer therapeutic options is the repositioning of already approved drugs. These medicines, approved for the treatment of non-malignant disorders, have already passed some early costs and time, have been tested in humans and are ready for clinical trials as anti-cancer drugs. Here we discuss the repositioning of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), statins, anti-psychotic drugs, anti-helminthic drugs and vitamin D as anti-tumor agents. We focus on their novel actions and potential for inhibition of cancer growth and metastasis by interfering with target molecules and pathways, which drive these malignant processes. Furthermore, important pre-clinical and clinical data are reviewed herein, which elucidate their therapeutic mechanisms which enable their repositioning for cancer therapy and disruption of metastasis.
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Martínez R, Stühmer W, Martin S, Schell J, Reichmann A, Rohde V, Pardo L. Analysis of the expression of Kv10.1 potassium channel in patients with brain metastases and glioblastoma multiforme: impact on survival. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:839. [PMID: 26530050 PMCID: PMC4632660 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kv10.1, a voltage-gated potassium channel only detected in the healthy brain, was found to be aberrantly expressed in extracerebral cancers. Investigations of Kv10.1 in brain metastasis and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are lacking. Methods We analyzed the expression of Kv10.1 by immunohistochemistry in these brain tumors (75 metastasis from different primary tumors, 71 GBM patients) and the influence of a therapy with tricyclic antidepressants (which are Kv10.1 blockers) on survival. We also investigated Kv10.1 expression in the corresponding primary carcinomas of metastases patients. Results We observed positive Kv10.1 expression in 85.3 % of the brain metastases and in 77.5 % of GBMs. Patients with brain metastases, showing low Kv10.1 expression, had a significantly longer overall survival compared to those patients with high Kv10.1 expression. Metastases patients displaying low Kv10.1 expression and also receiving tricyclic antidepressants showed a significantly longer median overall survival as compared to untreated patients. Conclusions Our data show that Kv10.1 is not only highly expressed in malignant tumors outside CNS, but also in the most frequent cerebral cancer entities, metastasis and GBM, which remain incurable in spite of aggressive multimodal therapies. Our results extend the correlation between dismal prognosis and Kv10.1 expression to patients with brain metastases or GBMs and, moreover, they strongly suggest a role of tricyclic antidepressants for personalized therapy of brain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Martínez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen, 37075, Germany.
| | - Walter Stühmer
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Goettingen, 37075, Germany.
| | - Sabine Martin
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Goettingen, 37075, Germany.
| | - Julian Schell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen, 37075, Germany.
| | - Andrea Reichmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen, 37075, Germany.
| | - Veit Rohde
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Goettingen, 37075, Germany.
| | - Luis Pardo
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max-Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, Goettingen, 37075, Germany.
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Nortriptyline induces mitochondria and death receptor-mediated apoptosis in bladder cancer cells and inhibits bladder tumor growth in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:309-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Gobin V, Van Steendam K, Denys D, Deforce D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as a novel class of immunosuppressants. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:148-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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McNamara Y, Bright S, Byrne A, Cloonan S, McCabe T, Williams D, Meegan M. Synthesis and antiproliferative action of a novel series of maprotiline analogues. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 71:333-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Schmandke A, Schmandke A, Pietro MA, Schwab ME. An open source based high content screening method for cell biology laboratories investigating cell spreading and adhesion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78212. [PMID: 24205161 PMCID: PMC3804740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adhesion dependent mechanisms are increasingly recognized to be important for a wide range of biological processes, diseases and therapeutics. This has led to a rising demand of pharmaceutical modulators. However, most currently available adhesion assays are time consuming and/or lack sensitivity and reproducibility or depend on specialized and expensive equipment often only available at screening facilities. Thus, rapid and economical high-content screening approaches are urgently needed. RESULTS We established a fully open source high-content screening method for identifying modulators of adhesion. We successfully used this method to detect small molecules that are able to influence cell adhesion and cell spreading of Swiss-3T3 fibroblasts in general and/or specifically counteract Nogo-A-Δ20-induced inhibition of adhesion and cell spreading. The tricyclic anti-depressant clomipramine hydrochloride was shown to not only inhibit Nogo-A-Δ20-induced cell spreading inhibition in 3T3 fibroblasts but also to promote growth and counteract neurite outgrowth inhibition in highly purified primary neurons isolated from rat cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS We have developed and validated a high content screening approach that can be used in any ordinarily equipped cell biology laboratory employing exclusively freely available open-source software in order to find novel modulators of adhesion and cell spreading. The versatility and adjustability of the whole screening method will enable not only centers specialized in high-throughput screens but most importantly also labs not routinely employing screens in their daily work routine to investigate the effects of a wide range of different compounds or siRNAs on adhesion and adhesion-modulating molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Schmandke
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Schmandke
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maurianne A. Pietro
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin E. Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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The tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline is cytotoxic to HTB114 human leiomyosarcoma and induces p75NTR-dependent apoptosis. Anticancer Drugs 2013; 24:899-910. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328364312f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hodge JM, Wang Y, Berk M, Collier FM, Fernandes TJ, Constable MJ, Pasco JA, Dodd S, Nicholson GC, Kennedy RL, Williams LJ. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors inhibit human osteoclast and osteoblast formation and function. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:32-9. [PMID: 23260229 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely used antidepressants and one of the most commonly used medications. There is growing concern that SSRIs, which sequester in bone marrow at higher concentrations than brain or blood, increase bone fragility and fracture risk. However, their mechanism of action on human osteoclasts (OC) and osteoblasts (OB) differentiation remains unclear. METHODS Expression of serotonin receptors (5-HTR), transporter (5-HTT), and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) was assessed in human OC (precursors and mature) and OB (nonmineralizing and mineralizing) by polymerase chain reaction. OC formation and resorption was measured in the presence of 5 SSRIs. OBs cultured with SSRIs for 28 days were assessed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone mineralization. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined by annexin V flow cytometry. RESULTS OCs and OB expressed TPH1, 5-HTT, and 5-HTR1B. The 5-HTR2A was expressed only in OB, whereas 5-HTR2B expression increased from precursor to mature OC. All SSRIs (except citalopram) dose-dependently inhibited OC formation and resorption between 1 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L; order of potency: sertraline > fluoxetine > paroxetine > fluvoxamine > citalopram. Similarly, SSRIs (except citalopram) inhibited ALP and bone mineralization by OB but only at 30 μmol/L. Apoptosis was induced by SSRIs in OC and OB in an identical pattern to inhibitory effects. Serotonin treatment had no effect on either OC or OB parameters. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that SSRIs differentially inhibit bone cell function via apoptosis. This may explain the mechanisms of bone loss with chronic use and aid clinical choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Hodge
- Barwon Biomedical Research, The Geelong Hospital, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Bright SA, Brinkø A, Larsen MT, Sinning S, Williams DC, Jensen HH. Basic N-interlinked imipramines show apoptotic activity against malignant cells including Burkitt’s lymphoma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1220-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Antidepressants: influence on cancer and immunity? Life Sci 2013; 92:525-32. [PMID: 23369745 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Two decades ago, it was hypothesized that antidepressants could alter the course of neoplastic diseases. However, contradictory findings indicated that antidepressants could either have carcinogenic properties or improve the disease outcome. Intriguingly, controversial results were reported on the action of antidepressant drugs on immune function. Further hypotheses proposed that antidepressants could indirectly affect the cancer prognosis through the modulation of antitumor activity. Here we review the literature in order to elucidate the influence of antidepressants on cancer and immunity.
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Walker AJ, Grainge M, Bates TE, Card TR. Survival of glioma and colorectal cancer patients using tricyclic antidepressants post-diagnosis. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 23:1959-64. [PMID: 23065071 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tricyclic antidepressants have been demonstrated in the laboratory to have anticancer properties. A recent study by our group also suggested a protective effect against development of colorectal cancer and glioma. This study aims to determine whether the anticancer action of tricyclics translates to improved survival in these cancers post-diagnosis. METHODS A study using the General Practice Research Database examined whether tricyclic antidepressant exposure in the months following diagnosis of glioma or colorectal cancer would affect longer term all-cause mortality. Cox proportional hazards modelling adjusted for age, gender, smoking, body mass index, comorbidity, and diagnosed depression. RESULTS A cohort of 1,364 glioma and 16,519 colorectal cancer patients were identified. There was a non-significant reduction in the hazard for glioma patients treated with tricyclics (HR = 0.83, CI = 0.53-1.30). This was mainly found in patients who were not previously exposed to tricyclics (HR = 0.56, CI = 0.26-1.18). In contrast, a significant increase in hazard was found for colorectal cancer (HR = 1.37, CI = 1.21-1.54). This was mostly in patients prescribed low-dose tricyclics (HR = 1.57, CI = 1.33-1.86). CONCLUSIONS We have shown no significant mortality reduction in colorectal cancer or glioma patients treated with tricyclics. An apparent detrimental effect observed in colorectal cancer may be related to prescription of low-dose tricyclics in the management of pain related to disseminated cancer. We cannot rule out small effects or an effect that occurs exclusively at higher doses. Blinded clinical studies may therefore be the only method of determining efficacy in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Walker
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Community Health Sciences, Nottingham City Hospital, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
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Korobkova EA, Nemeth J, Cadougan M, Venkatratnam A, Bassit M, Azar N. Reactive metabolites of desipramine and clomipramine: The kinetics of formation and reactivity with DNA. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:340-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Antidepressants stimulate hippocampal neurogenesis by inhibiting p21 expression in the subgranular zone of the hipppocampus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27290. [PMID: 22076148 PMCID: PMC3208633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships among hippocampal neurogenesis, depression and the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs have generated a considerable amount of controversy. The cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21Cip1 (p21) plays a crucial role in restraining cellular proliferation and maintaining cellular quiescence. Using in vivo and in vitro approaches the present study shows that p21 is expressed in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in early neuronal progenitors and in immature neurons, but not in mature neurons or astroglia. In vitro, proliferation is higher in neuronal progenitor cells derived from p21-/- mice compared to cells derived from wild-type mice. Proliferation is increased in neuronal progenitor cells after suppression of p21 using lentivirus expressing short hairpin RNA against p21. In vivo, chronic treatment with the non-selective antidepressant imipramine as well as the norepinephrine-selective reuptake inhibitor desipramine or the serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine all decrease p21 expression, and this was associated with increased neurogenesis. Chronic antidepressant treatment did not affect the expression of other Cdk inhibitors. Untreated p21-/- mice exhibit a higher degree of baseline neurogenesis and decreased immobility in the forced swim test. Although chronic imipramine treatment increased neurogenesis and reduced immobility in the forced swim test in wild-type mice, it reduced neurogenesis and increased immobility in p21-/- mice. These results demonstrate the unique role of p21 in the control of neurogenesis, and support the hypothesis that different classes of reuptake inhibitor-type antidepressant drugs all stimulate hippocampal neurogenesis by inhibiting p21 expression.
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Dikmen M, Cantürk Z, Oztürk Y. Escitalopram oxalate, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, exhibits cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in glioma C6 cells. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2011; 23:173-8. [PMID: 25379795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dikmen M, Cantürk Z, Öztürk Y. Escitalopram oxalate, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, exhibits cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in glioma C6 cells.Objective: Various antidepressants, mainly tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), have been reported to exhibit potent anticancer properties in different cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of escitalopram oxalate (25, 50, 100 and 200 µM) on rat C6 glioma cells.Methods: Cell proliferations were measured by [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay, apoptosis was observed by flow cytometric analysis on C6 cells.Results: Significant decreases in the proliferation of C6 glioma cells were detected depending on increases in the escitalopram concentrations and incubation periods. When compared to controls, C6 cell proliferations after 24 h incubation were determined with 97.7, 85.9, 74.5 and 67.9% for 25, 50, 100 and 200 µM escitalopram, respectively, while the cell proliferations after 48 h were established as 96.5, 68.0, 50.7 and 39.9% for 25, 50, 100 and 200 µM concentrations, respectively. IC50 value of escitalopram was able to be calculated as 106.97 µM after 48 h. Based on Annexin V-propidium iodide (PI) binding capacity for 25, 50, 100 and 200 µM escitalopram, apoptotic effects were determined as 17.0, 22.3, 12.5 and 7.8%, respectively.Conclusion: Based on our findings, escitalopram oxalate was observed to induce cytotoxic and apoptotic activities in C6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriş Dikmen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Cantürk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Oztürk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Frick LR, Rapanelli M, Arcos MLB, Cremaschi GA, Genaro AM. Oral administration of fluoxetine alters the proliferation/apoptosis balance of lymphoma cells and up-regulates T cell immunity in tumor-bearing mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 659:265-72. [PMID: 21497159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants have a controversial role with regard to their influence on cancer and immunity. Recently, we showed that fluoxetine administration induces an enhancement of the T-cell mediated immunity in naïve mice, resulting in the inhibition of tumor growth. Here we studied the effects of fluoxetine on lymphoma proliferation/apoptosis and immunity in tumor bearing-mice. We found an increase of apoptotic cells (active Caspase-3(+)) and a decrease of proliferative cells (PCNA(+)) in tumors growing in fluoxetine-treated animals. In addition, differential gene expressions of cell cycle and death markers were observed. Cyclins D3, E and B were reduced in tumors from animals treated with fluoxetine, whereas the tumor suppressor p53 and the cell cycle inhibitors p15/INK4B, p16/INK4A and p27/Kip1 were increased. Besides, the expression of the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2 and the proapoptotic factor Bad were lower and higher respectively in these animals. These changes were accompanied by increased IFN-γ and TNF-α levels as well as augmented circulating CD8(+) T lymphocytes in tumor-bearing mice treated with the antidepressant. Therefore, we propose that the up-regulation of T-cell mediated antitumor immunity may be contributing to the alterations of tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis thus resulting in the inhibition of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Romina Frick
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1° Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 Piso 15, Buenos Aires (1121), Argentina.
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Cosgrove L, Shi L, Creasey DE, Anaya-McKivergan M, Myers JA, Huybrechts KF. Antidepressants and breast and ovarian cancer risk: a review of the literature and researchers' financial associations with industry. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18210. [PMID: 21494667 PMCID: PMC3071810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antidepressant (AD) use has been purported to increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer, although both epidemiological and pre-clinical studies have reported mixed results [1]–[6]. Previous studies in a variety of biomedical fields have found that financial ties to drug companies are associated with favorable study conclusions [7]. Methods and Findings We searched English-language articles in MEDLINE, PsychINFO, the Science Citations Index and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials (through November 2010). A total of 61 articles that assessed the relationship between breast and ovarian cancer and AD use and articles that examined the effect of ADs on cell growth were included. Multi-modal screening techniques were used to investigate researchers' financial ties with industry. A random effects meta-analysis was used to pool the findings from the epidemiological literature. Thirty-three percent (20/61) of the studies reported a positive association between ADs and cancer. Sixty-seven percent (41/61) of the studies reported no association or antiproliferative effect. The pooled odds ratio for the association between AD use and breast/ovarian cancer in the epidemiologic studies was 1.11 (95% CI, 1.03–1.20). Researchers with industry affiliations were significantly less likely than researchers without those ties to conclude that ADs increase the risk of breast or ovarian cancer. (0/15 [0%] vs 20/46 [43.5%] (Fisher's Exact test P = 0.0012). Conclusions Both the pre-clinical and clinical data are mixed in terms of showing an association between AD use and breast and ovarian cancer. The possibility that ADs may exhibit a bi-phasic effect, whereby short-term use and/or low dose antidepressants may increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer, warrants further investigation. Industry affiliations were significantly associated with negative conclusions regarding cancer risk. The findings have implications in light of the 2009 USPSTF guidelines for breast cancer screening and for the informed consent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cosgrove
- The Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Mao X, Hou T, Cao B, Wang W, Li Z, Chen S, Fei M, Hurren R, Gronda M, Wu D, Trudel S, Schimmer AD. The tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline inhibits D-cyclin transactivation and induces myeloma cell apoptosis by inhibiting histone deacetylases: in vitro and in silico evidence. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 79:672-80. [PMID: 21220410 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.068122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amitriptyline is a classic tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) and has been used to treat the depression and anxiety of patients with cancer, but its relevance to cancer cell apoptosis is not known. In the present study, we demonstrated that amitriptyline inhibited cyclin D2 transactivation and displayed potential antimyeloma activity by inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs). Amitriptyline markedly decreased cyclin D2 promoter-driven luciferase activity, reduced cyclin D2 expression, and arrested cells at the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle. Amitriptyline-induced apoptosis was confirmed by Annexin V staining, and cleavage of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. D-Cyclin expression is reported to be epigenetically regulated by histone acetylation. Thus, we examined the effects of amitriptyline on histone 3 (H3) acetylation and demonstrated that amitriptyline increased acetylation of H3 and expression of p27 and p21. Further studies indicated that amitriptyline interfered with HDAC function by down-regulation of HDAC3, -6, -7, and -8, but not HDAC2, and by interacting with HDAC7. Molecular docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that amitriptyline bound to HDAC7 and formed strong van der Waals interactions with five residues of HDAC7, including Phe162, His192, Phe221, Leu293, and His326, thus inhibiting HDAC activity. Therefore, we found that amitriptyline inhibited cyclin D2 transactivation and HDAC activity and could be a promising treatment for multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Mao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Asher V, Sowter H, Shaw R, Bali A, Khan R. Eag and HERG potassium channels as novel therapeutic targets in cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2010; 8:113. [PMID: 21190577 PMCID: PMC3022597 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-8-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage gated potassium channels have been extensively studied in relation to cancer. In this review, we will focus on the role of two potassium channels, Ether à-go-go (Eag), Human ether à-go-go related gene (HERG), in cancer and their potential therapeutic utility in the treatment of cancer. Eag and HERG are expressed in cancers of various organs and have been implicated in cell cycle progression and proliferation of cancer cells. Inhibition of these channels has been shown to reduce proliferation both in vitro and vivo studies identifying potassium channel modulators as putative inhibitors of tumour progression. Eag channels in view of their restricted expression in normal tissue may emerge as novel tumour biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viren Asher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Graduate Medicine and Health, Royal Derby Hospital, Uttoxeter road, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.
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McNamara YM, Cloonan SM, Knox AJS, Keating JJ, Butler SG, Peters GH, Meegan MJ, Williams DC. Synthesis and serotonin transporter activity of 1,3-bis(aryl)-2-nitro-1-propenes as a new class of anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:1328-48. [PMID: 21227702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Structural derivatives of 4-MTA, an illegal amphetamine analogue have been previously shown to have anticancer effects in vitro. In this study we report the synthesis of a series of novel 1,3-bis(aryl)-2-nitro-1-propene derivatives related in structure to 4-MTA. A number of these compounds containing a classic nitrostyrene structure are shown to have antiproliferative activities in vitro in a range of malignant cell lines, particularly against Burkitt's lymphoma derived cell lines, whilst having no effect on 'normal' peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Such effects appear to be independent of the serotonin transporter, a high affinity target for amphetamines and independent of protein tyrosine phosphatases and tubulin dynamics both of which have been previously associated with nitrostyrene-induced cell death. We demonstrate that a number of these compounds induce caspase activation, PARP cleavage, chromatin condensation and membrane blebbing in a Burkitt's lymphoma derived cell line, consistent with these compounds inducing apoptosis in vitro. Although no specific target has yet been identified for the action of these compounds, the cell death elicited is potent, selective and worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M McNamara
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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The effects of antidepressants on mitochondrial function in a model cell system and isolated mitochondria. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:327-38. [PMID: 21120605 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro effects of antidepressant drugs on mitochondrial function were investigated in a CHOβ(2)SPAP cell line used previously to determine the effects of antidepressants on gene transcription (Abdel-Razaq et al., Biochem Pharmacol 73:1995-2003, 2007) and in rat heart isolated mitochondria. Apoptotic effects of clomipramine (CLOM), desipramine (DMI) and of norfluoxetine (NORF, the active metabolite of fluoxetine), on cellular viability were indicated by morphological changes and concentration-dependent increases in caspase-3 activity in CHO cells after 18 h exposure to CLOM, DMI and NORF. However, tianeptine (TIAN) was without effect. CLOM and NORF both reduced integrated mitochondrial function as shown by marked reductions in membrane potential (MMP) in mitochondria isolated from rat hearts. DMI also showed a similar but smaller effect, whereas, TIAN did not elicit any significant change in MMP. Moreover, micromolar concentrations of CLOM, DMI and NORF caused significant inhibitions of the activities of mitochondrial complexes (I, II/III and IV). The inhibitory effects on complex IV activity were most marked. TIAN inhibited only complex I activity at concentrations in excess of 20 μM. The observed inhibitory effects of antidepressants on the mitochondrial complexes were accompanied by a significant decrease in the mitochondrial state-3 respiration at concentrations above 10 μM. The results demonstrate that the apoptotic cell death observed in antidepressant-treated cells could be due to disruption of mitochondrial function resulting from multiple inhibition of mitochondrial enzyme complexes. The possibility that antimitochondrial actions of antidepressants could provide a potentially protective pre-conditioning effect is discussed.
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Abstract
Background: Several studies suggest links between cancer and tricyclic antidepressant use. Methods: A case–control study using the General Practice Research Database examined whether previous tricyclic usage was associated with reduced incidence of brain (with glioma as a sub-category), breast, colorectal, lung and prostate cancers. Conditional logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, general practice, depression, smoking, body mass index, alcohol use and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. Results: A total of 31 953 cancers were identified, each matched with up to two controls. We found a statistically significant reduction in tricyclic prescriptions compared with controls in glioma (odds ratio (OR) =0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.42–0.81) and colorectal cancer patients (OR=0.84, CI=0.75–0.94). These effects were dose-dependent (P-values for trend, glioma=0.0005, colorectal=0.001) and time-dependant (P-values for trend glioma=0.0005, colorectal=0.0086). The effects were cancer-type specific, with lung, breast and prostate cancers largely unaffected by antidepressant use. Conclusion: The biologically plausible, specific and dose- and time-dependant inverse association that we have found suggests that tricyclics may have potential for prevention of both colorectal cancer and glioma.
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Aitchison K, Datla K, Rooprai H, Fernando J, Dexter D. Regional distribution of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine in rat brain and peripheral organs on chronic clomipramine administration. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:1261-8. [PMID: 19553387 DOI: 10.1177/0269881109105789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) clomipramine has been widely used in psychiatry for over 40 years. More recently, its therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic drug has been identified. However, there are no prior data on regional distribution in the brain of clomipramine and its primary metabolite (desmethylclomipramine) after chronic oral administration. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine in different rat-brain regions and to compare those with levels in plasma and peripheral organs after chronic oral treatment of Sprague Dawley rats (15 mg/kg) for 14 days. The levels of both parent TCA and metabolite were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography in six brain regions (cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, striatum, brainstem and cerebellum), five peripheral organs and in plasma. Our data show that the cerebral cortex had the highest concentration of clomipramine (2.9 microg/mg), with successively lower concentrations in the hypothalamus, striatum, cerebellum, hippocampus and brainstem. Of the peripheral organs, the lungs and liver, had the highest levels of clomipramine, while in the heart, only the metabolite was detected. The plasma concentration (0.17 microg/ml or 0.48 microM) was comparable to that in the hippocampus and cerebellum (approximately 0.20 microg/mg). The differential distribution of clomipramine in different brain regions and the regional variation in clomipramine to desmethylclomipramine ratios have implications for the use of clomipramine in psychiatry and neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Aitchison
- Institute of Psychiatry at King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London, UK.
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